Growing raspberries as a profitable business of your own. Growing raspberries as a business - technology and profitability Growing remontant raspberries as a business

Manual picking of berries accounts for up to 80% of the costs in the production cycle. So big component manual labor was an important obstacle to the formation of large commercial farms. The situation changed after the development of combine harvester models, which increased the harvesting speed and this made it possible to grow berries on plantations ranging from several tens to several hundred hectares. For some species, such as blackcurrant, growing on small plantations is not economically viable. The increase in area is carried out to reduce production costs and, as a result, increase the competitiveness of the product. The emergence of large plantations entails changes in the structure of plantings and the need to use special machines for high productivity at each stage of production.

Collection of currants, gooseberries and chokeberry

In Poland, for decades, black and red currants have traditionally been harvested using combine harvesters. In parallel with the new designs of combine harvesters used for this purpose, new varieties were also developed, physical and mechanical properties who were adapted to this type of collection. Plantations for mechanized harvesting should be laid with a row width of 3.5-4 m - this allows the free implementation of all agrotechnical practices. The distance between plants in a row is 0.4-0.6 m, which allows for the correct formation of bushes with a minimum number of branches growing along the row, which can be damaged during the passage of machinery during processing. In fields of significant length, to ensure the unloading of collected fruits, it is necessary to leave strips 4-6 m wide approximately every 300 m. The width of the strips for turning equipment at the ends of the rows should be at least (6-8 m), which will allow free maneuver of units when entering another row of the plantation.

The main working elements of currant harvesters are: a unit that picks up and separates the bush, shakes it off, and also cleans and transports the collected berries. The combines are available in two versions. The first ones are designed to work on plantations with an area of ​​several tens of hectares, collecting the entire row in one pass. Depending on the nature of the plantings (width and length of rows, yield), within one hour of harvesting, you can harvest from a surface of 0.3-0.4 hectares. Modern combine harvesters are built as self-propelled mechanisms (photo 1), which are equipped with diesel internal combustion engines with a power of more than 50 kW. Photo 1. Self-propelled harvester for collecting currants. The chassis, mechanisms for shaking off berries, conveyors for transporting berries and fans of the impurity cleaning section are driven by hydraulic motors powered by hydraulic pumps. This allows you to smoothly adjust the operating parameters: speed, vibration frequency of the shaker and fan rotation speed. The size of the space in which the harvester reaches the base of the bushes (ie the working gap) is controlled using a self-regulating mechanism to adapt its width to the width of the bush. The harvesting accuracy (% of berries collected) is more than 95%; such a harvester is maintained by a team of three people. During a season, such a harvester can collect berries from 30-50 hectares.

On small plantations with an area of ​​up to 20 hectares, combines are used that harvest half the row in one pass (photo 2). Self-propelled vehicles of this type are not currently produced due to the relatively high cost of the drive unit and chassis. Trailed versions of combines work with tractors of the 6 kN class, the minimum speed in low gears of which should make it possible to obtain a speed in the range of 0.8-1.5 km/h. The drive of the working mechanisms can be obtained from the tractor power take-off shaft and is transmitted mechanically. New models such as “Arek” or “Jarek” are controlled hydraulically and have smooth adjustment of the operating parameters of the mechanisms. The shakeout mechanism consists of one or two finger shakers, usually both versions of these mechanisms are used. In practice, the hourly productivity of such combines is 0.1-0.2 hectares. The main disadvantage is the need for a double pass through all rows of the plantation and the fact that the bushes have to be divided twice. This may lead to increased mechanical damage associated with this penetration pests into damaged tissues, which negatively affects the health of the plantation.

Photo 2. Trailed harvester for harvesting currants on half a row

The qualitative parameters of mechanical harvesting of currants, gooseberries and chokeberries are determined by properly selected operating parameters of the combine (Table 1). Incorrect adjustment of combines and inappropriate parameters regarding berry shaking can lead to excessive damage to the bushes, which has a negative impact on next year's yield. For chokeberry, it is necessary to use a larger amplitude of vibration of the finger shaker than in the case of black currant. Harvesting gooseberries requires a smaller amplitude of vibrations, a lower position of the lower fingers of the shaker and a lower landing of the mechanism for picking berries near the base of the bushes.

Table 1. Basic parameters of machine harvesting of berries

(According to Z. Salamona, ISK)

An example of modifying a currant harvester for chokeberries is the Aronic harvester. It comes with high-energy shakers to make it easier to separate the berries from the branches, and a collection system for packing into bags or pallets. ISK continues to work on making changes to combine harvester systems to improve the quality of harvesting chokeberries and black currants from low bushes of young plantings.

Raspberries

Labor costs for manual harvesting of raspberries with a yield of 10 tons/ha. about 2600 man-hours/ha. Without mechanized harvesting, this type of cultivation intended for processing may not be profitable. The biggest obstacle to achieving high efficiency in raspberry harvesting with a combine harvester is the need for repeated harvesting. This is due to the gradual ripening of the berry, which has a varied attachment force to the receptacle (Table 2) and low strength and resistance to mechanical damage.

Table 2. Peel strength of colored berries of several raspberry varieties

The need to harvest berries in several stages throughout the season causes the laterals and young annual shoots on plants to break off. The invasion of pathogenic microorganisms into damaged areas reduces the health of the plantation, and this is the reason for lower yields (by 30-40%) the following year. In order to avoid the loss of raspberries on the plantation, a trellis is needed, the use of which will allow the separation of fruit and annual shoots. Another method is to collect berries every second year and mow the plantation immediately after harvesting. Losses from reduced yields are compensated by lower costs for cutting shoots (relative to manual pruning) and a reduction in the number of drugs to protect plants from diseases. One of the main problems in mechanical harvesting of raspberries is the large width of the bushes at the base, which makes it difficult to pick up the berries after shaking them off. The use of sealing systems in combines cannot cope with the problem of berries falling between the shoots, which causes part of the crop to fall to the ground.

The above-mentioned disadvantages make the spread of machine harvesting of raspberries in Poland a rather slow process, although work on combines has been carried out since the mid-eighties of the last century. In ISK studies with the Kanby raspberry variety, the use of vertical shakers in a horizontal plane allowed up to 90% of the fruit to be harvested at the proper stage of ripeness. Significant losses from 11% to 14% of the collected mass were formed as a result of the berries falling to the ground. There was also a lot (up to 6% by weight) of green fruits torn from the shoots. The reduction in the frequency of oscillations and jumps of the fingers of the shaking mechanisms led to the fact that only 75% of the ripe berries were collected. A modern and undoubtedly more advanced model for picking raspberries is a trailed harvester with vertical fingers for shaking with movement in a vertical plane (photo 3). This system is safer for shoots and berries falling onto the conveyor. Due to the need to remove unripe or damaged fruit, there is often a conveyor belt installed on the back of the harvester, which is operated by up to 4 people (depending on the model) to manually sort the harvested fruit. Collection of data on the quality of manufactured raspberry harvesters suggests the ability to collect from 70% to more than 90% of ripe berries in one pass. From 7% to 14% of fruits are lost as a result of falling, 3-12% are collected as unripe fruits. Depending on the combine, from 30% to 65% of young annual shoots are damaged during harvesting.

Photo 3. A harvester with a vertical vibration direction of the shaker for collecting raspberries

Hopes for the possibility of mechanical harvesting, without the risk of reducing the health of the plantation, allow raspberry varieties that bear fruit on annual shoots. During the annual mowing of the entire plantation, damaged and infected shoots are removed. An important advantage when growing remontant raspberry varieties is the possibility of growing a plantation without a trellis, which reduces production costs, as well as the possibility of simplifying the mechanisms of harvesters. The shaking mechanisms, like those of currant harvesters, are installed at an angle (photo 4). The raspberry rows are divided into two parts, the front pickers are equipped with elements to facilitate lifting and moving the shoots. A longitudinal conveyor is installed in the rear unloading section (photo 5), on which the collected berries will be sorted.

Photo 4. Harvester for collecting remontant varieties of raspberries

Considering the possibility of the spread of mechanical raspberry harvesting in Poland, it is worth comparing the price of the combine in the context of potential productivity. On a plantation with a row width of 4 m, the combine moves at a speed of less than 1 km/h. and can harvest approximately 0.2 ha. per hour, or per day (10-12 hours of work) to collect berries from a plantation with an area of ​​just over two hectares. This means that the harvester, repeating the same row cleaning every 4 days, can collect fruits over an area of ​​8-10 hectares. If cleaning is done more frequently, this area will be reduced.

Photo 5. Conveyor for sorting berries on a combine

Blueberry

Blueberries are also picked several times as they ripen. Specialized combines for collecting this berry are not produced in Poland, and the berry, due to its high market value, is collected manually. To increase harvesting productivity, small farms can use shakers. Installed under bushes special screens. After shaking, the berries can be cleaned of impurities (leaves) using hand fans before packaging. Blueberry harvesters are manufactured mainly in the USA; companies offer self-propelled versions (photo 6), as well as trailed versions for 30 hp tractors.

The machines are equipped with various types of shakers, of which, in our opinion, the most effective model there will be a model already shown with vertically vibrating fingers. The high price of the berries is compensated by the costs of manual collection and the purchase of such a combine can only be justified on large 15-hectare plantations.

Photo 6. Self-propelled harvester for harvesting blueberries

Using berry harvesters may be the only way to maintain the profitability of berry production for the processing industry. A fairly large assortment of combine harvesters for harvesting currants, gooseberries and chokeberries now solves the problem of mechanized harvesting of these berry crops. By adjusting the parameters, the combine can be adapted to work on almost every plantation. This opportunity will be much worse in multi-stage harvesting of berries, such as raspberries. The risk of damage to the shoots and subsequent infection of the shoots by pests and diseases increases, which can significantly reduce the yield. Mechanical harvesting is possible on plantations of remontant raspberries. Raspberry varieties are also being sought with weak attachment of the berries to the fruit and good resistance of the berries to mechanical damage, which will significantly improve the quality of the harvest.

• Which variety to choose
• Picking berries is not an easy task
• Sale of seedlings
• Useful video on the topic
• How much can you earn
• Which equipment to choose
• Tax system
• Permissions to open
• • • • Similar business ideas:

Raspberry growing business in last years More and more beginning farmers are interested. The berry, as it turns out, is not only tasty, but can also serve as a good source of income for a small family farm.

Advantages of a business growing raspberries

1. High yields subject to technology. Some successful farmers manage to get, without exaggeration, up to 28 tons per hectare per season.
2. The price of raspberries on the market starts from 200 rubles, and in major cities and even higher. Even if you sell it wholesale to resellers at 2 times cheaper, the “exhaust” is not small. From one hectare you can earn more than 2 million rubles. (not profit, but revenue).
3. A good harvest can be obtained already in the second year after planting, if proper care is taken.
4. Many options for making profit from a raspberry plantation. You can not only sell berries in fresh, but also to process raspberries into jam or medicinal raw materials, as well as sell seedlings. The price for one seedling is no less than 80 - 100 rubles.

Some large farms are engaged in drying raspberries and then selling the dried fruits for medical purposes (for the production of syrups, for example).

For all its advantages, the raspberry business is far from a simple activity. Otherwise, every second farmer would grow raspberries. We will talk about the pitfalls of this activity a little lower.

Features of growing raspberries

The first rule for effectively growing raspberries is to choose light areas for planting. Raspberries love the sun and practically do not bear fruit in the shade. It is also worth paying attention to the acidity of the soil - this indicator should be within 5.5 - 6 pH. Swampy areas are also excluded. Groundwater should be below 1.5 m. The planting density of individual varieties and seedlings of “Frigo” can be 40,000 units. per hectare. It is not recommended to thicken the plants - it is better to leave 5-6 shoots, which will contribute to better light penetration and ventilation of the bush. The installation of trellises allows you to save a significant part of the crop, since the plant often falls to the ground under the weight of its own fruits. Nitrogen and potassium fertilizers are used to grow raspberries. The plants are fed with azophoska or kemira (1 liter of solution per bush). To accelerate the growth and development of plants, potassium growth concentrate is used. To protect against weeds, the surface of the soil under the raspberries is covered with straw.

The highest price for raspberries is in June. Just 200 grams of berries can be sold at this time for 150 - 200 rubles.

The plant does not tolerate drought, so in particularly dry places it is necessary to resolve the issue of watering. If you neglect this, the berry will turn out small and dry. Some successful farms use this method drip system irrigation. If the places opposite are famous for precipitation, then it makes sense to use so-called canopies, because excess moisture has a bad effect on raspberries - the berries begin to become limp. Under a canopy, the plants will be protected not only from heavy rainfall, but also from direct sunlight (which causes the berries to lose their juiciness).

How many plants need to be planted

The economy looks something like this. On average, one bush produces 2 kg of raspberries. That is, to get 10 tons of raspberries per season, you will need a plot with 5,000 plants or more. If a seedling costs an average of 80 rubles, only planting material it may cost 400 thousand rubles. That is why beginning farmers should start with small raspberry fields and, as they gain experience, start producing seedlings on their own.

Which variety to choose

Experienced farmers will say that from the right choice half the success in building depends on varieties profitable business on raspberries. Yes, just by picking the right variety You can increase the yield by 1.5 - 2 times. Today there are many good varieties of both Russian and Ukrainian selection. The most popular varieties that are mentioned on every forum are: Polka, Brusvyana, Sputnitsa, Patricia, Gusar, Maker, Willamette, Tulamen. When choosing remontant varieties that bear fruit continuously (before the onset of frost), you need to be more prudent. Such raspberries require special care and not everyone manages to get the long-awaited harvest. In addition, most varieties begin to bear fruit only by the beginning of August (in middle lane RF), when the price of berries is the lowest. This happens because repair varieties must be cut at the root. Over the summer, the plant has time to grow and produce a harvest on the new shoot. In other words, remontant raspberries bear fruit on annual shoots. Meanwhile, ordinary raspberry varieties are not cut and bear berries already in June.

Picking berries is not an easy task

Harvesting is one of the most difficult processes in the “raspberry business”. Raspberries for fresh sale are collected exclusively by hand. The berries are small, which makes the process very protracted. Plus, cleaning occurs most often in extreme heat. We have to attract a large number work force, which seriously increases the cost of the crop. The technique for picking berries is used only in case of processing. It is worth saying that only large farms can afford to buy a raspberry harvesting machine.

How much can you earn from a raspberry plant?

The average price of raspberries in regional towns is 200 rubles/kg (2015 - 2016). In supermarkets it is about 20% more expensive. In Moscow and a number of other large cities you can find a price tag of 400 rubles/kg or more. A quick calculation shows that the sale of 10 tons of berries can bring from 2 million rubles. revenue. Is everything really so “sweet”? It is worth noting that focusing exclusively on retail sales wrong. If the farm is small (10 - 50 acres), then the harvest can still be sold somehow on our own, for example, in the classic way from a car “by the side of the road”. With large harvests, things are much more complicated. Raspberries are an extremely transportable berry. In fresh form, it is in demand only on the first day after harvest. Can you imagine what difficulties can await a farmer who collects hundreds of kilograms of berries every day? To sell large volumes, it is necessary to install dozens of retail outlets throughout the city, which is practically impossible to do. Therefore, when planning a raspberry business, the first step is to work out distribution channels for the berries, which should primarily be wholesale. Ideally, the business should be based on the principle: morning picking and immediate sale of berries in bulk to a reseller or processor. But here it is worth noting that wholesale berries will cost 1.5 - 2 times cheaper. The income seems to be less, but on the other hand, the farmer saves himself from many problems that are inherent retail trade. Among the main fixed costs of a raspberry farm, it is worth highlighting the cost of labor (especially during the harvest period), the cost of watering, fertilizer and packaging. By the way, best packaging For harvested are considered plastic containers 2 kg - for retail, and polymer boxes 10 - 20 kg - for wholesale.

Sale of seedlings

A separate area of ​​earning money from raspberries can be the sale of seedlings. Good varieties They are actively being purchased by other farms, as well as by summer residents and amateur gardeners. Cuttings are obtained by cutting shoots from adult plants. The cut is made with a knife or pruning shears, just a couple of centimeters below the soil level. Growing cuttings is best done in glass or film greenhouses with fogging units. To simultaneously grow 1000 seedlings, it is necessary to construct a cutting plant measuring only 2x5 meters. The wholesale price of raspberry seedlings averages 80 - 100 rubles. The sale of 1,000 seedlings can bring the farm an additional 80 - 100 thousand rubles.

Useful video on the topic

Modern raspberry growing farm://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qIfFnyKbU7o "Raspberry Kingdom" - farming in the Ryazan region://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vvZIIKDDFjg

Step-by-step plan for starting a business

1. Business registration.
2. Purchase or lease of land.
3. Purchase of seedlings, fertilizers and plant protection products.
4. Raspberry planting. Planting seedlings.
5. Plant care: weed control, watering, fertilizing.
6. Hiring workers to harvest the harvest.
7. Product sales market. You can start looking for potential wholesale buyers in advance.

How much can you earn

The initial investment depends on the area of ​​the plot and the type of seedlings purchased. The larger the area and the more expensive the seedlings, the more money needs to be spent at the initial stage. Purchase of seedlings from 150 to 300 rubles. There are also more expensive ones, depending on the variety. The profitability of a business is related not only to demand and the established price, but also to climatic conditions and sales markets. Since it is fashionable to sell raspberries both to private owners and to processing organizations and retail chains.

Which equipment to choose

To grow raspberries you don’t need any additional equipment, needed garden tools: shovel, rake, buckets, watering systems and hoses. The berries are picked manually. There are harvesters, but they are only suitable for berries that are processed.

Which OKVED code should I indicate for registration purposes?

OKVED 01.13.21 - cultivation of fruit and berry crops. What documents are needed to open? It is necessary to register a business entity: this can be individual entrepreneur, or collective farming. The prepared documents must be submitted to government authorities or to multifunctional public service centers (MFCs).

Tax system

This business relates to the production of agricultural products, therefore a taxation system for agricultural producers, the so-called single agricultural tax, is applied. (ESKHN). The main condition of this tax is that the revenue from the sale of these products is at least 70% of the total revenue, and also that the enterprise must be engaged in the production of agricultural products, and not in their sale.

Permissions to open

It is necessary to register an enterprise with government authorities, register with the tax office as an agricultural producer, purchase land or enter into a lease agreement.

Raspberry growing technology

1. Before planting seedlings, it is necessary to inspect the roots. If there are thickenings, this indicates a disease, they must be cut off.
2. Raspberries need to be planted in early spring, or late autumn. The distance between rows is 1.5 m, between plants 0.5 m. The plant is planted to a depth of 10 cm. After planting, the plants must be watered, the soil mulched, and shoots cut off above the ground. If this variety needs trellises, then stakes 1.5-1.8 m high are driven in every 5 meters. Next year a wire will be stretched to them and raspberries will be tied up.
3. If the raspberries are summer, they will bear fruit the second year. In the first year, they are engaged in thinning, weed control, and watering.
4. In the second year, fertilizers are added to the soil and watering is done. Raspberries love sunny areas and abundant watering.

Raspberries are a fairly popular berry., which has attractive taste and health-improving qualities.

That moment that the berry is in folk medicine used as a healing agent, it determines the high demand that has formed.

Raspberry growing and selling business has so far been widely developed only in Western Europe, which determines its high prospects.

Before drawing up a business plan that involves certain calculations, you should pay attention to general benefits and the shortcomings of the business in question.

The advantages include:

• Great demand for berries with little supply. It is quite difficult to find raspberries on store shelves.
• Almost any piece of land is suitable for cultivation. The composition of the soil may not be suitable for raspberries, but this can be corrected.
• Due to high demand and low supply, the cost of berries is quite high, which makes it possible to make a profit even with insignificant yields.
• If you follow the recommendations for planting a bush and caring for it, the harvest can be large. If the bush is located under the open sky, then a lot depends on the current weather. IN Lately Raspberries are increasingly grown in greenhouse conditions.
• There are quite a few varieties of raspberries. At the same time, the ripening time of their berries is significantly different, which makes it possible to make the business more profitable by selling fresh products over a long period of time.

However, there are also disadvantages:

1. The berries spoil quickly. At the same time, many people like to make jams and preserves made from raspberries on their own.
2. Only in greenhouse conditions can you significantly reduce the risk that the crop will be lost due to bad weather conditions.
3. Caring for a raspberry bite is a labor-intensive process.
4. The income from the business in question will only be for one half of the year.

Despite the presence of significant shortcomings, the business in question has high demand with low supply what determines the price of berries determines the attractiveness of this genus entrepreneurial activity.

In order to legally grow raspberries and sell them, you must register your business activity.

Business registration

An important issue is the choice of form of doing business. When growing crops on your own or rented plot in order to establish sales for profit, you can register the following forms of doing business:

1. SNT - gardening non-profit partnership. This type of business registration is used when individual sells the grown product on its site by delivering it to large wholesale centers. In this case, registration consists of obtaining a certificate of availability summer cottage. You can obtain the necessary document from the district administration.
2. Individual entrepreneurship or individual entrepreneur– a form of registration of activities, which implies the provision of the opportunity to independently sell the grown product. In this case, a person who owns a plot and has established raspberry cultivation can act as a legal entity for concluding various contracts: for hiring workers, organizing sales, and so on. Difficulties that arise when choosing such a way to register a business lie in the need for product certification.
3. Limited Liability Company or LLC– a registration form that is chosen if it is necessary to attract partners to your business. In this case, partners can act as co-founders or creditors.

If there is no entrepreneurial experience, and the volume of cultivation is insignificant, then it is recommended to register the SNT.

A simplified design scheme will allow sell raspberries in small quantities and set up production and business processes.

If the volume of cultivation increases significantly, then an individual entrepreneur will be issued. Official registration as a legal entity allows you to attract creditors who can significantly accelerate business development.

At proper preparation business plan, the invested funds generate income within a short time.

When considering the issue of registering a business activity, they take into account What optimal method taxation becomes a single agricultural tax, the rate of which is 6%.

If upon inspection it is determined that the proportion of the product Agriculture is less than 70%, then the generalized taxation method is applied.

Where to start growing raspberries?

The reference points that are indicated when drawing up a business plan increase the chance of good profit.

In the first year you should:

1. Select a raspberry variety.
2. Calculate required amount planting material.
3. Prepare the soil.
4. Prepare the material that will be used as supports: support posts made of wood or reinforcement, wire.
5. Purchase fertilizers and pest control products.

This preparation concerns growing raspberries outdoors, that is, not in greenhouse conditions.

After completing all the work for the first year, the costs are calculated - to determine the profitability of the business, you need to make accurate calculations.

In the second year you should:

1. Carry out landing.
2. Carry out drip irrigation.
3. Apply fertilizer.
4. Prepare the container.
5. If the cultivation volumes are large, then workers should be found.
6. Install cooling units if the growing volume is large. The berry is a perishable product that can be preserved by partial cooling.

Let's talk about some points in more detail. Creating a business begins with choosing a site and preparing it. Recommendations regarding the site are as follows:

1. It is worth considering that raspberries are a rare delicacy that is loved by many. Therefore, you need to immediately think about security. Areas that are left unattended and will be visited from time to time are a high risk.
2. Raspberries love moisture and sun.
3. The type of soil does not matter, but experts recommend giving preference to soil with sand, which is supplemented with mulch at a pH level of no more than 6.2.
4. The size of the plot depends on the expected production volume. About 2 thousand bushes are planted on one hectare, which, when proper care And favorable conditions growth will produce about 10 thousand kilograms of berries in one season.

The site is fertilized with manure, other mineral fertilizers are applied as desired.

Two-year-old raspberries produce sweet, large fruits, but often freeze in winter time. Therefore, when organizing a business, they give preference to remontant raspberries.

You may be interested in the following articles:

This variety is less susceptible to the effects low temperatures and pests, but the berries are less sweet; in rainy weather they may not have time to ripen by the end of autumn.

Choosing a variety

Common summer varieties are:

1. Lashka- an early variety from Poland. The berries are large, elongated, the bush is productive and frost-resistant.
2. Octavia– a promising variety for business that produces large purple berries. The berries are dense, so even when it rains they do not fall off.
3. Zyugan- variety from Switzerland. The berries are sweet, can be stored for about 7 days and can withstand transportation.
4. Shelf– the berries ripen in the fall and have a pleasant taste. Bushes allow you to harvest up to 10 tons of crop from one hectare, if planted correctly.
5. Zhdoan Ji– large, firm raspberries. A bush of this variety can produce 19 tons in one season.
6. Himbo Top– the berries of this variety reach a weight of 10 grams, which necessitates tying them to supports.

We purchase seedlings

Seedlings are purchased in specialized stores. The following points are taken into account when choosing them:

• a seedling that has a well-developed dried root system, grown in greenhouse conditions for the purpose of sale - an attractive offer that will be very expensive;
• the stem cut should be green, the shoot diameter should be from 0.7 to 1 centimeter;
• practice shows that a closed rhizome copes better with environmental influences.

We increase the yield by 1 hectare and hectare

Growing technology:

• seedlings are planted at a distance of 80 centimeters. The distance between rows is 1.5-2 meters;
• trellises are installed every 4 meters as a support;
• can be planted in spring and autumn. You can plant in the fall even after October 1;
• in order for the bush to develop quickly, it is necessary to remove shoots that create shadows and attract insects;
• raspberries respond well to inputs organic fertilizer. The recommended rate is 0.5 tons per hundred square meters. Nitrogen and potassium compositions are suitable for bait;
• chemicals that protect the bush from pests and diseases can be used before flowering.

Varietal raspberries are disease resistant. The berries are eaten by beetles, which is taken into account after flowering.

How to pick berries?

Assembly is carried out entirely by hand, therefore, you should prepare thoroughly for the ripening period: containers, workers with a large number of bushes, a place for temporary storage, and so on.

How to sell products?

Raspberries can be stored for a week at a temperature of 3-5 0C. Sales ways:

1. Markets.
2. Grocery stores.
3. Children's cafes, restaurants.
4. Pharmacies, pharmacological companies.

The berry in question is tender, and need to sell it immediately.

Business plan:

1. Enterprise goals.
2. Organization of the production process.
3. Initial conditions for business development.
4. Analysis of demand and competition.
5. Financial indicators.
6. Analysis of sales markets.
7. Sales promotion plan.
8. Advertising.

Profitability with a plot:

1. One hectare – 2-3 thousand bushes. The price of a seedling is $0.6-2. Initial investment – ​​$2000.
2. Costs for fertilizers, medicines – $1000.
3. One bush produces an average of 4 kilograms. 12,000 kilograms are harvested from one hectare.
4. Wholesale price – on average 2%. Proceeds – $20,000.

Total $17,000 income for two years when starting a business. If rented land plot or you need to purchase it, we take away the costs.

Results

The berry business, as can be seen from the calculations, is profitable. This is especially true for growing raspberries. It is readily purchased fresh and frozen for jams and preserves.

This product has a lot beneficial properties, which determine its popularity.

It took me a long time to get to the idea of ​​raspberry commerce, as I jokingly call the business that became my income and hobby – about 5 years. It was a long road, full of trial and error. Today, 15 acres are allocated for raspberries. This is not much compared to farms that allocate 15 hectares for sweet berries. I want to tell the reader about growing raspberries as a business, introduce them to farming, the so-called. small-scale production.

What you should pay attention to, what pitfalls await beginners - I will reveal important aspects of agricultural technology, including collection, transportation and storage.

Growing raspberries as a business: breakpoint

Let's consider the main points, the supporting points of the case.
In the first year, the main costs and guidelines:

• Variety selection;
• Calculation of the amount of planting material (given below);
• Place of purchase;
• Soil cultivation and filling;
• Material for supporting structures, garters (wooden or concrete pillars, fittings, wire, etc.);
• Fertilizers and means of protection (prevention).

Second year:

• Drip irrigation, mulch;
• Fertilizers and protection products;
• Tara;
• Payment for workers - if your business is more than 1 hundred square meters and there are only two workers, you will need assistants.
• Cooling units (if possible, as needed).
• Fuels and lubricants (we calculate the cost of transportation).

I will provide a more detailed plan with cost calculations in the next article, but now I will tell you in detail about the main points of the raspberry business.

The assortment decides everything: we choose the best

Choosing a variety is half the battle. The most important half. There are three options for the development of events: breeding summer (early) varieties, growing remontant raspberries for autumn harvest, And combined option– we are introducing two types of varieties: let there be a conveyor belt.

I’ll say right away: in the first year, about 70% of your budget allocated for the raspberry business will be spent on the purchase of planting material - taking into account that prices in different regions are different and vary from day to day, I give them as a percentage.

Important: do not chase large berries. Firstly, a large berry with big hole It crushes quickly even in small containers - we will continue to talk about it below. Secondly, the large size often scares away city dwellers who are accustomed to little things from their parents’ or grandmother’s garden, or to imported fruits stuffed with chemicals. And most importantly, many large-fruited plants have very low frost resistance.

Friendly fruiting is another criterion for choosing a variety. Stretched out, especially for the autumn harvest, is a big minus. Either we carry out the collection every other day, the last ones, at the end of the next wave - in 2-3 days, or every day a little bit, in the literal and figurative sense of the word.

You shouldn’t chase imported new products either: most of them require intensive care for good performance, many are not zoned for the climate of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. You shouldn’t nod towards Poland - the climate in Eastern Europe is different, you can’t compare the Urals or Poltava region. IN Eastern Europe, and in particular in Poland they grow raspberries without shelter, in England - mainly in closed ground, in greenhouses - but we, due to climatic conditions and lower cost of the product grown in open ground, let's not look up to them. Both Russia and Ukraine have worthy varieties. Although, to be honest, I plant half of my plot with Polish ones, and only half with Russian ones :)

Early and remontant - that is the question

Contrary to popular belief, I came to the conclusion: for me personally, the greatest profit comes from growing for sale early varieties raspberries, but remontant varieties are more profitable due to the difference between the cost of seedlings and the price of products. The gross harvest of remontants grown for one autumn harvest generally exceeds the harvest of early ones.

The repair type is less labor-intensive: it is mowed down for the winter, there is no need to fuss with last year’s shoots, covering it in case of a harsh winter, and there is no risk of attacks. It is less affected by diseases and pests: the main phases of development of the larvae of most pests and fungal spores occur in the initial stages of the growing season - so all the misfortunes attack the early one, and the remontant one gets off with a slight fright. Respectively, less costs protection is a large part of the costs, large percentage cost.

But I still prefer the early, summer one - it sells out faster, its price is higher. I will explain why, for small-scale production, despite the obvious advantages of remontants, it is, in my opinion, worth focusing mostly on early varieties, and only partially on rems.

Yes, for large farms, for the most part it is worth focusing on remontant varieties, whose profitability is higher and the cost of 1 kg of berries is lower.

It's not just about profit, the cost of growing raspberries and labor intensity - it's about sales. A small farmer grows mainly for the fresh market, and sells only a small part in bulk for processing - juices, drying, etc.

The fresh market for large farms is not the main area of ​​sales, most of it goes to sales for processing, which is scattered for sale: while you deliver it to supermarkets, shops, market outlets, we estimate the cost of transportation, look at what is left during storage and draw conclusions .

And they cannot change places: for example, for a small farm, transportation and storage are often impossible or expensive; for a large industrialist, it is easier and often more profitable to process the main part.

Residents of regions with cold winters and late spring should look carefully but carefully towards renovators. On the one hand, by growing for one autumn harvest, cutting out the shoots at the root after harvesting, we avoid the need for shelter in winter. But how often the harvest does not have time to ripen in the cold autumn! To do this, we either shelter, organize homemade awnings, or film tunnels. Or we look towards early ones, with a short growing season. And they have their own quirks: the threat of early frost.

She chose the Polish high-yield varieties Lyachka, Glen Ampl, Glen Fine, and the Russian Gusar - by the way, many varieties of Kazakova are good.
Among the remontant ones, Polana and Polka, Octavia, Tulamin and the good old Novosti Kuzmina are good for agribusiness.

I said goodbye to Tarusa without much regret, and with bitterness to the Unattainable One.

Transportability, easy separation - when choosing a variety, we pay attention first of all to the yield. With soft, overly juicy berries, which are good for gardening, you won’t get far in industrial cultivation. Having tried many varieties, I settled on the ones listed above: the dense, fleshy berry does not leak, does not wrinkle, does not crumble when ripe, and does not crumble when picked.

Requirements for seedlings

With a well-developed, not dried out root system (root length of at least 3 cm), grown in nurseries - clean material is expensive, but worth it: when planting nematode-infected seedlings, I was burned for an impressive amount of money.

The stem cut is green, the shoot diameter is 0.7 mm – 1 cm.

As experience has shown, seedlings with a closed root system are needed - they take root better - the survival rate is up to 100%, they will survive the winter without attacks autumn planting. For good survival of seedlings with an open root system, 2 factors are important: planting time - the dormant period, and the absence of drying out. To make them better accepted, I soak them in a solution of potassium-phosphorus fertilizer before planting - I like Rostkontsentrat.

Each region has its own

It is worth selecting varieties zoned for your region. It is worth paying attention to winter hardiness, frost resistance, reaction to heat and drought.

Don’t: the lack of a critical look at advertising of foreign varieties can play a cruel joke. Basically, sellers try to embellish strengths and are reluctant to share knowledge of weaknesses. Thus, many European large-fruited varieties positioned for industrial cultivation, are not frost-resistant, and in central Russia, the Moscow region, and the Urals require winter shelter. In addition, expensive overseas seedlings are no better than domestic ones, zoned for a specific region; they require intensive agricultural technology, without which the harvest is a disaster.

But in general, many foreign varieties show the high yield declared by the originator only with very high level agricultural techniques: certainly a high amount of fertilizer, drops, shading and other amenities. No, local varieties need all this, but foreign varieties are more demanding in many cases. This is especially true for climatic conditions - zoned for Western Europe or the US variety will behave completely differently in central Russia and Ukraine.

A pig in a poke can be very expensive

It is worth choosing the place of purchase responsibly. By purchasing supposedly foreign planting material from a stranger on the market, neglecting experimental stations, nurseries and specialized stores, we risk a lot - we risk our entire business.

Plantation planting

The debate about the rationality of autumn and spring planting is as old as the world. I will say one thing: I plant in the fall - for my region this time is most suitable.

I have up to 40 bushes per 1 hectare; larger farmers and industrialists give different figures - up to 70,000 bushes per hectare.

I advise beginners to start with small volumes. Today I have 5 acres allocated for raspberries - my small-scale production, literally and figuratively, suits me, perhaps someday I will expand it.

Important: to prevent infection or in case of purchasing infected planting material, seedlings should be treated in a fungicide solution, as well as against pests - nematodes, etc. with preparations like Oktara, etc.

At the beginning of her raspberry business, she neglected advice: out of 150 bushes, by the way, the survival rate was 90%, a dozen survived - the rest were destroyed by an insidious nematode. Either the material was contaminated, even though it was bought from a reputable supplier, or, most likely, it was brought in with fresh manure during soil preparation. This is another important point: use humus - there is less guarantee of contamination of the soil with weeds and pest larvae.

Place rows facing north. We plant using the trench method. Manure and the NPK mineral complex are preliminarily applied to the trenches. The soil should be very well moistened. It is important to prepare the land before planting, add organic matter (10-15 kg of soil per 1 m2 of trench) and NPK mineral groups when planting - detailed cultivation and fertilizing, norms - in detail in other sections.

Planting distance 70 cm - 1.2 m between plants, 2.5-2.7 m between rows - industrial option. Long distances are used for planting in the garden. The classic planting density is 3-4 seedlings per 1 linear meter. For garden plots this would be thickening, but for large plantings it would be sparse. More often, the planting density is up to 15-20 pcs. shoots per linear meter, or up to 10-20 thousand per hectare - as printed publications say, mediocre farmers did not advise us to conduct such experiments - that’s what they decided on to this day.

I plant it at the depth of the root collar, cut the stem after planting to 25 cm. When the new replacement shoot reaches the same height, you can cut it out.

Growing raspberries for business: tasks – in brief

• At the end of March, I tie the shoots to supports and cut off the tops of early varieties. At the beginning of May I carry out an inspection: rationing of shoots - I usually leave 6-7 pieces. In the first year, I cut off the inflorescences and ovaries on summer varieties - let the root system develop.
• In the fall, after the collection I spend standard work: pruning, rationing. And in the spring I also ration. Rationing, pruning - we do not allow thickening, overloading or underloading of the bush. On average, I leave 7-8 shoots per bush. The selected varieties are sufficiently branched and produce many fruit branches. Excessive load leads to grinding and a decrease in product quality.
• Important: you cannot skimp on mulch. Many industrialists grow on film or agrofibre - for me it is expensive and not profitable. But mulching with compost, peat, straw is just right. Often shavings are used - not sawdust, seed husks and other peasant tricks.
• I cut out the remontant one in the fall to get a second harvest.
• When I started, I couldn't imagine how important mulching is. The soil does not dry out in the heat, there are no cracks or impudent weeds. I mulch with organic matter, peat, straw.
• It is equally important to organize the supports. No matter what is said about their uselessness for a particular variety, they are necessary for the industrial cultivation of raspberries. The organization of supports is a separate topic, a masculine one, so to speak. You need supports, metal wire, nylon twine, which is durable but does not injure plant tissue. The simplest are 2 wires at the level of 50-70 cm and 150 cm, or better 3 - the lower one at a height of up to 60 cm, the upper one at arm's length (for tall crops).
• Organization drip irrigation– do not consider the expense item superfluous. It’s hard to imagine how to water more than 1 acre by hand - this one will take a whole day. Watering will be dosed, sufficient, there will be no excess water consumption, and most importantly, to the very root. In addition, we add fertilizers and protection products to the fertigation system.
• In the first year, I planted corn around the perimeter for shading; one year, on advice, I planted it in the rows where it turned out to be superfluous. When the sun is active, the shading net became a real godsend. I decided for myself: I’d rather water it by hand, I’ll refuse a drop - just a joke, but never a mesh.

About herbicides - I don’t use them. Mulching, weeding - the rows and inter-rows are already clean. It’s easier not to use fresh manure or vegetable mulch with replacement weeds than to fight them later.

Insecticides - as needed. I came to the conclusion: it is better to immediately remove plants affected by gall midges and other sucking pests from the field rather than treat them. Can and should be used as a preventive measure modern drugs, including those with the prefix phyto - but I won’t start an advertising campaign, without specifics - there are plenty of them on the market.

Feeding

Maintenance of industrial plantings is more intensive: while reducing the feeding area, we increase the amount of fertilizing. I wrote about fertilizer in detail in this article - with all the calculations, application rates and features. It is worth noting that the use of organic matter - manure, in particular, when growing raspberries for sale - we are talking about business, is not profitable. It is more rational to use mineral fertilizers. No, not those packaged in beautiful packaging, but those purchased in bulk. A novice gardener will have to distinguish between the names Urea and ammonium nitrate, nitroammophoska and ammophoska - a lot remains to be done - as I said, this is a separate topic.

About queen cells

For large-scale production, you need your own planting material - by the way, another source of income. If it’s small, it’s another savings item. I don’t start a queen cell: I reduce labor costs, both as a joke and seriously, it’s easier for us to buy a ready-made one from a trusted place. There is time for growing a pure crop, for breaking off the ovary, for selecting seedlings - there are only three of us, and there is no end to the work.

Three points: container volume, cooling, transportation.

They say that smart people learn from the mistakes of others, fools from their own, idiots don’t learn at all. I realized this when in the first year, after 3-4 hours, the boxes were literally dripping with juice - it’s a scary sight, I’ll tell you. We learned from our own people.

Oddly enough, but picking and storing raspberries is one of the most important moments. Must be collected 2 days before full maturity– the line between overripe and ripe is very thin.

Gather better in the morning, from 4-5 hours to 10-11, but only if there is no dew. A wet berry will immediately release juice and become wrinkled.

It is better not to water for 2-3 days before harvesting - the fruit density and sugar content decrease. It’s impossible not to water, so we simply reduce the volume.

We gather the whole family - the three of us, the neighbors help - not for free, of course. Labor costs are another expense item.

I once read that you only need to touch the berries once – when picking them. I liked the phrase. Raspberries cannot be poured after picking, so they need to be collected in small containers, loading with a volume of no more than 250-300 g. With a larger volume, the berry creates pressure inside the container not only from above, but also from all sides, and is crushed during transportation. That’s why I prefer medium-sized berries – the hole is small and wrinkles less.

Tara

Plastic blisters, veneer baskets (more expensive option). You shouldn’t skimp on packaging: you can lose everything. I prefer small ones

MGS packaging is becoming fashionable - a gas environment without oxygen that does not allow spoilage, special preparations - similar ones are used by winegrowers for long-term storage of products. I’m not thinking about such things yet, but when expanding, I’ll have to think about it thoroughly.

Sales

The first thing I thought about was when planning a raspberry business - this is the stove from which it’s worth dancing. You can grow a lot, but how much to realize is a question, a primary question. If you have a stationary refrigeration chamber with circulation (t 4 C) or a refrigerated minibus, that’s great. No - as in my case, you rely on the speed of the sale. Firstly, this is a fresh market.

One person can’t handle it - you need to look for a seller, or rather, two or three. Secondly, if there are supermarkets nearby that are ready to accept them, that’s great. Thirdly, wholesalers, with their cameras, come and pick up the products. But this option is not particularly profitable - the price is low. The fourth option is to hand over for processing: juices and drying. The quality of the berry does not matter; crushed ones can be accepted. The main thing is the volume so that transportation does not turn out to be too expensive.

And in conclusion: raspberry business is profitable. You shouldn’t expect 100% profit in the first year of fruiting - these are populist fairy tales. If you read that a 70% payback is also a fairy tale: how can you guess what you spent on and how much you paid? Prices for planting material, mulch, protection products, fertilizers, etc. are different everywhere, and so are the prices for products. And it doesn’t happen from year to year, and people are different - the most important factor is the human one.

I intend not to give numbers - an approximate calculation of the cost of 1 kg in the next article of the series, I’m just drawing attention to the main, most important points, without knowledge of which you can fail at the very beginning and be disappointed in the business. Good luck and a generous harvest!

Raspberries are propagated in industrial nurseries using root sprouts planted in specially formed queen cells. In the fall, they are laid, taking into account the necessary requirements for choosing the area, the quality of the primary material for planting, soil preparation before planting, provided for by the basic technology (Vasyuta V.M. et al., 1987, Maydebura V.I., Polikarpova F. Ya. et al. , 1986; Trushechkin V.G., Yaroslavtseva O.I.), planting is completed 20 days before frost. Plants are planted according to this scheme - 1.5-2.0 per 0.3-0.5 m. The ideal planting depth is 20 cm. In the spring, after the seedlings have taken root, the entire part of them located above the ground is completely removed, what stimulates the formation large quantity root shoots. This procedure is performed when the replaced shoots grow to 10-15 cm. On a one-year-old mother plantation, it is not recommended to prepare material for planting, due to the fact that in the future this reduces the productivity of the mother plant.

Next year, in the spring (in the first year of using the mother plant), before growth begins, all shoots from last year are removed at the soil level. The first - it helps the formation of shoots in large quantities, the second - makes it possible to prevent flowering, which is not permissible according to phytosanitary standards. During the growing season, acceptable conditions are created for the rapid growth of sprouts. Before digging up the planting material, mow top part shoots located above the ground at a height of 30 -35 cm above the soil level. The seedlings are dug up using a VPN-2 plow or a VSN-1 bracket. The technology is repeated the next year. Raspberry mother liquor is used for a period of 2-3 years. By following this technology, 100-120 thousand normal raspberry seedlings can be obtained from 1 hectare of queen cell every year. When growing super-elite raspberry varieties, in most cases, propagation is used with green micro-live baits. Cuttings length -3 -6 cm, cutting period - end of May-June (Merezhko I.M., Maydebura V.I. et al., 1987).

Ways to grow raspberries

For planting raspberries, the soil is prepared in a fallow field at the end of summer. It consists of digging to a depth of 22-30 cm (this depends on the type of soil), adding manure 60-80 t/ha, as well as 90-120 kg/ha of potash and phosphate fertilizers. According to the usual (linear) method of cultivation, the bushes are planted in early October, schematically 2.0-3.0 x 0.3-0.4 m. In the spring, during the first two years, raspberry stems are cut at a height of 15-20 cm, thus , creating conditions for the formation of a strip of plants 30-40 cm wide.

Caring for fruit-bearing plants consists of irrigating the plants against pests and diseases, controlling weeds, maintaining soil moisture within 70-100% NV, and annually adding mineral fertilizers in autumn 60-120 kg/ha of phosphorus and potassium, in spring 60-90 kg/ha of nitrogen.

Fruits that ripen in July are collected 3-5 times in plastic or wooden containers. large sizes(1-2 kg each). After harvesting, the stems that bear fruit are cut and removed, then burned outside the site. Raspberry plantings are used for a period of 8 to 10 years. First of all, this technology is designed for large plantings; it can also be used on farms and personal plots.

When growing raspberries on trellises, in the first two years after planting, iron or metal posts are installed in the row every 8-10 m, and wire is pulled at a height of 150-160 m. Keeping a distance, summer stems are tied 5-7 cm apart from each other in the spring. Raspberries, which are grown on a trellis, receive better illumination of the leaves and their assimilative activity increases, the plant is less affected by pests and diseases, the quantity of the harvest, the marketability and quality of the berries increases. Despite certain costs when installing trellises and gartering stems, they are fully compensated, bringing additional profit. This technology can be used, like the previous one, in all types of farms.

Fruit-bearing raspberry varieties, due to their biological properties, have the ability to create generative buds on the shoots during the year of growth and produce a harvest before frost. Its size can be determined by the portion of the berries ripened by cold weather, and depends primarily on the time of the first frost, early and general ripeness of the variety.

It is possible to obtain environmentally friendly products without spraying with pesticides by removing the above-ground part in early spring or autumn, since diseases and pests overwinter in it, and the timing of the development phases of the remaining parts with the phenological phases of raspberries. Generative organs that are not ripe (ovaries, flowers, buds) can be dried and added to medicinal mixtures.

To obtain an exclusively autumn harvest, the method of growing fruit-bearing raspberries significantly reduces the number of agronomic care measures, namely rationing of shoots, installation of trellises and tying up plants.

Cultivation method with interrupted fruiting cycle

The method of growing with a continuous fruiting cycle has been used in Russia for more than 20 years. Thanks to this technology, raspberries produce a high yield, while reducing the cost of human labor. This technology was developed by the experimental Novosibirsk fruit and berry station of Russia, the Scientific Research Zonal Institute of Horticulture of the Non-Chernozem Zone. This technology can be used in forest-steppe conditions, as evidenced by preliminary studies.

The principle of this technology is that the plantation bears fruit every year, and in the intervals the plants are prepared for fruiting. In order to obtain berries every year, plantings of equal size are made with such differences that in the same year the harvest ripens on some, and shoots grow on others. This method is no different from traditional technologies for planting plants, preparing the site, and caring for the plant until commercial fruiting.

Important condition new technology- this is the use of healthy material for planting High Quality the best varieties of areas, as well as placing plants close together in rows. Plantations can be used in the following order: after planting, during the first two years, the plantings are considered unsuitable for use, and then the harvest is carried out for 7-9 years, and (a year later) they are prepared for fruiting.

In the spring, work on the plantation is carried out depending on the method of growing the plantings: with or without a trellis. In both cases, at the beginning of cultivation, shoots that have developed poorly are removed. Keeping only 12-15 pieces of shoots per 1 linear meter of strip, which has a width of 30-50cm. Their upper parts are shortened, leaving a height of 1.6-1.8 m. You can use a machine for this purpose.

In order to combat diseases and pests, several sprayings are done: with 5-7% urea on dormant buds, before flowering - with pesticides consisting of a mixture of 0.3% karbofos with 0.3% oxychloride, 1-2 sprays, as well as Keltan or their substitutes. Replacement shoots, which have a height of 5-15 cm and root young shoots, are irrigated with herbicides or physiologically active substances. The results are better if you use KANU 0.1%, 3-5 kg ​​of Reglon per 1 hectare, spending per 1 sq. m 100 ml of solution or per 1 ha 1000 l. Spraying with such solutions inhibits the growth of young shoots and leads to their death, this further improves the growth of fruit bearing plants. As a result, thanks to better lighting, the harvest quantity becomes larger, the berries ripen at the same time and are easier to pick. When picking berries using a machine, the fruits are easily torn from the branches and are easier to grab. When young shoots are destroyed, fewer plant nutrients are removed from the soil.

Thanks to disking and light cultivation, the soil between rows is kept loose and free of weeds. The harvest is harvested using a grape harvester. Following the harvest, the current shoots and those that bear fruit are mowed down with a mower and taken away from the field. The plantation is fertilized with mineral additives, the soil in the rows is loosened, and if there is no trellis - across the rows.

Early spring next year mineral supplements spread with a tractor, throwing them into the soil with a harrow, at the same time covering the moisture. After the raspberry sprouts grow to 5 cm, they should be thinned out by harrowing the soil again. IN further care behind the plantation involves tilling the soil between rows mechanically. If necessary, irrigate with pesticides against diseases and pests. All shoots that have not reached a height of 45-50 cm are destroyed by weeding, keeping no more than 25 pieces per 1 linear meter of row.

When using raspberry plantings using a trellis, in the year when the raspberries bear fruit, work begins by tying the shoots to the wire manually. At the same time, a device is used that makes the work faster and easier. In groups of 2-3 shoots, he attaches them to the wire with a continuous thread of twine. Weak and damaged shoots are removed even before tying; only 12-15 pieces are saved per 1 linear meter, having a width of 30-40 cm.

Raspberry shoots can be thinned out in another way. In spring, cultivate the soil between the rows so that the strip width is approximately 70 cm. Over time, the stronger shoots located in the middle suppress the less developed ones that appear later. After the shoots in the middle grow to 50-60 cm, strips are made up to 40-50 cm, adding 10-15 cm on each side, which are captured by cultivating the row spacing. Some of the shoots are destroyed, the rows become narrow and not dense.

Growing raspberries using new technology is economically profitable. It makes it possible to receive up to 40 centners per hectare in terms of the annual harvest and carry out most of the work using mechanical devices on large areas.