Interesting facts from the lives of famous people. Funny and funny stories from the lives of famous people
The history of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century was rich in various kinds of events. In 1914 the First World War, which became, in fact, one of the main reasons for all subsequent troubles and misfortunes that befell the country. The February Revolution, the subsequent October, Civil War and, finally, the establishment Soviet power, the emergence of a new totalitarian state. Some of these events largely determined the further course of world history.
Causes of the October Revolution.
After the events of February 1917, the power of the country was in the hands of the Provisional Government. Here it is definitely worth saying that the councils of workers’ and peasants’ deputies actively prevented him from working.
The composition of the Provisional Government was not constant; ministers replaced each other every now and then. Meanwhile, the situation in the country was deteriorating. The economy fell into complete decline. The financial crisis that hit Russia has reached unprecedented proportions. The treasury, of course, was full, but not with money, but with unpaid bills. Inflation reduced the price of the ruble to 7 pre-revolutionary kopecks. There were problems with supplying cities, and there were queues outside stores. It became restless, rallies and strikes took place more and more often. Everyone put forward their own demands. Peasant uprisings began in the villages, which the authorities were unable to resist. Certain preconditions for a change of power and new upheavals were taking shape.
How was the October Socialist Revolution prepared?
At the end of August 1917, the leadership of the Soviets in major cities passes into the hands of the Bolsheviks. The party is growing stronger and beginning to grow in numbers. Under her, the Red Guard was formed, which constitutes the power fist of the political struggle. The main demands of the party are the resignation of the Provisional Government and the formation of a new government from representatives of the revolutionary proletariat and peasantry.
Perhaps the Bolsheviks could have organized “October” earlier. The actions of party members were affected by the absence of their leader, Lenin, in Russia. Vladimir Ilyich hid in Finland, from where he sent his directives and instructions to Petrograd. Opinions within the party were divided. Those who believed that power should be taken right now, someone suggested that we hesitate - only workers and soldiers are for us,” we will not stand.
Meanwhile, Lenin continued to send letters to the city of Peter I, in which he spoke of the need to prepare an uprising and seize power. He believed that if the people in Moscow and Petrograd suddenly rose up, the current government would not stand. On October 7, Lenina returns to Russia. Revolution becomes inevitable.
The revolution was well prepared. On the 12th, Trotsky, who headed the Petrograd Soviet, established the Military Revolutionary Committee. On the 22nd, Bolshevik agitators went to all military units in Petrograd. October Revolution began on October 25, 1917. There were fierce street battles in Petrograd and Moscow. The number of victims of those events is difficult to calculate. Bandits and criminals, from whom the Red Guard was predominantly formed, were opposed by beardless cadets. On the night of the 26th, the rebels managed to capture the Winter Palace. The ministers of the Provisional Government were imprisoned.
Interesting Facts about the October revolution.
1. On the night when there were bloody battles on the streets of Petrograd, Lenin reached Smolny with a wig on his head, a bandaged cheek and a fake passport, at five o’clock in the morning, when the fighting was already ending. But on his way there were numerous Cossack and Junker cordons. How this happened is a big mystery. Trotsky led the actions of the rebels during the absence of the leader.
2. Lenin instantly issued the “Decree on Land”. Divide and distribute. And Vladimir Ilyich was not at all embarrassed that this document completely copied the agrarian program of the Socialist Revolutionaries.
3. The soldiers did not want to go to the front at all. Lenin was sensitive to the mood of people. “A world without indemnities!” Yep, we agree. But it just couldn't be done. Civil War, War with Poland, shameful Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Here you are, soldiers and “World without indemnities”, you just bring me into power with bayonets.
4. The myth that the Bolsheviks were the main driving force behind the events of those days. The Social Revolutionaries enjoyed great influence in the army, and anarchists in the navy. Without them, the uprising would have failed.
5. The Red Guard units were formed from former criminals and deserters. The fighters received salaries from the Bolsheviks, and they, in turn, from Germany
And although it is already the last month of autumn, today, November 7, millions of people around the world remember the October Revolution of 1917, the events of which directly influenced the course of world history and the future of many countries as a whole.
This event, or rather, a whole chain of incidents that took place throughout 1917, still causes serious controversy among historians, politicians and philosophers of various stripes. What would have happened to Russia if not for the Bolsheviks? Could the monarchy survive? Latvia would gain independence (by the way, for Latvia on November 7 also important date- In 1922, the first meeting of the Seimas of Latvia took place)? For these and many other questions, there is a genre of alternative history, but we will try to bring together those facts and circumstances that could somewhat “refresh” the view modern man to the fateful events of almost a century ago.
1. Readiness No. 1, yes Lenin is not there
In principle, the Bolsheviks and their supporters had serious human and combat resources already in August 1917, when the Red Guard was being formed and the Bolsheviks were in power in most large cities. However, the “father of the revolution” himself finds himself on a large-scale wanted list, changes a dozen names, apartments and makeup sets, and still flees to Finland. All this time he acts only through correspondence - L. Trotsky takes on the role of temporary leader. According to Lenin himself, it was possible to act much earlier, rather than wait for the right moment for coordination. However, the Provisional Government, although it did not have much support from the people, still had sufficient fighting strength in the form of the cadets and cadets, as well as soldiers sympathetic to the Mensheviks (note, the First World War is still ongoing).
2. "Noble Smolny"
Smolny Palace, the main headquarters of the Bolsheviks (“Cradle of the Revolution”) is just a general name for a large complex of buildings that create a single architectural ensemble. The main historical role was played by the Smolny Institute, which in 1917 housed the Leningrad City Council of Workers' Deputies and the city committee of the CPSU(b)/CPSU (which is noteworthy - until 1991). Before that, the building housed the Smolny Institute of Noble Maidens - the first women's educational institution in Russia (1774-1917), thanks to which the beginning of women's education was laid in the empire.
3. Social Revolutionaries, anarchy and “Latvians”
The Bolsheviks themselves, as such, enjoyed only fickle support from the population. The main fighting force of those years turned out to be the Socialist Revolutionaries (a party of socialist revolutionaries who collaborated with the Bolsheviks until 1918, the motto: “In the fight you will gain your right!”), who enjoyed the support of the army, and the anarchists, who had enormous influence among the sailors. It is interesting that in March 1921, anarchist sailors staged the famous Kronstadt uprising, which would later fall as a shameful stain on the Soviet government (after all, the uprising would be suppressed by the heroes of the revolution themselves!). As an important military force, we should not forget about the Red Latvian Riflemen, who took part in most serious battles civil war and were considered an elite formation in the ranks of the Red Army. Both in the royal and Soviet army they were simply called “Latvians.”
4. Master of urban disguise
On the night when there was fierce fighting on the streets of Petrograd, Lenin reached the Smolny headquarters with a bandaged cheek “ala flux”, a wig on his head, and one of the fake passports. There could be no talk of any kind of security - groups of more than one person were considered mandatory for a complete check. On his way to Smolny, Lenin had to pass through at least three Cossack and Junker checkpoints. Although Vladimir Ulyanov acquired the skills of a master of disguise throughout his political career, how he managed this still remains a mystery
5. Quickly and with little blood
Despite all the post-revolutionary pathos, mythologization and even distortion of facts, the direct seizure of power occurred in just 3 days, and the seizure of the center of the Provisional Government - the Winter Palace - in more than 4 hours. At the same time, the State Bank, the Central Telegraph Station, the Main Post Office and the central newspapers were completely in the hands of the Bolsheviks even before the shot of the cruiser Aurora, which occurred exactly at 21:40, October 25, old style. Some historians believe that the main “stimulus to action” for Lenin and Trotsky was precisely the closure of almost all Bolshevik newspapers by the Provisional Government on the night of October 24, and not some internal readiness of the Bolsheviks themselves, among whom there were those who were skeptical about the beginning of the terror : “Only workers and soldiers are behind us, we will not stand.”
Numerous skirmishes on the streets of St. Petersburg often represented a merciless reprisal against beardless cadets (many criminals and bandits sympathizing with the Bolsheviks received weapons, and with them the chance to take part in the “evisceration” of the bourgeoisie).
The head of government, Alexander Kerensky, had already fled St. Petersburg in the direction of the front. Interesting fact - A. Kerensky was one of the leaders of Russian political Freemasonry, and, later, thanks to Soviet propaganda, became one of the prominent elements in creating a conspiracy image for residents Soviet Union(Jews, Freemasons, bourgeois tycoons...).
6. Reform of Russian spelling
Immediately after the victory of the Bolsheviks, a whole string of significant, although not entirely authentic, decrees followed: the “Decree on Peace” (which was largely developed by the Provisional Government), the “Decree on the Abolition of the Death Penalty” and the “Decree on Land”, according to which landowners the land was subject to confiscation. The last of them (also known as “Divide and Distribute”) completely copied the agrarian program of the Socialist Revolutionaries. A similar situation has arisen around the reform of Russian spelling, which is as necessary as it is controversial. She thought through a similar reform almost to its foundation back in 1912 Russian Academy sciences, although it was realized only in 1918.
For the removal from the Russian language of the letters Ѣ (yat), Ѳ (fita), І (“and decimal”) and the exclusion solid sign from the endings of a huge number of words, the intelligentsia of those years liked to call Lenin “a demon of conscience” (a play on words: “unscrupulous” instead of the old “without conscience”). And ahead of the new literate people was a difficult task - rewriting the classics of the Russian language: Karamzin, Ostrovsky, Turgenev, etc.
7. "New Time"
Or “Decree on the introduction of Russian Republic Western European calendar" - an act on Russia's transition to the Gregorian calendar, which finally ended the century-old practice of "adding 12-13 days" when traveling around Europe. The decree was adopted only on January 26, 1918, exactly three months after the October Revolution, leaving behind a huge confusion in the accounting department of the Council of People's Commissars, and the country as a whole.
In total, there were two project options on the agenda. The first involved a gradual transition to Gregorian calendar- it was supposed to discard 24 hours every year. Since by that time the difference between the calendars was already 13 days, the entire transition to the new style would have taken as long as 13 years. The advantage of this option was that the Orthodox Church could use it. The second option was tougher and provided for an immediate transition to a new style of chronology. Lenin himself was a supporter and developer of this option. So Russia finally entered the “new time”.
The spring of 1917 was supposed to be decisive in victory Russian Empire over Germany and Austria-Hungary in the First World War. But history decreed otherwise. The February Revolution of 1917 not only put an end to all military plans, but also destroyed the Russian autocracy.
1. Bread is to blame
The revolution began with the grain crisis. At the end of February 1917, due to snow drifts, the schedule for freight transportation of bread was disrupted, and rumors spread about an imminent transition to bread rationing. Refugees arrived in the capital, and some bakers were drafted into the army. Lines formed at the bread shops, and then riots began. Already on February 21, a crowd with the slogan “Bread, bread” began to destroy bakery shops.
2. Putilov workers
On February 18, workers at the fire monitor stamping workshop of the Putilov plant went on strike, and workers from other workshops joined them. Just four days later, the plant administration announced the closure of the enterprise and the dismissal of 36,000 workers. Proletarians from other plants and factories spontaneously began to join the Putilovites.
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs in September 1916, Alexander Protopopov was confident that he had the entire situation under control. Trusting his minister's convictions about security in Petrograd, Nicholas II left the capital on February 22 for his headquarters in Mogilev. The only measure taken by the minister during the days of the revolution was the arrest of a number of leaders of the Bolshevik faction. The poet Alexander Blok was sure that it was Protopopov’s inaction that became the main reason for the victory of the February Revolution in Petrograd. “Why is the main platform of power - the Ministry of Internal Affairs - given to the psychopathic chatterbox, liar, hysteric and coward Protopopov, who is maddened by this power?” - Alexander Blok wondered in his “Reflections on the February Revolution”.
4. Revolt of housewives
Officially, the revolution began with unrest among Petrograd housewives forced to stand in long lines for long hours for bread. Many of them became workers in weaving factories during the war. By February 23, about 100,000 workers from fifty enterprises were already on strike in the capital. The demonstrators demanded not only bread and an end to the war, but also the overthrow of the autocracy.
5. All power is in the hands of a random person
To suppress the revolution they needed drastic measures. On February 24, all power in the capital was transferred to the commander of the Petrograd Military District, Lieutenant General Khabalov. He was appointed to this post in the summer of 1916, without having the necessary skills and abilities. He receives a telegram from the emperor: “I command you to stop the unrest in the capital tomorrow, which is unacceptable during the difficult time of the war with Germany and Austria. NICHOLAY." A military dictatorship by Khabalov was to be established in the capital. But most of the troops refused to obey him. This was logical, since Khabalov, who was previously close to Rasputin, served his entire career at headquarters and in military schools, without having the authority among the soldiers necessary at the most critical moment.
6. When did the king learn about the beginning of the revolution?
According to historians, Nicholas II learned about the beginning of the revolution only on February 25 at about 18:00 from two sources: from General Khabalov and from Minister Protopopov. In his diary, Nikolai first wrote about the revolutionary events only on February 27 (the fourth day): “Unrest began in Petrograd several days ago; Unfortunately, troops also began to take part in them. It’s a disgusting feeling to be so far away and receive fragmentary bad news!”
7. Peasants' revolt, not soldiers' revolt
On February 27, a massive transition of soldiers to the side of the people began: in the morning 10,000 soldiers rebelled. By the evening of the next day there were already 127,000 rebel soldiers. And by March 1, almost the entire Petrograd garrison had gone over to the side of the striking workers. Government troops were melting away every minute. And this is not surprising, because the soldiers were yesterday’s peasant recruits, not ready to raise bayonets against their brothers. Therefore, it is more fair to consider this rebellion not a soldier’s, but a peasant’s. On February 28, the rebels arrested Khabalov and imprisoned him in the Peter and Paul Fortress.
8. The first soldier of the revolution
On the morning of February 27, 1917, senior sergeant major Timofey Kirpichnikov raised and armed the soldiers subordinate to him. Staff Captain Lashkevich was supposed to come to them to send, in accordance with Khabalov’s order, this unit to quell the unrest. But Kirpichnikov persuaded the platoon leaders, and the soldiers decided not to shoot at the demonstrators and killed Lashkevich. Kirpichnikov, as the first soldier to raise his weapon against the “royal system,” was awarded the Cross of St. George. But punishment found its hero; on the orders of the monarchist Colonel Kutepov, he was shot in the ranks of the Volunteer Army.
9. Arson of the Police Department
The police department was a stronghold in the struggle of the tsarist regime against the revolutionary movement. The capture of this law enforcement agency became one of the first goals of the revolutionaries. Director of the Police Department Vasiliev, foreseeing the danger of the events that had begun, ordered in advance that all documents with the addresses of police officers and secret agents be burned. The revolutionary leaders sought to be the first to get into the Department building, not only in order to take possession of all the data on criminals in the empire and solemnly burn them, but also in order to destroy in advance all the incriminating evidence on them in the hands of the former government. Thus, most of the sources on the history of the revolutionary movement and the tsarist police were destroyed during the February Revolution.
10. “Hunting season” for the police
During the days of the revolution, the rebels showed particular cruelty to police officers. Trying to escape, former servants of Themis changed clothes and hid in attics and basements. But they were still found and put to death on the spot, sometimes with monstrous cruelty. The head of the Petrograd security department, General Globachev, recalled: “The rebels scoured the whole city, looking for policemen and police officers, expressed wild delight at finding a new victim to quench their thirst for innocent blood, and there was no mockery, mockery, insults and torture that the animals did not try on their victims."
Following Petrograd, Moscow also went on strike. On February 27, it was declared under a state of siege, and all rallies were prohibited. But it was not possible to prevent the unrest. By March 2, train stations, arsenals and the Kremlin had already been captured. Representatives of the Committee created during the days of the revolution took power into their own hands. public organizations Moscow and the Moscow Council of Workers' Deputies.
12. “Three Powers” in Kyiv
News of the change of power reached Kyiv on March 3. But unlike Petrograd and other cities of the Russian Empire, in Kyiv it was not dual power that was established, but triple power. In addition to the provincial and district commissars appointed by the Provisional Government and the local Councils of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies that were being formed, a third force entered the political arena - the Central Rada, initiated by representatives of all parties participating in the revolution to coordinate the national movement. And immediately a struggle began within the Rada between supporters of national independence and supporters of an autonomous republic in a federation with Russia. Nevertheless, on March 9, the Ukrainian Central Rada declared its support for the Provisional Government headed by Prince Lvov.
13. Liberal conspiracy
Back in December 1916, the idea of a palace coup had matured among liberals. The leader of the Octobrist party, Guchkov, together with cadet Nekrasov, were able to attract the future Minister of Foreign Affairs and Finance of the Provisional Government Tereshchenko, Chairman of the State Duma Rodzianko, General Alekseev and Colonel Krymov. They planned to intercept the emperor on his way from the capital to headquarters in Mogilev no later than April 1917 and force him to abdicate the throne in favor of the rightful heir. But the plan was implemented earlier, already on March 1, 1917.
14. Five centers of “revolutionary ferment”
The authorities knew not about one, but about several centers of the future revolution. The palace commandant, General Voeikov, at the end of 1916, named five centers of opposition to autocratic power, as he put it, centers of “revolutionary ferment”: 1) the State Duma, headed by M. V. Rodzianko; 2) Zemsky Union led by Prince G. E. Lvov; 3) City Union headed by M. V. Chelnokov; 4) Central Military-Industrial Committee headed by A. I. Guchkov; 5) Headquarters headed by M.V. Alekseev. As subsequent events showed, they all took a direct part in the coup d'etat.
15. Nikolai's last chance
Did Nicholas have a chance to retain power? Perhaps if he had listened to “fat Rodzianko.” In the afternoon of February 26, Nicholas II receives a telegram from State Duma Chairman Rodzianko, who reports anarchy in the capital: the government is paralyzed, food and fuel transport is in complete disorder, and there is indiscriminate shooting in the street. “It is necessary to immediately entrust a person with confidence to form a new government. You can't hesitate. Any delay is like death. I pray to God that this hour of responsibility does not fall on the Crown Bearer.” But Nikolai does not react, complaining only to the Minister of the Imperial Court Fredericks: “Again this fat man Rodzianko has written to me all sorts of nonsense, to which I will not even answer him.”
16. The future Emperor Nicholas III Back at the end of 1916, during negotiations between the conspirators, the main contender for the throne as a result palace coup considered Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Army at the beginning of the First World War. In the last pre-revolutionary months, he served as governor in the Caucasus. The proposal to occupy the throne was received by Nikolai Nikolaevich on January 1, 1917, but two days later the Grand Duke refused. During the February Revolution, he was in the south, where he received news of his appointment again as Supreme Commander-in-Chief, but upon his arrival at Headquarters in Mogilev on March 11, he was forced to abandon his post and resign.
17. The Tsar's Fatalism
Nicholas II knew about the conspiracies being prepared against him. In the fall of 1916, the palace commandant Voeikov informed him about this, in December - the Black Hundred member Tikhanovich-Savitsky, and in January 1917 - the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Prince Golitsyn and the aide-de-camp Mordvinov. Nicholas II was afraid to act openly against the liberal opposition during the war and completely entrusted his life and the life of the Empress to the “will of God.”
18. Nicholas II and Julius Caesar
If you believe personal diary Emperor Nicholas II, then throughout all the days of the revolutionary events he continued to read the French book about the conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar. Did Nicholas think that he would soon suffer the fate of Caesar - a palace coup?
19. Rodzianko tried to save the royal family
In the February days, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna was in Tsarskoe Selo with her children. After Nicholas II left for Headquarters in Mogilev on February 22, all the royal children fell ill with measles one after another. The source of the infection, apparently, were young cadets - playmates of Tsarevich Alexei. On February 27, she writes to her husband about the revolution in the capital. Rodzianko, through the empress’s valet, urged her and her children to immediately leave the palace: “Leave anywhere, and as quickly as possible. The danger is very great. When the house is on fire and sick children are carried out.” The Empress replied: “We won’t go anywhere. Let them do what they want, but I won’t leave and I won’t destroy my children.” Due to the serious condition of the children (the temperature of Olga, Tatyana and Alexei reached 40 degrees) royal family could not leave her palace, so all the guards battalions loyal to the autocracy were gathered there. Only on March 9, “Colonel” Nikolai Romanov arrived in Tsarskoe Selo.
20. Betrayal of allies
Thanks to intelligence and the ambassador in Petrograd, Lord Buchanan, the British government had full information about a conspiracy being prepared in the capital of his main ally in the war with Germany. On the issue of power in the Russian Empire, the British crown decided to rely on the liberal opposition and, through its ambassador, even financed them. By promoting the revolution in Russia, the British leadership got rid of a competitor in the post-war issue of territorial acquisitions of the victorious countries.
When on February 27, deputies of the 4th State Duma formed a Provisional Committee headed by Rodzianko, which took full power in the country for a short time, it was the allied France and Great Britain that were the first to recognize the de facto new government - on March 1, the day before the abdication still a legitimate king.
21. Unexpected renunciation
Contrary to popular belief, it was Nicholas, and not the Duma opposition, who initiated the abdication of Tsarevich Alexei. By decision of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma, Guchkov and Shulgin went to Pskov with the aim of abdicating Nicholas II. The meeting took place in the carriage of the royal train, where Guchkov suggested that the emperor abdicate the throne in favor of little Alexei, with the appointment of Grand Duke Mikhail as regent. But Nicholas II declared that he was not ready to part with his son, so he decided to abdicate in favor of his brother. Taken by surprise by such a statement from the tsar, the Duma envoys even asked Nicholas for a quarter of an hour to confer and still accept the abdication. On the same day, Nicholas II wrote in his diary: “At one o’clock in the morning I left Pskov with a heavy feeling of what I had experienced. There is treason and cowardice and deceit all around!”
22. Isolation of the Emperor
A key role in the emperor's decision to abdicate was played by the chief of staff, General Alekseev, and the commander of the Northern Front, General Ruzsky. The sovereign was isolated from sources of objective information by his generals, who were participants in the conspiracy to carry out a palace coup. Most army commanders and corps commanders expressed their readiness to march with their troops to suppress the uprising in Petrograd. But this information was not communicated to the king. It is now known that in the event of the emperor’s refusal to relinquish power, the generals even considered the physical elimination of Nicholas II.
23. Loyal commanders
Only two military commanders remained loyal to Nicholas II - General Fyodor Keller, who commanded the 3rd Cavalry Corps, and the commander of the Guards Cavalry Corps, General Huseyn Khan Nakhichevansky. General Keller addressed his officers: “I received a dispatch about the abdication of the Sovereign and about some kind of Provisional Government. I, your old commander, who shared with you hardships, sorrows, and joys, do not believe that the Sovereign Emperor at such a moment could voluntarily abandon the army and Russia.” He, together with General Khan Nakhichivansky, offered the king to provide himself and his units to suppress the uprising. But it was already too late.
The Provisional Government was formed on March 2 after an agreement between the Provisional Committee of the State Duma and the Petrograd Soviet. But the new government, even after the abdication, required the consent of the emperor to appoint Prince Lvov at the head of the government. Nicholas II signed a decree to the Governing Senate on the appointment of Lvov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, dated 2 o'clock in the afternoon on March 2, for the legitimacy of the document an hour earlier than the time set in the abdication.
On the morning of March 3, members of the newly formed Provisional Government arrived to Mikhail Romanov to decide on the issue of accepting the throne. But there was no unity among the deputation: Miliukov and Guchkov insisted on accepting the throne, Kerensky called for refusal. Kerensky was one of the most ardent opponents of the continuation of autocracy. After a personal conversation with Rodzianko and Lvov, the Grand Duke decided to renounce the throne. A day later, Mikhail issued a manifesto calling on everyone to submit to the authority of the Provisional Government until the convening of Constituent Assembly. Ex-Emperor Nikolai Romanov reacted to this news with the following entry in his diary: “God knows who advised him to sign such a nasty thing!” This was the end of the February Revolution.
26. The Church supported the Provisional Government
Dissatisfaction with the policies of the Romanovs had been smoldering in the Orthodox Church since Peter's reforms. After the first Russian revolution, discontent only intensified, since the Duma could now pass laws concerning church issues, including its budget. The Church sought to regain from the sovereign the rights lost two centuries ago and transfer them to the newly installed patriarch. During the days of the revolution, the Holy Synod did not take any active part in the struggle on either side. But the king’s abdication was approved by the clergy. On March 4, the Chief Prosecutor of the Synod of Lvov proclaimed “freedom of the Church,” and on March 6, it was decided to serve a prayer service not for the reigning house, but for the new government.
27. Two anthems of the new state
Immediately after the start of the February Revolution, the question arose about a new Russian anthem. The poet Bryusov proposed to arrange All-Russian competition to choose new music and words of the anthem. But all the proposed options were rejected by the Provisional Government, which approved the “Workers' Marseillaise” as the national anthem with the words of the populist theorist Pyotr Lavrov. But the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies proclaimed the "International" as the anthem. Thus, dual power remained not only in the government, but also in the issue of the national anthem. Final decision the national anthem, like many other issues, had to be decided by the Constituent Assembly.
28. Symbols of the new government
Change state form board is always accompanied by a review of the entire state symbols. Following the anthem, which appeared spontaneously, the new government had to decide the fate of the double-headed imperial eagle. To solve the problem, a group of specialists in the field of heraldry was assembled, who decided to postpone this issue until the Constituent Assembly. It was temporarily decided to leave the double-headed eagle, but without any attributes of royal power and without St. George the Victorious on the chest.
29. Not only Lenin “slept through” the revolution
IN Soviet time They made sure to point out that only on March 2, 1917, Lenin learned that the revolution had won in Russia, and that instead of the tsarist ministers, there were 12 members of the State Duma in power. “Ilyich lost sleep from the moment the news of the revolution arrived,” Krupskaya recalled, “and at night the most incredible plans were made.” But besides Lenin, all the other socialist leaders “slept through” the February Revolution: Martov, Plekhanov, Trotsky, Chernov and others who were abroad. Only the Menshevik Chkheidze, because of his duties as head of the corresponding faction in the State Duma, found himself in the capital at a critical moment and headed the Petrograd Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.
30. Non-existent February Revolution
Since 2015, in accordance with the new concept of study national history and historical and cultural standards that establish uniform requirements for school history textbooks, our children will no longer study the events of February-March 1917 as the February Revolution. According to the new concept, there is now no division into the February and October revolutions, but there is the Great Russian Revolution, which lasted from February to November 1917. The events of February-March are now officially called the “February Revolution”, and the October ones are called the “seizure of power by the Bolsheviks.”
Interesting stories from life famous of people .
the site believes that each of us can become a famous person, the main thing is to always believe in yourself and move forward. We have collected stories and facts from life famous people all over the world.
The Roman Emperor Julius Caesar always wore a laurel wreath on his head to hide his progressive baldness.
To the Great Khan Mongol Empire Genghis Khan died while having sex.
And the author of the stories about Sherlock Holmes, Arthur Conan Doyle, was an ophthalmologist by profession.
The creator of Mickey Mouse, the famous Walt Disney, was afraid of mice all his life.
The famous Dutch post-impressionist artist Vincent Van Gogh sold only one of his works during his lifetime - Red Vineyard at Arles.
And the Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart began composing music at the age of 3. Over 35 years, Mozart created over 600 works. But after his death, his widow did not even have money for a separate place in the cemetery.
Theoretical physicist Albert Einstein did not speak a word until he was 3 years old, but by the age of 12 he understood Euclidean geometry.
German poet statesman, the thinker and naturalist Johann Wolfgang von Goethe once tasted Franconian wine from Bavaria, and was so impressed that from then on he demanded that 900 Franconian liters be sent to him per year.
Many of Remarque’s characters, like himself, prefer Norman apple brandy to Calvados.
Macedonian king from the Argead dynasty, commander Alexander the Great? knew 30,000 soldiers of his army by sight.
On May 24, 2000, the Clay Mathematics Institute (Cambridge, USA) offers a million dollars for solving each of the seven mathematical “millennium problems”, including the Poincaré conjecture, formulated in 1904. On November 1, 2002, Russian mathematician Grigory Perelman publishes on the website of the mathematical archive the first of three articles, based on the results of which he will be recognized as a scientist who has overcome one of the most difficult problems of topology. In March 2010, the Clay Institute awarded Perelman a million-dollar prize. On July 1, 2010, Perelman refused the prize, just as he had previously rejected the “mathematical Nobel” - the Fields Medal. The refusal is explained on ethical grounds: Perelman believes that he owes his success to the mathematician Hamilton, on whose work he relied.
Literary success came to I. Goncharov only at the age of 40.
And the English physicist, mathematician, mechanic and astronomer Isaac Newton wrote the preface to his works when he was 72 years old.
The Ser-Russian empress from 1762 to 1796, Catherine the Great (Catherine II), loved beer. It was for her that the British brewed especially strong beer - so that it would not spoil on the road. This type of beer is called “Russian stout”. It is not pasteurized, but matures in barrels for 2 months, after which it is aged in bottles for a whole year.
The German historian Theodor Mommsen once rummaged through all his pockets to find glasses. The little girl sitting next to him handed them to him. “Thank you, baby,” Mommsen said, “What’s your name?” “Anna Mommsen, dad,” the girl answered.
T pack Shakur is an American rapper, film actor and public figure.
He was included in the Guinness Book of Records as the most successful hip-hop artist, having sold a total of more than 75 million copies of his albums.
The late Tupac Shakur is the first representative of the hip-hop world to be honored with a monument. The seven-foot bronze statue of the hero of black America was unveiled on September 13, 2005 at the Tupac Amaru Shakur Center in Stone Mountain, Georgia.
One day, young Thomas Edison returned home from school and gave his mother a letter from his teacher.
The mother read the letter out loud to her son, with tears in her eyes: “Your son is a genius. This and the school is too small, and there are no teachers here who can teach him anything. Please teach it yourself.”
Many years after his mother's death (Edison by that time was already one of the greatest inventors of the century), he was once looking through old family archives and came across this letter.
He opened it and read:
“Your son is mentally retarded. We can no longer teach him at school with everyone else. Therefore, we recommend that you teach it yourself at home.”
Edison cried for several hours. Then he wrote in his diary: “Thomas Alva Edison was a mentally retarded child.
Thanks to his heroic mother, he became one of the greatest geniuses of his age.”
The sculptor Lina Po, completely deprived of sight, created more than a hundred wonderful works by touch.
The influential 16th-century statesman and philosopher Francis Bacon died because he stuffed a gutted chicken with snow (it occurred to him that snow could be used instead of salt to preserve meat, and he tried to test his theory). As a result of the experiment, the chicken did not freeze, but Bacon himself froze.
King Solomon had about 700 wives in Israel, as well as hundreds of mistresses.
Justin Timberlake is afraid of spiders.
In 1972, a young Indian wrote to John Lennon that he had a dream to travel around the world, but had no money, and asked him to send the necessary amount. Lennon replied: “Meditate and you can see the whole world in your mind.” In 1995, an Indian man, having sold Lennon's letter at auction, set off on a trip around the world.
Einstein adored Charlie Chaplin's films and had great sympathy for both him and his touching characters. One day he sent Chaplin a telegram:
“Your film “Gold Rush” is understood by everyone in the world, and I am sure that you will become a great person. Einstein.”
Chaplin replied:
“I admire you even more. Nobody in the world understands your theory of relativity, but you still became a great man.
Chaplin."
Charles Dickens always slept with his head to the north. He thought it would improve his writing skills.
The house where Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence now sells hamburgers.
Marilyn Monroe's used bra sold at auction for $14,000.
During the reign of Elizabeth I, there was a tax on men's beards.
The national flag of Italy was designed by Napoleon Bonaparte.
Tesla had neither his own house nor apartment - only a laboratory and land. The great inventor usually spent the night right in the laboratory or in hotels in New York. Tesla never married. According to him, solitary image life helped the development of his scientific abilities.
The myth that Marilyn Monroe had six toes on her left foot arose from one photograph. Photographer Joseph Jagura photographed young Norma Jeane in 1946 at Zuma Beach. In one photo, due to the accumulation of sand that stuck to her foot, it appears that the actress has six toes.
The father of Russian aviation, Zhukovsky, once, after talking the whole evening with friends in his own living room, suddenly got up, looking for his hat, and began to hastily say goodbye, muttering: However, I stayed too long with you, it’s time to go home!
Famous personalities differ from us not only in their achievements in one or another area of life. Facts from the lives of famous people also confirm their oddities. Famous people have such interesting biographies that you want to study them in full. Interesting facts from the lives of famous people will appeal to both children and adults.
1. captured Italy at the age of 26.
2. Hitler was named Person of the Year by Time.
3. Cleopatra was married to her brother.
4.Facts from the lives of famous people in America confirm that Andrew Jackson, the US President, believed that the Earth was flat.
5. For her wedding, Queen Victoria was given a piece of cheese whose diameter was 3 meters and weighed 500 kilograms.
6.Winston Churchill was born in a ladies' restroom. When there was a ball, his mother felt unwell and soon gave birth to him there.
7. Beethoven always brewed coffee from 64 beans.
8.Beria had syphilis.
9. Celine Dion and Madonna are cousins of the wife of Prince Charles.
10. I almost always fell asleep in front of the fireplace. Because of this, he suffered from lack of sleep.
11. I considered socks to be the most stupid thing.
12.The most loving man is considered to be the king of the island of Tonga, who is in Pacific Ocean. His name was Fatafehi Paulah.
13.I have never had children, or intimate relationships.
14.Facts from the lives of famous people of Russia say that Alexander Suvorov did not lose a single battle.
15. always worked in the field equally with other men. And this happened despite the fact that he was a count.
16.Nikola Tesla had a panicky fear of germs.
17. Andriana Lima, who is considered famous Brazilian model, remained faithful until the wedding. And exactly 9 months after the wedding, her daughter was born.
18. Paul McCartney, due to his own workload, did not have time to purchase wedding ring your own chosen one.
19. Cristiano Ronaldo is the most expensive player in the history of football.
20. Jackie Chan’s mother carried him for 12 months and this famous man was born weighing more than 5 kilograms.
21. Interesting facts about famous people provide information that Marilyn Monroe, before becoming a famous model, worked at an aircraft factory.
22.Brad Pitt's first job was performing on the streets dressed as a "chicken".
24.Marilyn Monroe's bra sold at auction for $14,000.
25. To hide hair loss, Julius Caesar put a laurel wreath on his head.
26.Elizabeth the First imposed taxes on men who had a beard.
27. John Rockefeller gave away more than $500 million to charity in his own life.
28.Winston Churchill smoked at least 15 cigars a day.
29. King Solomon had approximately 700 wives and 100 mistresses.
30.Moart has never been to school.
31. Sigmund Freud had a panic attack before the number 62.
32.Louis Pasteur was a sponsor of the brewery.
33. Alexander the Great knew by sight about 30,000 of his own soldiers.
34.Queen Elizabeth had approximately 3,000 outfits.
35.Voltaire's body was stolen from the grave.
36.Dutch artist Van Gogh had bouts of madness. During one of them he cut off his ear.
37. Yuri Gagarin wrote a farewell letter to his wife before flying into space, because he did not know how the expedition would end.
38. Luciano Pavarotti was fond of football.
39. Genghis Khan had a panicky fear of death. And this despite his cruelty towards his enemies.
40.When Alla Pugacheva was born, cancer was discovered on her throat. It was immediately removed.
41. Sylvester Stallone was often beaten during his school years.
42. participated in duels more than 90 times.
43.Saddam Hussein wrote the Koran with his own blood.
44. Charlie Chaplin's body was stolen 3 months later by doormen who demanded a ransom.
45.When Vladimir Putin worked for the KGB, his code name was “mole.”
46.The largest fee of $20 million was first received by Julia Roberts.
47. All shoes for Paris Hillton were made to order, because she had big size feet and it’s difficult to find the right shoes.
48. Whoopi Goldberg, who is considered an actress, has no eyebrows.
49.Rihanna didn’t even finish school.
50.Beethoven wet himself ice water in order to raise your mental tone.
51. During his childhood, Charles Darwin's father considered his son mediocrity.
52. Demosthenes had a speech impediment as a child.
53.Genghis Khan died while making love.
54. Arthur Conan Doyle, who wrote Sherlock Holmes, was an ophthalmologist by profession.
55.Walt Disney was afraid of mice throughout his life.
56.Mozart began composing music at the age of 3. At the age of 35, he already had more than 600 works.
57.At the age of 3, Albert Einstein did not speak a word.
58.Timberlake is very afraid of spiders.
59.The national Italian flag was created by Napoleon Bonaparte.
60. Queen Anne was the mother of 17 children.
61.The autograph of the Roman Emperor Julius Caesar was valued at $2 million.
62.Charles Dickens preferred to sleep only facing north.
63. George Washington's birthday was the only birthday that was a holiday in the United States.
64.Uma Thurman's father was a monk and professor of Eastern religion.
65. Taylor Swift first played the guitar at the age of 10.
66. Ashton Kutcher trained as a biochemist.
67. Riana was a cadet in the Barbadian Army.
68.In her childhood, Angelina Jolie wore braces and glasses, for which the guys teased her.
69.Until the age of 16, Jennifer Garner did not wear or use a thong. cosmetics because she was forbidden to do so.
70.Tom Cruise had a dream - to become a priest.
71.Demi Moore attempted suicide during her school years.
72.Queen Victoria spent 40 years in mourning after the death of her husband. She did not take off her black dresses at this time.
73.Mussolini was deathly afraid of cats.
74. Alfred Hitchcock was afraid of eggs in any form.
75. Julio Iglesias played in the Real Madrid football team in his youth.
76.Charlie Chaplin is considered the highest paid actor.
77. Marilyn Monroe grew up in an orphanage.
78. Tchaikovsky had a legal education.
79.Rikki Martin gave birth to two children surrogate mother, and all his life he hid his own orientation.
80.Hitler was a vegetarian.
81.Two of his six wives were executed by the English king Henry the Eighth.
82.Paul McCartney's mother was a midwife and helped children be born.
83.Kipling could not write his works in ink because they were black.
84. Benjamin Franklin wanted to make a turkey national bird United States of America.
85. Bill Clinton sent only 2 emails during all his years in office.
86. George Washington did not shake hands when meeting, but only bowed.
87. Before starting his writing career, he was a doctor.
88.Cleopatra preferred to test poisons on her slaves.
89.Winston Churchill had Indian ancestors on his mother's side.
90.Queen Victoria spoke in English language with a German accent.
91.Henry Ford, who is considered a successful businessman, had only a high school education.
92.Sarah Jessica Parker is attached to a black little dress, so she even got married in a black dress.
93.At one of his concerts, Ozzy Osbourne bit off the head of a bat.
94.Elizabeth Taylor had double rows of eyelashes.
95. During my school years I was a bad student in physics.
96.The Chupa Chups logo was drawn by Salvador Dali.
97. Kate Middleton's wedding dress could be purchased for $300 the morning after the ceremony.
98. Elvis Presley worked for a trucking company in his youth.
99. Napoleon's penis was purchased for $40,000 by an American urologist.