Leaf arrangement. Common rowan: characteristics, cultivation and application
Rowan is perhaps one of the most common trees in Russia. You can know with confidence that every resident of our country knows exactly what rowan looks like. Older generations remember with pleasure the taste of sour berries, which become sweeter in the cold - a small piece of childhood that remains with a person for life.
This plant can grow almost anywhere. This is explained by its unpretentiousness and endurance. That is why it is most often chosen for decoration. personal plot. Rowan can become really important element landscape design country house. Its advantages lie not only in its endurance, as mentioned above. Appearance Rowan wood is pleasing to the eye and attracts attention, which can look advantageous against the background of monotonous decorative and complex decorations.
This article, as can already be understood from the previous paragraphs, will be entirely devoted to mountain ash. This famous plant is of particular interest not only to specialists in the field of botany, but also to the ordinary reader, drawn to interesting information about everything at once.
Rowan - description. Characteristics of rowan
To begin with, it’s worth simply describing the rowan, and also answering a very common question that relates to this plant. Many users on the network ask the question “Is rowan a shrub or a tree?” If you think about it, this question is very logical; if you look closely at a rowan tree, you really won’t immediately understand whether it is a shrub or a tree.
Finding the answer to this question is quite easy. You just need to enter “Wikipedia rowan” into the search engine, and all the information will be posted in the first paragraph of the article on this comprehensive resource. The fact is that this plant itself is a tree, but at the same time There are also shrub varieties. Rowan doesn't look very good tall tree, which has a straight trunk, as well as a crown, the shape of which can be described as ovoid.
Rowan trees are distinguished by their smooth bark and grayish color. . Leaves can be of different shapes: oblong-lacental or simply oblong, alternate, odd-pinnate. This plant is really quite beautiful tree, which determines its popularity as an ornamental plant. The old leaves of this shrub are not pubescent, unlike the young ones.
Rowan is especially beautiful during its flowering period, when it begins to bloom, and also looks very pretty in the fall. The flowers are collected in a kind of panicle, maybe white or have a pinkish tint. The smell of rowan flowers, however, is not particularly pleasant. This is a plant bears fruit annually, but one should not naively believe that the “harvest” can be collected within the specified time frame. Approximately once every three years the plant produces a full “harvest”.
The rowan tree usually blooms in late spring or early summer. Wherein fruit development begins in autumn in September. Gradually, they turn from white berries into red or black fruits. Of course, the berries of the rowan tree may not be on a par with the berries of cherries or grapes when comparing their taste, but in terms of usefulness they can easily compete with them.
Some growing features
When planting any plant, you should first learn about the peculiarities of its cultivation. This will avoid possible subsequent death of the plant as a result of improper care.
- In the case of rowan, you don’t have to worry when planting it. As already mentioned above in this article, this plant is very, very hardy and unpretentious, and feels quite comfortable in almost any soil. Also, do not forget about another important quality of this plant - frost resistance. This ability allows the mountain ash to withstand even the harshest winters quite calmly. In addition, the plant can boast of resistance even to high temperatures.
- This plant is ideal for lovers of beautiful landscapes who prefer to put a lot of effort into caring for plants, as it requires virtually no constant regular watering. True, in the summer it is recommended to periodically moisten the soil under the rowan tree. Also, thanks to its strong and developed root system, the plant will not fall before strong gusts of wind. It should also be noted that the plant is resistant to highly polluted city air.
The value of rowan as an ornamental plant
It has already been said above that rowan is often used by landscape designers as an ornamental plant. Moreover, both rowan trees and shrubs are used. Popularity of rowan used for decoration is due to a number of reasons. First of all, you should definitely point out the beauty of the crown of a rowan tree or shrub, which stands out for its density and compactness. Of course, plants with a “weeping” crown shape are most often used.
It is also worth noting the beauty of rowan leaves, which are distinguished by their unusual shape. In addition, in the fall the leaves become orange-reddish tint. In addition, there are bright rowan berries that are able to retain their beautiful color even until late winter.
Types of mountain ash
Many people don't even know that they exist different types rowan Most often you can come across rowan species with red berries, but there are also aronia varieties mountain ash (photo), which are highlighted in separate species. It is worth noting that the fruits of both types have medicinal properties. The most common type of this plant is the mountain ash. There are more than forty varieties in total.
Serious work on the selection of mountain ash species was carried out by the famous Russian scientist Michurin. The scientist has developed several new hybrids of this plant. It was thanks to his research that chokeberry, which has already been mentioned in this article. In principle, it is very similar to the ordinary rowan species, but it does not belong to this species. In fact, this is a separate hybrid plant that has its own name - chokeberry.
Medicinal properties
The fruits of the mountain ash have long been used by people as a folk medicine. Rowan berries contain various vitamins, as well as glucose, fructose and sorbic acid. All these components very beneficial to the body, especially weakened by illness.
- It is necessary to identify some ailments for which decoctions of healthy rowan berries are sometimes used. It is recommended to drink such decoctions for hypertensive patients and people suffering from atherosclerosis. Also this folk remedy can help with disorders of the heart, kidneys and liver. Rowan juice can be used in cases where a person has gastritis, hemorrhoids or low acidity. One of useful components the fruits of this plant - sorbic acid - can become a serious assistant in the fight against dysentery bacillus and staphylococcus.
- The berries of the plant are sometimes used as a food preservative and also for water purification. Our ancestors even had a certain way of purifying water - at night they simply threw a branch of this plant into a bucket of water. This method not only allowed the water to remain fresh for a long time, but also imparted a pleasant taste.
The meaning of rowan in ancient rituals
The importance of mountain ash was noted in ancient times. Cases of using the plant as a decorative decoration and medicine, but still in pre-Christian Rus' in some regions, people used rowan for certain rituals. For example, there were wedding ceremonies, which involved laying rowan leaves on the shoes of the newlyweds, and also placing rowan berries in their pockets.
The specified plant in this case used as a symbol of protection against the possible machinations of witches and sorcerers. Rowan trees were also planted next to the house for the same purpose. Rowan was also used to drive out spirits that brought various diseases and illnesses to people.
In addition, the value and significance of rowan among the people is emphasized by the existence various legends, which were passed down from mouth to mouth for more than one generation. For example, you can point out an interesting and original legend that tries to explain the presence of bitterness in the taste of rowan fruits. According to this legend, the rowan tree was created by the devil himself from the tears of Eve when she was expelled from paradise.
It was believed that this served as a kind of symbol of Satan’s victory over humanity. But after the Creator discovered the similarity of the leaves of the rowan tree with the cross, he took it from the devil's garden. This could not please the devil, who subsequently set out to destroy his own creation so that it would not go to the Creator and people. But he failed to do this, only as a result of trying the berries of the rowan tree have become bitter.
Decorative and medicinal properties rowan trees, which have already been mentioned in this article, are not the only advantages of this beautiful plant. The qualities and properties of the wood of this tree make it possible to make various joinery products from it. Here it is necessary to mention the main advantages of rowan wood-strength and elasticity.
As already mentioned, there are quite a few different varieties of this plant, but one of them can boast quite large fruits. Large-fruited rowan berries are really large compared to the fruits of other varieties of this plant. One berry can weigh twenty grams and have a diameter of three and a half centimeters. The fruits of large-fruited rowan are very tasty. At the same time, this variety is not as unpretentious as other types of mountain ash. She doesn't really like winter, so you need to look after her special care. Interesting fact about large-fruited mountain ash is that it was bred in Crimea by the Crimean Tatars.
Rowan with sweet fruits instead of bitter ones, it was first found in the village of Nevezhino, Vladimir region. From there it spread throughout Russia. It was this variety with sweet fruits, called nevezhensky, that at the beginning of the twentieth century was used for the mass production of tincture, which was called “Nezhinskaya”.
Admiring the curly crown of the beautiful mountain ash, many do not even suspect that in nature there are 84 species of this plant, supplemented by a considerable number of hybrid forms. Rowan has settled throughout the Northern Hemisphere, mastering its temperate zone. There are 34 species growing in the Russian expanses, some of which have been cultivated and used as ornamental shrubs.
The species differ significantly from each other. The color of the berries and bark, rowan leaf and other characteristics are different for each variety. There are very few real mountain ash trees in forests; they are rare. Basically, people are pleased with the unique beauty of rowan undergrowth - miniature deciduous trees 3-6 meters high. The most common and known species Mountain ash is recognized as a shrub tree.
What are rowan leaves: complex or simple?
The length of the odd-pinnate leaves reaches 10-20 centimeters. The long thin reddish petiole is studded with 7-15 practically sessile broadly lanceolate or elongated, pointed, jagged along the edge, miniature leaves (3-5 cm long), entire at the lower end and sharply serrate at the apex.
Rowan foliage in spring and summer
In spring, thick down is clearly visible on the leaves. They are covered with hairs both above and below. By summer, the hairs will fall off, the delicate fluff will disappear, exposing the surface, just as happens in other trees, for example, in aspen. The fluff of hairs prevents the rapid evaporation of the liquid that saturates young, fragile leaf blades.
Summer leaves, usually matte, leathery and rough, colored on top in dull green tones, have a felt gray bottom that glows with pale bluish shades, almost close to white-silver.
Rowan leaves in autumn
Green in summer, rowan leaves go through three stages of coloring in autumn. Yellow at first, they gradually acquire shades of orange (from light to intense). And in the end they turn crimson color palette. The autumn crown of the plant glows with golden, orange and terracotta tones.
The foliage, which has outlived its usefulness, begins to fall. But rowan does not lose entire leaves (unlike many other trees and shrubs). The constituent parts fall off one by one from the pinnate leaf. It, losing miniature leaves one after another, seems to fall apart into separate parts.
The petiole of a huge leaf is gradually becoming exposed. And only when completely exposed does the main brick-red vein part with the plant, flying away from it last.
Foliage of unusual rowan trees
When they talk about the grace of a tree, the charm of its clusters and the extraordinary openwork of its crowns, they usually mean the common rowan. However, the world is replete with other luxurious types of mountain ash, although they are much less common.
Types of whole-leaved mountain ash have unique biological features, making their decorative effect very attractive. The beauty of their solid, often pubescent leaves deserves special attention.
Rowan Aria
An unusual whole-leaved tree dotted Western European sparse forests. It, rising 10-12 m high, spreads its luxurious crown 6-8 m wide.
The shape of the Aria rowan leaf is similar to those sprinkled on alder branches. It is solid, rounded-elliptical, leathery, with a pointed or blunt tip, sharply double-serrated at the edges, reaches a size of 14 x 9 cm. Its top is juicy green in the summer, and the bottom is white-felt, grayish, as if powdered with flour.
Therefore, in Russian it is called mealy rowan. The tree, glistening with silvery foliage, shimmering in the breeze, contrasts effectively against the motley background formed by the surrounding plants.
I wonder then, what color rowan leaves are in the fall? At Aria's autumn foliage painted in a special way. With the onset of autumn, its immense crown shines with chic bronze shades.
Intermediate rowan
This species, often called Swedish rowan, is represented by single slender trees 10-15 meters high, growing wild in Central European, Baltic and Scandinavian forests. A single leaf of rowan, the photo of which was photographed by professionals and amateurs, is very thin.
On top in summer it is dark green, below it is covered with gray hairs, in autumn it has reddish tints. The shape of the shallow-lobed, on average twelve-centimeter whole leaves is oblong-ovate. Decorative silver foliage forms an original oval crown around a smooth grayish trunk.
Rowan elderberry
Shrubs and independent thickets of elderberry rowan scattered throughout the undergrowth have settled in the vast expanses of the Khabarovsk Territory, Kamchatka and Sakhalin. They captured the Okhotsk coast, the Kuril Islands and penetrated Japan. Shrub trees are distinguished by their relatively low height (up to two and a half meters), straight, bare dark-brown shoots with a bluish coating, and a rounded-ovoid sparse crown.
On gray branches with clearly defined lenticels, odd-pinnate 18-centimeter leaves were concentrated. The terracotta-colored petioles are studded with oval-lanceolate, sharply serrated leaves, almost naked, glossy dark green. Their number varies from 7 to 15.
Rowan Köhne and Vilmorena
These original straight-trunked trees are representatives of the Chinese flora. For their habitat, they chose forests covering temperate and warm zones in Central China. Vilmorena differs from Koehne by its greater height (the first is up to 6 m, the second - up to 3 m) and the decorativeness of the crown.
The crowns of plants are strewn with odd-pinnate leaves. 12-25 leaves fit on 20-centimeter petioles, the edges of which are sharply serrated from tip to base. The seasonal rhythm of these plants is very close. The autumn leaf of rowan is painted in purple, red-violet colors.
Rowan foliage Glogovina
Medicinal bereka (the second name of the plant) can be found in the Caucasus and Crimea. It captured part of the Ukrainian lands, those that stretched across the southwest of the country. Its natural range extends across Western Europe and Asia Minor. Every now and then you come across single trees and compact groups in undergrowth and bush thickets, in the second tier of forests and on sunny slopes.
Slender 25-meter rowan trees are covered with rounded crowns. The offspring shimmer with olive shades. Relict trees are dark gray, furrowed with cracks. Having a long (up to 17 centimeters) blade, the rowan leaf is simple, broadly ovate.
The plate is rounded-heart-shaped at the base, and its tip is pointed. It has fine-toothed edges and is equipped with 3-5 sharp blades. Its top is glossy, dark green, and its bottom is hairy and pubescent. The autumn palette of leaf blades varies from yellow to orange.
There are two varieties of Glogovina: pinnately dissected and with pubescent foliage. Both form magnificent solo, group and alley plantings.
Rowan alder
Primorye, Japan, Korea and China were affected by scattered and clustered trees with narrow pyramidal crowns of alder ash. They scattered throughout the broadleaf and cedar forests. Straight, shiny dark brown trunks, reaching into the sky, reach a height of 18 meters.
The distinctive features of the leaves are simple, broadly oval, sharply jagged shapes, clearly defined venation, and the length of a dense leaf blade not exceeding 10 cm. Their outlines are similar to alder leaves. This is where the name of the tree comes from.
The spring light green leaf of rowan has a slightly bronze tint. The summer leaf has a yellowish lower surface and an intense dark green upper surface. Autumn shines with rich bright orange shades. The tree is especially beautiful at the moment spring bloom and autumn leaf fall.
Leaf arrangement e - the order of placement of leaves on the shoot axis (Fig. 26). May be:
Leaf classification
There are simple and compound leaves. Leaves that have one blade (whole or notched) are called simple. Simple leaves withl
Rice. 27. Compound Leaves: 1 - trifoliate; 2 - finger-compound;
When they fall, they fall off entirely or not at all (in most herbaceous plants). Such leaves are characteristic of the vast majority of plants (birch, maple, dandelion). Compound Leaves
- - leaves consisting of several clearly separated leaf blades (leaflets), each of which is attached with its petiole to a common petiole (rachis). Often a complex leaf falls off in parts: first the leaves, and then the petiole.
Depending on the location of the leaflets, they are distinguished (Fig. 27): Pinnately leaves - leaves in which the leaflets are located on the sides of the rachis. When the apex of the rachis ends in one unpaired leaf, such leaves are called odd-pinnate (rose hips, white acacia). U paripirnate
leaves, all leaves have a pair (peas, yellow acacia). leaves - leaves in which the leaflets are not located along the length of the rachis, but only at its top in one plane (chestnut, lupine).
A special case of a complex worksheet is trifoliate leaf - a leaf with only three leaves (clover, oxalis).
The rachis of compound leaves can form lateral branches, then double-, triple-, quadruple-pinnate leaves appear. For example, mimosa has a double-pinnate leaf.
Leaf venation
Venation is a system of conducting bundles in leaf blades.
Rice. 28. Leaf venation:
1 - parallel; 2 - arc; 3 - mesh with a pinnate arrangement of the main veins; 4 - mesh with a finger-like arrangement of the main veins; 5 - dichotomous.
The nature of the arrangement of the veins and the shape of the leaf blades are closely interrelated (Fig. 28). There are:
simple venation- only one vein penetrates the leaf blade from the base to the apex (mosses, mosses);
dichotomous venation- the leaf blade is pierced by forked veins (ginkgo);
arc venation- the leaf blade from the base to the apex is pierced by several identical veins, arranged in an arched manner (lily of the valley, hellebore);
parallel venation- the leaf blade from base to apex is pierced by several identical veins arranged strictly parallel (rye, sedge);
reticulate venation- usually one vein enters the leaf blade from the petiole, which then gives off branches - lateral veins, forming a dense network.
Reticulate venation can be pinnate or palmate. The shape of the leaves of different plants is not similar to each other. But even the most diverse leaves can always be combined into two large groups
. One group consists of simple leaves, the other - complex leaves.
How to distinguish a simple sheet from a complex one? There is only one leaf blade on the petiole of each simple leaf. And compound leaves have several leaf blades located on one petiole, which are called leaflets. Among simple leaves
There are solid, lobed, separate and dissected.
Many trees have whole leaves: birch, linden, poplar, apple, pear, cherry, bird cherry, aspen and others. A leaf is considered whole if its blade is entire or has shallow notches. Bladed
If the cuts in the leaf blade do not reach the midrib or base of the leaf slightly, the leaves are called divided. If the leaf is cut to the midrib or to the base, it is called dissected.
Lobed leaves- these are the leaves of maple, oak, hawthorn, currant, gooseberry and some other plants.
Take some leaves different plants, for example: raspberry, rowan, ash, poplar, maple, oak. Compare the leaves of rowan, raspberry, and ash with the leaves of poplar, linden, maple and oak. How are they different from each other? The leaves of ash, rowan and raspberry have several leaf blades - leaflets - on one petiole. These are compound leaves. The leaves of poplar, maple and oak are simple. In simple leaves, the leaf blade falls off along with the petiole during leaf fall, while in complex leaves, the individual leaves that make up the leaf may fall off earlier than the petiole.
A compound leaf consisting of three leaf blades, like a clover, is called trifoliate or trifoliate.
If a leaf is formed by several leaf blades attached at one point, as, for example, in lupine, it is called palmate compound. If the leaflets of a compound leaf are attached along the entire length of the petiole, then such a leaf is
pinnately complex.
Among pinnately compound leaves, a distinction is made between imparipinnate and paripirnate.
Imparipinnate leaves are those that end in a leaf blade that does not have its own pair. An example of imparipinnate leaves would be the leaves of rowan, ash, and raspberry. Piripnately compound leaves are less common, but you still know some plants with such leaves. These are, for example, field peas, mouse peas and sweet peas. Both simple and compound leaves of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants are arranged on the stems in a certain order. Stem sections load-bearing sheet , are called stem nodes,
and the sections of the stem between the nodes are called internodes. The arrangement of leaves on the stem is called.
leaf arrangement
Most plants have alternate leaf arrangement, for example: rye, wheat, birch, apple tree, sunflower, ficus, rose. Their leaves are arranged spirally around the stem one at a time, as if alternating with each other, which is why this arrangement is called alternate.
Sometimes there are plants with whorled leaves. Their leaves grow on the stem in bunches, whorls, arranged in three or more leaves per node, and form a kind of ring (whorl) around the stem. Among indoor plants oleander has a whorled leaf arrangement, in an aquarium - elodea, among wild plants- northern bedstraw, lupine clover, four-leaf raven's eye and other herbaceous plants.
Common rowan is one of the most common plants with high decorative qualities.
The berries of this crop are used in winemaking, cooking and pharmacology, and serve as an excellent aid for non-migratory birds staying for the winter.
Below is a description of the common rowan and recommendations on the correct agricultural techniques for growing trees in the garden.
Where does the common red rowan grow?
The Latin species epithet for rowan is aucuparia, which comes from the Latin. avis – bird and capere – to attract, to catch.
This is due to the fact that rowan fruits are attractive to birds and were used as bait to catch them.
Rowan is a plant distributed almost all over the world. It is known in European countries, popular in Western Asia and the Caucasus.
Reaching the Far North, in the mountains it rises to the very border of vegetation, and there it already takes on the appearance of a bush.
In other words, where the mountain ash grows, a temperate climate prevails.
In Russia, the common red rowan is distributed in the forest and forest-steppe zones of the European part, in the North Caucasus, and in the Urals. It grows in individual specimens, without forming continuous thickets, in the undergrowth or second layer of coniferous, mixed, and occasionally deciduous forests, in forest clearings and edges, between bushes.
Russian gardeners consider rowan one of the most unpretentious crops, and this is true. It can grow on any soil, including infertile and acidic. However, the quality of the soil directly affects the fruiting of this plant.
The mountain ash tree can grow equally successfully both in the sun and in partial shade, but in the second case the gardener gets an elongated slender tree trying to reach sunlight. In well-lit areas, mountain ash produces an excellent harvest.
The advantage of this plant is its friendliness with any other crops growing nearby on the site.
Common rowan: tree height, botanical description of the root system, flowers and leaf arrangement
The root system of the common rowan is deep, so the plant does not need watering. The plant came to us from the forest, so it prefers leaf humus. That’s when rowan produces a really big harvest! Among red rowan trees, sweet-fruited varieties are especially valued.
Rowan is a tree, less often a shrub. The height of an ordinary rowan can reach 12 m (usually 5-10 m). The crown is round and openwork. Young shoots are grayish-red, pubescent.
As you can see in the photo, adult rowan trees have smooth, light gray-brown or yellow-gray, shiny bark:
Photo gallery
The buds are felt-fluffy. Leaves are up to 20 cm long, alternate. The leaf arrangement of the common mountain ash is imparipinnate. The leaves consist of 7-15 almost sessile lanceolate or elongated, pointed, serrated along the edges of the leaflets, entire at the bottom and serrate at the top, green above, usually matte, noticeably paler and pubescent below. In autumn, the leaves turn golden and red.
The flowers of the common rowan are numerous, five-membered, collected in dense corymbose inflorescences up to 10 cm in diameter; inflorescences are located at the ends of shortened shoots. The receptacle is narrow-shaped - a calyx of five wide-triangular ciliated sepals. The corolla is white (0.8...1.5 cm in diameter), there are five petals, many stamens, one pistil, three styles, the ovary is inferior. When the common rowan tree blooms, it exudes bad smell(caused by trimethylamine gas). Blooms in May – June.
The fruit of the common rowan is a spherical juicy orange-red apple (about 1 cm in diameter) with small seeds rounded along the edge.
Cultivated varieties of rowan begin to bear fruit 4-5 years after planting. The fruits ripen in September – October. During the period of full fruiting (at the age of 15–25 years), you can collect up to 100 kg of fruit from a tree. More or less bountiful harvests repeat after 1–2 years.
Types of rowan plant
Of great interest is the elder-leaved species of rowan, native to the Khabarovsk Territory. This is a shrub not exceeding two meters, completely covered in spring with large white or pink flowers. The berries have a pleasant sweet and sour taste without astringency or bitterness.
Moravian rowan, originally from the Czech Republic, has excellent taste, but it is not winter-hardy. But on its basis a remarkably tasty and more winter-hardy variety"Scarlet."
There is also an interesting rowan - mealy, which was so called because its young shoots are covered with white fluff. The “Aria” variety is especially beautiful, the young shoots of which are yellow or cream in color. Usually mealy rowan is used as ornamental plant. It is cut annually to cause the growth of numerous young shoots, giving the bush extraordinary attractiveness.
IN last years In Europe, the Kashmiri rowan, bred by breeders, has gained wide popularity - a low, spreading tree, completely covered in clusters of light pink flowers in the spring, and with delicious snow-white berries in the fall. Now in fashion are not the tall trees that we are used to seeing in the forest, but dwarf forms, often in the form of a small tree or a tree with a weeping crown, or a plant in the form of a bush. So there is a lot of choice. Modern rowan will not only decorate your garden, but will also produce a harvest of delicious berries, often completely different from the fruits of their forest ancestor.
Rowan sargent (Sorbus sargentiana) is a slow-growing tree reaching a maximum height of 10 m, with bright red berries and bright orange leaves in autumn.
Rowan Kene (Sorbus koehneana)– a small tree (up to 8 m in height) with long leaves consisting of large quantity(up to 33) narrow jagged fingers.
Pay attention to the photo - the common mountain ash Kene variety White Wax is distinguished by unusual white porcelain berries on long red stems:
Photo gallery
Kene rowan berries are well preserved almost until spring.
Mixed rowan, Japanese (Sorbus commixta)- a fast-growing tree, reaching a maximum height of 10 m. Mixed rowan leaves are elongated, consisting of 13...17 fingers, and by autumn they acquire a charming crimson color. The berries are yellow-orange.
Rowan Vilmora, Chinese (Sorbus vilmorinii)- a small tree (up to 5 m in height) with curved branches and feathery leaves that turn deep burgundy in autumn. Vilmora rowan flowers are creamy white, the berries are light or pink. Ideal for small gardens.
Hubei rowan (Sorbus hupehensis var. obtusa, Rosea)- unusually small decorative rowan with pink berries, originating from China.
Rowan squat. This is a shrub up to 3 m high. The fruits are ovoid and reach a length of 18 mm. The fruits ripen in September. Their flesh is juicy, but bland. This rowan variety is very fast-growing. By crossing it with the Mouzho rowan, a new sweet-fruited hybrid, Khosta, was obtained.
Finnish rowan, or hybrid. It grows in the form of a tree up to 6 m high. It begins to bear fruit in the 4th–5th year after planting. The fruits are oblong, up to 16 mm long, red in color, with hard skin, low-juicy, mealy pulp, having a sweet and sour taste. Ripen in mid-September.
Below is a description of ordinary rowan of different varieties.
Varieties of cultivated rowan
There are 14 varieties of ordinary cultivated mountain ash; Michurin began breeding them, who obtained several original varieties from crossing red mountain ash with serviceberry, hawthorn and even pear.
Among the Michurin varieties, the following are very popular:
“Liquor” with large black sweet berries.
"Burka" with red-brown fruits.
“Pomegranate” with pomegranate-red berries (a hybrid obtained by crossing mountain ash with blood-red hawthorn).
Sweet-fruited variety “Michurinskaya Dessertnaya”.
IN further work Rowan selection continued in Michurinsk at VNIIG and SPR. The varieties Businka, Vefed, Doch Kubova, and Sorbinka were created there, which were the result of crossing Nevezhinsky and Moravian mountain ash.
Selection work with rowan was also carried out at VIR and other Russian institutions.
Pomologists divide varieties of mountain ash into two varieties: Moravian and Nevezhinskaya.
The first variety type includes varieties of Central European origin:
Beissneri.
Konzentra.
Moravian.
Rosina.
Edulis.
The second includes varieties of Eastern European origin:
Yellow.
Red.
Vubovaya.
Nevezhinskaya.
Sugar.
Rossica and Rossica Major varieties that were introduced German company Shpeta at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries from near Kyiv may be descendants of the Moravian mountain ash, which at that time was widely cultivated in Ukraine.
New varieties Russian selection come from both Nevezhin and Moravian mountain ash.
In Russia, non-bitter forms of mountain ash were discovered in the village of Nevezhino, Nebylovsky district, Vladimir region, from where they spread widely throughout the center of Russia.
Through folk selection, a number of varieties were selected and subsequently registered under the names Kubovaya, Zheltaya, and Krasnaya. The diversity of forms is due to both seed propagation and selection of bud mutations. Several promising varieties of the Nevezhin variety group were registered by the Soviet pomologist E.M. Petrov. He later continued selection work with rowan and obtained a number of hybrids from crossing Moravian and Nevezhin rowan with each other and Michurin varieties.
Considering that rowan is self-sterile, it is recommended to plant 2-3 plants of different varieties on the site.
Bead. Resistant to extreme growing conditions. The fruits are round, red, weighing 1.9 g. The pulp is creamy, very juicy, sweet and sour. Tasting score 4.3 points. The fruits contain: dry matter 25%, sugar 10%, acid 2.2%, P-active substances 165 mg%, carotene 9 mg%, vitamin C 67 mg%. Productivity 20 kg per tree. The tree is medium-sized, 2.5–3.0 m, with a rounded crown. It begins to bear fruit in the 3-5th year.
Kubova's daughter. Winter-hardy, drought-resistant, resistant to pests and diseases. The fruits weigh 1.8 g, oblong, bright orange, with a reddish blush. The pulp is bright yellow, very juicy, tender, without astringency or bitterness. Tasting score 4.5 points. The fruits contain 168 mg% P-active substances, 76 mg% vitamin C, 8 mg% carotene. Productivity 36 kg per tree. The tree is medium-sized, with a paniculate, sparse crown. It begins to bear fruit in the 5th year.
Wefed. Winter hardiness is high, relatively resistant to diseases and pests. Fruits weighing 1.3 g, rounded-pointed towards the base, elegant, pink-red. The pulp is yellow, tender, sweet and sour, pleasant when consumed fresh. The fruits contain: dry matter 20.5%, sugars 9.5%, acids 25%, carotene 32 mg%, vitamin C 96 mg%, vitamin P 176 mg%. Tasting score 4.6 points. Productivity 17.2 kg per tree. The tree is medium-sized, with a rounded, sparse crown. It begins to bear fruit in the 3-4th year.
Grenade. Hybrid of rowan and hawthorn. Medium height. The fruits are large (1–1.5 cm in diameter), pomegranate-colored, sweet and sour taste, with a slight tartness.
Gorgeous. The variety is medium-sized (5–6 m). The wood is winter-hardy. The leaves are quite large and strongly wrinkled. Flower buds are slightly winter-hardy. The fruits are edible, medium in size (up to 1 cm in diameter) or large, yellowish in color, juicy, sweet and sour with noticeable bitterness, close to the taste of rowan.
Nevezhinskaya. A variety of folk selection. The tree is powerful, compact, spherical, highly winter-hardy. Productivity up to 80-100 kg. The fruits are large, red, with orange juicy pulp of a pleasant sweet and sour taste without bitterness and astringency, ripen in the first half of September, are stored fresh until April, and stay on the tree all winter without losing their taste.
Ruby. Winter-hardy. The fruits weigh 1.3 g, ruby, flattened, shaped like lily of the valley flowers, with a smooth, wide-ribbed surface. The pulp is yellow, juicy. The fruits contain: sugar 12.4%, acid 1.3%, vitamin C 21 mg%, P-active substances 948 mg%. Tasting score 4 points. Productivity 17 kg per tree. The tree is medium-sized, the crown is drooping. It begins to bear fruit in the 3-4th year.
Fabulous. Berries weighing 0.5 g, round-oval, red, sweet and sour, juicy, aromatic. They contain: sugar 6.3%, acid 1.9%, vitamin C 118 mg%. Productivity 126 c/ha. The variety is winter-hardy, resistant to pests and diseases.
Sorbinka. Winter-hardy, highly adaptive, resistant to pests and diseases. The fruits are very large, weighing 2.7 g, round, red. The pulp is yellowish, juicy, sweet and sour. Tasting score 4.4 points. The fruits contain: dry matter 23%, sugar 8%, acid 2.8%, vitamin C 114 mg%. Productivity 19 kg per tree. The tree is medium-sized, with an obovate crown. It begins to bear fruit in the 4th year.
Scarlet large. Highly winter-hardy, tolerates temperatures down to minus 50 °C. Resistant to pests and diseases. Fruits weighing 1.7 g, cylindrical, flattened, with a cup, with a smooth, slightly ribbed surface, scarlet-red. The taste is sweet and sour, with a spicy rowan flavor. They contain: sugar 8.4%, acid 1.9%, vitamin C 21 mg%, P-active substances 625 mg%. Tasting score 4.3 points. Productivity 21 kg per tree. Tree moderate growth. Partially self-fertile.
Titanium. Increased winter hardiness. Fruits weighing 1.2 g, round, slightly ribbed, dark cherry, with a waxy coating. The pulp is intense yellow, sweet and sour. They contain: dry matter 20%, sugar 10.2%, acid 1.4%, catechins 494 mg%, vitamin C 33 mg%. Characterized by abundant fruiting.
Planting seedlings of common rowan
Seedlings of ordinary rowan must not be dried out, without leaves, have a branched above-ground part and root system, without mechanical damage.
Annual seedlings can be unbranched, 120 cm high, trunk base diameter 1.2 cm. Annual seedlings can be branched, 130 cm high, their trunk diameter is smaller - 0.9 cm, the length of the main branches is 8-10 cm.
For two-year-old seedlings, the trunk (the above-ground part before branching) must be 40–60 cm, with a diameter of 2.4 cm, have at least 4 main branches and a root collar with a diameter of at least 1 cm. The length of the branches is 40 cm. (For second-grade seedlings it should have at least 4 main roots with a length of at least 20 cm, the aerial part must be at least 20 cm, have at least 2 main branches and a root collar with a diameter of at least 7 mm.)
Two-year-old seedlings must have at least 7 main roots at least 40 cm long.
Before planting this plant, you should familiarize yourself with its preferences. As for the placement of the common rowan, it is best to plant it on the northern or eastern side of the site, remembering to leave a distance between the trees (if you plan to plant several plants) of at least 4 m.
As mentioned above, rowan can grow in the shade, but it is better to choose sunny ones for it. open spaces. Then the culture will delight you with a rich harvest.
Rowan does not tolerate swampy areas at all. peat soils, salty or too dry. The groundwater level should not be higher than 1.5–2.0 m.
Planting seedlings of common rowan should be done in early spring or autumn. If rowan is planted in the spring, then it is necessary to prepare in advance landing hole. It is better to do this work in the fall. But autumn planting is not prohibited.
For vigorous varieties, the depth of the pits should be at least 60 cm, and the diameter - 100 cm; for low-growing varieties, the depth is 50 cm, and the diameter is 80 cm.
It is recommended to add 20 kg of manure (2 buckets), 0.8–1 kg of superphosphate and 0.1–0.15 kg of potassium sulfate into the pit. Manure is mixed evenly with the soil, 2/3 of mineral fertilizers are applied to the bottom of the pit, and 1/3 in bottom part soil poured into a cone. Mineral fertilizers are not applied to the soil in the upper part of the pit, where the roots of the seedling are located, to avoid burns. Of great importance when planting rowan is abundant watering(2-3 buckets of water). In dry weather, watering is done 3-4 times.
When planting a seedling, you should make a small mound in the center, spread the roots on it and cover it with soil so that root collar ended up at ground level. If you deepen the rowan tree, it will produce a lot of root shoots, but the shoots just need to be constantly cut down to the very base. As you add soil to the roots during planting, water each layer with water, then no voids will form under the roots, and the soil will stick well to all the roots. In addition, the roots need good air access, and in dense soil there is not enough of it. If you have planted a fairly tall tree, then you need to tie it to a stake, or even better, drive three stakes, the ends of which should be tilted towards the seedling and tied together. The plant will be protected by three inclined poles.
Rowan tolerates transplants well, but do not forget that it has a deep root system, and dig planting material deep. If you know how to graft plants (and you don’t know how, learn how - it’s not difficult), then the easiest way is to dig up a small mountain ash in the forest and transplant it to the site. Next year, if the plant has taken root, in the spring you can plant several cuttings on it at once different varieties. You will have rowan for every taste. Do not forget to cut out the root shoots, otherwise the grafted cuttings will die off, leaving only wild ones.
Common rowan can withstand frosts down to minus 50 °C. Rowan blooms quite late - in May - June, and therefore the flowers are rarely damaged by spring frosts. Due to its high winter hardiness, mountain ash can be grown in harsh conditions. climatic conditions countries where other fruit crops cannot be cultivated.
Caring for ordinary rowan after planting and during flowering
The tree trunk circle, taking into account the growth of roots, increases annually by 0.3–0.4 m. Its diameter in the first year is 1.5 m, in subsequent years it is 1 m more than the diameter of the crown. After planting ordinary rowan, when caring for trees in early spring and autumn before leaf fall, it is necessary to dig up the trunk circle to a depth of 10–15 cm so as not to damage the skeletal roots. In the spring-summer period, 3-4 loosening of the soil is carried out to a depth of 5-6 cm. To preserve moisture, mulch well tree trunk circles manure or peat in a layer of 8-10 cm. In the spring, simultaneously with soil cultivation, organic and mineral fertilizers are applied - 4 kg of manure, 100 g of nitrogen, 150 g of phosphorus and 100 g of potassium fertilizers per 1 sq. m. m of tree trunk circle.
For feeding when caring for ordinary rowan, use slurry diluted 2–3 times, as well as bird droppings diluted 10–12 times.
Rowan trees require almost no pruning or crown shaping. Remove only broken or damaged branches at the beginning of the season, or perform formative pruning if the tree needs to be kept under control. During the period of full fruiting, when the crown thickens and the branches become bare, they have to be thinned out and shortened.
In wet years, rust of rowan leaves can develop, against which spraying with Bordeaux mixture is used.
In pest control, agrotechnical measures are very effective - cleaning and burning fallen leaves; autumn and spring digging of the soil to destroy wintering pupae; cleaning and destruction of damaged fruits before the caterpillars emerge from them; collecting nests and shaking beetles from trees onto the litter, followed by their destruction. Mice and hares do not damage rowan trees.
The rowan tree is one of the first to bloom, and the ants drag aphids onto it. The tops are curled. Then the ants begin to take the aphids all over the garden. Don’t miss this moment and spray the plant with Iskra total protection, trying to get inside the curled leaves on the top of the rowan. This chemical drug. It should not be used during the growing season; it is better to use the biological product “Fitoverm” or “Iskra-bio”.
Propagation of common rowan by cuttings and seeds
Reproduction of the species common rowan is done by seeds (in autumn), and varietal rowan - by green cuttings (in early summer), grafting with a dormant bud (in summer) or cuttings (in cold periods). It is possible to propagate rowan by ordinary grafting in the cold season; ordinary rowan is used as a rootstock, because it has the strongest root system.
To propagate common rowan, cuttings can be asked from friends or neighbors, or purchased at an exhibition. If your neighbors don’t want to cut off a branch for you, then ask for just a couple of buds in August and graft with an eye. In addition, if wild rowan grows on the site, it root growth may well be suitable as a rootstock. The shoots should be separated from the mother plant and grafted onto cultivated varieties. The downside is that rowan trees grafted in this way cannot be propagated. Mountain ash reproduces well by cuttings and layering.
Gardeners often propagate rowan using seeds, which is no coincidence. Rowan from seeds grows very quickly and is grafted onto cultivated varieties within 3-4 years.
By the way, this is not a bad way to make money - there is a good, steady demand for dessert, weeping and decorative varieties. But in dessert rowan trees, during seed propagation, splitting of the offspring can occur, and varietal characteristics can be lost. You can graft onto red rowan rootstock chokeberry– chokeberry. It turns out beautiful bush on a leg. Chokeberry can be cut, so it is easy to form a spherical bush. These bushes look very elegant.
Seeds should be sown right before winter after picking the berries. They are smeared on paper and sown directly with it on the prepared place. They should be sprinkled with a 1.5–2 cm layer of soil on top.
Do not let the rowan tree stretch upward if you have a tree rowan tree. This usually occurs in low light conditions. Shorten the top every year to the point you need, otherwise the birds will pick the berries, not you. If you have rowan in bush form, then make sure that the bush does not thicken too much, because there will be no berries in the center of the bush.
The benefits of rowan fruits
The main uses of ordinary rowan are food, melliferous, medical, decorative and phytomeliorative.
The fruits contain sugar (up to 5%), apple, lemon, wine and succinic acid(2.5%), tannins (0.5%) and pectin (0.5%) substances, sorbitol and sorbose, amino acids, essential oils, salts of potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, as well as carotenoids (up to 20 mg%), ascorbic acid (up to 200 mg%), flavonoids, triterpene compounds, bitter substances, sorbic acid. Due to the benefits of rowan fruits, they are used in medicine as a multivitamin and carotene-containing raw material.
Rowan fruit is used as a medicinal raw material, which is harvested ripe in August - October before frost, dried in dryers at 60...80 ° C or in well-ventilated areas, spread in a thin layer on fabric or paper.
Due to their bitterness, the fruits are practically not eaten fresh, more often after frost, when they lose their bitterness. They are used mainly for processing. They are an excellent raw material for the alcoholic beverage and confectionery industries, and the production of soft drinks. When canning, they are used to prepare jelly, candies such as “rowan in sugar”, jam, marmalade, preserves, and marshmallows. The fruits are dried and used to produce “fruit powders” and flour.
To remove bitterness from rowan fruits, pour boiling water over them and bring to a boil over high heat, but do not boil. hot water immediately drain, pour the fruits cold water and change the water several times within 5–6 hours. After this, they are covered with sugar (1:1) for 3–4 hours, then boiled in several stages, like any 5-minute jam. Then the fruits become transparent and the skin is soft, and there is no better seasoning for meat or fish!
Rowan is a medium-productive spring honey plant that provides nectar and pollen to bees; nectar productivity - up to 30...40 kg per hectare of plantings. Rowan honey is reddish and coarse-grained, with a strong aroma. Rowan fruits are rich in vitamin C (up to 160 mg%) and carotene (up to 56 mg%).
Rowan is valued not only for its useful fruits, but also for decorative qualities. It is used in ornamental gardening, landscaping areas and decorating local areas. This tree retains its attractiveness throughout the year. It looks very nice in winter period, as well as during flowering. From autumn leaves It is impossible to look away from the rowan tree - variegated, bright colors envelop the entire plant.
Has many garden forms, including weeping, narrow-pyramidal, yellow-fruited, with pinnate-lobed leaves, etc. It has fractionally porous reddish wood, from which turning products, jewelry, and furniture are made. Rowan bark can be used as tanning raw material.
Wild birds feed on the fruits of the mountain ash, which often saves them from hunger in winter. Ripe fruits are also used as food poultry and livestock.