Production assets are the totality of all means of labor that can participate in a sufficiently technological for a long time and at the same time retain its original qualities and shape. In world practice, the cost is gradually transferred to the price of finished products. The magnitude of such movements will depend on the loss of consumer qualities of the above-described products. In addition, those that take part in each new cycle, and also completely transfer their value to the cost of products, are called

It should also be noted that there is no production assets, which represent property that has a social purpose. Unlike industrial ones, these include all cultural and consumer services workers. This category traditionally includes residential buildings, recreation centers and sports facilities, canteens and other buildings that are maintained on the balance sheet of the organization and have little effect on production and main production.

Thus, production assets are a collection of objects that can be divided according to their purpose.

1. Facilities. This group includes various construction projects, wastewater treatment plants, organization of entrances and roads.

2. Buildings. These can be buildings in which the main technological process takes place, as well as administrative buildings, warehouses, garages, etc.

5. Transfer structures. This includes communication and power lines, cable inserts, various inputs and transitions of electrical networks.

6. Tools. Can be represented by the entire range of implements manual labor.

7. Draft animals. Production assets are not only but also animals that also take part in the technological process, such as horses, donkeys and camels.

8. Contributions for improving the condition of soil covers.

9. Household equipment. Consists of household and office items, such as cabinets, tables, safes.

10. Landscaping of territories. Perennial plantings in the form of shrubs and trees around and on the territory of the enterprise.

11. Production equipment.

12. Other.

Various indicators of production assets are also distinguished. These traditionally include three coefficients: capital productivity, capital intensity and capital-labor ratio.

The detailed composition of production assets is compiled for each organization separately, depending on the type and nature of the work performed on it, as well as the type of products produced.

The production assets of an organization are an integral part of the production process, without which it is impossible to create material and spiritual benefits. Production material goods, the provision of various services presupposes the availability of means of labor and objects of labor.

Means of labor (machines, equipment, vehicles, buildings, structures, etc.) are the material content of fixed assets. Objects of labor (materials, fuel, spare parts, etc.) are the content of working capital.

In total, fixed assets and working capital form the means of production. The means of production expressed in monetary form are the production assets of enterprises. There are fixed and working capital.

Fixed production assets are means of labor involved in the production process long time and while maintaining their natural shape.

Their cost is transferred to finished products in parts, as consumer value is lost.

The main production assets are directly involved in production processes, or create the necessary material conditions for the implementation of these processes (industrial buildings).

Working capital is those means of production that are entirely consumed in each new production cycle, completely transfer their cost to the finished product and do not retain their natural shape during the production process.

There are tangible fixed assets (fixed assets) and intangible fixed assets (intangible assets).

Material fixed assets (fixed assets) - part of the property of an enterprise with a term beneficial use more than 12 months, used as means of labor for the production and sale of goods (performing work, providing services) or for managing an organization, capable of bringing economic benefits to the organization in the future.

Core activity funds include production assets that are directly involved in the process of creating wealth.

Non-core activity funds include non-production fixed assets, as well as production assets that perform functions not related to the creation of material wealth.

Non-productive fixed assets - social property that does not participate in production process, but satisfies the social needs of workers. These are residential buildings, children's and sports institutions, canteens, recreation centers and other cultural and social services for workers, which are on the balance sheet of enterprises and do not have a direct impact on the production process.

OPF (fixed capital) are the most important factor in the production and acceleration of scientific and technological progress. The economic and social significance of OPF at the macro level is explained by the following:

• 1. OPFs are a significant part of the country’s national wealth. As they grow, the NB increases.
• 2. The competitiveness of domestic products and production efficiency largely depend on the size of the OF, especially their quality condition.
• 3. The level of mechanization and automation of labor with all the ensuing economic and social consequences depends on the quantitative and qualitative state of the PF.
• 4. The rate of economic growth depends on the quantitative and qualitative state of the PF.
• 5. The presence of a sufficient amount of PF is the basis for the economic security of the country and its defense capability.

The role of PFs is also great at the micro level, since the following depend on their value and quality:

• a) production capacity of the enterprise, volume of production and sales of products;
• b) the level of quality and competitiveness of products;
• c) the level of cost and profitability of products;
• d) the financial condition of the enterprise.

Introduction

The purpose of this work is to consider the essence of fixed assets, assess the efficiency of use of fixed assets, and identify ways to improve the efficiency of fixed assets.

The objective of this work is to study the assessment of the efficiency of use of fixed assets and also to identify ways to improve the efficiency of fixed assets using the example of the private unitary enterprise "Plant Belit".

The first section of this work introduces the concept of fixed industrial assets, examines the classification of PF, as well as indicators for assessing the movement and efficiency of use of fixed assets. The second section provides an assessment of the fixed assets at the private unitary enterprise “Zavod Belit” and analyzes the economic activities of the enterprise. The third section examines the state of fixed assets of the industry of the Republic of Belarus, as well as the main measures for the private unitary enterprise “Belit Plant” for 2011 for the financial and economic recovery of the enterprise:

Each enterprise has at its disposal fixed and working capital. The totality of fixed production assets and working capital of enterprises forms their production assets. All businesses want to succeed. Many factors are important for an enterprise: a correctly chosen strategy, employees devoted to the enterprise, a well-established information system, and accurate implementation of the marketing program. However, today's enterprises at all levels have one common feature- they are maximally consumer-oriented and base all their work on marketing. All businesses are dedicated to one goal: understanding and meeting consumer needs in clearly defined target markets. They encourage every employee in their enterprise to create the highest customer value by ensuring complete customer satisfaction. They know that only this approach will allow them to achieve the desired market share and profit.

On modern stage development of our country, one of the most important factors in economic development, increasing production volumes at industrial enterprises is the provision of their fixed assets in required quantity and assortment. But to solve these problems, it is necessary not only to fully provide the enterprise with technical potential, i.e. basic means, but also increasing the efficiency of their use.

Economic characteristics of fixed production assets

The concept of fixed production assets, their structure and classification

Fixed assets are a set of tangible assets operating in kind over a long period of time, both in the sphere of material production and non-production sphere.

The material base of the enterprise is formed by means of labor and objects of labor, which are combined into means of production. Instruments of labor are accounted for in the form of fixed assets. Fixed assets in value terms represent fixed assets accounted for in the system financial statements. When analyzing fixed assets, first of all, it should be noted that they are an active element of production and, if used correctly, not only ensure the creation of goods, but also contribute to the improvement of working conditions for workers.

The essence of fixed assets can be characterized in the following way:

· they are materially embodied in the means of labor;

· their cost is transferred in parts to the products;

· they retain their natural shape for a long time as they wear out;

· are reimbursed on the basis of depreciation at the end of their service life.

The enterprise's fixed assets form the basis of its material and technical base. Their growth and development are the most important condition improving the quality and competitiveness of products, as well as the competitiveness of the enterprise itself.

Classification of fixed assets depending on their functional purpose:

The main production assets that are directly involved in the production process.

Basic non-productive assets do not participate in the production process and are intended to satisfy the everyday and cultural needs of people.

Classification according to the degree of impact on the subject of work:

Active - directly involved in the production process (equipment, tools)

Passive - create conditions for the production process (buildings, structures)

Classification by affiliation:

Own - completely owned by the enterprise.

Borrowed - are the property of other enterprises, but are used at this enterprise under rental or leasing agreements.

Based on their material composition, production fixed assets are divided into the following groups: buildings; structures; transfer devices; power machines and equipment; working machines and equipment; vehicles; tools; production and household equipment; other funds.

Buildings include structures in which the processes of main, auxiliary and ancillary production take place (administrative and utility rooms, utility rooms, mechanical workshops, storerooms, warehouses, etc.).

Structures are engineering and construction facilities, mine workings (mine shafts, adits), oil and gas wells, treatment and other structures, tunnels, bridges.

Transmission devices are power lines, cable lines, telephone and telegraph networks, transmissions, radio communications, pipelines, oil pipelines, air pipelines, etc.

Power machines and equipment include generator machines that produce energy and engine machines (DC and alternating current). At industrial enterprises (firms), this group also includes converters electric current, mercury rectifiers, transformers, steam boilers and etc.

Working machines and equipment at industrial enterprise represent a group that includes a wide variety of types of equipment used for the production of products - machine tools, presses, rolling mills, handling equipment, fan units, excavators, winches, etc. This group also includes computer technology.

To the group Vehicle includes mobile means of railway, road and track transport intended for the movement of goods and workers: locomotives, wagons, motor vehicles, electric cars, autocars, forklifts, railway cars, diesel locomotives, electric locomotives, etc.

Tools include all types of mechanized and non-mechanized manual labor tools or devices attached to machines used for processing objects of labor (electric welding, manipulators, jackhammers, vices, chucks, etc.).

Industrial and household equipment and accessories include items used to facilitate operations during work (work tables, workbenches, etc.), equipment that promotes labor safety, etc.

Other fixed assets include technical libraries, fire fighting equipment, etc.

In order to simplify the accounting of production fixed assets small items are not included in their composition. These are tools, equipment and accessories, low-value items whose service life is less than one year. Similar objects with a service life of more than one year are classified as production fixed assets.

The importance of each of the listed groups of fixed assets in production and increasing its efficiency is not the same. Active fixed assets that directly affect the level of technical equipment of labor at an industrial enterprise are working machines, equipment, vehicles and tools, that is, production tools. The volume of production and its efficiency depend on their quality and degree of use.

Other elements of production fixed assets take an indirect part in the production process (transfer devices) or create the necessary conditions for the use of machines and equipment with the help of which the production process is carried out (buildings, structures). Therefore, the level of the material and technical base of an enterprise is determined, first of all, by the share and quality of the active part of production fixed assets.

The ratio of the value of individual groups of production fixed assets to their total value determines the structure of fixed assets. The following types of structures are distinguished: production (species); technological; age; industry.

When analyzing fixed assets, it should be taken into account that their structure is influenced by the specifics of industries. Thus, in some industries the share of the active part of fixed assets is greater and the share of their passive part is less, and in other industries it is the other way around.

The structure of fixed assets is also influenced by other factors, including:

* volume of production, since the larger the volume of production, the more specialized and highly productive there should be and, therefore, expensive equipment. For example, automatic machines, machines with numerical program controlled and so on.;

* climatic and geographical conditions of the enterprise location. For example, in the northern part of the country, capital industrial buildings must be heated, while in the southern part there may be unheated, lighter buildings;

* the nature of the products, which, first of all, determines the specialization of the equipment.

Fixed assets are means of labor that are repeatedly involved in the production process, while maintaining their natural form, gradually wearing out, and transfer their value in parts to newly created products. These include funds with a service life of more than one year and a cost of more than 100 times the minimum monthly wage. Fixed assets are divided into production and non-production assets.

Production assets are involved in the process of manufacturing products or providing services (machines, machines, instruments, transmission devices, etc.).

Non-productive fixed assets are not involved in the process of creating products (residential buildings, kindergartens, clubs, stadiums, clinics, sanatoriums, etc.).

The following groups and subgroups of fixed production assets are distinguished:

1. Buildings (architectural and construction facilities for industrial purposes: workshop buildings, warehouses, production laboratories, etc.).
2. Structures (engineering and construction facilities that create conditions for the production process: tunnels, overpasses, car roads, chimneys on a separate foundation, etc.).
3. Transmission devices (devices for transmitting electricity, liquid and gaseous substances: electrical networks, heating networks, gas networks, transmissions, etc.).
4. Machinery and equipment (power machines and equipment, working machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices, computer technology, automatic machines, other machines and equipment, etc.).
5. Vehicles (diesel locomotives, wagons, cars, motorcycles, cars, trolleys, etc., except for conveyors and transporters included in production equipment).
6. Tools (cutting, impact, pressing, compacting, as well as various devices for fastening, mounting, etc.), except for special tools and special equipment.
7. Production equipment and accessories (items to facilitate production operations: work tables, workbenches, fences, fans, containers, racks, etc.).
8. Household equipment (office and household supplies: tables, cabinets, hangers, typewriters, safes, duplicating machines, etc.).
9. .Other fixed assets. This group includes library collections, museum values, etc.

The share (in percentage) of various groups of fixed assets in their total value at the enterprise represents the structure of fixed assets. At mechanical engineering enterprises in the structure of fixed assets the largest specific gravity occupy: machinery and equipment - on average about 50%; buildings about 37%.

Depending on the degree of direct impact on the objects of labor and the production capacity of the enterprise, fixed production assets are divided into active and passive. The active part of fixed assets includes machinery and equipment, vehicles, and tools. The passive part of fixed assets includes all other groups of fixed assets. They create conditions for normal operation enterprises.

Accounting and valuation of fixed assets

Fixed assets are accounted for in physical and monetary terms. Accounting for fixed assets in kind is necessary to determine technical staff and equipment balance; to calculate the production capacity of the enterprise and its production divisions; to determine the degree of wear, use and renewal timing.

The source documents for accounting for fixed assets in kind are passports of equipment, workplaces, and enterprises. Passports provide detailed technical specifications all fixed assets: year of commissioning, capacity, degree of wear, etc. The enterprise passport contains information about the enterprise (production profile, material and technical characteristics, technical and economic indicators, equipment composition, etc.) necessary for calculating production capacity.

Cost (monetary) valuation of fixed assets is necessary to determine their total size, composition and structure, dynamics, the amount of depreciation charges, as well as assessment economic efficiency their use.

There are the following types of monetary valuation of fixed assets:

1. Valuation at original cost, i.e. at actual costs incurred at the time of creation or purchase (including delivery and installation), at prices of the year in which they were manufactured or purchased.
2. Valuation at replacement cost, i.e. at the cost of reproduction of fixed assets at the time of revaluation. This cost shows how much it would cost to create or acquire previously created or acquired fixed assets at a given time.
3. Valuation based on initial or restoration taking into account wear and tear (residual value), i.e. at a cost that has not yet been transferred to finished products.

The residual value of fixed assets Fost is determined by the formula:

Fost = Fnach*(1-Na*Tn),

where Fnach is the initial or replacement cost of fixed assets, rub.; Na - depreciation rate, %; Tn - the period of use of fixed assets.

When assessing fixed assets, a distinction is made between the value at the beginning of the year and the average annual value. The average annual cost of fixed assets FSRG is determined by the formula:

Fsrg = Fng + Fvv*n1/12 - Fvyb*n2/12,

where Fng is the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year, rub.; Fvv - cost of introduced fixed assets, rub.; Fvyb - cost of retired fixed assets, rub.; n1 and n2 are the number of months of operation of introduced and retired fixed assets, respectively.

To assess the condition of fixed assets, indicators such as the depreciation rate of fixed assets are used, which is defined as the ratio of the cost of depreciation of fixed assets to their total cost; fixed assets renewal coefficient, calculated as the cost of introduced fixed assets during the year attributable to the value of fixed assets at the end of the year; fixed assets retirement ratio, which is equal to the value of retired fixed assets divided by the value of fixed assets at the beginning of the year.

In the process of operation, fixed assets are subject to physical and moral wear and tear. Physical depreciation means the loss of fixed assets of their technical parameters. Physical wear can be operational or natural. Operational wear and tear is a consequence of production consumption. Natural wear occurs under the influence natural factors(temperature, humidity, etc.).

Obsolescence of fixed assets is a consequence of scientific and technological progress. There are two forms of obsolescence:

A form of obsolescence associated with a reduction in the cost of reproduction of fixed assets as a result of improving equipment and technology, the introduction of advanced materials, and increasing labor productivity.

A form of obsolescence associated with the creation of more advanced and economical fixed assets (machinery, equipment, buildings, structures, etc.).

The assessment of obsolescence of the first form can be defined as the difference between the original and replacement cost of fixed assets. The assessment of obsolescence of the second form is carried out by comparing the reduced costs when using obsolete and new fixed assets.

Depreciation of fixed assets

Depreciation refers to the process of transferring the cost of fixed assets to manufactured products. This process is carried out by including part of the cost of fixed assets in the cost of manufactured products (work). After selling products, the enterprise receives this amount of funds, which it uses in the future for the acquisition or construction of new fixed assets. The procedure for calculating and using depreciation charges in the national economy is established by the government.

There is a distinction between depreciation amount and depreciation rate. The amount of depreciation charges for a certain period of time (year, quarter, month) represents the monetary value of depreciation of fixed assets. The amount of depreciation charges accumulated by the end of the service life of fixed assets must be sufficient for their complete restoration (purchase or construction).

The amount of depreciation charges is determined based on depreciation rates. The depreciation rate is set size depreciation charges for full restoration over a certain period of time for a specific type of fixed assets, expressed as a percentage of their book value.

The depreciation rate is differentiated by certain species and groups of fixed assets. For metal-cutting equipment weighing over 10 tons. a coefficient of 0.8 is applied, and weighing over 100 tons. - coefficient 0.6. For manually operated metal-cutting machines the following coefficients are applied: for machines of classes accuracy N, P- 1.3; for precision machines of accuracy class A, B, C - 2.0; for metal-cutting machines with CNC, including machining centers, automatic and semi-automatic machines without CNC - 1.5. The main indicator that determines the depreciation rate is the service life of fixed assets. It depends on the physical durability of fixed assets, on the obsolescence of existing fixed assets, on the availability in the national economy of the ability to replace obsolete equipment.

The depreciation rate is determined by the formula:

Na = (Fp – Fl)/ (Tsl * Fp),

where Na is the annual depreciation rate, %;
Фп - initial (book) value of fixed assets, rub.;
Fl - liquidation value of fixed assets, rub.;
Tsl - standard service life of fixed assets, years.

Not only means of labor (fixed assets), but also intangible assets are depreciated. These include: rights of use land plots, natural resources, patents, licenses, know-how, software products, monopoly rights and privileges, trademarks, trade marks etc. Depreciation on intangible assets is calculated monthly according to the standards established by the enterprise itself.

The property of enterprises subject to depreciation is combined into four categories:

1. Buildings, structures and their structural components.
2. Passenger vehicles, light commercial vehicles, office equipment and furniture, computer technology, Information Systems and data processing systems.
3. Technological, energy, transport and other equipment and material assets not included in the first and second categories.
4. Intangible assets.

Annual depreciation rates are: for the first category - 5%, for the second category - 25%, for the third category - 15%, and for the fourth category depreciation charges are made in equal shares during the life of the corresponding intangible assets. If it is impossible to determine the useful life of an intangible asset, then the amortization period is set at 10 years.

In order to create economic conditions for the active renewal of fixed assets and acceleration of scientific and technological progress, it has been recognized that it is advisable to use accelerated depreciation of the active part (machinery, equipment and vehicles), i.e. complete transfer of the book value of these funds to created products in a more short time than is provided for in the depreciation rates. Accelerated depreciation can be carried out in relation to fixed assets used to increase the production of computer equipment, new advanced types of materials, instruments and equipment, and expand product exports.

In the case of write-off of fixed assets before their book value is fully transferred to the cost of output, underaccrued depreciation charges are reimbursed from the profits remaining at the disposal of the enterprise. These funds are used in the same manner as depreciation charges.

Use of fixed assets

The main indicators reflecting the final result of the use of fixed assets are: capital productivity, capital intensity and production capacity utilization rate.

Capital productivity is determined by the ratio of the volume of output to the cost of fixed production assets:

Kf.o. = N/Fs.p.f.,

where Kf.o. - capital productivity; N - volume of produced (sold) products, rub.;
Fs.p.f. - average annual cost of fixed production assets, rub.

Capital intensity is the inverse value of capital productivity. The production capacity utilization rate is defined as the ratio of the volume of output to the maximum possible output for the year.

The main directions for improving the use of fixed assets are:

• technical improvement and modernization of equipment;
• improving the structure of fixed assets by increasing the share of machinery and equipment;
• increasing the intensity of equipment operation;
• optimization of operational planning;
• improving the qualifications of enterprise employees.

Composition and structure of OPF. The company's property consists of: fixed assets and other non-current assets, current assets and financial assets.

The total amount of non-current assets is calculated as the totality of the company's fixed assets, intangible assets, investments in unfinished capital construction, long-term financial investments in securities and in the authorized capital of other enterprises, and other non-current assets. The most significant part of non-current assets are fixed assets that are listed on the company’s balance sheet and are in operation, in reserve, for conservation, and also leased to other companies.

Fixed assets are the monetary valuation of fixed assets as material assets that have a long period of operation. Thus, fixed assets are a part of the means of production that fully or partially retains its natural form throughout its entire service life, transfers its value in parts to manufactured products and is reimbursed from the accumulated depreciation fund.

Fixed assets are divided into industrial-production and non-production. Industrial and production funds function in the sphere of material production, non-productive funds satisfy the everyday and cultural needs of people.

Non-production buildings include residential buildings, cultural and community institutions, their equipment and inventory. Non-productive fixed assets do not function in production and do not reproduce value in the product.

The share of fixed assets for non-productive purposes is,

for example, in mechanical engineering it is about 15%.

The main production assets consist of a large number of different objects. They differ in purpose, service life, and impact on production results. Therefore, there is a need to classify them. The classification of basic production assets of mechanical engineering provides for the following division:

1. Buildings (36%). These are production buildings of workshops, warehouses, production laboratories, etc., creating material conditions for work and storage of material assets. This group includes plant management buildings and other office premises.

2. Facilities (6.3%). These are engineering and construction facilities that perform technical functions for servicing production: tunnels, bridges, overpasses, automobile and railways and etc.

3. Transfer devices (3.6%). All means by which electrical, mechanical and thermal energy is transmitted to working machines.

4. Machinery and equipment (49.8%). This group is in turn divided into:

Power machines and equipment - objects intended for the generation and processing of energy (generators, turbines, electric motors, steam boilers, internal combustion engines, etc.);

Working machines and equipment are means of labor directly involved in the technological process, influencing objects of labor, turning them into finished products;

Measuring and regulating instruments and devices, laboratory equipment;

Computer technology;

Other machinery and equipment.

5. Vehicles (2.0%). Means for moving people and goods inside and outside the enterprise, but related to the enterprise (cars, electric locomotives, railway cars, electric cars, etc.).

6. Durable tools and technological equipment.

7. Industrial and household equipment (work tables, workbenches, fences, fans, etc.).

8. Other fixed production assets.

The relationship between the amount of capital invested in individual groups of fixed assets is called their structure. The structure of the general enterprise depends on many factors and, first of all, on the characteristics of the given production: the size of the enterprise, the technical level of production, the level of specialization, geographical location, forms of organization of production.

At factories that produce large-sized machines (turbines, boilers, heavy presses, etc.), the share of OPF invested in buildings, structures, and handling equipment is greater than at factories that produce small-sized machines.

The higher technical level production, all other things being equal, the greater the share of machinery and equipment, since their cost increases sharply. In factories with a mass and large-scale type of production, compared to factories with a small-scale, single type of production, as a rule, machinery and equipment have a higher share, and buildings and equipment have a lower share.

Progressive changes in the structure of the industrial enterprise depend primarily on the improvement of tools, machines and mechanisms.

Methods for assessing OPF. Accounting and assessment of fixed production assets are carried out in kind (pieces, tons, kilometers, etc.) and cost (rubles) forms.

Rating in in kind needed to calculate production capacity, to develop equipment balances, to determine the degree of utilization of the general production fund.

Production capacity is usually called the maximum amount of products that can be obtained from any production unit at best use all available resources. The initial documents for determining production capacity are passports of equipment, workplaces, enterprises, which contain a complete list of its production and operational indicators.

Cost the assessment is used to determine the total value of general capital assets, their structure, dynamics, and the amount of depreciation charges included in the cost of production.

There are several types of valuation of OPF:

At original cost (Fp);

At replacement cost (Fv);

At residual value (initial or replacement cost taking into account wear and tear) (Fost).

Accounting for fixed assets at historical cost is carried out at the price of their acquisition or manufacture, taking into account the costs of delivery, storage and installation on site.

All fixed assets acquired by a company are entered on its balance sheet at full cost, which is also called balance sheet value.

The economic significance of this assessment method lies in the fact that in this way the initial (real) costs of the general public fund are identified.

The disadvantage of the method is the same (homogeneous) OPFs produced, purchased and installed in different time, are listed on balance sheets at different prices. This does not make it possible to compare the value of OPF for different objects, to correctly determine the amount of depreciation charges, and the cost of production.

In this regard, OPFs are valued at replacement cost, which shows the cost of producing OPFs in modern conditions, i.e., it shows the amount of costs required to purchase or manufacture currently available OPFs at modern prices.

Currently, with a high level of inflation, there is a need for periodic revaluation of fixed assets and determination of their replacement cost, corresponding to real economic conditions. Residual value (initial or replacement cost taking into account depreciation) shows the value of the OPF that has not yet been transferred to manufactured products.

where k a is the depreciation rate (%);

t u - period of use of fixed assets (years).

Wear of OPF. During the production process, OPFs are subject to material (physical) and moral wear and tear, the consequences of which must be taken into account.

Physical wear and tear, that is, the loss of OPF consumer value (usefulness of a thing), occurs both during the operation of OPF and during

their inaction (destruction of the building under the influence of atmospheric conditions, corrosion, etc.).

The amount of physical wear and tear of fixed assets depends on many reasons: the degree of load, the quality of labor tools, correct assembly and installation, qualifications of workers, protection from external conditions, etc.

In addition to the physical depreciation of OPF, there is also their moral depreciation, the essence of which is What one or another type of OPF turns out to be depreciated even before its complete physical wear and tear.

The main reason for obsolescence is to increase the productivity of the resources used while simultaneously reducing their costs per unit of output.

Increasing labor productivity while reducing labor costs wages in the cost of a unit of production causes obsolescence of the so-called first kind, the value of which can be determined as follows

,

where q is the annual growth rate of labor productivity, %;

t is the time period from the moment of production of the OPF to the calculation of the MI.

Obsolescence of the second kind is due to the use in production of more advanced equipment, technological processes, and better organization of production. Moreover, their use should result in a relative reduction in production costs.

,

where Tst, Tn is the economic service life of obsolete and new equipment;

qst, qn - annual productivity of obsolete and new equipment;

Fp.st, Fp.n - the initial cost of obsolete and new equipment.

Using outdated technology companies spend more labor time and materials per unit of production. The cost of similar products produced on obsolete equipment is higher than on new ones. Moreover, the relative increase in cost due to long-term use of obsolete equipment leads to losses that significantly exceed the cost of obsolete equipment.

Depreciation of OPF. Monetary compensation for depreciation of fixed assets is made through depreciation. Depreciation is a gradual process

transfer of the value of fixed assets to manufactured products in order to form a special depreciation fund Money for subsequent restoration (renovation) of fixed assets.

Depreciation charges are included in the cost of production. The initial data for calculating the amount of depreciation charges are:

The amount of initial costs for fixed assets;

Depreciation period.

The depreciation period is the duration of operation of the OPF in years, established taking into account:

Moral and physical wear and tear;

Level of use of OPF in production;

Supply and demand for capital resources;

Economic feasibility of modernization and major repairs.

In general terms, the amount of annual depreciation charges is determined

,

where F l is the liquidation value of the OPF;

T a is the depreciation period.

When moving fixed assets during the planning period - a year (disposal, purchase, creation), the average annual cost of the general fund is calculated. This indicator is then used in all calculations

,

where r is the number of months worked by the entering or retiring OPF,

F p.vv, F p.vyb - OPF introduced and retired during the year,

F p.n - the cost of OPF at the beginning of the year.

In practical work, depreciation rates are used to determine the annual amount of depreciation charges. The depreciation rate is the annual percentage of reimbursement of the cost of the general public fund established in a planned manner.

Various methods of depreciation of OPF are used. Under the conditions of the previously operating economic mechanism, the traditional method was used, which provided for the centralized establishment of the terms of the depreciation period (depreciation rates) for all types of public pension funds operating in the country. Contributions were made in equal installments throughout the entire period.

All countries with developed market economies use accelerated depreciation methods.

There are two main ways to accelerate the depreciation of fixed capital.

The first method is to artificially shorten the duration of depreciation periods and accordingly increase the annual depreciation rates. For example, in the USA, to stimulate the influx of capital investment into the military-industrial complex, a five-year depreciation period for fixed capital was used. This allowed firms to return invested capital in the form of a sinking fund in the first five years. In addition, during this period, due to high depreciation charges, the amount of profit subject to tax decreases, and, consequently, the amount of the tax itself. The benefits of accelerated depreciation are sometimes rightly compared to an interest-free loan.

A short depreciation period does not and should not correspond to the actual service life of the equipment before write-off.

The amount of depreciation, calculated according to the norms of the cost of the open pension fund, means only the upper limit of annual deductions. Depending on the financial situation, within this amount the company may charge a smaller amount of depreciation.

The second method is that, without reducing the standard service life established by the state, individual firms are allowed depreciation deductions in increased amounts in the first years compared to the straight-line method, with a corresponding reduction in subsequent years.

Various accelerated depreciation methods are used as special ones, for example, the decreasing balance method (double rate, one and a half rate, etc.). Moreover, the annual depreciation rate is twice as high as the annual depreciation rate using the straight-line method for the same standard service life.

For example, when regulatory period service for 10 years, the annual depreciation rate will be 20% instead of 10% with the straight-line method, that is, twice as much. But the annual depreciation amounts using this norm are determined not from the initial cost of the general fund, which is unchanged throughout the entire depreciation period, but from the gradually decreasing under-depreciated cost. Therefore, the annual depreciation amounts are

they gradually decrease with increasing service life of the means of labor. If a work tool costs 2,000 rubles, with a ten-year standard service life, the annual amounts of depreciation charges will be: in the first year 400 rubles, in the second - 320 rubles, in the third - 256 rubles. etc. For the fifth year, deductions will amount to only 164 rubles.

In some cases, a method combining progressive and regressive depreciation systems is used. In the first year or two of mastering new technology, a low depreciation rate is practiced, and then its annual rate increases sharply, and in subsequent years depreciation is carried out according to a regressive system. This depreciation method is advisable to use when introducing expensive complex equipment with a long period of setup and development.

Repair of fixed assets. One of the forms of reproduction of industrial assets is a major overhaul, which compensates for partial wear and tear of fixed assets by replacing worn-out structures and parts with more advanced and economical ones that improve the operational performance of the reconstructed objects.

Currently, all companies, regardless of subordination and forms of ownership, include the costs of all types of repairs of industrial production facilities (current, capital) as part of the costs of production and sales of products (works, services). In this case, the company can independently choose the repair cost option:

1. Immediately after its implementation. This option is advisable to use when carrying out repairs of OPF in an economic way, by the personnel of auxiliary workshops;

2. From the repair fund created at the enterprise (cash reserve). By doing repair work contract method is preferable;

3. With subsequent monthly write-off for production costs. This option is applicable for major repairs by the tenant of leased (under the terms of the current lease) OPF.

Indicators of the level of use of OPF

There are general and specific indicators.

Common ones include capital productivity and capital intensity. Capital productivity shows the output per 1 ruble of the general fund.

,

where N r is the annual output in value terms (commodity, gross or net).

The reciprocal value of capital productivity is called capital intensity and shows the value of the main funds per 1 ruble of output

.

In some cases, the return on fixed assets indicator is used

.

Private indicators characterize the level of use of individual groups of fixed assets.

The coefficient of extensive use of equipment characterizes the level of its use over time. Determined for each group of similar equipment

,

where F f is the actual time worked,

F pl - planned operating time of equipment (regular or planned time fund).

The equipment shift coefficient characterizes the degree of production intensification:

,

where f 1, f 2, f 3 - the number of machine shifts actually worked in shifts 1, 2, 3,

n is the total number of machines and equipment that the enterprise or workshop has.

The coefficient of intensive use of equipment characterizes the level of use of equipment in terms of power and productivity:

,

a technically justified standard of time per unit of production, Chact - the actual time spent on manufacturing a unit of product.

Integral utilization rate of machinery and equipment:

.