Agriculture. Geography of crop and livestock production

Structure and role in the economic complex. Per share Agriculture in Belarus now accounts for 7.5% of the gross domestic product, over 12.0% of the main production assets and production of goods and services, it employs 9.5% of the working population. Agriculture specializes in the production of milk and meat, potatoes and flax.

Crop production has a diversified structure and is engaged in the cultivation of grain, industrial and feed crops, potatoes, fruits and vegetables. IN livestock farming The most widespread are cattle breeding, pig farming and poultry farming. Sheep farming and beekeeping are traditional; fur farming and fish farming have expanded in recent decades.

Land. The land fund of Belarus is 20.7 million hectares, the area of ​​agricultural land is 8.9 million hectares, or 43%. Depending on natural conditions, development of the territory and other factors, the structure agricultural lands , which may change over time. It is not the same in individual regions, regions of Belarus, as well as within individual agricultural enterprises. In the country as a whole, they predominate arable land , which account for more than 60% of the agricultural land area. The largest share of arable land is on old developed land, located mainly on hills, especially in the Grodno and Minsk regions. With a decrease in the share of arable land in the structure of agricultural land, the share of meadow lands (hayfields and pastures) increases. But this fluctuation does not significantly affect the share of land occupied by permanent crops (orchards and berry fields) (Fig. 121).

Arable land in our country is distributed under crops of various agricultural crops, and the ratio between the area sown by individual groups of crops varies over the territory and over time (Fig. 122). (What relationships between crops of individual groups of crops were observed in different stages economic developmentBelarus?)

Plant growing. In plant growing in Belarus highest value It has grain farming. Not only the provision of food grain products to the population, but also the production of concentrated feed for livestock, strengthening economic situation farms.

Grain crops are grown in all administrative regions of Belarus, their share in crops varies depending on natural conditions. The largest share of grain crops is typical for areas in the center and southeast of Belarus. Their share here is over 45%. In Belarus as a whole, this figure has averaged 42% over the past few years; in 2010 it was 46%. The areas sown with winter and spring grain crops are approximately equal. Among individual grain crops, spring barley is the most common (26.3% of crops). In second place is winter triticale (15.7%). Next come winter rye (more than 13.6%), winter (14%) and spring (9.6%) wheat. IN last years Crops of triticale, or wheat-rye hybrids, have increased.

Nowadays, predominantly high-yielding zoned varieties of grain and leguminous crops are sown. (Name the main varieties of grains and legumes grown in Belarus.)

The geography of grain crops is characterized as follows. Rye - the most stable culture relative to the natural conditions of Belarus. It easily tolerates unfavorable weather, low soil fertility and acidity, and responds well to fertilizers. The highest density of rye crops is in the south of the country.

The most valuable food crop is wheat . It is demanding in terms of heat, moisture, soil fertility and agricultural cultivation techniques. In terms of area under crops, spring wheat slightly predominates. The largest areas of wheat crops are confined to areas with the best soil conditions in the Grodno, Minsk and Brest regions.

Barley - one of the highest yielding and early ripening crops. Its crops in Belarus expanded significantly in the 70s. XX century The crop has excellent feeding qualities. Cultivation, like wheat, requires high soil fertility and intensive technology. Barley occupies the largest areas in the central, eastern and northeastern parts of Belarus.

Oats - a crop that requires moisture and cool weather; it is sown earlier than other spring grains. It is grown everywhere, but the concentration of crops is greater in the north of the country. Crops have expanded in the south of Belarus corn for grain.

In the southeast of Belarus, traditional cereal culture long time was buckwheat . Back at the beginning of the twentieth century. In terms of area under crops, it was second only to rye. But since that time, its yield, unlike other grain crops, has hardly increased, so the area under its crops has decreased tenfold. The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant led to radioactive contamination of the main area where buckwheat was grown. The accumulation of radionuclides in its grain is the second reason for the reduction in buckwheat crops. But, nevertheless, since 2008 there has been an increase in the area sown with this crop.

Potato growing - one of the branches of specialization of agriculture in Belarus. Potatoes are a universal crop used in human nutrition, animal feeding and as a raw material for industry. Soils that are light in mechanical composition, have optimal thermal and water regime territory, availability labor resources, who very quickly learned the peculiarities of growing potatoes, contributed to the spread of this crop here. (Remember where the potato's center of origin is.) Potato crops are concentrated in the east of Grodno, south of Minsk and northeast of Brest regions, where there is an excellent combination of mild climate, cultivated light loamy soils and a sufficient number of workers.

In terms of potato harvest per person, Belarus ranks among the first in the world (about 1 ton). The country annually produces 3-4% of the world harvest of this crop, fully meets its needs for ware potatoes, and exports a significant amount of it. About 1/4 of the harvest is used to feed people, 1/3 is processed by industry, and the same amount goes to feed animals.

Vegetable growing develops mainly in the suburban areas of Minsk, Gomel, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Brest, as well as in the raw materials areas of large vegetable processing enterprises. The largest vegetable growing enterprises are the Zhdanovichi Greenhouse Plant and the Minsk Vegetable Factory.

Industrial crops in Belarus, compared to other groups of crops, occupy small areas. Only a few crops are grown, among which the most ancient and traditional is fiber flax . The highest concentration of flax is in the Vitebsk region, in the north of the Grodno, Minsk and Mogilev regions, where there are cool and humid summers with a significant number of cloudy days, loamy and sandy loam soils favorable for long flax. Flax growing here is a branch of agricultural specialization.

The most important technical culture in Belarus is sugar (factory) beets . Its crops are concentrated in the areas around sugar factories and are confined to loamy and sandy loam mineral and drained and cultivated peat-bog soils.

It is grown as the main industrial crop in all regions of Belarus. rape , from the seeds of which they obtain vegetable oil. Rapeseed takes the largest share in the plantings of industrial crops in the Gomel, Mogilev and Vitebsk regions (75-90%), and the Minsk and Vitebsk regions stand out in terms of the area of ​​its crops. Other industrial crops grown in Belarus include: hop, medicinal And essential oil crops .

Gardening at the beginning of its development it was represented mainly in landowners' farms. total area fruit and berry plantings amount to 107 thousand hectares, and the gross harvest of fruits and berries is about 800 thousand tons. The modern direction of development is intensive gardening, which involves the use primarily of low-growing fruit plants (trees 3-3.5 m high), which begin to bear fruit on 2-3 years after planting.

The most favorable conditions for gardening are found in the southeastern regions of the Gomel region, although the level of radioactive contamination remains high in them. The main suppliers of fruits and berries are farms with a complete cycle of production (growing, storage, commodity processing, processing). The largest arrays of gardens are in the Brest (“Rassvet”), Minsk (“Zubki”), and Mogilev (“Dusen”) regions. So far, Belarus is not able to fully provide itself with fruits and berries grown in temperate latitudes, so some of them are imported from Moldova, Ukraine, and Poland.

Over the past decades after the end of the Great Patriotic War country share fodder crops in field crop rotation was constantly increasing. Therefore, now, in terms of the sown area (2-2.5 million hectares), forage crops are comparable to the area occupied by grains and leguminous crops, and in some areas they even predominate. In the Vitebsk and Mogilev regions, fodder crops occupy 40% of the crops.

Most of the perennial grasses are grown in the northern zone, mainly in the Vitebsk region, where red and pink clover predominate. Lupine and timothy are common in Polesie, and corn is planted for silage in the north-west, west and south.

Animal husbandry. It provides the most high-calorie foods (milk, meat, eggs) and raw materials for industry. For some branches of light industry it supplies wool, bristles, skins, and fur. Develops in close connection with crop production.

The natural basis for the development of livestock farming is natural flooded and dry meadows, fallow lands, swamps, and shrubs.

Their share in the area of ​​agricultural land in the country as a whole is 1/3. Within the Polesie Lowland, the share of natural hayfields and pastures is much higher, and in some places it makes up about half of the total area of ​​agricultural land, which contributes to the development of cattle and sheep breeding. The feed base also consists of forage crops on arable land, compound feed, waste from the food industry and public catering.

In terms of meat production per capita, Belarus is ahead of all the former republics that were part of the USSR, and in terms of milk it is second only to Lithuania. In the structure of meat products, almost half is pork (Fig. 125). Livestock farming is more developed in the Grodno, Brest and western Minsk regions.

Cattle breeding used for the production of beef and milk. Beef belongs to the valuable and most popular types of meat products, therefore, by breeding large cattle are practiced throughout the country. There are more than 4 million animals. The density of cattle per 100 hectares of agricultural land is highest in the Grodno, Brest and partially Minsk regions. These regions also have high levels of livestock productivity. They raise black-and-white dairy cattle, which are best adapted to local conditions. Cattle of dairy and dairy-meat breeds are also bred: red Belarusian, brown Latvian, Kostroma, Dutch and others; from meat - Charolais, limousine . Breeding farms have been created for livestock breeding, the largest of which are: “Red Star” (Kletsky district), “Korelichi” (Korelichsky district), “Ros” (Volkovysk district), “Luch” (Berezovsky district), “Druzhba” (Kobrin district ), "Vedrich" (Rechitsa district). As you can see, most of them are located in the Brest and Grodno regions.

IN Soviet time in Belarus in all regions were created livestock complexes, where production was close to industrial in nature. (What is the industrial nature of production on livestock complexes?)

A certain specialization has developed in cattle breeding, which is influenced by the characteristics of the food supply. In the north of Belarus more than favorable conditions for the development of meat and dairy cattle breeding, in the south - meat production predominates. Around large cities, farms specialize in milk production. In the rest of the territory, the dairy and meat direction is combined with meat and dairy.

Pig farming - the second most important livestock industry. Like cattle breeding, it is developing throughout the country. Pork accounts for more than 40% of meat production. The industry is characterized by concentration and specialization of production. In the 1970s the industry began to be transferred to an industrial basis. For these purposes, large, highly mechanized complexes were built and a flow-shop production system was introduced. In total, about 4 million pigs are raised in Belarus, and the main breeds are large white, black and white, Belarusian meat, and landrace.

On average in Belarus there are 70 pigs per 100 hectares of arable land, but their density is highest in the central and southern parts of the country. Pork production is the cheapest in the Vitebsk and Grodno regions, where about 90% of pigs are concentrated in large complexes. The concentration of pig farming on large complexes has led to environmental problems due to difficulties in manure disposal.

Sheep breeding - a traditional and at the same time promising branch of livestock farming. During the period after the Great Patriotic War, the number of sheep decreased by 20 times. Now 90% of their livestock is on private farms. Sheep farming in Belarus has a meat-and-wool area of ​​specialization. Land with poor grass stand is usually set aside for feeding sheep, and silage and roughage are prepared for the winter. Sheep breeding is widespread mainly in the Brest region. The predominant sheep breeds are Prekos, Latvian Darkhead and Romanov.

Poultry farming has a pronounced industrial character. There are large industrial poultry farms in all regions of the country, and in some regions (Minsk, Baranovichi) there are several. The intensification of the industry is based on in-depth specialization and concentration of poultry stock. In all categories of farms, about 30 million heads of chickens, geese, ducks, turkeys, and guinea fowl are bred. Quails and ostriches are also bred. Most eggs are obtained from poultry farms. Breeding factories and breeding reproducers have also been created. The largest poultry farms are located near Orsha, Baranovichi, Dzerzhinsk, Smolevichi, Minsk (Fig. 126).

Fur farming - one of the youngest branches of agriculture. He is engaged in breeding valuable fur-bearing animals (mink, arctic fox, fox, nutria, rabbit, etc.) on fur farms. The largest fur farms are located near Molodechno, Baranovichi, Pinsk, Vileika, and Grodno.

Beekeeping develops in beekeeping enterprises, on farms and in significant quantities among amateur beekeepers. To breed bees and improve the quality of bee colonies, bee nurseries have been created (Brest, Baranovichi, Grodno). The largest bee enterprises are located near Mosty and Shchuchin. Beekeeping in Belarus has a pollination-honey direction of productivity.

The Carpathian breed of bees is mainly bred.

Fish farming. As a branch of agriculture, it includes pond, cage and industrial breeding of freshwater fish. You already know that in Belarus there are more than 10 thousand lakes, about 160 reservoirs, and over 1,500 ponds. Most of them are suitable for fish farming. Currently, there are 18 pond farms and one cold-water trout farm in the republic, as well as fish ponds for a number of agricultural enterprises and auxiliary farms. industrial enterprises. They mainly breed carp, grass carp, silver carp, and crucian carp. Sterlet breeding began in 2006.

Bibliography

1. Geography 10th grade/ Tutorial for 10th grade institutions of general secondary education with Russian as the language of instruction/Authors: M. N. Brilevsky- “From the authors”, “Introduction”, § 1-32; G. S. Smolyakov- § 33-63 / Minsk "People's Asveta" 2012

Agriculture is a special type of activity aimed at growing, processing and producing products, as well as providing related services. Its main industries are animal husbandry and crop production. The well-being of its people largely depends on how developed agriculture will be as a branch of production in a particular country.

Characteristic features of crop production in Russia

There is a lot of land in our country and, it would seem, all the prerequisites for the successful development of this area of ​​agriculture exist. However, unfortunately, Russia is geographically located in such a way that climatic conditions and various natural factors limit the possibilities in this regard quite seriously. Crop production as a branch of agriculture in our country is quite a promising area, but only if new technologies are used and

Only 35% of Russian lands are located in a temperate climate, which is quite suitable for growing crops such as rye, wheat, oats, buckwheat, etc. The vast areas beyond the Arctic Circle are completely unsuitable for crop production. In addition, large areas in our country are occupied by taiga, where cultivating the land is a process also associated with a huge number of difficulties.

Crop production as a branch of agriculture: main directions

At the moment, the main areas of agriculture in Russia include:

• The grain sector is of utmost importance for the population of any state in the world, including our country. Bread can be considered a staple human food product. The most valuable feed for farm animals is also produced from
• Feed production. That's what the system is called various events aimed at the production, procurement and processing of animal feed. IN in this case the lands are used for growing mainly meadow crops, root crops, tubers, melons, etc.
• Growing industrial crops. These include cotton, flax, sunflower, sugar beets, tobacco, etc.
• Vegetable and potato growing.
• Viticulture and gardening.

Geography of crop production in Russia

So, the main agricultural industries in our country are livestock farming and farming. Geographically, Russia is located in several climatic zones. This reason primarily influences crop production, and in particular the variety of compositions of cultivated crops.

So, wheat, demanding thermal conditions, which prefers nutritious loamy soils and is a fairly drought-resistant crop, is grown mainly in the steppe and forest-steppe zones. The growing area of ​​less fastidious rye has wider boundaries. Barley is distributed throughout almost the entire agricultural territory of the country - from the cold northern regions to the arid southern ones.

Different types of industrial crops are also common in different zones. Sunflowers, for example, grow very well in dry regions. The only thing is to receive good harvests This crop should be planted only on sufficiently fertile soils. Sunflower is grown mostly in steppe and forest-steppe regions of the European part of the country. Sugar beets, on the contrary, are very demanding humidity conditions. Therefore, it became widespread mainly only in the central and western regions of the forest-steppe zone.

Vegetable growing includes a huge number of crops belonging to different biological species. Therefore, it is well developed throughout almost the entire agricultural territory of Russia. The most common open-farming crops are cabbage, tomatoes, pumpkins, onions, beets and carrots. They are grown on an industrial scale most often in places where there is access to water - along the banks of lakes, rivers and reservoirs. The largest centers of vegetable growing have developed in the lower reaches of the Volga and Don and in the North Caucasus.

Horticulture is also an important area in agriculture. Agricultural sectors related to the cultivation of fruit and berry crops have also become widespread in Russia, especially in its European part (Volga region, Krasnodar region). Greatest variety fruit crops observed in the North Caucasus. A lot of gardens are also planted in Bashkiria and Altai.

Characteristics of livestock farming

This industry is also promising for our country. Suffice it to remember that before the crisis at the end of the last century, it was one of the leading ones. The characteristics of the agricultural sector in this case will be incomplete without a short excursion into history. In the Soviet Union, livestock farming, and in particular cattle breeding, was very well developed. However, the economic crisis of subsequent years had a more than negative impact on this area. From 1991 to 2005 alone, the cattle population decreased from 54.7 to 21.4 million tons. According to the results of the same 2005, livestock farming in our country was considered unprofitable. Therefore, there was an increase in imports of this product.

However, at the moment, agriculture (including livestock farming) in our country can be considered more or less profitable. To some extent this is due to the development of private farming.

Main industries

So, what are the main areas of agriculture represented in this case? The branches of agriculture in livestock production are as follows:

• Cattle breeding. Cattle breeding, along with grain growing, is one of the main areas of agricultural production.
• Pig farming. This is the second most important branch. Its importance is also difficult to overestimate. This direction is classified into meat, half-fat and bacon.
• Goat and sheep breeding. These directions are most widespread in the steppe zones, as well as in mountainous regions.
• Horse breeding. This industry is designed to provide the national economy with purebred breeding animals, sporting and productive.
• Camel breeding. This direction has received wide development in desert and semi-desert regions of Russia. Also, very high quality wool and milk are obtained from these animals.
• Reindeer husbandry. This industry is a specialization of areas located in the tundra (Magadan, Arkhangelsk regions, etc.).
• Poultry farming. Another important branch of livestock farming.
• Fur farming. The main objective of this direction is to provide the national economy with skins of small fur-bearing animals.
• Beekeeping. This industry is responsible for the production of a number of valuable products - honey, wax, royal jelly, bee venom, etc.

And agriculture is directly related to each other. This also applies, of course, to livestock farming. Without well-developed pig and livestock farming, for example, the food industry is unlikely to be particularly profitable. If the state does not pay attention to such industries as fur farming and sheep farming, the population of Russia will be left without their own warm clothes.

Geography of livestock farming in Russia

The placement and specialization of this area are determined mainly by the availability of food supply for a particular group of animals. That is, livestock farming as a branch of agriculture, although to a lesser extent than crop production, is also dependent on natural and climatic factors.

Intensive development in our country is mostly in the European part - in the upper reaches of the Volga and Dnieper. These are mainly the Moscow and Yaroslavl regions. The same direction is typical for the south of the St. Petersburg region. They are engaged in cattle breeding in other regions of the European part of the country, as well as in the southern regions of Siberia and the Urals. However, in this case we're talking about mainly about the meat and dairy direction of cattle breeding. It is also widespread to the north - in most of Siberia, but in these areas it is mostly extensive. In the circumpolar regions, reindeer husbandry has received great development. Most cattle are bred in the Urals, the Volga and Central regions, as well as in the North Caucasus.

Cultivation in our country has become very widespread in the Volga region, the North Caucasus, the Urals and Eastern Siberia. Sheepskin fur production is also well developed in the central regions of the European part of Russia. Pig farming is practiced almost throughout the country. This direction is somewhat less developed in the Far East.

What influences the development of agriculture

In addition to climatic and weather conditions, the development of livestock and crop production in any state can be influenced by the following factors:

• Degree of support from the state. The more money invested in new technologies, the more profitable agriculture will be. Agricultural sectors of any direction are very dependent on the amount of subsidies. These funds are mainly used for the development of innovative production, the purchase of equipment, and the development of new technologies.
• Carrying out measures to restore depleted soils in areas of intensive crop production. In order for a country to compete with other states in the global agricultural market, its territory must have as much fertile land as possible.
• Another very important factor in the development of the economy of a given country in a market environment is the presence of a healthy competitive environment. The main branches of agriculture are no exception in this regard.
• State of science and technology. The more innovations are introduced, the more profitable livestock and crop production becomes. Scientific progress is one of the main factors in reducing food costs.

Problems of environmental management

All sectors of Russian agriculture, in addition to the above factors, directly depend on the environmental situation. Unfortunately, in our country, a predatory attitude towards natural resources and mismanagement have led to a significant deterioration of the situation in this regard.

In the steppe and forest-steppe zones it is severely disturbed, mainly due to wind and water erosion. Meanwhile, the experience of creating environmentally sustainable landscapes was laid down at the end of the 19th century by V.V. Dokuchaev in Voronezh region, in the Kamennaya Steppe tract. Nowadays the Research Institute of Agriculture is located here. This experience is definitely worth using today.

Disruption of the ecological balance in the deciduous-forest and forest-taiga zones is usually associated with the draining of swamps and uncontrolled deforestation.

How can environmental problems be solved in modern Russia?

Fortunately, at the moment the situation in our country in this regard is beginning to change dramatically. The most important task of the recently created science - environmental economics - is not only the assessment of the state environment in light of the possibility of its use, but also forecasting the development ecological systems, attempts to foresee the future and the ability to manage them today. Of course, such an approach will have a more than beneficial effect on the main sectors of agriculture.

The main methods of greening modern land use at the moment are conservation biological organisms and the creation of natural, environmentally friendly fertilizers based on fungi, bacteria and algae. The science that deals with the biology of humus is the future of agriculture.

The latest developments in this area are being introduced into all sectors of Russian agriculture today. For example, in the Krasnodar Territory, herbicide-free technologies for the production of rice and corn are used. In some farms in the Omsk region, the abandonment of the use of pesticides and the use of new farming technologies have led to a significant increase in yield.

New methods include, for example:

• Drip irrigation, adopted not only by large farms, but also by many owners of personal plots.
• No-moldboard plowing.
• Natural biological seasonal rotation of crops.

Plans awaiting implementation in the near future include the introduction of comprehensive and comprehensive monitoring natural environment. That is, observing its reaction to human economic activity and taking appropriate measures in advance. Of course, this will have a positive impact on agriculture. Agricultural sectors - livestock and crop production - will become profitable and profitable.

Agriculture in Germany

When reviving livestock and crop production in Russia, one should, of course, pay attention to the experience of those countries where these industries are very well developed. Germany is often cited as an example. At the moment, a lot of attention is paid to the development of agriculture in this country. The profitability of all its structures is largely influenced by an impeccable and well-thought-out organization, as well as the rational and careful use of natural resources.

In the central regions of Germany and in the south of this country, agricultural production is mainly carried out by owners of small farms. This situation becomes the reason for the emergence of healthy competition and a powerful incentive to introduce the latest techniques. Germany's agricultural sectors - livestock and crop production - bring huge profits to this country.

In our country, the possibility of implementing most projects and developing new technologies in animal husbandry and agriculture will largely depend on perfection legislative framework soon. Reasonable management of the economy and conservation of natural resources should become priority tasks of the state. Perhaps in the future the structure of the Russian agricultural sector will resemble the German one. However, at the moment, the bulk of food in our country is produced by fairly large agricultural organizations.

The nature of the distribution of agricultural crops throughout the country is determined by both biological characteristics and socio-economic factors. The majority of grain crops are responsive to irrigation, even local (solid water)

Grain farming is one of the main branches of crop production.

Grain crops include: winter wheat (North Caucasus, central black earth region, part of the Volga coast) and spring wheat (Volga region, Southern Urals, Far East), rye (in the non-chernozem zone and forest-steppe regions), barley (Northern Caucasus, Volga region, Central Black Earth), oats (except for non-chernozem and forest-steppe regions of the European part of Russia, also in Siberia and the Far East), corn (North Caucasus) , rice (Don River, Kaban in the North Caucasus, Astrakhan region, Kalmykia, Far East), peas, beans, soybeans, etc.

Industrial Crops – fibrous, oilseeds, sugar-bearing

Fibrous flax fiber (central regions of the forest zone of Russia with a humid mild climate: Tver, Smolensk, Vologda, Pskov, Kostroma, Novgorod and other industries)

Oilseed crops – sunflower (Rostov region, Krasnodar region), mustard (Stavropol region, Urals region), sugar beet (Krasnodar region)

Vegetable and melon crops – tomatoes, peppers, etc.

Fruit growing and viticulture North Caucasus.

In areas and insufficient hydration Irrigation of lands and watering of pastures are carried out. Land reclamation also includes the fight against soil erosion through deso plantings and shelterbelts.

Irrigation and drainage of crop areas increases the level of intensity of their use.

Intensive development means the use of larger volumes of capital investments per unit area, i.e. to ensure the development of agricultural production not in breadth, but in depth, and thereby obtain a greater number of products per unit area.

Extensive development is development in breadth by increasing acreage, livestock, etc.

Animal husbandry. It is the most important branch of agriculture. WITH lung development and the food industry, population growth in cities and industrial centers increases the need for livestock products both for feeding the population and for its processing. Therefore, much attention was paid to living and it developed until 1990 along an ascending line.

From 1991 until recently, there has been a steady decline in the volume of livestock production. The main reason for the reduction in the number of livestock and poultry and the decline in their productivity is the transition to market relations, the imbalance of sectors of the national economy as a result of the fact that old system their interaction turned out to be destroyed, and a new one has not yet arisen.

A strong food supply of livestock is a decisive condition for the development and placement of the industry; therefore, great attention currently needs to be paid to increasing the production of grain, corn, barley, and oats by increasing their yield.

Cattle are located everywhere, but the main areas of their breeding are the Volga, central, West Siberian, North Caucasus and Ural economic regions.

Meat and dairy livestock in the Stavropol Territory, Rostov Region, Saratov, Vologda Regions, Orenburg Region, etc.

Dairy and dairy-meat livestock are developed in many regions of the country.

Dairy and meat living. Krasnodar region is part of the Urals, Volga region, Western Siberia.

Pig farming - North Caucasus, Ural, Central, Volga and other regions.

Sheep breeding. North Caucasus, East Siberian, West Siberian and Ural.

Poultry farming provides the production of eggs. Central, Ural and other regions. Horse breeding, camel breeding, yak breeding, and reindeer husbandry are also developed.

More on topic 3. geography of the most important sectors of crop and livestock production in Russia. Modern development in conditions of transition to the market. Progress of economic reforms in agriculture:

1. 12. Geography of thermal power engineering in Russia. Location of the largest thermal power plants. Modern problems of industry development in conditions of transition to the market.
2. 13. Geography of transport engineering in Russia. Modern problems of development in the conditions of transition to the market.
3. 4. geography of the Russian gas industry. The problem of industry development in conditions of transition to market relations.
4. 10. Geography of the textile industry of Russia. Regions of its concentration. Modern problems in the transition to market relations. Causes of the crisis in the industry.
5. 14. Geography of the Russian coal industry. Modern problems of industry development in the conditions of formation of market relations.

Russia is a huge state, whose borders extend over more than seventeen million square kilometers. The world's largest country in terms of territory has the richest natural resources, fertile soils and forests, rivers and lakes, pastures and meadows. Russia has amazing potential for agricultural activities. This is a priority area that is now receiving close attention. That is why today we want to talk about agriculture. Agricultural sectors, priority directions for their development - all this is valuable information for those who want to connect their future with natural production.

Main directions

Today, there are a huge number of directions in which you can move and develop, producing this or that product and selling it to the appropriate consumers. Moreover, it is in Russia, with its vast areas and resources, that the least developed area is agriculture. Agricultural sectors are constantly developing, new ones are emerging, which means that every businessman has the opportunity to choose the niche that he likes best.

So, from time immemorial, this huge sector has been divided into two macro-industrial complexes. These are crop production and livestock production. In turn, each of them will be divided into dozens of industries. Distinctive feature agricultural activity is highly dependent on external factors, in particular from agroclimatic conditions. They determine not only the geography, but also the specialization of production. If you decide to lead own business, then think about the prospects that agriculture opens up for you. There are a wide variety of agricultural sectors, from traditional to exotic ones in the form of pineapple plantations and shrimp farms. But they all have one thing in common. The product produced will always be in demand.

Crop production as a branch of agriculture

Many thousands of years ago, man learned to cultivate the land and plant the seeds he found in order to obtain a large harvest of the same crop. Since then, agriculture has not lost its relevance. Many kilometers of hectares of land sown with various plants - this is how many of us imagine agriculture. Agricultural sectors can be very diverse, they are distinguished by the amount of required investments and profitability. But all crops grown are important and necessary.

In which areas is it developed?

Mostly, land for arable land is given over to the forest-steppe and steppe zones of the country. Agriculture has pronounced zoning. This is understandable: growing beets or potatoes in the tundra is very problematic. But this is not the only reason. The problems with the development of agricultural sectors lie in the fact that without the immediate proximity of the final consumer, only large farms can exist that have the opportunity to export their products to cities. Therefore, a suburban type of agricultural economy has developed near large populated centers. And in the northern regions, greenhouse farming is developing.

The European part of Russia is the most favorable region. Here the agricultural areas are located in a continuous strip. IN Western Siberia they are found only in the southern regions, in the Altai valleys. The central region is ideal places for growing beets and potatoes, flax and legumes. Wheat is grown in the Central and Volga-Vyatka regions, the Volga region and the Urals, and the Caucasus. In more northern regions, rye and barley are sown.

Features of domestic crop production

It is in Russia that more than 1% of all arable land in the world is located. Huge territories, different climatic zones - all this allows the country to be an exporter of the most different cultures. Crop growing as a branch of agriculture specializes in growing useful, cultivated plants. It is based on grain farming. Grain is a product that is in maximum demand on the world market. More than half of the total sown area in Russia is occupied by grain crops. And of course, the leader among them is wheat.

Agriculture in Russia is, first of all, golden fields on which future grain is eared. Hard and soft varieties are grown. The first ones go to production bakery products, and the second - for pasta. Winter and spring varieties are grown in Russia, the total productivity is 47 million tons.

In addition to wheat, agriculture in Russia is the world's largest exporter of other grains and legumes, sugar beets and sunflowers, potatoes and flax.

Meadow growing is an important branch of crop production

Not everyone will remember the importance of growing meadow grasses for hay. But it is precisely this that is the basis of livestock feed. Today, the area of ​​grazing land is decreasing, and even private livestock farms purchase hay for their animals for the entire season. What can we say about large farms where animals do not leave their stalls?

Meadow farming as a branch of agriculture today is still completely undeveloped. Entrepreneurs prefer to simply buy or lease land and mow the grass that grows on it in a timely manner. However, if you take advantage of the achievements of modern agricultural science, you can get rich herbs, which means you can make more hay from a smaller plot of land. But that's not all. Targeted sowing of the land with the necessary herbs, as well as the use of modern fertilizers, make it possible to mow young and succulent grass many times in a row from the same area. There is a saving of useful space and obvious benefits.

Industrial crops

Not all plants are used for food, but this does not make them any less useful. Today, cotton cultivation is becoming increasingly popular in Russia. The agricultural sector is quite new for our latitudes, but it has great prospects. Of course, because the need for natural fabrics is only increasing.

The climate of the Stavropol Territory is best suited for growing this crop. In fact, this is not a new direction in crop production at all. In the 1930s, more than 120 thousand hectares of cotton were cultivated here. At the same time, the harvest amounted to more than 60 thousand tons of raw cotton. Today this practice is being revived in the region, although it has not yet reached such a scale.

The second large section is livestock farming

Most entrepreneurs decide to start farming, considering this direction to be more profitable. Indeed, meat, milk, eggs and valuable furs are sold very quickly, at a decent price. But do not forget that livestock farming is a branch of agriculture that will require special knowledge from you, great experience and the assistance of professional livestock specialists. Any mistake costs a lot of money. Poor quality feed will lead to poor growth young animals, a delay in vaccination can cause the death of animals.

Features of livestock farming in Russia

All countries are, to one degree or another, exporters of meat and other food products. This is not surprising, since livestock farming is the branch of agriculture that is most in demand. High-quality food products will never be left without their end consumer. At the same time, in the vast expanses of Russia, livestock farming is completely dependent on crop production, since this industry is the natural producer of feed. Therefore, each region specializes in raising one or another type of animal.

Reindeer husbandry is developed in the North. In the central zone of Russia, cattle breeding for both dairy and dairy-meat production is widely represented. In more southern regions, small livestock are mainly raised for meat. This is due to the presence of rougher feed. Goats and sheep are raised in mountainous areas.

Zoning

Continuing to consider what branches of agriculture there are, we never cease to be amazed at how many options livestock farming offers businessmen. Pig farming is widely developed almost throughout the country. This is one of the most productive sectors of the livestock complex. This is due to the fact that pigs grow quickly, are unpretentious, and their meat is common and even preferred in Russia.

In the Kuban and Don region, horse breeding is a traditional industry. Moreover, we are talking specifically about breeding. Today this industry is in decline, although it is very promising. In suburban areas, as well as in the cities themselves, poultry farming is developed almost everywhere. There are several directions here:

• Breeding poultry for feathers (down).
• For meat.
• For an egg.

Depending on the choice of the entrepreneur, they raise chickens, geese and ducks. However, today new branches of agriculture have emerged. Some farms have been converted into ostrich or peacock farms. These are completely new directions, so livestock breeders have to learn all the intricacies of keeping them literally from scratch.

In forest areas, of which there are more than enough in Russia, fur farming is developed. For these purposes, huntsmen keep mink, arctic fox, and sable. Squirrels, martens and beavers are caught under natural conditions.

Beekeeping: features and prospects

Beekeeping products are in great demand; if you have even a few hives, they will bring a stable income. However, don't delude yourself too much. Beekeeping is a branch of agriculture that requires significant experience and knowledge. In addition, in order to receive a truly valuable product, you need to live in an ecologically clean area, preferably in the mountains, where there are lush meadows nearby. Professional beekeepers allocate an area of ​​120 square meters for an apiary.

In fact, the state of this industry in our country is far from ideal. Despite its huge area, Russia produces much less honey than, for example, Mexico. Although luxurious meadows with honey plants, fruit trees We have it in abundance. That is, there is a basis for the development of beekeeping in our country; we just need to realize the potential of our natural capabilities. And this can only be done by injecting investment into this industry, as well as creating special training centers. After all, only strict adherence to technology allows beekeeping, year after year, not only to maintain, but also to increase the number of colonies, and therefore the volume of products obtained.

Expert assessments

Today, the demand for high-quality honey on the market is about a million tons per year, and existing farms provide only 200 tons. That is, there is a shortage of fresh honey in almost all regions. It is covered by imports, so there is room to grow.

An acute shortage of honey leads to traders selling fake honey, which hinders correct formation prices for finished products. Of course, this hurts the pockets of novice beekeepers. Few people know that beekeeping in our country is extremely profitable business. Only 15-20 families are enough to be profitable at the end of the season. However, we have no state support for beekeeping at all, as, for example, in Europe. Therefore, a novice businessman is left alone with emerging problems. They are completely solvable, but they require time and money.

Fishing in Russia

No, we won’t talk now about amateurs who are ready to sit with fishing rods along the banks of rivers and reservoirs all weekend. We are interested in fishing as a branch of agriculture. It is common to think that fishing takes place somewhere on the shores of China, India and Japan, where delicious marine life is found, and their catch brings fabulous money. But in Russia, fish production is carried out regularly. To do this, specialized minesweepers go to sea. They return to ports with rich booty, which is distributed fresh or frozen or used to prepare canned food.

Among the commercial fish that are caught in Russia, there are red (salmon, white fish) and white (pike, pike perch, catfish and carp, crucian carp). The most important commercial fish belong to the herring and cod families. Fish from the carp, salmon and sturgeon families are of great commercial importance.

Fish farming

In fact, this branch of agriculture is not very developed in Russia. This is primarily due to climatic conditions. But today, paid ponds have become increasingly popular. These are artificial reservoirs that are regularly stocked with certain species of underwater inhabitants. For a certain fee, you can spend several hours or even days on such a reservoir and catch the desired trophy.

Fish farming includes activities such as breeding at all stages life cycle, raising and maintaining broodstock. Equally important are activities such as acclimatization and selection.

Why is the potential not realized today?

Indeed, you involuntarily ask yourself this question. All branches of agriculture in the world are more developed than in Russia, despite the richest resources and vast areas. Why is this happening? According to experts, the region agricultural business today has four main problems:

• Climatic features. Our country is the only one in the world that includes eight natural and climatic zones. Only 30% of Russia's territory has a favorable and relatively predictable climate, which allows farming without risk.
• Financing. If in European countries the state sponsors a start-up business and takes on part of the risks associated with its development, then in our country lending to peasant farms is going extremely poorly.
• Shortage of agricultural machinery fleet. Most small farms are forced to partially or fully use manual labor, because they cannot afford to purchase equipment.
• Management factors. Often, the head of a peasant farm is a person who does not have an agricultural or veterinary education. As a result, operational efficiency, and therefore profitability, is much lower.

As you can see, there are many problems. However domestic manufacturer used to overcoming difficulties. If even in such conditions people achieve good results, it means that this niche in the market is free and you can safely try to realize yourself in it.

Instead of a conclusion

Agriculture as a branch of the economy is a large complex aimed at providing the population with food and clothing. The most important industry, it is a reflection of the development of the state as a whole. After all, satisfaction basic needs population are the priority tasks of any country. Russia has amazing potential to provide products not only to its citizens, but also to export them. However, today many sectors of agriculture are experiencing problems. It should be noted that the government today has paid attention to this trend and is making efforts to correct the situation, so big changes may await Russia. In fact, the future development of the country depends on the level of personnel training, as well as on agricultural subsidies.

Finished works

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