Basic human needs. Eight Basic Relationship Needs

The need for any goods that requires satisfaction in the human consciousness is called a need. The concept is used not only for humans. Every living creature, plant, has a need. Need is a form of connection with the outside world and environment. Human needs are necessary for the development of one specific individual, an entire social group.

The concept undergoes changes during the evolution of society. What people dreamed of in ancient centuries is not similar to the desires of their contemporaries. At the same time, at the same social level, people can dream about different things. Needs directly depend on various factors:

• living conditions;
• level of education;
• cultural development;
• wealth;
• profession.

A state in which a person experiences needs, but cannot satisfy them, causes a feeling of discomfort. Dissatisfaction leads to tension in society and population activity.

Satisfying the needs that arise returns a person to balance and a normal perception of the world.

Scientists' approaches

Philosophers of ancient times studied needs. The first who managed to decompose the concept into a coherent structure is considered to be the American psychologist Abraham Maslow. According to his ideology, the desires of an individual are arranged in the form of an ascending ladder or spiral:

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• lower biological;
• highest spiritual ones.

The hierarchical theory of the order of building desires is described in the works of a psychologist.

• need - L. Brentano;
• satisfying what the need arose - V. Lezhnev;
• value, benefit - V. Magun;
• necessity - D. Leontyev;
• tension - I. Dzhidaryan;
• reaction - J. Schwanzer;
• contradiction between reality and necessity - B. Porshnev.

Classification of the concept

Types of human needs according to Maslow are divided into groups:

• Biological . They distinguish a person from an animal, but at the same time, some of the biological desires are the same for living beings: food, sleep, water.
• Social . The personality tries to find its place in life, to occupy it. To do this, you have to acquire a profession and grow in your career position.
• Spiritual . Man strives to comprehend everything that his mind seeks. Spiritual desires include desires to be beautiful, smart, strong. Kindness, love, friendship are the aspirations of the spiritual sphere.

It is impossible to determine which human needs are primary and which are secondary. But it's clear that highest level needs gives the individual more than lower (animal) desires.

Value orientation

Social science suggests understanding what regulates the behavior of intelligent beings. The scientific concept necessary for study is value orientations.

Behavior regulators are guidelines that a person relies on. They are based on values, a person strives for them and moves towards their achievement. Values ​​are an important guide. What could be a guide:

• material wealth;
• position in society;
• the result of creativity;
• comprehension of spirituality.

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• What are human needs?
• What are they?
• What are reasonable and unreasonable needs?
• Is there ever too much need?

A diverse world of needs

By 5th grade you already know and can do a lot. Surely some of you are involved in music, sports or dancing, or are interested in life outstanding people, goes to theaters, museums, concerts, travels with his parents to different cities. And, of course, you have a need to read a book, help adults with housework, and protect the weak. In all this your “I” is manifested, your inner world.

Needs play an important role in our lives; without needs, there would be nothing that surrounds us now - houses, bridges, paintings, temples, airplanes and computers. (There would simply be no need for people to create all this.)

We advise you to remember!
Needs are various useful goods that people need. For example, food and clothing, care and love, friendship and mutual assistance, music and sports, study and communication, travel and much more.

Human needs are very diverse. These are the simplest needs: to eat, drink, have a roof over your head. And more complex: the need for security, love and friendship, self-respect and the respect of others, knowledge and understanding, beauty, harmony and justice...

Needs can be reasonable (genuine) or unreasonable (imaginary). Reasonable needs are those whose satisfaction brings benefit to a person, and unreasonable needs harm. The need for alcohol or tobacco is unreasonable, but wanting to play sports or help your parents clean the apartment is reasonable.

Interesting Facts
Smoking kills six people per minute. The average lifespan of Russians aged 35 to 69 has been shortened by 20 years due to smoking. Smokers are 1.7 times more likely to become hard of hearing. The number of teenagers aged 13 to 15 who smoke worldwide reaches 14%, but two-thirds of them want to quit this bad habit.

Today, in many countries, smoking is almost universally prohibited. in public places. Fight this bad habit and in Russia.

Unreasonable needs do not contribute to the improvement and development of a person and cause harm to society.

What unreasonable human needs do the posters expose? Why is it necessary to fight them?

For example, drug addiction has become a disaster for all humanity. Thousands of young people, full of strength and health, become fatally ill, many die.

Needs are also divided into material (needs for things and objects): food, housing, clothing, laptop, etc.; social (related to the fact that a person lives in society among people): the need for communication and collectivism, friendship, love, protection of the weak, mutual assistance, the need for care, respect, etc.; spiritual (related to knowledge of the surrounding world and oneself): the need to understand the meaning of one’s existence, for new knowledge and impressions, for travel, creativity, painting, music, sports, dancing, and the desire for self-improvement.

What type of need is this? Is it material or spiritual? Justify your answer.

Emergence of needs

Material needs arose first, as people had to fight for survival before showing mercy or exploring the world around them.

Spiritual and social needs apparently arose simultaneously. Cave paintings of primitive man, figurines of people and animals, all kinds of jewelry, ritual hunting dances appeared simultaneously with ancient burials, exchange of gifts, and care for children, the elderly and the disabled.

Are there many needs?

Satisfying his needs, man improved tools, built family relationships, decorated homes, strengthened defense capabilities, developed government relations and did much to make society better. Therefore, needs are the engine of development of human society.

But not always. It happens that a person’s needs increase beyond measure. A person has not had time to satisfy some needs that help him arrange his life more comfortably, when new, even more urgent ones arise. Remember the fairy tale about goldfish. At first the old woman wanted a new trough, and when it appeared, the needs began to grow beyond measure - a new hut instead of a dugout, then - a pillar noblewoman with an estate, a free queen with a palace. In the end, the old woman wanted to be the mistress of the sea. This is where the fairy tale ends. The old man returned, and the old woman was sitting by the broken trough. It turns out that she swung at something that she really didn’t need!

Expansion and elevation of needs

Material needs are the lower needs, while social and spiritual needs are the highest. In your life you need to strive to satisfy the highest needs. This is called an increase in needs.

For example, first you need to eat (material need), and then read a book (spiritual need).

Needs not only rise, but also expand. Unlike animals, which have a constant range of needs, human needs are constantly expanding. In each subsequent historical era, human needs became more and more diverse. Primitive contented himself with game roughly roasted over a fire. Modern food lovers can eat the same bird, but grilled and seasoned with a variety of spices and sauces.

You need to strive to expand your needs: read books, listen to music, play sports, go to theaters and museums...

Let's sum it up
Needs are various goods that people strive for. A person’s needs are very diverse; they characterize his inner world. Elevation and expansion of needs are inherent in man.

Basic terms and concepts
Needs, increased needs.

Test your knowledge

1. What are needs? Choose synonymous words for the word “needs”.
2. What are the needs? Give examples different types needs.
3. Explain what it means to “needs expand and rise.” How have your needs changed with age?
4. Think: what type of altruism is the need to sacrifice oneself for the sake of another?
5. Can you manage your needs? How exactly?

Workshop

1. Give examples from the history of primitive society that prove that material needs arose first.
2. List your top ten needs. Which of them are material, social, spiritual?
3. Make a plan to elevate and expand your needs.
4. The heroes of Nikolai Nosov’s book “Dunno on the Moon” end up on Fool’s Island. The inhabitants of this island did nothing but eat, sleep, go on rides and watch horror films and gradually turned into sheep. What needs did the residents of Fool's Island satisfy and what did they not? What did the author want to say by turning them into sheep?

Man is a social being. Without contact with other people we do not develop. Back in the middle of the 20th century, numerous studies showed that a child deprived of contact with his mother is stuck in development, including physiological development, even if his physical needs are met.

Every person, and first of all, a child, needs to satisfy not only the personal basic needs for survival and physical safety, which Abraham Maslow spoke about, but also the needs for relationships. Of course, we are not talking about situations where neither party needs anything from the other, then there will simply be no relationship.

“When healthy relationships are not available, children are left to fend for themselves. If children are deprived of responsive relationships, they are likely to develop the belief that no one will help them - neither now nor in the future,” say the authors of the book “Beyond Empathy”, translated into Russian for the first time, which examines in detail the basic needs in relationships based on the example of the work of a psychotherapist and a client.

Scarcity - often unconsciously - is reflected in our daily contacts in ordinary life. We don’t always understand why we now react so violently to a remark from a store clerk or a phrase from a work colleague. And often the gap from childhood develops into a gaping hole filled with emptiness, and interferes with building normal adult relationships.

Conversely, when we find what we have been missing for so long, we calm down and feel more whole. We can work in the same company for many years, be married long years. Perhaps we finally got what we needed. And if not, then we continue our search further. What are these basic needs in a relationship?

1. Security. The need that Maslow spoke about is reflected in relationships. In them we strive to survive and be safe. In a healthy relationship, we can be who we are without fear of not being accepted, without fear of losing love and respect.

But expressing yourself, showing your openness is risky, because it means exposing your vulnerability and removing your defenses. Everyone wants to be sure that at this moment they will not receive a “blow” in their Achilles heel - a caustic remark or an unexpected mention of previous mistakes and failures. That is why at the very beginning of a relationship, each of us checks the other: how safe it is to be around. We need to be prepared for the fact that at this moment we are also being tested. Can we guarantee security on our part?

2. Recognition of value. We want to be valued, cared for, and considered worthy. Do we want to be around those who do not understand, appreciate or respect us? Of course, complete understanding is impossible - we don’t always understand ourselves. The question arises: “If they don’t know me at all, how can they recognize my value?” But it is possible to get closer to understanding. Interest in another provides an opportunity to get to know them and give them much-needed recognition of value.

To feel that someone nearby is experiencing the same thing or has experienced it before - important parameter relations

3. Acceptance. As children, we need acceptance from a strong, stable, and protective adult. When we were children, we all wanted to respect and rely on our parent, mentor, teacher. "We needed to have significant people, from whom we could receive protection, encouragement and information. Unfortunately, for many this need was not satisfied,” the authors of the book write.

We often expect our relationship partner to be stable and reliable: to honor agreements, answer phone calls, and justify our trust. We want to make sure that tomorrow it will be the same as today.

4. Community. Being on the same wavelength with someone, feeling that someone nearby is experiencing the same thing or has experienced it before is an important parameter of a relationship. Commonality is something that sometimes doesn't need to be explained in words. This is when we are with people who share our views, our experiences or feelings. Not the generalized “It happens to everyone,” but “It happens to me too, just like you.” At the same time, it is not necessary that a person literally live the same thing. It is important that he feels the same as we do.

5. Self-determination. Even when we are in a relationship, we want to maintain our uniqueness and receive recognition for this uniqueness. This is the antipode of the need for commonality: to be similar, but in some way exceptional.

“Expressing your self-determination can be a risky business - showing your otherness too often is met with disapproval and ridicule. Such reactions are especially common in childhood and adolescence, when peers insist on unconditional adherence to the unspoken rules of the group,” the authors of the book say.

Children who grew up in an environment of conformity, unquestioning obedience to rules and norms, may never learn to be themselves. These people will have a constant need in relationships to be authentic and to feel valued and admired.

6. Influence. In any relationship, we want to influence each other. We dream of changing someone else's way of thinking, behavior, emotional reaction. We want not only to influence, but also to “see the effect of that influence and know that something happened to another person in response to our actions.” Healthy Relationships imply the growth of each partner. We want to attract the attention of another, interest, influence.

Learning to thank and accept another's feelings is an important skill in healthy relationships.

Children often do their best to attract the attention of adults. “He or she doesn't listen to me” is the most common complaint to a psychotherapist about a spouse. Hearing another is one way to let him know that we feel his influence on us.

7. Initiative from the other side. We want the initiative in communication to come not only from us. Any relationship where one person always makes the first move will eventually become one-sided or even painful. Very soon we will begin to doubt that we are truly interesting to the other person and that such a relationship is worth continuing. Sometimes we keep them, but become isolated. If we are not confident in ourselves, we may begin to blame ourselves for everything and, as an extreme case, “no longer want” to experience this need at all.

“Such conclusions, of course, are rarely reached in adulthood. These are old script beliefs that can be reinforced and reinforced by the behavior of some adult in our lives - a friend, lover, co-worker, and even a therapist if that person is insensitive to our needs."

8. Expression of love. What could be more natural than feeling love and affection for someone who knows us well, respects, accepts and cares for us? “In any close, positive relationship, the participants experience care, love, respect, and appreciation for each other,” the book’s authors remind. Expressing these feelings is one of the needs in a relationship. After all, what we experience in relation to another is part of ourselves, and we want to express it.

Often in relationships, the other party prevents us from expressing our feelings because they do not know what to say in response. We grew up in an atmosphere where it is impossible to openly show our emotions - be it joy or anger. And often our open good feelings are responded to with suspicion. Learning to thank and accept another's feelings is an important skill in healthy relationships.

The material was prepared from the book “Beyond Empathy” by Richard G. Erskine, Janet P. Morsund, Rebecca L. Trautmann. Contact-in-relationship therapy" (Interservice, 2018).

Human - the whole world, if only the basic impulse in him were noble.

Need is a state caused by the need for certain conditions of human life and development.

Needs are the source of people’s activity and activity. The formation of needs occurs in the process of education and self-education - introduction to the world of human culture.

Needs can be very different, unconscious, in the form of drives. A person only feels that he is missing something or experiences a state of tension and anxiety. Awareness of needs manifests itself in the form of motives for behavior.

Needs define personality and guide its behavior.

Need is a perceived psychological or physiological deficiency of something, reflected in a person’s perception.

Basic human needs: to have, to be, to do, to love, to grow. The motive for people's activities is the desire to satisfy these needs.

Have — manifestation of needs at two levels:

1st - people want to have things necessary for survival (housing, food, clothing) for themselves and their families and to maintain a standard of living acceptable to themselves. The main source of motivation in this case is the opportunity to earn money;

2nd - people make prestigious acquisitions (works of art, antiques).

Be- most people develop, often subconsciously, the desired image of a person, how they want to be and look in the eyes of others (famous, powerful).

Do- every person wants to be appreciated, to live a fulfilling life (professional success, raising children).

Be in love- every person wants to love and be loved, desired.

Grow— the realization of opportunities comes through growth. Small child says: “When I grow up and...”, the older one says: “I myself...”. This need reaches its peak during adult life and determines the range of human capabilities.

This list of needs is based on the views of Abraham Maslow. In 1943, American psychophysiologist of Russian origin A. Maslow conducted research on the motivations of human behavior and developed one of the theories of the needs of human behavior. He classified needs according to a hierarchical system - from physiological ( lowest level) to the needs of self-expression (highest level). Maslow depicted the levels of needs in the form of a pyramid. The base of the pyramid (and this is the foundation) is physiological needs - the basis of life.

People's ability to satisfy their needs varies and depends on the following general factors: age, environment, knowledge, skills, desires and abilities of the person himself.

Hierarchy of human needs according to A. Maslow

1st level- physiological needs - ensure human survival. This level is absolutely primitive.

1 - breathe,

2 - There is,

3 - drink,

4 - highlight,

5 - sleep, rest

2nd level- needs for safety and security - concern for maintaining living standards, desire for material security.

6 - be clean

7 - dress, undress

8 - maintain body temperature

9 - to be healthy

10 - avoid danger, illness, stress

11 - move

Many people spend almost all their time satisfying the needs of the first two levels.

3rd level— social needs — finding one’s place in life — these are the needs of most people; a person cannot “live in the desert.”

12 - communication

4th level- need for respect from others. A. Maslow meant the steady self-improvement of people.

13 - achieving success

5 - th level - the top of the pyramid - the needs of self-expression, self-actualization - self-expression, service, realization of human potential.

14 - play, study, work,

Maslow defined with his theory: every person has not only lower needs, but also higher ones. A person independently satisfies these needs throughout his life.

Human personality structure

3 - knowledge

M - worldview

A - social activity

3 + A - M = careerism

M + A - 3 = fanaticism

Z+ M - A = “rotten intelligentsia”

You can educate a person only through activity and knowledge.

Theory McClelland — 3 types of needs:

1 type— the need for power and success (or exerting influence) — the desire to influence other people; good speakers, organizers, frank, energetic, defend original positions, no tendency to tyranny or adventurism, the main thing is to show their influence.

Type 2— the need for success (or for achievements) — the desire to do one’s job in the best possible way, these are “hard workers.” It is necessary to set certain tasks for such people, and upon achievement, they must be rewarded.

Type 3- the need for involvement - the most important thing is human relationships, for them it is important not to achieve, but to belong, they get along well with others, avoid leadership positions.

To live in harmony with environment, a person must constantly satisfy his needs:

Observe healthy image life;

Live in harmony with the social and cultural environment, with yourself;

Increase material and spiritual values. The nurse should encourage the patient and his family members to meet their self-care needs and help maintain autonomy and independence.

The basis of V. Henderson’s theory is the concept of human vital needs. Awareness of these needs and assistance in meeting them are prerequisites for the nurse’s actions to ensure the patient’s health, recovery or a dignified death.

W. Henderson leads 14 fundamental needs:

1 - breathe normally;

2 - drink enough fluids and food;

3 - excrete waste products from the body;

4 - move and maintain the desired position;

5 - sleep and rest;

6 - dress and undress independently, choose clothes;

7 — maintain body temperature within normal limits;

8 — maintain personal hygiene, take care of appearance;

9 — ensure your safety and not create danger for other people;

10 - maintain communication with other people;

11 — perform religious rituals in accordance with one’s faith;

12 - do your favorite job;

13 - relax, take part in entertainment, games;

14 - satisfy your curiosity, which helps you develop normally.

A healthy person, as a rule, does not experience difficulties in meeting his needs.

In his model of nursing, unlike Maslow, V. Henderson rejects the hierarchy of needs and believes that the patient himself (or together with his sister) determines the priority of impaired needs, for example: adequate nutrition or adequate sleep, deficiency of general - hygiene or personal hygiene, study/work or relax.

Taking into account the peculiarities of Russian healthcare, domestic researchers S.A. Mukhina and I.I. Tarnovskaya offered nursing care for 10 fundamental human needs:

1) normal breathing;

3) physiological functions;

4) movement;

6) personal hygiene and change of clothes;

7) maintaining normal body temperature;

8) maintaining a safe environment;

9) communication;

10) work and rest.

According to the theory of D. Orem, “self-care” is a specific, purposeful activity of an individual either for himself or for his environment in the name of life, health and well-being. Each person has certain needs to maintain his life.

D. Orem identifies three groups of self-care needs:

1) universal - inherent to all people throughout life:

Sufficient air consumption;

Adequate water intake;

Adequate food intake;

Sufficient allocation capacity and needs associated with this process;

Maintaining a balance between activity and rest;

Prevention of danger to life, normal functioning, well-being;

Stimulating the desire to conform to a certain social group in accordance with individual abilities and limitations;

Time alone is balanced with time in the company of other people.

The level of satisfaction of each of the eight needs is individual for each person.

Factors influencing these needs: age, gender, stage of development, health status, level of culture, social environment, financial opportunities;

2) needs associated with the developmental phase - people’s satisfaction of their needs at different life stages;

3) needs related to health impairments - types of impairments:

Anatomical changes (bedsores, swelling, wounds);

Functional physiological changes (shortness of breath, contracture, paralysis);

Changes in behavior or daily living habits (apathy, depression, fear, anxiety).

Each person has individual abilities and capabilities to meet their needs. Basic needs must be satisfied by the people themselves, and in this case the person feels self-sufficient.

If the patient, his relatives and loved ones cannot maintain a balance between his needs and capabilities for self-care and the needs of self-care exceed the capabilities of the person himself, there is a need for nursing intervention.