Write five phraseological units and their meaning. The most interesting phraseological units

Catchphrases help to express thoughts more accurately and give speech a more emotional coloring. They allow you to express more emotions in a few short but precise words and convey your personal attitude to what is happening.

1 Quietly

Originally, this expression implied secretly digging a tunnel or secret tunnel. The word "zappa" (translated from Italian) means "shovel for earthwork."
Borrowed from French, the word turned into the French "sap" and received the meaning of "earth, trench and submine work", from this word the word "sapper" also arose.

In Russian, the word “sapa” and the expression “silent sapa” meant work that was carried out with extreme caution, without noise, in order to get close to the enemy unnoticed, in complete secrecy.

After widespread dissemination, the expression acquired the meaning: carefully, in deep secrecy and slowly (for example, “So he quietly drags all the food from the kitchen!”).

2 Can't see anything

According to one version, the word “zga” comes from the name of a part of a horse’s harness - a ring in the upper part of the arch, into which the reins were inserted so as not to dangle. When the coachman needed to unharness the horse, and it was so dark that this ring (zgi) was not visible, they said that “there is no sign of it.”

According to another version, the word “zga” comes from the Old Russian “s’tga” - “road, path, path.” In this case, the meaning of the expression is interpreted as “so dark that you can’t even see the road or path.” Today the expression “nothing is visible”, “nothing is visible” means “nothing is visible”, “impenetrable darkness”.

The blind leads the blind, but both do not see. (last)

“Darkness hangs over the earth: you can’t see it...” (Anton Chekhov, “Mirror”)

3 Dance from the stove

The expression “dance from the stove” first appeared in the novel by the 19th century Russian writer Vasily Sleptsov “ Good man" The book was published in 1871. There is an episode in it when main character Seryozha Terebenev remembers how he was taught to dance, but he could not do the steps required from the dance teacher. There is a phrase in the book:

- Oh, what are you, brother! - the father says reproachfully. - Well, go back to the stove, start over.

Vasily Alekseevich Sleptsov. 1870

In Russian, this expression began to be used when speaking about people for whom the habit of acting according to a fixed script replaces knowledge. A person can perform certain actions only “from the stove”, from the very beginning, from the simplest and most familiar action:

“When he (the architect) was commissioned to plan, he usually drew the hall and the hotel first; just as in the old days schoolgirls could dance only from the stove, so he artistic idea could originate and develop only from the hall to the living room.” (Anton Chekhov, “My Life”).

4 Shabby look

During the time of Tsar Peter I, there lived Ivan Zatrapeznikov, an entrepreneur who received the Yaroslavl textile manufactory from the emperor. The factory produced a material called “pestryad”, or “pestryadina”, popularly nicknamed “trashy”, “trashy” - coarse and low-quality cloth made from hemp (hemp fiber).
Clothing was made from shabby clothes mainly by poor people who could not buy themselves something better. And such poor people looked appropriate. Since then, if a person is dressed sloppily, they say about him that he looks shabby:

“The hay girls were poorly fed, dressed in shabby clothes and given little sleep, exhausting them with almost continuous work.” (Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, “Poshekhon Antiquity”)

5 Sharpen the laces

To sharpen your lasses means to talk idle talk, to engage in useless chatter. Lyasy (balusters) are turned, figured posts of railings at the porch.

At first, “sharpening balusters” meant conducting an elegant, fancy, ornate (like balusters) conversation. However, there were few people skilled in conducting such a conversation, and over time the expression began to mean idle chatter:

“They used to sit down in a circle, some on a bench, some simply on the ground, each with some kind of task, a spinning wheel, a comb or bobbins, and they would go and go sharpen their laces and tell tales about another, old time.” (Dmitry Grigorovich, “Village”).

6 Lies like a gray gelding

To lie like a gray gelding means to tell tales without being embarrassed at all. In the 19th century, an officer, a German named von Sievers-Mehring, served in one of the regiments of the Russian army. He liked to tell the officers funny stories and fables. The expression “lies like Sivers-Mehring” was understandable only to his colleagues. However, they began to use it throughout Russia, completely forgetting about the origins. Sayings have appeared among the people: “lazy as a gray gelding”, “stupid as a gray gelding”, although the horse breed has nothing to do with this.

7 Bullshit

According to one version, the expression “bullshit” comes from “lying like a gray gelding” (in fact, these two phrases are synonymous)
There is also a version that the expression “bullshit” comes from the name of one scientist - Brad Steve Cobile, who once wrote a very stupid article. His name, consonant with the words “bullshit,” was correlated with scientific nonsense.

According to another version, “bullshit” is an expression denoting a stupid statement or thought; appeared due to the beliefs of the Slavs that the gray horse (gray with an admixture of another color) was the most stupid animal. There was a sign according to which if you dream of a gray mare, then in reality the dreamer will be deceived.

8 Androns are traveling

“Androns are coming” means nonsense, nonsense, nonsense, complete nonsense.
In Russian, this phrase is used in response to someone who tells a lie, puts on inappropriate airs and brags about himself. In the 1840s, throughout almost all of Russia, andrec (andron) meant a cart, various types of carts.

“And you don’t have to scold my house! - Am I scolding?.. Cross yourself, Petrovnushka, the androns are coming! (Pavel Zarubin, “The Dark and Bright Sides of Russian Life”)

9 Live like Biryuk

Mikhail Golubovich in the film "Biryuk". 1977

The expression “to live like a pearl” means to be a hermit and a closed person. In the southern regions of Russia, a wolf is called a biryuk. The wolf has long been considered a dangerous animal for the economy. The peasants perfectly studied his habits and habits and often remembered them when speaking about the person. “Oh, you’ve grown old, brother! - Dunyashka said regretfully. “It’s become kind of gray, like biryuk.” (Mikhail Sholokhov, “Quiet Don”)

10 Play spillikins

Spillikins are various small household items that were used during the ancient game. Its meaning was to pull out one toy after another from a pile of toys with your fingers or a special hook, without touching or scattering the rest. The one who moves the adjacent spilliyule passes the move to the next player. The game continues until the whole pile is cleared. By the beginning of the twentieth century, spillikins became one of the most popular games in the country and were very common not only in children, but also in adults.

In a figurative sense, the expression “to play tricks” means to engage in trifles, nonsense, leaving aside the main and important things:

“After all, I came to the workshop to work, and not to sit idly by and play with spillikins.” (Mikhail Novorussky “Notes of a Shlisselburger”)

11 Pies with kittens

In Rus' they never ate cats, except in severe famine. During long-term sieges of cities, their inhabitants, having exhausted all food supplies, used domestic animals for food, cats were the last to go.

Thus, this expression means a catastrophic state of affairs. Usually the proverb is abbreviated and said: “These are the pies,” in other words, “this is how things are.”

12 Leave unsalted with a slurp

In Rus' in the old days, salt was an expensive product. It had to be transported from afar off-road; taxes on salt were very high. When visiting, the owner salted the food himself, with his own hand. Sometimes, expressing his respect to especially dear guests, he even added salt to the food, and sometimes those who sat at the far end of the table did not get any salt at all. Hence the expression “to leave unsalted”:

“And the more she spoke, and the more sincerely she smiled, the stronger the confidence became in me that I would leave her with a slurp.” (Anton Chekhov "Lights")

“The fox let go of his prey and went away, slurping unsalted.” (Alexey Tolstoy “The Fox and the Rooster”)

13 Shemyakin court

Illustration for the fairy tale “Shemyakin Court”. Copper engraving, first half of the 18th century. Reproduction.

The expression “Shemyakin court” is used when they want to emphasize the injustice of any opinion, judgment or assessment. Shemyaka - real historical figure, Galician prince Dimitry Shemyaka, famous for his cruelty, treachery and unrighteous deeds. He became famous for his tireless, stubborn struggle with Grand Duke Vasily the Dark, his cousin, for the Moscow throne. Today, when they want to point out the bias or injustice of some judgment, they say: “Is this criticism? Some kind of Shemyakin court.”

Based on materials from aif.ru

To get into the soul without soap is to gain someone's favor through flattery or cunning.

To fall in love without memory is very strong, passionate, to the point of self-forgetfulness.

Without memory of someone - in admiration, in complete delight.

To open a wound (soul, heart) - to excite painful memories, to excite.

There is no one to beat you - an expression of condemnation, censure.

To hit over the edge (about emotions, feelings).

To be sick at heart is to worry a lot, to worry about someone or something.

The sore spot is the one that causes the most anxiety and distress.

A big heart is about someone who is capable of strong and sincere feelings.

Touch the soul - deeply touch, excite.

Pull yourself together - calm down, take control of yourself.

A storm in a glass of water - strong excitement, excitement over trifles.

To drive a wedge is to make the relationship hostile.

Twist (wag, twist) your tail - flattery to achieve someone’s favor

Hanging your head (nose) means getting upset, becoming despondent, despairing, experiencing emotional unrest.

To speak excitedly - hastily, as if choking.

Hanging on the neck - pestering with caresses and tenderness.

To make one blush - to embarrass, to make one blush.

You can't spill it with water - they are very friendly, inseparable.

Your hair stands on end - it becomes unbearably scary.

To stir up the past is to remember forgotten, unpleasant, difficult things.

Perk up - get into a cheerful mood.

Turn up your nose - show disdain for someone or something.

That's cranberry! - an expression of surprise at an unpleasant surprise.

That's a pound! - expression of amazement, disappointment.

Here you go! - expression of amazement, disappointment.

So much for you! - expression of amazement, disappointment.

With all my soul - sincerely, ardently, heartily love.

To clasp your hands is to be extremely surprised and amazed.

Standing up on the left (wrong) foot means being in a bad mood in the morning.

To make one angry is to make one angry, to deprive one of one’s mental balance.

To squeeze out a tear is to try to evoke sympathy, pity, or compassion in someone.

To tear it out of the heart is to try to forget a loved one.

Sucking blood means tormenting, causing mental suffering.

To lose one's temper - to get into a state of anger, vexation, to lose oneself

Eyes popping out of your head - an expression of extreme surprise, confusion, strong

He didn’t blink an eye - he didn’t show the slightest fear.

Gog and Magog - a person who inspires horror and fear.

I’m ready to fall through the ground - to disappear from a feeling of embarrassment, awkwardness, shame.

To make your eyes wide is to be extremely surprised at something, to be perplexed.

Keeping a stone in your bosom means harboring a grudge against someone.

To keep a mark is to maintain the honor of someone or something with dignity.

To be amazed is to be in extreme surprise.

Reaching the point of white heat means extreme irritation and anger.

To the point of white heat - to bring, to anger.

To the depths of the soul (to excite, touch, shock, touch) - to excite very strongly, deeply.

Teasing geese causes anger.

The soul (heart) hurts - someone is very worried, worried, worried about someone.

Soul to soul - very friendly.

The soul (heart) is out of place - anxiety, extreme agitation.

My soul sank into my heels - I was seized by strong fear.

The soul rejoices - it embraces joyful excitement about something.

Dote on your soul - love very much.

A bilious person is someone who shows hostility towards everyone, is sarcastic.

For your dear soul - with great pleasure.

You won't be able to pull your ears off - something very tasty and giving great pleasure.

Looking into the soul is trying to understand someone’s feelings.

To touch a nerve is to affect one’s self-esteem, to greatly excite one by touching on something important and dear.

To bite the bit means to break loose, to lose control of oneself.

To become pale - to turn pale.

To blush - to blush with embarrassment or a feeling of shame.

To have a grudge against someone is to secretly hate, feel dissatisfied.

The fiend of hell is about someone who inspires disgust and horror with his appearance and actions.

The Kazan orphan is the one who pretends to be offended and unhappy.

It’s like being underwater - upset about something, extremely depressed.

It’s like a weight has been lifted from your shoulders - to feel relief, to get rid of painful experiences.

Like a bolt from the blue - an unexpected nuisance.

It’s like living like a cat and a dog - being in constant quarrel, being at enmity.

You sulk like a mouse at a rump - to be very angry with someone.

It's like sitting on pins and needles - in extreme excitement, restless.

Trembling like an aspen leaf - trembling with fear.

It was as if he had broken free from a chain - having lost self-control, he went to the extreme in his actions.

Like crazy - in a state of extreme excitement.

Like hell you are afraid of incense - very much so.

Pricking someone's eyes means causing irritation and anger.

Lump in throat - spasms with excitement.

Cats are scratching at my soul - I have become anxious and restless.

To be disingenuous is to act against conscience, insincerely.

Blood grievance is grave, deeply affecting.

The blood boiled in my veins - anger arose.

You crocodile tears - hypocritical compassion, insincere regret.

To turn (turn) someone's head is to evoke in someone a feeling of love, sympathy.

Biting your elbows means bitterly regretting, being annoyed about something missed or irreparable.

The ice is broken (broken) - relations have improved.

To climb into a bottle means to become very irritated, angry, indignant - usually over trifles.

Climb (climb) into someone else's soul - find out someone's feelings, mood.

Climbing a wall means getting into a state of extreme excitement, annoyance, irritation, rage.

Shedding tears means crying bitterly.

There is no face on someone - to turn very pale from excitement, fear.

To throw thunder and lightning is to speak angrily, with indignation, to threaten.

To stir the mud - to humiliate in every possible way, to publicly insult.

Frost on the skin - an unpleasant feeling of fear arises.

The torment of Tantalus is suffering from the consciousness of the proximity of the desired goal and the impossibility of achieving it.

Goosebumps ran down my back - a feeling of chills from intense fear and excitement.

To be on short terms with someone is to be in a close, friendly relationship.

To be at knifepoint with someone is to be in a sharply hostile relationship.

To be in seventh heaven is to feel immensely happy.

To pout your lips means to be offended, angry.

Stepping on a pet peeve is touching something that is extremely worrying, painfully bothering someone.

Not at ease - in a bad, depressed mood; feel uncomfortable, constrained.

Not finding a place for yourself means being extremely worried, anxious.

Uneasy - awkward, unpleasant from embarrassment.

Not remembering yourself means being in an extremely excited state, not controlling yourself.

The sky seems like a sheepskin - it has become heavy, uneasy with fear and horror.

Neither alive nor dead - very frightened, frozen with fear, horror.

Neither cold nor hot - completely indifferent, does not care at all.

A knife in the heart is extremely annoying and bitter.

A sharp knife means something is extremely unpleasant, painful.

With fire and sword - extremely harshly, inhumanly, mercilessly exterminating.

To become numb with indignation, surprise - to be speechless.

To give up is to fall into despair.

To turn the whole soul upside down - to greatly excite, to deeply touch someone.

Petlazar - to pretend to be unhappy in order to pity someone.

To drink a bitter cup means to suffer again, to endure.

Drinking blood means causing severe pain and suffering.

Cry in three streams - uncontrollably, bitterly, shedding tears profusely.

To spit in the soul is to insult what is most dear and intimate.

Fear God - have a conscience.

Under hot hand to get caught - in a moment of anger or irritation of someone.

To give heat is to inspire.

The veins are shaking - experiencing strong fear, trembling with excitement.

Adding fuel to the fire means aggravating hostile relations between someone.

To bring a pill is to cause bitter offense to someone.

To kneel is to treat with the deepest respect, with reverence.

Bring to your senses - make you calm down.

To pillory is to brand someone with shame.

Come to your senses - calm down, stop worrying.

Swallow the pill - patiently, silently endure an insult, an insult.

Shed a tear - cry; try to pity; pretend to worry, worry, counting on the effect.

Break (break) the ice - eliminate tension in a relationship between someone.

To throw up your hands means to be extremely surprised and bewildered.

Opening your mouth means being extremely surprised, bewildered.

To start crying is to start crying.

To burst into indignation is to show your anger.

Melt the ice - eliminate alienation and mistrust.

Tearing and throwing - to become extremely angry, irritated, to the point of becoming bitter.

Pulling out your hair means falling into despair, being very annoyed with yourself.

With a sinking heart - experiencing great excitement, in anxious anticipation.

Foaming at the mouth - to prove in strong irritation, recklessly.

In the heat of the moment - in a fit of irritation.

With your mouth agape - look extremely surprised.

With open arms - to receive someone cordially, affably, with pleasure.

With arms and legs - do something with great pleasure.

To tear off with your hands - to willingly acquire, buy something.

With a heavy heart - with a depressed mood.

Go crazy - an expression of surprise, tenderness, admiration.

With a fallen heart - with horror; in a depressed mood.

Not himself - very excited, upset, lost self-control.

The light fades in the eyes - everything becomes disgusting, disgusting.

Drive crazy - greatly irritate, embitter, worry someone; evoke a feeling of delight, enchant.

The Holy of Holies is something most important, cherished, hidden.

The heart bleeds - someone experiences a feeling of deep compassion, pity, someone is very sad, melancholy.

The heart is overgrown with moss - someone has become soulless, unresponsive, callous.

The heart sank (shortness) - suddenly I was overcome by fright, fear, anxiety.

Sitting in the liver is extremely annoying.

Through clenched teeth - angrily, angrily, with anger.

Grinding your teeth means expressing strong indignation and anger.

Glory to God is an expression of joy, satisfaction about something.

The laugh got into his mouth - he couldn’t stop laughing.

To look askance is to express dissatisfaction, to harbor anger against someone.

To look down on someone is to treat someone arrogantly.

In the Russian language there are many set phrases and phrases whose meaning cannot be understood purely from a linguistic point of view. Russian phraseological units or catchphrases confuse foreigners, and a considerable part of modern youth. Meanwhile, they make speech brighter, more expressive, and incredibly expand the capabilities of the Russian language and the range of emotions of human communication. No less interesting is the history of their origin, both those that have become firmly established in our everyday life, and the most unusual and rare ones, thanks to which the Russian language, for all its complexity and richness, would be much poorer and more boring.

The origins of the phraseological unit lie in ancient times, when salt in Rus' was very expensive due to the difficulties of its delivery from the mining regions. In the absence of good roads and the considerable weight of the product, it was difficult to expect cheap supplies. When guests came to the house, the owner himself salted their food, paying more attention to the dear guests who sat at the table closer to him. It happened that food was even salted as a sign of special respect. To those who are low social status sat at the other end of the table, sometimes there was little or no salt. This is where the expression “to leave somewhere without a meal” comes from, i.e. deprived, not receiving what was expected.

Play spillikins

U modern game“Tower” or “Jenga” was an ancient Russian analogue - a game in which the role of blocks-bricks was played by various small items, which in the old days were called spillikins. The purpose of the fun was to alternately pull out spillikins from a common pile, one by one, until the entire structure collapsed. At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. the game was very popular and gradually began to personify a useless, empty activity, nonsense on which time is wasted instead of useful things. The expression still has this meaning today.

“He lies like a gray gelding”

The meaning of this phraseological unit is clear without explanation, but its origin has not been clearly defined. There are at least two versions of why this particular pet, and precisely the gray color, was awarded the title of harmless reputation as a liar. And it is not a fact that one of them is accurate, since both come down to a certain speech error in the memory of the Russian people. According to the first, voiced by linguist V. Dahl, the word “lies” originally sounded like “pret”. It is a well-known fact that geldings are distinguished by their special strength and endurance. But it is unlikely that the gray color somehow stands out from others with these qualities.

According to the second version, the catchphrase remained in memory of the Russian “Munchausen” - a great liar named Sivers-Mehring of the noble rank, who served in tsarist army about 150 years ago. All soldiers and officers knew about his tendency to invent fables, so the expression was often used when catching someone in a lie.

However, this version also fails if we remember that gray gelding (or mare) is also mentioned as a stable expression for other reasons (silly bullshit, lazy or stupid, like a gray gelding, etc.). And researchers do not yet have an explanation for this interesting fact.

Roll a barrel (at someone)

In ancient times, fish was one of the main food products. Although they talked in Rus' about “cabbage soup and porridge,” meat cabbage soup was expensive, and you couldn’t do much work with empty cabbage soup. Therefore, they were often cooked on fish, and in another form it often appeared on the village table.

Fish often had to be transported from particularly rich fishing grounds - from the lower reaches of the Volga and other large bodies of water. They transported it in large barrels, which, when unloaded, rolled off the ladder and, if handled carelessly, could easily injure a person. Therefore, the first rule when unloading was not to roll the barrel when there is a person in its path. Interesting fact: this phraseological unit was actually born at the social bottom of society, and to this day is considered vulgar and unacceptable for use in cultural conversation, although its meaning does not imply vulgarity or vulgarity. “Roll a barrel” - attack a person, threaten him, accuse him of something with the implication that he actually did nothing wrong.

Breaking bad (let go)

In the old days, temple belfries (belltowers) usually contained many different bells, from small ringing bells to colossal colossus, the weight of which reached tens of tons. To strike such a bell, remarkable strength was needed, since its “tongue” weighed a lot. In church statutes they were called “serious”, i.e. in modern terms “heavy”.

They were beaten not only on major holidays, but also in case of emergencies, such as fires and other disasters. “Ring all the heavy” meant ringing all the heavy (loud) bells so that the sound would travel further and announce the importance of the event. In this case, the people had to give up everything, regardless of occupation, run to help or save themselves and act, no matter what and not taking into account anything subjective. The expression is still used today, retaining only part of the meaning - to perform actions that are not consistent with the usual rules. However, in this case it is it's already underway not about help and salvation, but about revelry and debauchery.

Hot spot

Another phraseological phrase from ancient church vocabulary that has lost its meaning, and this time exactly the opposite. When we mention a food hall, we imagine a place where people indulge in drunkenness and debauchery, however, original meaning This expression was not figurative and referred to the place where cereals grow, i.e. bready, well-fed, and therefore cheerful. The request to rest in a “green and peaceful (calm) place” is contained in funeral prayers for the dead. The current meaning is due to the fact that in Rus', due to the lack of grapes, intoxicating drinks were made mainly from cereals. Therefore, the “hot” place in oral folklore turned into a “drunk” place.

"Silently"

The meaning of a phraseological unit is to do something unnoticed, secretly, to achieve what you want unnoticed by others, as a rule, something that they do not approve of and often comes to the detriment or detriment of others. For example, you can quietly achieve what you want from your superiors, regardless of corporate ethics. Or bring the most delicious food before anyone has sat down to the table. The modified word “sapa” comes from the Italian “zappa”, meaning something like our sapper shovel, i.e. shovel small sizes for excavation work. It was convenient to carry out a tunnel or dig a secret passage.

Before entering the Russian language, “tsappa” passed into French in the form of a modified borrowing “sap” ( excavation for the purpose of creating a hidden tunnel, undermining). By the way, the well-known word “sapper” came from him. In our language, this word itself and the corresponding phrase “silent glander” acquired the same meaning. Make the approach to the enemy unnoticed, secret, approach on the sly.

Subsequently, the expression acquired wide semantic application and turned into a phraseological unit.

"Sit in a puddle"

Another option for phraseology is to sit in a galosh (overshoe). It means to disgrace yourself, to find yourself in an absurd position, to be defeated in an argument by putting forward easily refutable arguments. The origin of this unusual phraseological unit is associated with the ancient folk battles wall to wall, carried out as fun and games. The battles took place in the field, where mud and puddles were often mixed underfoot. If a person fell, then he not only lost, but also found himself in a very absurd position - lying in a puddle. And since in ancient times a puddle was called a little differently, kaluzha, from this name came the name of shoes for overcoming this obstacle - galosh (has equal spelling with the variant “galosh”, depending on the local dialect).

Therefore, another catchphrase has become entrenched in Russian folklore - “sit in a galosh.”

"The sand is falling"

The expression implies old age, a mocking indication of age, often inappropriate for behavior. According to one version, its roots go back to medieval Europe, where such a piece of clothing as a codpiece came into fashion, i.e. a bag in which the man's dignity was enclosed. The detail was not just noticeable, it was decorated in every possible way and put on display. And in order to make the household look more respectable, men often put fake sandbags into the codpiece. Elderly womanizers were especially guilty of this in order to demonstrate that they were still “wow.” But due to long use or careless movement, the bags sometimes broke, and then a path of sand followed behind the owner of the luxurious codpiece, which caused laughter among the courtiers.

According to another version, the same bags and in the same place, but for a different purpose, had to be worn by Russian soldiers under Peter, who forced them to wear tight, as in Europe, and unusually uncomfortable pants that were terribly uncomfortable for them (to reduce pressure on the causal areas ). The bags quickly wore out, tore and spilled sand.

There is a third version, which explains why the phraseology is used with the same success in relation to women and why it became widespread so late. We are talking about stones and sand in the genitourinary system, which most often form with age and often come out spontaneously.

Put in a long box

The meaning of the expression is simple - to postpone something for a long or indefinite period, not to rush to resolve the issue. But it has an interesting origin. In the village of Kolomenskoye, during the reign of Alexei, who was the father of Peter the Great, a special box was installed for complaints to the sovereign, which anyone could put there. The people tried, wrote, waited, but they had to wait months, or even years, for consideration of issues. For this, the petitioners aptly nicknamed the box long or long. Subsequently, the expression was consolidated thanks to special boxes in “presences”, where complaints and petitions were put into different boxes by the officials themselves for sorting. Among them was one that was intended for unhurried tasks; it was called “long”.

"Disservice"

This is what they say about unsolicited help, which results in more negative consequences than benefits. The origin is connected with the fable “The Hermit and the Bear” by the famous fabulist Krylov. In it, the Bear, with good intentions, swatted a fly on the forehead of the Wanderer, with whom he had become friends. But he miscalculated the force and killed him. There is no popular expression in the text of the fable; it was formed later on its basis and became firmly entrenched in Russian folklore.

“If we don’t wash, we just roll”

Phraseologism, the meaning of which comes down to excessive persistence, a person’s desire to achieve what he wants in any way and to find other ways to achieve it if previous attempts have failed. The origin of the expression refers to the ancient method of ironing clothes by rolling using two wooden blocks. Linen was wrapped around one of them, while the other rolled the resulting bundle on a flat surface. When washing clothes, women knew that the results of a not very high-quality wash could be visually improved if the item was carefully ironed.

"7 Fridays a week"

Phraseologism is more relevant than ever nowadays. Friday was the day of execution of trade obligations. If money was not given immediately for goods on market day, then the payment deadline was the following Friday. People who missed payment deadlines, and especially those who reminded debtors too often about their debts, were told that every day was Friday. The expression is attached to those who change their decisions too often. In addition, this day in Rus' was considered a day off, a market day. Subsequently, they began to talk about idlers, who had a day off every day, like Friday.

"Japanese policeman!"

When pronouncing this phrase, many simply disguise what is ready to escape from their lips. obscene expression. In fact we're talking about about a small scandal that took place during Tsarevich Nicholas’s trip to Japan. The youth laughed loudly and had fun, which did not please the prim guardian of order, who, without thinking twice and without wasting words, simply hit the future emperor on the head with a saber. Fortunately, it was sheathed, and the incident had no physical consequences, however, it received a serious resonance in Russia. Outrage was caused by the fact that instead of establishing proper order, a Japanese policeman rushes at unarmed young people just because they laugh loudly. The expression has taken root well as a euphemism - a shy replacement of an indecent word with a completely cultural expression.

1 comment

Phraseologisms are the national wealth of the language. They enliven speech and make it colorful. Sustained phrases act as an expressive stylistic means. Without them, it is difficult to imagine a text rich in speech patterns. They revive and fill with images, the texts begin to live a new life.

IN work of art- the technique of characterizing the hero, creating a bright character, spectacular pictures of reality along with metaphors and.

General concept of phraseological units

Phraseologism is a ready-made stable speech pattern with a single, holistic meaning. Stability is understood as the relative constancy of the lexical (component) composition.

Phraseologism	The meaning of phraseology
keep a stone in your bosom	bear a grudge against someone
how to give something to drink	exactly, undoubtedly
bring to a white heat	to a state of intense irritation, anger
reach a dead end	find yourself in a bind
small fry	a person who has no power or influence
wash dirty linen in public	reveal family secrets
smoke sky	live in idleness
like uncut dogs	a lot of
take the bull by the horns	decisively begin an important task
digging through dirty laundry	show interest in details of someone's personal life
build castles in the air	come up with impossible plans
cover your tracks	hide something that could serve as evidence
take water into your mouth	stubbornly remain silent
slurping unsalted	be deceived in one's expectations
without hind legs	1) be exhausted, extremely tired; 2) sleep soundly
hold your tail with a gun	try to appear cheerful, independent

Phraseology studies stable phrases (Greek. phrasis- "expression", logos- “teaching”). All constant speech patterns of the language are called “phraseology”.
In a broad sense, phraseological units are proverbs and sayings, catchphrases - all complete phrases or phrases.

Examples of phraseological units

• And the casket simply opened;
• all familiar faces;
• the tongue chatters, but the head does not know;
• a husband loves a healthy wife, and a brother loves a rich sister;
• terrible situation.

Phraseologism is a unique linguistic unit. Externally, in structure, it is similar to phrases - it consists of two or more component words.

They differ in that the words in it lose their independent lexical meaning.

The meaning of a phraseological unit is not the sum of the meanings of the components, as in a free phrase - green + field = green field, but is completely different - brew + porridge = “to start a complex and unpleasant business”, sideways + get out = “not to pass without a trace, it will end badly.” The meaning follows from a stable phrase and expresses one concept. It is the same in meaning.

Phraseologisms have the property of impenetrability: a new component cannot be introduced into their structure. They are characterized by a stable sequence of words.

Other terms for defining phraseological units are idiom (Greek. idioma– “special property”), phraseological unit, phraseme, set phrase, phraseological turn. In any language, phraseological units are individual, they need to be understood. They are not translated word for word into another language.

Milk rivers and jelly banks

Lexical meaning of phraseological units

Like words, phraseological units serve as names of actions, phenomena, states, objects, signs. Some of them combine expressive coloring with meaning.

Expressiveness is understood as the presence of an evaluative component, informational “redundancy” in contrast to a neutral word: tuck your tail between your legs, talk about lofty matters- ironic, from rags to riches, clearing up the mess- disapprovingly, monkey labor, oatmeal forehead- contemptuously, smoking room alive, wait to eat- jokingly.
Phraseologisms sound like free phrases. This phenomenon is defined as homonymy:

• give up while charging and give up in the meaning of “to lose the desire to do something”;
• cast a fishing rod into the lake and cast a fishing rod meaning “to hint at something.”

Ideoms that have several meanings will be homonymous: close your eyes– be close to the dying person in the last minutes of life; hide, keep silent about something; deliberately not paying attention, not noticing something.

Phraseologisms that are close in meaning are combined into synonymous rows. Examples: “very quickly” (run, escape) – one foot here, the other there, with all your might, as if on fire, with all your blades.

From stable figures of speech you can also form pairs that are opposite in meaning (antonyms): a yellow-throated chick is a shot sparrow, soul to soul - like a cat and a dog, lose your temper - pull yourself together, stick to your line - dance to someone else's tune.

Origin of phraseological units

Sustained phrases are not created spontaneously during oral communications and written speech. These are ready-made lexical units with a known meaning. Etymology (a branch of linguistics) studies phraseological units and their origin.

Most of them came into the literary language from folklore: sealed, milk rivers, self-assembled tablecloth, good fellow, red maiden. Many phrases are associated with ancient rituals, now forgotten.

Many phraseological units came from vocabulary: get into tune, play first violin- from musicians; the game is not worth the candle- from furriers, cut like a nut, without a hitch- from the carpenters. Some phrasemes are related to history: ice carnage, Monomakh's hat, all over Ivanovo.

There are phrases associated with biblical stories and ancient mythology: carry your cross, Babylonian pandemonium, until the second coming,with or on a shield, Augean stables, Trojan horse.

Here are a couple of interesting phraseological units, the meaning of which is related to their origin.
According to the ancient belief of our ancestors, a closed (circular) line, made with coal or a knife, charmed with special words, acquired power and protected from evil spirits. The circle was also carried out in the air.

In Nikolai Gogol's story "Viy", Khoma Brut escapes from the witch by drawing a circle around himself and saying a prayer. Russian warriors drew a circle above their heads with the end of their sword, believing that enemy blows would not touch them, enchanted. The expression “ headlong"- boldly, without fear of anything.

Turnover " rub glasses"(to deceive someone) comes from the jargon of card cheats and means the real action of rubbing in extra points on so-called powder cards. Using the “sticky” powder, the player turned a six into a seven or eight, a two into a three. That is, he rubbed in the points needed for the required amount (for example, 21 points).

The expression took root in speech and served as the basis for the formation of nouns fraud(deception) and fraudster(deceiver).
Phraseological units still appear today: give out on the mountain, new Russians, rich Pinocchio, Cherchet la femme, rush hour.

Phraseologism is a means of attracting attention

Phraseological phrases are well remembered. Ready-made and known to the reader, they facilitate perception. The use of antonymic (opposite in meaning) contextual combinations, figurative phrases, and ambiguity attracts the attention of the audience.

The problem is that the administration of our enterprise selects and places personnel contrary to good traditions, which have been described in folklore for a long time. According to these traditions, it is not recommended to let a goat into the garden, throw a pike into the river, or appoint a fox to be in charge of the chicken coop.

The use of phraseological units when writing content is appropriate in a conversational style, as well as in artistic and journalistic styles. Here are a few techniques for transforming phraseological units:

1. Literalization. The context of the turnover implies its perception in direct meaning: If the audience doesn't laugh, I get upset, withdraw into myself and sit there.
2. Rearranging or replacing individual words: Of two evils, I choose the one that I have never tried before. Learning is light, and ignorance is pleasant twilight.
3. Expanding the structure of phraseological units: What a pity that you are finally leaving.
4. Combining parts of different meanings: All people are brothers, but not all are wise.
5. Complete change in the meaning of the ideome: There are brave people. I am not a brave man; How could one call the weaker sex, which takes so much strength??
6. Inserting a specific definition: I am his personal king. He has no king in his head, so he has me instead of a king.

Headings based on phraseological units arouse reader interest. Metaphors have an emotional impact on the audience: Water Doesn't Come Alone, Squeeze Race, Freedom on the Left.
The news, presented as a word game with a stable turnover, sounds like a slogan: In the yard there is a pillar, at the pillar there is a gentleman.

It is important to start the context with this kind of heading, then throughout the text adhere to the chosen style, using appropriate figures of speech - ideologies, proverbs, colloquial vocabulary.

Phraseological units are also used in official business and scientific style. These are stylistically neutral phrases or book expressions without expression: baptism of fire, leave much to be desired, cornerstone, be on the level, call a spade a spade.

Spelling of phraseological units

Let's note some spelling rules writing phraseological units:

1. Stable figures of speech are not put in quotation marks.
2. Adverbial ideoms are written separately: drive you into a dead end, scream in your hearts.
3. A comma is not used when repeating a particle neither: neither give nor take, neither fish nor meat.
4. Expressions are not separated by commas as if nothing had happened, through thick and thin.
5. There is no comma before the conjunction “as”: everything goes like clockwork, trembling like an aspen leaf, poor as a church mouse.
6. Participial phrases are not separated by commas: stand with bated breath, work tirelessly.

Phraseologisms are submitted in special reference books– phraseological dictionaries.

For enrichment vocabulary, searching for new ideas, refer to the following sources: “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language” edited by A.I. Fedorov; “Phraseological Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language” edited by A.N. Tikhonov, “Winged Words. Literary quotes, figurative expressions", compiled by Eliseev I. A., Polyakova L.

Phraseologism	The meaning of phraseology
Arshin with a hat	This is what they say about a person of very short stature, one might say a teenager.
Augean stables	There is too much dirt around, the neglected state of the room or some things to do.
And Vaska listens and eats	People who are not influenced by other people's opinions, they can listen, but they will do everything in their own way.
Pitch hell	Turmoil, panic, a place where it is difficult and unpleasant to be, too many people and everyone is fussing.
Oil painting	The circumstances were the most the best way, you can't imagine anything better.
Devil's Advocate	A person who is constantly and eternally dissatisfied with everything. Even in a good situation, this person will definitely find something bad.
Shelve	Don't finish the job completely, put it off for an indefinite period of time and then maybe finish it.
Anika the Warrior	A person can talk for a long time about his successes and achievements, boast, but only far from real danger.
Found a scythe on a stone	When a serious conflict occurs and two people with different opinions meet, none of them wants to give in to their opponent.
Was there a boy?	Doubts that arise as a result of some incident and circumstances that may be interrelated.
Apple of discord	When people quarrel among themselves for any reason, it can be absolutely anything in content and form.
Trojan horse	This is a hidden trap for those who do not suspect anything.
Trishkin caftan	Eliminating deficiencies that have appeared can lead to other serious problems.
Counting crows	Sit back, do nothing, and look around instead of concentrating.
Stay with your nose	Not getting the desired result, being deceived, working without remuneration.
Muddy the waters	To deliberately introduce ambiguity into any matter, confuse it and create confusion.
Seven Fridays a week	When a person constantly has changing opinions and different plans, he becomes changeable and relates to unreliable people.
Wait by the sea for weather	When all that remains is to wait and there is no way out of the situation, the person does not take any action and is in a passive state.
Pull the cat's tail	Means to do something very slowly, without special wish and don't try too hard. The result may be wasted time.
Like a ram at a new gate	When a person is lost, he looks stupid and doesn’t know what to answer. He looks and hesitates in actions and thoughts.
Crocodile tears	Strong resentment towards something and feigned, false behavior, not at all sincere, playing for the audience.
Where the eyes look	Walk, wander, drive in some unknown direction, without even knowing the exact route.
To make mountains out of molehills	Greatly exaggerate, create panic over trifles and panic over trifles.
Sore point	A topic that constantly touches us and for which a solution has never been found. It could even be a situation that repeats itself over and over again.
Get something into your head	Repeat some information until the other person finally remembers it.
Bursting at the seams	A very bad situation, to be under the threat of complete destruction of any plans.
Bite your tongue	Don’t say anything unnecessary, watch your speech and don’t utter offensive phrases. Better shut up!
Not at ease	When it is very uncomfortable and a person feels out of place in life, in a company, in a family.
Scratching with tongues	Talk a lot and for a long time on various topics.

The Russian language is so mobile and flexible that it allows you to use many special speech techniques: proverbs, sayings, metaphors and much more. Separately, I would like to talk about what a phraseological unit is.

Phraseologisms are phrases whose meaning can embellish speech and give it a special emotional connotation. The phraseological phrase is indivisible in meaning, that is, it has general meaning all the words included in it. Each word separately does not carry such an information load. It is better to consider examples with an explanation of phraseological units.

The horse didn't lie

Ordinary speech would be dry and less emotional if there were no special lexical units in it - phraseological units. For example, you could say, “I felt really angry.” Or you can say it this way: “I was as angry as a dog.” The listener has completely different associative images in his mind. The brain perceives the image of an angry dog ​​instantly, at the level of a reflex. Affects life experience accumulated in the subconscious.

Or this example of a phrase: “I have not yet started doing the intended work.” It sounds much better: “I haven’t had a horse lying around yet.” For a foreigner to understand this is a real headache! What kind of horse and why didn’t he lie down? And a Russian person instantly grasps the essence of the speaker’s problem.

Phraseologism “one foot here - the other - there” very often used in speech. It is literally impossible for a person's legs to be in the same position at the same time. different places! But it means that the speaker is already on the way and is rushing very quickly and is about to arrive at the right place.

Interesting observation. Phraseological phrases sometimes reduce the acuity of perception negative action and enhance the positive.

Whose authorship?

Many people think about origin of set expressions. Phraseologisms have no authors. Or so, the authors are the people. In the process of life and accumulation of experience, people apply their knowledge, transforming it into new forms.

The origin of bright figures of speech is also associated with literary and historical facts. Everyone has an idea about the exploits of Hercules, and in particular about one of them - how quickly the strong man was able to clear the stables of King Augeas. The hero showed resourcefulness and quickly dealt with an extremely difficult task. He accomplished the seemingly impossible! So it was customary for the people to say: “I’ll go clean up the Augean stables...” Or: “What a good fellow, he cleaned the Augean stables!”

In addition to the “lying horse”, an interesting phrase is about "buried dog". Example: “So that’s where the dog is buried!” This means that a solution has finally been found to a problem or issue that has been nagging for a long time. The topic of the origin of popular expressions with this animal is very popular. There are stories of dogs whose graves served as a kind of memory for their owners (they were lost, and then found).

In Russian speech, everyone who deserves punishment is “poured on the first day.” This came from a school where students were caned. The punishment was effective and the student behaved well until the start of the next month of school (until the 1st).

Let's go through phraseological units

Introducing a small list of figures of speech for reference. They are most often used in relation to a specific person:

Phraseologisms in sentences

There is also many other catchphrases. It's interesting to look at examples.

1. It's time to wash your hands of it. This sentence means that the time has come to step away from the problem, to indicate your non-involvement in it.
2. In life, he liked to “go with the flow.” The hero is passive and lived according to the will of circumstances, without resisting them in any way.
3. My worries are a dime a dozen. There is a lot to do.
4. Relatives came to visit - “the seventh water on jelly.” Here the degree of relationship is very blurred, there is no way to figure out who belongs to whom and by whom.
5. He got married according to the principle “don’t drink water off your face.” This is a sad story, here is an attempt to love inner world person, implying that not everything is in order with his appearance.
6. See you "after the rain on Thursday." This sentence has the meaning: we will never see each other, and it also shows a disdainful attitude towards the person.
7. In his stories he liked to “build up the atmosphere.” Here we are talking about a person who clearly exaggerates the complexity and horror of events in his narratives, heating up the situation.
8. We left home “without a sip.” The meaning of the phraseological unit: I had to return without earnings, profit or any other result previously planned.

The given examples show how vividly, briefly and succinctly phraseological units can characterize some situations. They also add nuances of sound and semantic accents to speech. Origin may not matter. Moreover, the lexical meaning of phraseological units is integral and is perceived as a short signal of an associative series stored in human memory.

About labor

Let's talk about phraseological units that mention job or profession. People have written a lot of sayings, fables and other lexical forms about work. Let us give examples of phraseological units and their meanings.

Phraseologisms for children

Work and acquaintance with phraseological units starts already at school. Children are taught to understand set expressions and be able to explain them. In their native speech lessons, younger schoolchildren practice constructing statements using phraseological units. In this way, they enrich their vocabulary and vocabulary knowledge. The children learn to explain phraseological units in one in a short word or a related phrase.

Phraseologisms are quite simple to understand and memorize, according to the age of primary school children. Let's look at examples:

• shut your mouth (shut up);
• keep your mouth shut (keep a secret);
• not to believe your ears (to be surprised by what you hear);
• nod off (fall asleep);
• lead by the nose (deceive);
• fly headlong (run quickly) and others.

Use of phraseological units in primary school promotes their development "sense of language", inherent in the Russian person. Forms imaginative thinking, the speed of creating thought forms. Aphorisms are compiled from pictures or work is done with texts.

In Russian language lessons, students complete written assignments in which they replace phraseological units with one word (insert the missing word).

In literary reading lessons they learn to compare images fairy-tale heroes with phraseological turns. For example, Emelya - “lies and doesn’t blow a breath”.

When studying mathematics, they analyze stable phrases: “square head”, “two inches from the pot” and others.

Phraseological units are applicable in various fields of activity, areas of knowledge, and life situations. The main thing is to understand their meaning! A true connoisseur of the Russian language will definitely use catchphrases in his speech, both for his own pleasure (he will create a picture) and for a “cunning catchphrase.”