Business unions. Entrepreneurial networks, alliances
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Tkachenko Alexander Efimovich. Entrepreneurial unions in the system of market relations: Dis. ...cand. econ. Sciences: 08.00.01: Moscow, 2003 159 p. RSL OD, 61:03-8/2471-6
Introduction
Chapter 1. Institutionalization of business unions in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
1.1. Chambers of Commerce and Industry as the first form of association of entrepreneurs: essence and economic functions.
1.2. Business unions Western Europe and the USA: types, organizational structure and priority forms of economic activity
1.3. Business associations in Russia: genesis, types and main areas of activity.
Chapter 2. Business unions in modern era .
2.1. Chambers of commerce and industry of industrialized countries as focal point entrepreneurs.
2.2. Modern business associations in Western Europe, the USA and Japan: the mechanism of functioning and the implementation of goals.
2.3. The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation as the parent organization of Russian entrepreneurs.
2.4. Entrepreneurial unions of Russia: stages of formation, types, features and nature of activities.
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction to the work
Modern Russia is going through a period of systemic socio-political and economic changes. The creation of civil society and the implementation of market reforms raise with all urgency the question of the formation of new relations between the state and society.
Market economy assumes, first of all, the priority of private property, the dominance of strictly defined norms and rules of conduct for participants in market relations. As historical experience shows, the market is impossible without the entrepreneur, who is the central element of the new economy. Entrepreneurship provides intensification economic processes, gives economic system the necessary dynamism and efficiency. The development of market principles in the modern Russian economy contributes to the consolidation and institutionalization of entrepreneurship, the manifestation of which is its unions and associations. Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation, Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, Union of Insurance Organizations, Laser Association and other organizations as their main goal raise the question of improving market relations, developing national and sectoral markets. The implementation of these goals requires effective cooperation between business structures and government bodies at all levels.
The transition of the economy to market principles is carried out with the active participation of the state. A market economy today is unthinkable without the creation of an effective mechanism for interaction between entrepreneurship and the legislative and executive authorities of the state. It is implemented through the creation of economic infrastructure, the activities of semi-governmental export-import organizations with the participation of representatives of the business community, the formation and implementation of industrial and foreign economic policies, the placement of state and municipal orders, the legalization of lobbying activities of business structures, and the regulation of socio-economic processes.
In the context of large-scale transformations, building legislatively defined relations between the state and new social structures and business in general is of particular importance.
Historical experience shows that interaction between society and the state is carried out through special institutions. On the one hand, it involves the state apparatus and public authorities, and on the other, institutionalized structures, i.e. organizations, unions and other associations of citizens. The latter split into two fundamentally different entities - political parties and public organizations who contact the state through their own channels, using their own methods. Parties do this through elections to parliament and local representative institutions, and organized citizens, by coming into direct contact with the state and its bodies, through the so-called system of functional representation. Interaction between entrepreneurs and the state is carried out both through mass movements and actions, and through formalized and informal connections with representatives of government structures. This kind of activity in the broad sense of the word can be considered lobbying.
The question of the ways and means of influence of entrepreneurship on the process of developing and making government decisions is directly related to the nature of the political system, the characteristics of political culture and historical traditions. Today in our country all this is still in its formation stage.
In modern Russia, the activities of entrepreneurial unions take place in a field that is neither legally nor politically defined. It is no coincidence that their activities are still carried out mainly around issues related to distribution and redistribution economic resources, division and redistribution of property.
Therefore, studying the history of business associations is an urgent task that has scientific and practical significance. In modern domestic historical and economic science there are no comprehensive studies on the problems of interaction between business unions and the state. This experience has been studied fragmentarily and is not taken into account in modern economic and socio-political processes.
Corporate business structures attracted the attention of contemporaries from the first days of their appearance, although the closeness and lack of specific information prevented their comprehensive analysis. The first Russian studies in this area were the works of V. Schneider and L. Nisselovich.1 In them, based on archival materials and information provided by the heads of government agencies and business societies, the authors tried to characterize the activities of commercial and industrial organizations from the beginning of the 18th century, to show the attitude authorities to them.
The development of the entrepreneurial movement, the lively debate that unfolded at the congresses of business unions on the problems of organizational construction, principles, forms and methods of work, as well as their growing role in the economic life of the country contributed to the revitalization of research work. At the beginning of the 20th century. the works of A.O. were published. Yermansky. They analyzed the state of the entrepreneurial movement, identified prospects and showed the role of organized capital in the economic and political life of the country.2
The conclusions he made were based on a large amount of factual material and boiled down to the fact that representative organizations of Russian capital turned into influential lobbying structures that united in their ranks representatives of big capital from various sectors of the economy. A.O. Yermansky emphasized that it is necessary to reconsider the existing opinion about the Russian bourgeoisie as a class separated from power. Although its representatives do not participate in the formation of the executive branch, it, as Russian reality showed, had strong ties with government bodies, which allowed it to solve the problems facing it quite quickly and effectively. By this circumstance he explained the political indifference of Russian capital.
In 1913, two monographs by E.S. were published. Lurie.3 For the first time, an attempt was made to give a classification of business associations. Taking two criteria as a basis - the attitude to power and the goals of organizations - E.S. Lurie divided all unions into four groups: official representation, “public” or “private” to protect common interests, employers’ unions and syndicates. He argued that, despite all their differences, representative unions solved the problem of creating a favorable business climate, but by different means. The author paid much attention to the legal side of their activities, noting the insufficient development of legal norms for their existence. In addition, he identified the main range of problems that required speedy resolution. Correctly found solutions
should have ensured the transition of business associations to a qualitatively new level of development.
During these same years, the first studies appeared on the activities of individual business unions.4 The authors of the publications were persons close to or directly associated with them. These works covered in sufficient detail the history of the formation of specific representative associations and showed the main forms and methods of activity. These studies were based on extensive statistical and analytical material, which, however, required a critical attitude. It is noteworthy that the consideration of the problems of Russian business unions was carried out through the prism of foreign, primarily German, experience.
At the beginning of the 20th century. Quite a lot of publications have appeared on the history of business organizations in Western European countries.
A significant part of these publications was published in the central publication of the Congresses of Representatives of Industry and Trade - in the journal Industry and Trade.5
Certain aspects of the activities of corporate organizations are reflected in works devoted to the economic development of certain sectors of the country's economy.
This is research by N.A. Vigdorchika, I.M. Goldstein, V.P. Litvinov-Falinsky, M.N. Soboleva, P.Kh. Spassky and others.6
In the 20-40s. XX century The problem of representative unions of Russian capital has not received any in-depth study, although some of its aspects have been covered in works on the history of specific branches of industry and trade, and the development of some Russian regions. This topic has also been addressed by researchers in connection with the study of the labor movement.7
Only in the 50-60s. historians and economists began to develop this issue. In connection with the study of the position of Russian capital in the country's economy, they paid attention to business organizations. The central issue was the development of Russian monopolies. Organized capital was considered in connection with this.
In the work of V.Ya. Livshin’s “Monopolies in the Russian Economy” was the first attempt in Soviet historical and economic science to characterize the activities of representative associations of Russian capital.8
During these same years, articles on this issue appeared. In the publications of V.Ya. Livshina, E. Bondarenko, L.N. Kolosov considered the issues of creating individual business associations, determined the directions of their activities, and identified their main participants.9 But no generalizing studies were done in these years.
In the 70-80s. Russian historical and economic science conducted a fairly intensive study of the government's economic policy, the characteristics of Russian capitalism, and various business groups. A distinctive feature of the work of this period was the use of significant archival material, reference to periodicals, including publications of business associations, and the use of various statistical reference books. However, the problems of the entrepreneurial movement were not the topic of these monographs and were touched upon only in connection with the analysis of general or specific economic problems.
During these same years, Soviet sociologists and economists made significant efforts to study the main trends in economic development Western countries. Much attention was paid to the consideration of problems of state regulation of the economy, business unions, which have occupied a very prominent place in the economic and socio-political life of leading industrial countries. Works were published that analyzed the activities of business organizations in individual countries. Among the largest works, it should be noted the studies of I.M. Bunina, N.P. Vasilkova, A.G. Kulikov and others."
During these same years, a number of foreign studies on this issue were translated into Russian.
Certain aspects of the Russian entrepreneurial movement were covered in articles by E.A. Vorontsova, T.I. Grieco, B.C. Dyakina, V.V. Krutikova, I.G. Mosina, M.I. Shumilova.13 They examined some aspects of the activities of regional, sectoral and central business unions, and noted their role in the development of individual sectors of the economy.
The research of I.N. was directly devoted to the problems of the formation and development of corporate unions. Shapkina. In them, based on the use of materials little used in domestic historical and economic science, the state of the organized movement of capital is analyzed, characteristics of its stages are given, and the forms and methods used by business associations are shown.
Thus, domestic researchers have done some work to study representative organizations of entrepreneurs. However, only the first steps have been taken. This topic is one of the poorly studied and undeveloped problems.
The purpose of this work is to explore the development of entrepreneurial unions, their place, role and functions in the system of market relations using materials from Russia and foreign countries.
The implementation of this goal predetermined the solution of the following tasks:
Identify the reasons for the creation and national specifics of business unions;
Determine the types of business associations and their economic functions;
Determine the stages of formation of business unions, their sectoral affiliation and main areas of activity;
Reveal national characteristics development and activities of representative unions of entrepreneurs in different stages historical development;
Show the importance of business associations in the formation and improvement of market infrastructure, in the development of state economic policy;
Determine the forms and methods of carrying out their activities by business unions of various types;
Study the impact of business associations on the economies of various countries.
The subject of this dissertation is the problems of entrepreneurship development in market conditions.
The object of the study is the economic and legal relations that develop during the formation, development and functioning of representative business organizations.
The theoretical and methodological basis for writing a dissertation is the dialectical method of cognition, including the historical and logical way of cognition, systems approach to the processes of formation and development of market relations, a modern scientific approach to the analysis of the studied problems of economic history. The methodological basis of the work was the works of domestic and foreign scientists on the identified problem. When processing and systematizing the material discussed in the dissertation, methods of historical and comparative economic analysis were used.
The information base of the study consisted of scientific works of Russian economists, economic historians, sociologists, legal scholars of the past and present, devoted to both general problems of economic development XIX- XX centuries, and various aspects of the activities of business unions in Russia and foreign countries.
When researching the topic, a variety of materials were used: legislative acts, documents of business unions, etc.
The most important source is data contained in periodicals of the state and business organizations.
The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the fact that this is the first comprehensive historical and economic study on the problems of representative business unions during the 19th - 20th centuries. With
attracting materials from Russia and foreign countries. It is as follows:
It is shown that the process of formation of entrepreneurial organizations is objective in nature. It is associated with the improvement of market relations and the gradual formation of a modern civil society;
The main factors of an economic and socio-political nature, as well as cultural, psychological and national characteristics that contributed to the development of the organizational entrepreneurial movement and the formation of the national specifics of business associations have been identified;
An analysis of the activities of the chambers of commerce and industry of various countries is given and the main types, directions, forms and methods of implementing the tasks facing them are identified;
The role of business organizations in the formation and improvement of market infrastructure, their participation in the development of the state's economic policy is considered, while national differences that have existed and persist to this day are identified;
The process of formation of business associations in Russia of the past is analyzed as a complex and contradictory phenomenon, the organizational differences of Russian business unions from a number of European analogues are shown;
The influence of the organizational movement of Russian capital on the economic development of individual sectors of the economy and national economy generally;
Techniques and methods for implementing statutory tasks by business associations are shown;
The current state of the organizational entrepreneurial movement in our country is analyzed, prospects for its development are outlined, and factors limiting their growth are indicated.
The theoretical and practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the results of the dissertation research can be used in developing plans for the socio-economic transformation of Russia for the foreseeable and long term, as well as when giving lectures on “Economic Theory”, “Economic History”, “Entrepreneurship” .
Discussion of the dissertation research was held at the Department of Economic Theory of the Russian Economic Academy named after. G.V. Plekhanov. The main provisions and results of the dissertation are presented in articles and reports at a number of scientific conferences - the International Scientific and Practical Conference of Scientists from Russia and Ukraine. June 27-28, 2000 in Lugansk; International scientific and practical conference. January 24-25, 2001 in Moscow.
Chambers of Commerce and Industry as the first form of association of entrepreneurs: essence and economic functions
Professional associations of traders and artisans in the form of guilds and merchant guilds existed back in the feudal era. Economic interests were most successfully defended by commercial capital, which created a number of organizations for this purpose that had a very noticeable influence on the economic and political development of Europe. One such example is the existence for a number of centuries of an association of North German merchants - the Hansa. In Western Europe, the first representative organizations of entrepreneurs were chambers of commerce. They first appeared in France as advisory bodies on trade matters under city government. Due to the high profitability of trade and the weak development of industry during this period, these organizations were created in the form of chambers of commerce. In France at the end of the 17th century. A number of such “chambers” were established. In 1700 they united to form the Royal Council of Trade, an advisory body to the government with significant powers. In 1768, the first chamber of commerce in North America was formed in New York.15 In the 19th century. chambers appeared in England. In the 19th century chambers of commerce were created in the countries of Western Europe and America, and at the beginning of the 20th century. in Latin America, Asia and even in African colonies. At this time, they existed in 43 countries of the world - in European countries, Japan, India, China, Hong Kong, Egypt, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Cuba, Uruguay, Ecuador and other countries. By the beginning of the First World War, in the leading industrial countries, due, first of all, to regional chambers, their number was constantly increasing: in France there were 117 chambers of commerce, Germany - 147, England - 92, Austria-Hungary - 86, Italy - 74, not counting similar organizations in the colonies.16
The establishment of chambers of commerce was carried out either by government decision (Italy, Austria-Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria) or at the request of representatives of government and industry (Prussia, Spain, Holland), or on the basis of laws on societies and associations (England, USA).
The chambers of commerce that had emerged by this time can be divided into two types - continental and Anglo-Saxon.
The first type included chambers organized in the form of an official state institute. Representatives of trading capital were required to be included in them. These chambers originated and developed in France, from where they were transferred to European countries during the Napoleonic era. Continental chambers of commerce were organized in Germany, Holland, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Japan and China.
The second type included chambers created on the basis of laws on associations in the form of free unions and corporations with the rights of a legal entity. The second category of chambers originated in England and then spread to the USA, Australia, Sweden, Belgium and Switzerland.
There were also mixed-type wards, for example in Spain. Here they were created in the form of free unions, but by royal decree of 1901 they could receive official status. In the former Hanseatic cities - Hamburg, Bremen, Lübeck - the chambers of commerce represented a peculiar combination of English and French types. The composition of the chambers was formed by the merchants, who independently decided to join it. The government, endowing them with significant powers, gave them the status of official government institutions.
Composition of the chambers in different countries varied. In France and Austria-Hungary they united traders, industrialists, shipowners and artisans. The Austro-Hungarian chambers of commerce, as contemporaries wrote, “are bodies of state policy for maintaining the middle class, the main means of which are the formation of industrial partnerships and control over crafts.”18 To represent the interests of industrialists in some German states, for example in Hamburg, Bremen, Saxony, industrial chambers were created. Issues related to the development of crafts were also transferred to their jurisdiction. Since 1897, in those German states where there was no representation of artisans, special chambers of crafts were formed.
In Italy, Spain, Austria-Hungary, Holland, Sweden, the USA, England and a number of other countries, chambers of commerce served to represent the interests of trade, shipping and industry.
Chambers of commerce were divided into local and central. Locals dealt with economic issues and representing the interests of chamber members at the regional level. Their jurisdiction extended to certain districts, departments, provinces or major urban centers. Thus, according to the laws of Prussia, their main task was “to take care of the general interests of traders and industrialists of their district, and in particular to assist the government in the development of trade and industry by providing factual information, making reports and giving opinions.”
The central authorities resolved economic issues at the national level. They acted as official institutions for the negotiation of treaties and laws related to trade, industry and agriculture. The chambers created under the ministries were not so much bodies that united and coordinated the activities of local chambers of commerce, but rather unique government bodies formed to solve certain state problems. Assistance to government departments was not only a right, but also their responsibility. They had to give detailed explanations at the request of administrative and judicial institutions. The authorities saw them as competent advisers for directing and coordinating government actions on economic issues.
Central bodies of the Anglo-Saxon type pursued not only representative goals. They united the commercial and industrial class, coordinated the activities of local branches to pursue and defend their own interests, to gain greater influence on legislation.
Business unions of Western Europe and the USA: types, organizational structure and priority forms of economic activity
The first entrepreneurial unions of a representative type as a product of capitalist relations began to be created in the 18th - 19th centuries. They were first formed in England. Already in 1799, the British Paper and Cardboard Association was created in London, and the first national organization of entrepreneurs - the National Association of Manufacturers - was established in 1854. The formation of market relations in the English colonies North America led to the emergence of the first business unions in the 18th century. In 1762, Rhode Island candle makers united in a business union. One of the first business associations in the United States was the New York Stock Brokers Association, created in 1792.44 A feature of American business unions was that they were created by business groups primarily for narrowly pragmatic purposes. Thus, in 1862, the New York Publishers Association was formed in order to achieve greater stability in the book market.
On the European continent, the first associations grew out of medieval trade guilds and commercial alliances. In Baden, according to the law of 1862, which abolished the guild system, representative organizations were created - industrial partnerships that had the right of a legal entity. The property of workshops and merchant unions was transferred to them. IN early XIX V. In Germany, an attempt was made to form a national business organization. With the participation of Friedrich List, the German Trade Union was founded in 1819, but two years later it was dissolved. A similar fate befell the Industrial Union of the Kingdom of Saxony, founded in 1829. The Association for the Promotion of Industrial Activities, created in 1821 in Berlin, and the Association of Saxon Spinning Owners, founded in 1836, also proved short-lived.45 Due to the political fragmentation of Germany into more than 350 principalities and politically independent cities, all attempts to form a system of representation that went beyond regional boundaries the interests of entrepreneurs have suffered setbacks. To this it should be added that the small size of the German working class, its weakness in ideological and organizational relations (there were only a few secret organizations) did not make the task of creating such an organization urgent.
For a number of years, in some Western European countries, business organizations have carried the burden of a feudal past in organizational and legal terms. In Germany these unions were called "trading corporations" or "trading deputations". Since 1665, for example, in Hamburg, the “Trade Deputation” united maritime traders and had a significant influence on the city authorities. It was she who was entrusted with managing the exchange. Since 1814, it received the right to send its representatives to local authorities, and a little later to appoint judges to commercial courts. The deputation was recognized as having the right to represent the interests of the trading class of Hamburg. In the 19th century it included owners of large trading and industrial enterprises. Her inner life was regulated by law. According to the Hamburg Constitution of 1860, the activities of the trade deputation were somewhat modified. She was given the right to have representatives in various government institutions, and the costs associated with its activities were covered by the treasury.
The existence of chambers of commerce and various merchant corporations did not prevent the creation of business unions to protect corporate interests in the economic sphere. The growth in numbers and the strengthening of their influence occurred in parallel with the industrial rise of Western Europe. Often business associations had a much greater influence on government activities than chambers of commerce, whose activities were squeezed into a narrow framework. Moreover, as technical, industrial and economic development progressed, the chambers were unable to fulfill their tasks of coordinating the interests of various groups of entrepreneurs, for example, merchants and industrialists. In the conditions of the existence of various economic interests, the chambers managed with great difficulty to carry out the harmonization of business interests prescribed to them by law.
The state increasingly began to realize the need to combine the efforts of business and government in the economic and social fields in the second half of the 19th century. - in the era of dynamic development of capitalism. The policy of building constructive relationships with entrepreneurs was especially consistently implemented in new European states that appeared on the political map after national liberation movements (Italy) or as a result of successful wars (Germany).
V. Fischer, in his study devoted to the analysis of the relationship between the state and associations of German entrepreneurs, notes that the German Empire, proclaimed in 1871, received on a “plate” a fully formed system of organizations representing the interests of entrepreneurs, with which the governments of individual German states had long ago learned cooperate. It was in Germany that these unions acquired the most developed forms, since, according to V.I. Lenin’s definition, it was “an example of an advanced capitalist country, which in the sense of the organization of capitalism, financial capitalism, was superior to America.”
During this period, the number of business unions in other countries also grew. In the USA - a country that professed individualism, freedom of private initiative, and non-interference of the state in economic relations - their number was constantly increasing. By 1914 there were about 800 organizations.
Chambers of Commerce and Industry of Industrial Countries as a Coordination Center for Entrepreneurs
Currently, as world experience shows, chambers of commerce and industry are the most representative organizations of capital, uniting business structures of various sectors of the economy. Regardless of the form of organization, they have a number of common features in all countries of the world that distinguish them from other business unions. These include the following: - as a rule, they are non-profit organizations; - are territorial in nature (organized within the administrative boundaries of a city, district, state, etc.); - operate on the basis of self-government, determined by statutes; - provide various types of services to their members (the composition of these services, although very different in different countries, is generally aimed at developing entrepreneurship); - use their influence and authority in legislative and executive authorities to create a favorable legal climate for the development of entrepreneurship and lobbying for its interests; - act as intermediaries between government business structures in the implementation, interpretation and improvement of regulations governing business activities. The process of forming chambers of commerce, as evidenced by the materials in Chapter 1, took place intensively in the second half of the 19th century. During this period, their main types emerged. Currently, we can talk about the existence of three types of chambers of commerce and industry.
The first is the “continental” model. Chambers of this type are created on the basis of special national legislation that defines their tasks and role in the public life of the country, in economic activity and in the performance of a number of administrative functions. Chambers in France, Germany, Italy, Austria, the Netherlands, Slovenia and other countries are organized on these principles.
When creating chambers of this type, as a rule, the law provides for mandatory membership of business structures in them. Moreover, today there are examples where membership in national chambers is mandatory, but in local chambers it is voluntary. Typically, provision is made for the creation of one chamber per administrative unit.
In addition to financial benefits, compulsory membership strengthens the position of the chambers before the legislative and executive authorities, since they act on behalf of the entire business community of the country or a certain region. Another advantage of chambers with mandatory membership is that they, both at the regional and local levels, act jointly on behalf of various sectors of the economy, and not its individual segments. The third important advantage of the “continental” chambers is the transfer to them of some administrative and management functions in the field of economic and social activities, including, for example, in the field of education, certification, accreditation, issuance of trade documents, etc.
A positive factor in the activities of these chambers is the possibility of cooperation with legislative and executive authorities through the creation of representative chambers under these bodies. Moreover, government agencies are required to consult them when deciding legal and economic issues.
Along with the advantages, this type of chambers of commerce has disadvantages. To the main negative points this model should be attributed high degree dependence on state power, which in some cases has a limiting influence on their activities through political pressure. Mandatory payment of membership fees, which ensures a stable income, may limit the administration's desire to diversify the services provided to its members.
The negative side of the “continental” chambers is that in many cases, compulsory membership in the chambers does not apply to agriculture, small and family businesses, as well as professional activities. Moreover, these chambers are usually prohibited from representing in the legislative and executive bodies the interests of individual social groups and unions of entrepreneurs, who must independently represent and protect their corporate interests. The chambers unite the main sectors of the economy, representing and protecting their common interests.
The second form is the “Anglo-Saxon model”. Chambers created according to this model are based on the norms of civil and commercial law and do not require special government acts regulating their activities. They enjoy complete independence and independence, and upon establishment they are registered along with other non-profit associations and organizations. Such chambers are typical for the USA, England, Canada, India, Latin America, Africa and Southeast Asia.
The main advantages of the “Anglo-Saxon” model with voluntary membership of business structures are: - a wider range of participants, including not only representatives of individual sectors of the economy, their associations and unions, but also individual entrepreneurs, including independent specialists - lawyers, consultants, auditors; - the possibility of creating a wide regional network of chambers; - performing its functions and organizing management on the basis of registered charters; - formation of a national system of chambers on an informal voluntary basis; - the opportunity for entrepreneurs to join those organizations that are of greatest interest to them.
Modern business associations of Western Europe, the USA and Japan: mechanism of functioning and implementation of goals
After the Second World War, business unions took a significant place in the world community and in the national economies of individual countries. Today they perform diverse functions that significantly influence the macro- and microeconomic processes of national economies.
Modern business unions are amateur, non-profit entities consisting of voluntarily united individuals and legal entities. They are created to promote business development in the field of accounting and financial and budgetary issues, scientific and technical research in the field of production, standardization of goods, economic statistics, consultations on legal aspects, studying the demand market and enhancing the effectiveness of advertising, organizing educational programs on production management and advanced training of workers and employees, influencing the economic policy of the state, labor relations and public relations.
The functioning of these unions is subject to certain principles. Laws regulate only the general rules for organizing the union, the rights of the general meeting of members, establish the rules for electing the board (size and period of activity), its responsibility and representative functions. Decisions are made at a general meeting of union members. They also elect an executive body - the board (directorate, etc.), appointed for a certain period in accordance with the charter of the union. The main rights of the general meeting include the right to set the amount of membership fees, which finance the activities of the union.
The organizational and administrative structure of each union is established by charters, which set out the following provisions: name, year of formation, location of headquarters and branches, etc. Members of a business organization can be both individual and legal entities. A number of unions allow membership of foreign companies. For example, the American Steel Institute includes Canadian and Latin American firms.
Government agencies are given the right to review the charter and practical activities of the union for compliance with the law (so-called legality supervision). Their rights and obligations are determined by laws. State bodies do not have the right to give instructions to unions regarding their activities. They carry out so-called control over expediency. Among the principles of activity of entrepreneurs' unions, the following can be distinguished: - voluntary formation or creation in mandatory accordance with the law; - functional affiliation (by industry, territorial characteristics, by number of members); - territorial delimitation of levels of influence (local, regional, national, international).
The services that unions provide can be divided into two main categories. Firstly, members strive to direct the activities of the union directly to strengthening their economic position (for example, through the provision of information, advertising, consulting activities) or indirectly to the formation of favorable state economic policies (lobbying). Secondly, unions strive to formulate certain economic policies that express the goals and interests of their members.
Unions are divided according to the degree of organization, number, economic and socio-political role in society. The most common type of business association is industry unions, which are divided into “vertical” and “horizontal”. “Vertical” unites companies engaged in all areas of a particular industry. For example, in the United States, the largest organization of entrepreneurs involved in the oil business, the Petroleum Industry Institute, in addition to oil producers, also includes transport companies and oil refining companies. “Horizontal” business associations include companies that specialize in only one area production process industry, such as the American Petroleum Association. But there are also associations of a “mixed”, “inter-industry” type, uniting entrepreneurs from various industries, for example, the Aerospace Industries Association in the USA, the National Association of Defense Industries, and the National Association of Businessmen Specializing in the Exploitation of Marine Resources.
9. Business associations and unions
In order to coordinate activities, protect common commercial interests and increase the efficiency of capital, enterprises can, on the basis of an agreement, create associations in the form of associations (corporations), consortia, syndicates and other unions.
The basis for creating unions become similar in the nature of technological processes; interdependent development of the economy; synchronous growth of the technical and economic level of related industries; the need for integrated use of raw materials and other resources; diversification.
Main principles formation of economic unions:
1) voluntariness of associations;
2) equality of partners;
3) freedom to choose organizational forms;
4) independence of participants;
5) liability only for the obligations assumed by each enterprise upon joining the association.
According to their legal status, these economic entities can be divided into two groups: operating on a permanent legal and economic basis and associative or entrepreneurial - with the right of free accession and free exit, as well as free entrepreneurship within the association.
The most widespread structures are financial and industrial associations, holdings, syndicates and consortia.
Holding companies are formed when one joint-stock company takes control of the shares of other joint-stock companies in order to financially control their work and generate income on the capital invested in the shares. There are two types of holdings:
1) pure holding, i.e., the company’s receipt of income through participation in the share capital of other companies. Led by large banks;
2) mixed, when a holding company is engaged in independent business activities and at the same time, in order to expand its sphere of influence, organizes new dependent companies and branches. It is headed by any large association, mainly related to production.
Giant holdings can control the financial activities of hundreds of joint stock companies, including large concerns and banks.
Their own capital and assets are several times less than the total capital of their subsidiaries. Some companies are created with the participation of a large share of state capital, which allows the government to control and regulate the development of certain important sectors of the country's economy.
By structure of participants financial and industrial groups(FIG) resemble a holding. Along with material production enterprises (industry, construction, transport), they include financial organizations, primarily banks.
When forming them, the main task is to combine banking capital and production potential. At the same time, the main income of a bank that is part of a financial industrial group should be dividends from increasing the efficiency of production enterprises, and not interest on loans.
Along with permanent organizational associations, such as holdings, financial industrial groups, temporary associations of enterprises arise to solve specific problems over a certain period of time - "consortia". They unite enterprises and organizations regardless of their subordination and form of ownership. Consortium participants retain economic independence and can simultaneously be members of other associations. After completing the tasks, the consortium ceases to exist.
Let us briefly describe others types of business associations (integration). The most frequently mentioned complex forms of metacorporations are conglomerates, cartels, syndicates, trusts, consortia, concerns, unions, business associations, corners, pools, franchises, holdings, virtual companies, strategic alliances, financial-industrial groups, complexes, transnational corporations and transnational banks (TNCs and TNB), industrial hubs, contract groups, companies with a divisional structure, business networks.
Cartel, or a cartel agreement is concluded between enterprises of the same industry regarding mutual obligations to establish a lower limit on prices for manufactured products or extracted resources, delimitation of sales markets, issuance of quotas for the production of natural resources (for example, oil), conditions for hiring labor, etc. Modern form The cartel ensures the maximization of profits for its participants while minimizing costs. Violation of the cartel agreement leads to a fine, which the guilty participant must pay to the cartel cash desk.
Syndicate– an organizational form of combining enterprises of the same industry to conclude an agreement on control over the sale of products and the purchase of raw materials in order to obtain monopoly profit. Enterprises included in the syndicate retain production and legal independence, but lose commercial independence. Sales of products by all syndicate participants are carried out through a single body - a sales office. This achieves the sale of all products at monopoly high prices. The sales office accepts the products of enterprises at prices set by the syndicate. The syndicate is always stronger than individual enterprises and outsider firms that produce similar products, so recently this form, as contrary to antimonopoly legislation, has lost its significance. For example, the well-known international syndicate OPEC, engaged in the production and sale of oil on world markets, accounts for about 2/3 of world oil exports.
Industrial units– a group of enterprises and organizations that are located in adjacent territories and jointly use production and social infrastructure, natural and other resources, create common production facilities of intersectoral and regional significance, while maintaining their independence.
Associations– voluntary association ( union) independent manufacturing enterprises, scientific, design, engineering, construction and other organizations to coordinate business activities and represent and protect common property interests.
Corporations– these are contractual associations based on a combination of production, scientific and commercial interests with the delegation of individual powers and central regulation of the activities of each of the participants;
Trust– consolidation of ownership and management of enterprises in one or more industries that completely lose their production and commercial independence. Trusts are usually created in the form of joint stock companies. Entrepreneurs - owners of enterprises, by joining a trust, become its shareholders. At the head of the trust is a board that manages the production, sales of products and financial operations of all enterprises included in it. Currently, trusts (as contrary to antitrust laws) have been replaced by concerns, conglomerates and other, more developed forms of integration;
Concerns- these are statutory associations of industrial enterprises, scientific organizations, transport, banks, trade, etc. based on complete dependence on one or a group of entrepreneurs;
Conglomerate- an organization that arose as a result of the merger of various companies that do not have a common production commonality. In conglomerate mergers, promising firms are acquired and exchange their shares for shares of the conglomerate on favorable terms. Sometimes a conglomerate buys shares of acquired companies on credit, which is especially justified during periods of economic recovery.
BELARUSIAN UNION OF ENTREPRENEURS (OO "BSP") is a republican public association of representatives of large, medium and small private businesses. The BSP includes about 1,000 full members, including more than 20 leaders of republican organizations, more than 300 heads of corporations, individual entrepreneurs, as well as economists, lawyers, and journalists who actively participate in entrepreneurship support programs as experts. There are more than 17,000 associated members in the Union system. Representatives (coordinators) of the Union operate in the city of Minsk and all regions of Belarus, in total in more than 60 regions.
There are a number of specialized Councils operating under the NGO “BSP”.
UNION is the oldest association of private entrepreneurs in the country, formed on June 15, 1991, registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Belarus on September 18, 1991, last changes registered in the Charter by the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Belarus on May 15, 2009. Registration Certificate No. 01443.
Chairman of the NGO "BSP" - Kalinin Alexander Fedotovich.
NGO "BSP" is a member of:
European Confederation of Small and Medium Enterprise Associations;
European Small Business Council;
Coordination Council of Commodity Producers of Russia and Belarus;
Belarusian Confederation of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (employers);
Belarusian Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
Representatives of the Union include:
Council for the Development of Entrepreneurship in the Republic of Belarus (Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 228 of June 5, 2003);
Interdepartmental Commission for the Support and Development of Small Business (Resolution of the Council of Ministers No. 466 of April 8, 2003);
Interdepartmental Council for streamlining the work of markets and increasing the efficiency of their activities (Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus No. 1641 of November 25, 2002);
Advisory Council created under the Project of UNDP and the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Belarus;
National Council for Social and Labor Affairs;
Republican Labor Arbitration;
Councils and commissions for the development of entrepreneurship under all regional executive committees and the Minsk City Executive Committee;
Interdepartmental working group to prepare proposals for improving legislation in the field of control and supervisory activities in the Republic of Belarus;
Consultative and coordination meeting of business communities of the Republic of Belarus;
A working group to prepare proposals to simplify the tax system under the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus;
Advisory Council under the Ministry of Taxes and Duties of the Republic of Belarus;
Working Group on Simplification of Administrative Procedures;
A working group to prepare proposals for improving approaches to determining the amount of penalties for violations in the conduct of business activities;
Working group on amendments to the Code of the Republic of Belarus on Administrative Offences;
A permanent working group to resolve problematic issues in the activities of individual entrepreneurs under the Department of Entrepreneurship of the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Belarus;
Councils and commissions for the development of entrepreneurship under all regional executive committees and the Minsk City Executive Committee.
As experts, they actively cooperate with a number of ministries and departments, the National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus.
NGO "BSP" actively participates in projects:
Government of the Republic of Belarus and UNDP “Activation of entrepreneurial activity through the development of partnership between the state and the private sector”;
International Financial Corporation “Development of Small and Medium Business Associations”;
Programs to promote women's business development and many others.
The Belarusian Union of Entrepreneurs is open to new ideas and proposals and welcomes constructive cooperation in the interests of entrepreneurship development.
28. Intrapreneurship
Theoretical studies pay attention not only to entrepreneurship as a way of doing business on an independent basis, but also to intra-company entrepreneurship, or intrapreneurship. The emergence of intrapreneurship is primarily associated with the transition of many large production structures to entrepreneurial form organization of production.
Under intrapreneurship refers to the development of the entrepreneurial spirit and its implementation within an existing enterprise. Intrapreneurship is that in an existing enterprise that produces certain products (work or services), conditions are created for the promotion of innovative entrepreneurial ideas: resources are allocated - intracapital - for their implementation; comprehensive assistance is provided to implement the idea and its practical use.
It can be considered as an activity for the production and sale of goods and services based on the integration of the entrepreneurial capabilities of the individual and the enterprise.
Intrapreneur is a person who initiates and conducts his entrepreneurial activities within the framework of an established, operating enterprise.
The goal of intrapreneurship is to increase the efficiency of the enterprise by: activating and using the creative potential of employees; increasing the efficiency of using enterprise resources; quick response to changes in market needs; rapid implementation of all kinds of innovations (technical, organizational, etc.); creating the basis for further development of production.
Life stages of the relationship between the enterprise - the founder and the business structure
1. The birth of an entrepreneurial idea
An entrepreneurial idea originates within an enterprise and is taken up by it based on its potential.
2. Implementation of entrepreneurial ideas, creation of entrepreneurial economic structures
3. Sustainable operation, profitability
The parent company retains control over the business structure and receives certain dividends
4. Attenuation
The parent company participates either in business diversification or in its liquidation
Figure - Features of intrapreneurship at various stages of life of an enterprise-type enterprise
The emergence of intrapreneurship is due to objective trends in the socio-economic development of society, when the social aspects of motivation for human activity become dominant for many, when people strive for independence and self-expression. They want to realize these needs, gain more independence in their enterprise within its organizational structure. Underestimation of these desires can lead to a decrease in interest in the work performed and the departure of the most capable and promising employees from the enterprise in search of opportunities for self-realization and creativity. In most cases, these specialists go to small businesses.
Another reason for the interest in intrapreneurship is the trend of new technologies that need to be implemented as quickly as possible, otherwise the loss of competitive advantages is inevitable. The implementation of intrapreneurship opportunities in existing enterprises allows them to solve the above problems and ensures their competitiveness.
At large enterprises that operate quite stably and successfully, innovation is restrained, innovations are blocked, initiatives may be ignored, especially if they are not directly related to the main activities of the enterprise, i.e. conservatism is observed. Enterprises with a traditional management structure, as a rule, operate on the basis of a clear hierarchical subordination and a set of instructions that comprehensively regulate their life activities. At enterprises, an atmosphere of search is created, ideas, proposals and new solutions are encouraged, there is the possibility of turning the person who put forward the entrepreneurial idea into a co-owner of the enterprise, a partner, and there are other types of interest. Developing the spirit of intrapreneurship ensures the effective development of the enterprise and allows one to overcome barriers to its flexible growth.
From a socio-psychological point of view, entrepreneurial activity is a means of realizing the individual’s needs for independence, wealth, prestigious work, and position in society. An individual entrepreneur can fully realize these needs. In the partnership business, they are somewhat limited, therefore, in an existing enterprise, certain conditions must be created for the intrapreneur to ensure the implementation of his innovative ideas.
Like any other phenomenon, intrapreneurship has positive and negative qualities. To ensure its success, it is necessary to know the possibilities of intrapreneurship in solving current problems facing the enterprise, and to create a set of conditions for the implementation of these opportunities.
So: intrapreneurship is one of the ways to develop entrepreneurship, expanding the scope of its capabilities. Intrapreneurship should be understood as the activity of an enterprise to achieve its goals through the use of entrepreneurial opportunities.
The basis of intrapreneurship is: creating conditions for entrepreneurial activity, stimulating and realizing entrepreneurial opportunities of employees based on the use of resources and organizational and production capabilities of the intrapreneur's enterprise.
The goal of intrapreneurship is to ensure the interests of the enterprise and, on the same basis, to ensure the interests of the intrapreneur who put forward and implemented the entrepreneurial idea.
CREATION OF YOUR OWN BUSINESS
29. General terms, principles and stages of creating your own business.
Any citizen of capable age can become an individual entrepreneur (hereinafter referred to as IP). He independently (single-handedly) makes a decision on conducting business activities and its termination. An individual entrepreneur carries out business personally on his own behalf and is personally responsible for its results. He is the sole owner of property used in the process of entrepreneurial activity.
State registration of an individual entrepreneur is carried out at his location, that is, the place where he permanently or primarily resides.
For state registration The following is submitted to the registration authority as an individual entrepreneur:
■ application for state registration;
■ original or copy of a payment document confirming payment of the state duty (0.5 of the base value).
The application is drawn up according to the approved one and it confirms that the citizen who applied for state registration as an individual entrepreneur:
^ has no outstanding or unexpunged convictions for crimes against property and the procedure for carrying out economic activities;
^ there is no outstanding court decision about foreclosure on the property of a given citizen;
^ at the time of state registration, this citizen is not the owner of the property (founder, participant, manager) of a legal entity that was in a state of economic insolvency (bankruptcy);
^ on the date of state registration was not an individual entrepreneur recognized as economically insolvent (bankrupt), less than a year has passed since the date of his exclusion from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs;
^ on the date of state registration was not the owner of the property (founder, participant) of a legal entity, an individual entrepreneur, whose debt was recognized as a bad debt and written off in accordance with legislative acts, from the date of exclusion of which less than three years have passed from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs years.
Documents for state registration of individual entrepreneurs are submitted by personal application, i.e. a citizen who registers as an individual entrepreneur.
When submitting a document, you must have a passport or other identification document with you.
At the same time, the Regulations on State Registration allow the submission of documents for registration of individual entrepreneurs not by the applicant himself. In this case, the signature of the person who signed the application for state registration of an individual entrepreneur must be notarized, and the citizen’s representative must have a power of attorney certified by a notary.
It should be noted that in accordance with the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus dated August 31, 2011. No. 1164 in Minsk, electronic state registration of individual entrepreneurs is carried out (web portal of the Unified State Register of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs http://egr.gov.by).
Application form for state registration of an individual entrepreneur in in electronic format is given in Appendix 2.
An individual entrepreneur is considered registered from the date of submission of documents submitted for state registration and making an entry in the Unified State Register (USR).
The state registration certificate is issued no later than the working day following the day of submission of documents for state registration.
The registering authority, within 5 working days from the date of making an entry in the Unified State Register, issues documents confirming registration with tax authorities, statistical authorities, in the fund social protection population, registration with the Belgosstrakh insurance company.
Registration and other state bodies (organizations) are prohibited from requiring that the types of activities they carry out be indicated in the certificate of state registration of an individual entrepreneur.
In case of change of surname, own name, patronymic of the individual entrepreneur, his place of residence, the individual entrepreneur is obliged to contact the registration authority within a month to make appropriate changes to the certificate of state registration of the individual entrepreneur.
An authorized employee of the registration body does not carry out state registration of individual entrepreneurs in the following cases:
Failure to submit all documents required for state registration;
Filling out an application in violation of the law;
Submission of documents to an improper registration authority.
In this case, the application is affixed with a corresponding stamp and the reason for which state registration was not carried out is indicated.
Repeated state registration of a citizen as an individual entrepreneur is not allowed if the individual entrepreneur is not excluded from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs.
An individual entrepreneur is responsible for the accuracy of information in documents submitted for state registration, incl. in the statement.
In case of loss or damage to the state registration certificate, a duplicate of this certificate is issued on the day of application to the registration authority with the collection of a state fee in the amount of 50 percent of the rate established for state registration of an individual entrepreneur.
The activities of an individual entrepreneur registered on the basis of knowingly false information are illegal and prohibited. Income received from such activities is collected into the income of local budgets in court.
A citizen whose state registration as an individual entrepreneur has been canceled has the right to apply for state registration as an individual entrepreneur only after three years from the date of such a decision.
The specifics of regulating the activities of a citizen as an individual entrepreneur are established by Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus dated June 18, 2005 No. 285 “On certain measures to regulate business activities” (hereinafter referred to as Decree No. 285).
Thus, according to paragraph 2 of Decree No. 285, in order to engage in entrepreneurial activity as an individual entrepreneur, a citizen has the right:
Attract no more than three individuals under labor and (or) civil contracts, including those concluded with legal entities;
Use for the production and (or) sale of goods, as well as the performance of work, the provision of services simultaneously in the aggregate of no more than four retail facilities (trading places in retail facilities, trading places in markets, facilities in which individual entrepreneurs provide services (perform work) to consumers, including vehicles used for the transport of passengers and goods on the basis of a special permit (license)).
Business activities carried out in violation of the above conditions are prohibited.
It should also be noted that after receiving a certificate of state registration, an individual entrepreneur, despite the fact that the presence of a seal is not mandatory, can apply to the relevant organizations for its production. Obtaining any additional permits or approvals of seal designs from the registration authority is not required.
According to the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus dated February 22, 2000. No. 82 “On some measures to streamline settlements in the Republic of Belarus”, individual entrepreneurs are required to open current (settlement) accounts with banks
■ the monthly amount of revenue from the sale of goods (works, services), except for revenue received from activities for which these entrepreneurs pay a single tax in accordance with legislative acts, exceeds an amount equivalent to 1000 basic units on the first day of the month in which goods (works, services) were sold;
■ they accept cash using cash registers or special computer systems.
Associations (unions)– these are associations of commercial organizations under an agreement with each other for the purpose of coordinating their business activities, as well as representing and protecting common property interests. Associations (unions) commercial organizations are non-profit organizations, but if, by decision of the participants, an association (union) is entrusted with conducting business activities, such an association (union) is transformed into a business company or partnership in the manner prescribed by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, or can create a business company for carrying out business activities or participate in such a company.
The association (union) is not liable for the obligations of its members; the latter bear subsidiary liability for the obligations of the association (union) in the amount and manner provided for by the constituent documents of the association. A member of an association (union) may be expelled from it by decision of the remaining participants in the cases and in the manner established by the constituent documents.
Constituent documents association (union) are the constituent agreement signed by its members and the charter approved by them. Constituent documents must contain the following information: name of the association (union) as a legal entity; its location; procedure for managing the activities of the association (union); obligations of members to create an association (union); the procedure for joint activities to create it; conditions for the transfer of property to the association (union) and participation in its activities; conditions for the composition and competence of the governing bodies of the association (union) and the procedure for their decision-making, including on issues on which decisions are made unanimously or by a qualified majority of the members of the association (union); the procedure and conditions for the withdrawal of members from the association (union); procedure for excluding members from the association (union); the procedure for the distribution of property remaining after the liquidation of the association (union), and other information.
An association (union) must have a name containing an indication of the main subject of activity of its members with the inclusion of the word “association” or “union”.
The highest governing body of the association (union) is general meeting its members. Executive body management may be a collegial and (or) sole management body.
An association (union) is liquidated on the basis and in the manner provided for by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law “On non-profit organizations"and other federal laws.
2.4 Business associations and unions
In order to coordinate activities, protect common commercial interests and increase the efficiency of capital, enterprises can create associations in the form of associations and unions.
The basis for the creation of alliances is usually the similar nature of technological processes, interdependent development of the economy, synchronous growth of the technical and economic level related productions, the need for integrated use of raw materials and other resources, diversification.
Complex economic processes often arise at the intersections of industries. For their effective development and management, it is necessary to concentrate resources and combine the efforts of enterprises of various industry affiliation. As a result, there is a need to create special organizational forms management of an intersectoral nature. According to the legal status, these economic entities can be of two types: operating on a permanent legal and economic basis and associative, or entrepreneurial, with the right of free accession and free exit, as well as free entrepreneurship within the framework of the association. The most widespread economic structures are financial and industrial groups, associations, concerns, and consortiums.
Association- a voluntary association of legal entities for the purpose of mutual cooperation while maintaining the autonomy and independence of the entities included in the association. The association, as a rule, includes organizations specialized in one area, located in a certain territory. The purpose of creating the association is to jointly solve scientific, technical, industrial, economic, social and other problems.
Concern- a large association of enterprises that have common interests and are bound by contracts, capital and participation in joint activities. This merger often occurs around a strong parent company that holds shares in the members. Each of the group members retains its position as a legal entity, being a subsidiary of the parent company. Consortium is a temporary association of organizations and banks for the purpose of jointly implementing a capital-intensive project. Such an association allows you to invest in a large project, significantly reducing risk, since responsibility is distributed among many participants. Consortia are currently emerging in new science-intensive industries, at the intersection of different industries, and provide for joint scientific research.
Financial and industrial group (FIG)- a set of legal entities operating as main and subsidiary companies, or who have fully or partially combined their tangible and intangible assets on the basis of an agreement for the purpose of technological or economic integration for the implementation of investment and other projects and programs aimed at increasing competitiveness and expanding sales markets goods and services, increasing production efficiency, creating new jobs.
Financial and industrial groups in most cases represent an association of industrial, banking, insurance and trading capital. They have the ability to create highly efficient production systems with vertical integration, reduce costs, create an effective mechanism for financing the entire production chain, and attract large investments guaranteed by total assets. The development of financial and industrial groups in Russia makes it possible to effectively solve many problems, creates opportunities for maneuvering financial and material resources and their concentration in order to increase the competitiveness of products.