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Design and use of fire dampers for ventilation systems. Fire dampers for ventilation systems Terms and definitions

FIRE VALVES FOR VENTILATION SYSTEMS.

Fire resistance test method

Moscow
Standardinform
2009

Preface

Goals and principles of standardization in Russian Federation established by Federal Law of December 27, 2002 No. 184-FZ “On technical regulation”, and the rules for applying national standards of the Russian Federation - GOST R 1.0-2004 “Standardization in the Russian Federation. Basic provisions".

Standard information

1 DEVELOPED by the Federal State Institution “All-Russian Order of the Badge of Honor” Research Institute of Fire Defense” of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, emergency situations and liquidation of consequences of natural disasters (FGU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia)

2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 274 “Fire Safety”

3 APPROVED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by Order Federal agency on technical regulation and metrology dated February 18, 2009 No. 77-st

This standard takes into account the requirements of the international standard EN 137:2006 “Protective breathing devices. Self contained open circuit compressed air breathing apparatus with full facepiece. Requirements, testing, marking"

4 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME

Information about changes to this standard is published in the annually published information index “National Standards”, and the text of changes and amendments is published in the monthly published information index “National Standards”. In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, the corresponding notice will be published in the monthly published information index “National Standards”. Relevant information, notices and texts are also posted in information system common use- on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet.

GOST R 53301-2009

NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FIRE VALVES FOR VENTILATION SYSTEMS.

Fire resistance test method.

Fire dampers of ventilation systems. The test method for the fire resistance

Date of introduction - 2010-01-01
with the right of early application

1 area of use

This standard specifies a method for testing the fire resistance of the following types of structures:

fire protection normally open valves of general exchange systems, emergency ventilation, local suction systems, air conditioning systems;

fire protection normally closed valves of supply and exhaust smoke ventilation systems;

smoke valves of smoke control exhaust ventilation systems;

double acting fire dampers;

smoke hatches (valves) of smoke control exhaust ventilation systems with natural draft induction.

2 Normative references

This standard uses normative references to the following standards:

GOST 6616 -91 Thermoelectric converters GSP. Are common technical specifications.

GOST R 30247.0-94 Building structures. Fire resistance test methods. General requirements.

GOST R 50431-92 Thermocouples. Nominal static characteristics transformations.

GOST 12.1.019 Electrical safety. General requirements and nomenclature of types of protection.

GOST 12.2.003 Production equipment. General safety requirements.

GOST 12.3.018-79 SSBT Ventilation systems. Aerodynamic test methods.

Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards and classifiers in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or according to the annually published information index “National Standards”, which was published as of January 1 of the current year, and according to the corresponding monthly information indexes published in the current year. If the reference document is replaced (changed), then when using this standard you should be guided by the replaced (changed) document. If the reference document is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which a reference to it is given is accepted in the part that does not affect this reference.

3 Terms and definitions

The following terms with corresponding definitions are used in this standard:

3.1 fire damper: Automatically and remotely controlled device overlaps of ventilation ducts or openings of building enclosing structures, having limit states for fire resistance, characterized by loss of density and loss of thermal insulation ability:

normally open (closed in case of fire);

normally closed (opened in case of fire);

double-acting (closed in case of fire and opened after fire).

3.2 smoke valve: A fire damper is normally closed, having a fire resistance limit state, characterized only by loss of density, and must be installed directly in the openings of smoke exhaust shafts in protected corridors.

3.3 valve body: A fixed element of the damper design, which is installed in the installation opening of the enclosing structure or on a branch of the air duct.

3.4 valve flap: A movable element of the valve structure installed in the body and covering its flow area.

3.5 valve drive: A mechanism that ensures that the damper is moved in automatic and remote modes to a position corresponding to its functional purpose.

3.6 smoke hatch (lantern or transom): An automatically and remotely controlled device that closes openings in the external enclosing structures of premises protected by exhaust smoke ventilation with natural draft stimulation.

3.7 smoke hatch body (frame or frame): motionless component structures equipped with mounting surfaces and damper suspension elements, installation and fastening units to the covering or fencing of the light or light-aeration lantern of the building (structure).

3.8 smoke hatch damper (lid or flap): A moving component of the structure attached to the drive and blocking the flow section of the housing.

3.9 smoke hatch drive: A mechanism that provides automatic and remotely controlled movement of the damper to a position corresponding to the opening of the body flow section, equipped with initiating and power elements, as well as a lock open position.

4 Fire resistance criteria

4.1 The fire resistance limit of a fire damper design is determined by the time from the start of heating of the tested valve sample until the onset of one of the limiting states at a given pressure drop.

4.1.1 Two types of fire resistance limit states of fire dampers are taken into account:

I- loss of thermal insulation ability;

E- loss of density.

The designation of the fire resistance limit of valves consists of symbols normalized limit states and a figure corresponding to the time to achieve one of these states (the first in time) in minutes, for example:

I 120 - fire resistance limit of 120 minutes based on loss of heat-insulating ability;

EI 60 - fire resistance limit of 60 minutes based on the characteristics of thermal insulation ability and loss of density, regardless of which of the two characteristics is achieved earlier.

In cases where different fire resistance limits are standardized (or established) for a structure for different limit states, the designation of the fire resistance limit consists of two parts separated by a slash, for example:

E 120/I 60 - the required fire resistance limit based on loss of density is 120 minutes, and based on loss of heat-insulating ability - 60 minutes.

The digital indicator in the designation of the fire resistance limit must correspond to one of the numbers in the following series: 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, 150, 180.

4.1.2 Loss of the thermal insulation capacity of fire dampers is characterized by an increase in temperature on average by more than 140 °C or locally by more than 180 °C, on the unheated side on the outer surfaces of the valve body at a distance of 0.05 m (at least at four points section at the specified distance) and the valve body seal assembly in the opening of the enclosing structure.

Regardless of the initial temperature of these surfaces, the local temperature value should be no more than 220 °C at any points (including where local heating is expected - joints, corners, heat-conducting inclusions).

4.1.3 The loss of thermal insulation capacity of smoke valves of exhaust smoke ventilation systems with mechanical draft stimulation and smoke hatches (valves) of exhaust smoke ventilation systems with natural draft stimulation is not regulated.

4.1.4 Density loss is characterized by:

Formation of through cracks or through cracks in the valve body seal assembly along its outer seating surfaces through holes through which combustion products or flames penetrate;

Reducing the resistance of the valve structure to smoke and gas permeation.

The minimum permissible value of the valve's specific resistance to smoke and gas permeation, normalized to a medium temperature of 20 °C, must be no less than

Sclass etc.min = 1,6× 10 3 , (1)

Where Sclass etc.min- minimum permissible reduced specific resistance of the valve to smoke and gas permeation, m 3 /kg.

In this case, the maximum permissible value of gas flow through closed valve should not exceed

(2)

(3)

Where Gclass etc And Qclass etc- maximum permissible gas flow rates through a closed valve, respectively, kg/h and m 3 /h;

Rcl- excess pressure on the valve, Pa;

Fcl- valve cross-sectional area, m2.

4.1.5 Loss of density of smoke hatches (valves) of smoke control exhaust ventilation systems with natural draft induction is not regulated.

5 Essence of the method and test modes

5.1 The essence of the method is to determine the time after which one of the limiting states of the valve design for fire resistance (by - ) occurs under thermal influence with the simultaneous creation of a pressure difference across the test sample.

5.2 Thermal impact on the structures of fire safety normally open valves, fire safety normally closed valves and double acting valves is carried out in accordance with the temperature regime in the furnace and permissible temperature deviations in accordance with the requirements of GOST R 30247.0.

5.3 Temperature when testing smoke valves of exhaust smoke ventilation systems with mechanical draft stimulation and smoke hatches (valves) of exhaust smoke ventilation systems with natural draft stimulation must meet the condition

T -T 0 = 480th(t /8), (4)

Where T- temperature in the furnace corresponding to time t, °C;

T 0 - temperature in the furnace before the start of heat exposure, °C;

t - time from the start of the test, min.

Temperature changeT - T 0 in time during testing, as well as permissible values of deviations of the average measured temperature in the furnace as the arithmetic mean of temperatures measured using thermoelectric converters at a certain point in time are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

t , min	T - T 0 , °C	Permissible deviation values, %
		±15

		±10

5.4 The pressure drop across the test sample during thermal exposure should be (70 ± 5) Pa for fire safety normally open valves and for double acting valves, the pressure drop for fire safety normally closed valves and for smoke dampers should be (300 ± 6) Pa.

5.5 For double-acting valves, after completion of the thermal exposure, the functionality of the valve sample must be checked (opening of the damper) by applying a control signal to the drive mechanism.

The operability of the smoke hatch is characterized by failure-free operation and reliability of the structure against destruction during testing.

5.7 The failure-free operation of the smoke hatch design is determined by the unconditional reproduction of the operating cycle of the controlled movement of the smoke hatch cover to the open position.

5.7.1 Resistance to destruction of the smoke hatch structure is determined by the absence of damage in which:

the drive lock does not ensure maintaining the open position of the smoke hatch cover;

the flow area of the smoke hatch body is reduced by more than 10% of the original area;

internal loss of fragments of the smoke hatch structure is possible.

5.8 Fire-technical characteristics of the smoke hatch design are characterized by response inertia and (if necessary) consumption coefficient.

5.8.1 The response inertia of the smoke hatch design is determined by the time interval from the start of the drive action to the moment of controlled movement of the smoke hatch damper to the open position and should not exceed 90 s.

5.8.2 The consumption coefficient of the smoke hatch structure is determined by the efficiency of using the flow area of the smoke hatch structure.

5.8.3 The external mechanical load on the smoke hatch (valve) structure during thermal exposure must be equivalent to the snow load with a set value of at least (600 ± 50) N/m 2 of the smoke hatch (valve) damper.

5.8.4 The wind load on the structure of the smoke hatch (valve) during thermal exposure must correspond to the standard value of wind pressure, but not less than (11 ± 1) m× s -1 .

5.9 Taking into account the specific functional purpose of the structures of fire dampers and smoke hatches (valves), the specified values in , , , and temperature conditions, pressure drop values, mechanical and wind load values can be changed in accordance with the customer’s technical documentation.

6 Bench equipment and measuring equipment

6.1 The test bench for valves consists (mandatory appendix, drawings, , ) of a furnace with internal dimensions of at least 1.2´ 1,1 ´ 0.7 m, with opening for installation of valves, systems for maintenance and regulation overpressure on the sample, connecting lines for connecting the test sample with the above system.

The system for maintaining and regulating excess pressure consists of a fan with piping and control dampers, a measuring section with a flow-measuring diaphragm.

The furnace must be equipped with nozzles that provide the required thermal conditions according to,.

Specifications elements of the system for maintaining and regulating excess pressure and connecting lines must be selected taking into account the maximum permissible values of gas flow rates through a closed valve according to and the pressure drop across the test sample according to.

6.2 The test bench is equipped with means for measuring temperature, time intervals, gas flow and pressure.

6.2.1 To measure temperature, thermoelectric converters (TEC) of the TXA type are used (technical conditions in accordance with GOST 6616), nominal statistical characteristics and limits of permissible deviations of thermoelectromotive force, which must comply with GOST R 50431-92 or TEC with individual calibration.

6.2.2 To measure the temperature in the furnace, three TECs with electrode diameters from 1, 2 to 3 mm are used. The number and placement of TEC relative to the heated surface of the test sample are given in the mandatory appendix (figures , , ).

6.2.3 To measure temperatures on unheated surfaces of fire-resistant normally open valves, fire-rated normally closed valves, double-acting valves, sealing units in the furnace opening, TECs with electrode diameters from 0.5 to 0.7 mm are used.

The method of attaching the TEC to the specified surfaces must ensure an accuracy of temperature measurement within ± 5%.

The number of TECs and their installation locations are indicated in the mandatory appendix (figures , , ).

6.2.4 To measure the temperature in front of the flow meter diaphragm, use one TEC with an electrode diameter of 0.5 to 0.7 mm (Appendix, figures, ,).

6.2.5 Gas flow is measured using standard flow metering diaphragms in accordance with.

It is allowed to use non-standard diaphragms to measure gas flow if they have calibration characteristics obtained in the prescribed manner.

6.2.6 Temperatures are recorded using instruments with a measurement range from 0 °C to 1300 °C, accuracy class of at least 1.0.

6.2.7 To measure the pressure drop across the flow meter diaphragm, differential pressure gauges with an accuracy class of at least 1.5 are used.

6.2.8 Time is recorded with a stopwatch with a measurement range from 0 to 60 minutes, accuracy class not lower than 2.0.

6.3 The test bench for testing smoke hatches (valves) of exhaust smoke ventilation systems with natural draft impulse consists of a furnace, installation elements and devices for loading the sample (mandatory appendix, drawings,).

6.3.1 The oven must have inner dimensions not less than 2.0´ 2,0 ´ 2.0 m and be equipped with a smoke exhaust device with draft control, a fuel supply and combustion system. The design of the furnace cover must provide the possibility of installing reinforced concrete liners with openings that meet the conditions for testing samples of smoke hatch structures of designed sizes. The temperature regime in the furnace must be ensured in accordance with 5.2.5 GOST R 30247.0 and meet the requirements.

6.3.2 Installation elements must ensure compliance design conditions fastening the sample, taking into account the features of its design and spatial orientation.

6.3.3 Devices for loading the sample must meet the requirements. The mechanical load should be installed evenly distributed throughout the damper structure in closed position sample. For samples with vertical spatial orientation (installation), mechanical load is not required. The wind load should be installed evenly distributed throughout the damper design in the open position of the sample - for samples of horizontal spatial orientation, in the open and closed position of the sample - for samples of vertical spatial orientation. The wind load should be reproduced by axial fan(fans).

6.3.4 The bench equipment is equipped with instruments for measuring temperature, time intervals, pressure and gas flow.

6.3.5 To measure the gas temperature in the furnace (at the sample inlet), as well as in the area where the sample drive thermoelement is located, thermoelectric converters (TECs) with an electrode diameter of no more than 0.7 mm should be used. The nominal static characteristics and limits of permissible deviations of the thermoelectromotive force of TEC must comply with GOST R 50431 or individual calibrations.

In this case, the number and installation locations of TECs must correspond to the diagrams given in the mandatory appendix (figures and): at the entrance to the sample - along section A-A, in the area where the sample drive thermoelement is located - at a distance from 5 to 10 mm from the center of the thermoelement, behind him along the stream.

6.3.6 To record measured temperatures, instruments with an accuracy class of at least 1.0 should be used.

6.3.7 The static pressure receiver must be tubular with internal diameter from 4 to 10 mm and must be installed in section А-А according to the mandatory application (drawings and ). The center of the cut of the tubular static pressure receiver must be located at a distance of no more than 20 mm from the geometric center of the specified section.

6.3.8 To measure the gas flow through the sample, a combined pressure receiver (CPR) in accordance with GOST 12.3.018 with a receiving part diameter of no more than 8% of the width of the sample’s flow area should be used. Coordinates of points of sequential placement of efficiency factors in section B-B according to the mandatory Appendix A (figures and) should be determined in accordance with GOST 12.3.018.

6.3.9 To record pressure, instruments with an accuracy class of at least 1.0 should be used.

6.3.10 Registration of time intervals is carried out with a stopwatch of accuracy class not lower than 2.0.

7 Preparation for testing

7.1 The following are subject to fire resistance testing:

one sample of a normally open fire damper when installed in a fencing opening building structure with a standardized fire resistance limit with possible one-sided thermal exposure;

two samples of a normally open fire damper of the same standard size when installed in the opening of a building envelope with a rated fire resistance limit with possible double-sided thermal exposure;

two samples of a normally open fire damper of the same standard size when installed in the opening of a building envelope with a rated fire resistance limit and beyond it on a section of an air duct with a rated fire resistance limit;

one sample of a normally closed fire damper when installed in the opening of a building envelope with a standardized fire resistance limit;

one sample smoke valve.

For valves of the same type with different standard sizes, valves whose equivalent diameter differs from the maximum by no more than 25% are subject to testing.

Depending on the design features, the number of valves to be tested may be increased.

7.2 Samples of valves supplied for testing must comply with the design documentation. The degree of compliance is established by input control, in which:

the completeness of each sample is determined;

the dimensions of the valve, the size of the gaps between the seating surfaces of the body and the valve of the sample and other dimensions that determine the nature of the behavior of the valve during its testing are measured;

The compliance of the component parts with the design ones is determined, and the quality of their condition is visually monitored.

The incoming inspection data is entered into the test report.

7.3 Before testing, the operation of all structural components is monitored for each sample.

To check the valve, it is necessary to perform at least 50 cycles of valve operation, in which the damper completely closes (normally open valves) or opens (normally closed and smoke valves) its flow area.

7.4 To carry out the test, the sample in the closed position is installed on the stand (mandatory appendix, drawings, ,).

The density of the ventilation duct connected to the test sample, based on the amount of leaks and air leaks, must be determined in advance and be no more than 10% of the maximum permissible gas flow rate 3.1.3 of these standards.

7.5 Immediately before testing, the air permeability of the sample is determined. In this case, the measuring section of the ventilation duct attached to the sample is connected to the suction pipe of the fan. By throttling the fan, at least 5 pressure differentials are created across the sample, uniformly spaced between 0 and 700 Pa. Samples with an air permeation resistance not less than that specified in are allowed for fire testing.

The flow meter measures the air flow rate corresponding to each value of the pressure difference passing through the leaks in the sample structure. Then reverse the thrust, created by connecting the measuring section to the fan discharge pipe, the pressure drop across the valve changes in the opposite direction and the measurement is repeated in a similar sequence.

7.6 The number of samples of smoke hatches (valves) of the same design for testing should be determined by the standard size range of their flow sections in accordance with the technical documentation of the manufacturer.

The tested samples must be presented assembled, with full equipment, including drives and installation structural elements.

7.7 To conduct tests, a sample of the smoke hatch must be installed in the installation opening of the furnace of the test bench in accordance with the technical documentation of the manufacturer.

7.8 Immediately before testing, the mechanical and wind load on the sample must be reproduced.

8 Test sequence

8.1 Tests should be carried out at a temperature environment from 0 °C to 40 °C, unless other test conditions are specified in the technical documentation for the valve.

8.3 The beginning of the tests corresponds to the moment the furnace nozzles are turned on, immediately before which the sample damper must be brought to a position corresponding to its functional purpose.

8.4 During testing, record:

1) moment of operation automatic drive sample (only for fire protection normally open valves and double acting valves);

2) the temperature in the furnace and on the unheated side on the outer surfaces of the sample body, the adjacent air duct (with a thermally insulated valve body), the body seal assembly in the furnace opening, the gas temperature in the outlet section of the valve (only for fire safety normally open valves protecting technological openings );

3) the moment of occurrence and characteristic features loss of density (destruction, extreme deformation of the seal assembly of the sample body, including the formation of through cracks, burnouts and peeling of seals, leading to failure flue gases and the appearance of a flame from the unheated side);

4) flow rate and temperature of the gas flow passing through the leaks in the sample structure. Measurements of temperatures, flow rates and pressures at each control point should be carried out at intervals of no more than 2 minutes.

8.5 Tests must be carried out until the occurrence of one or two (if necessary) limit states of the valve design in accordance with the paragraph of this document.

8.6 Testing of smoke hatches (valves) must be carried out at an ambient temperature from 0 °C to 40 °C, unless other test conditions are specified in the technical documentation for smoke hatches.

8.7 The start of the test corresponds to the moment the furnace nozzles are turned on. The test must be carried out sequentially in 3 stages.

8.7.1 At the first stage, a thermal effect on the sample must be provided in combination with mechanical and wind loads in accordance with 5.5.1 and 5.5.2. Release from the mechanical load should be carried out arbitrarily at the moment the sample structure is triggered (when its damper is fully opened). The end of the first stage of testing corresponds to the moment the temperature in the furnace reaches a value of (400 ± 15) °C. In this case, the stove nozzles must be turned off.

8.7.2. At the second stage, wind load on the sample must be ensured. The duration of this stage should be at least 10 minutes.

8.7.3. At the third stage, when the furnace nozzles are turned on and the wind load is removed, the temperature in the furnace must be ensured at (480 ± 10) °C. The duration of this stage should be 10 minutes.

8.7.4. During the testing process, the following main indicators and parameters are monitored and measured:

temperature in the oven (in the first and third stages);

temperature in the installation area of the sample drive thermoelement (at the first stage);

static pressure in the furnace (at the third stage, optional);

pressure drop across the efficiency factor (at the third stage, optional);

sample response time interval (at the first stage);

state of the sample structure (completeness of the valve opening, maintaining a fixed open position of the valve, the presence of partial destruction leading to internal loss of fragments of the sample structure).

8.7.5 At the end of the tests, the actual cross-sectional area of the sample must be determined by direct measurements.

9 Processing and evaluation of test results

9.1 Reduced specific resistance to smoke and gas permeationSbeat clfire damper normally closed and smoke damper based on measurement results is determined according to the formula

(5)

Where Fcl

DRicl- pressure difference across the sample ini-th dimension, Pa;

G icl - flow rate of gases passing through the sample, ini-th dimension, kg/s;

r iis the density of the gas filtered through the leaks of the sample inith dimension, kg/m 3 ;

r 20

9.2 Reduced specific resistance to smoke and gas permeationSbeat clfire safety normally open valve and double acting fire damper is determined by averaging the measurement results according to the formula

(6)

Where Fcl- valve flow area, m 2 ;

Dt i- time interval during which measurements are performed, min;

DRicl- pressure difference across the sample in the time intervalDt i, Pa;

G icl - flow rate of gases passing through the sample in a time intervalDt i, kg/s;

r i- density of the gas filtered through the leaks of the sample in the time intervalDt i, kg/m 3 ;

r 20 - gas density at a temperature of 20 °C, kg/m3;

9.3 The reduced resistance of samples to air permeation is determined according to dependencies 9.2, 9.3 using measurement results in accordance with these standards.

9.4 The fire resistance limit for each sample is determined in minutes from the moment one of the limiting states occurs.

9.5 The actual fire resistance limit of the valve is taken at the minimum of the values established in testing samples.

9.6 In the designation of the fire resistance limit of the valve, the test results lead to the nearest smaller value from the series of numbers given in.

9.7 Gas flow through the smoke hatch is determined by the ratio:

Qj = V cp j F,(7)

(8)

Where V cp j- average gas flow speed, m/s;

F - design flow area, m2;

F = 0,5(F 0 + F f),

Here F 0 - initial (design) flow area, m2;

F f- actual flow area, m2;

t ij - oven temperature ini th point at j- time point of testing, °C;

P ij- pressure drop across efficiency ini th point at j- time point of testing, Pa;

Qj- average flow rate injth moment of test time, m 3 /s.

P- number of measurements during the test time.

9.6 The smoke hatch consumption coefficient is determined by the ratio:

(9)

(10)

Where DP j =P j - R a;

Here Pj - static pressure in the furnace inj- time point of testing, Pa;

R a- static pressure of the external environment, Pa.

9.8 Positive result testing is determined by the identified compliance of the sample with the established requirements for the inertia of its operation and the preservation of functional ability according to, . In this case, the actual value of the sample consumption coefficient (when determined in tests) is subject to inclusion in the technical documentation for the product.

10 Test report

The test report, drawn up in the recommended form, must contain the following data:

1) Name of the organization conducting the tests;

2) Name and address of the manufacturer;

3) Characteristics of the test object;

4) Test method;

5) Test procedure;

6) Test equipment and measuring instruments;

7) Test results;

8) Evaluation of test results.

11 Safety precautions

11.1 When testing fire dampers for fire resistance, safety and industrial sanitation requirements must be observed in accordance with GOST 12.1.019 and GOST 12.2.003.

11.2 Persons familiar with the technical description and operating instructions for the test bench.

11.3 Before testing, it is necessary to check the reliability of the connections of the bench equipment.

11.4 All moving parts of the test facility must be guarded.

Appendix A
(required)

1 - oven; 2 - valve; 3 - air duct; 4 - dimensional section of the air duct; 5 - segment diaphragm; 6 - control valve; 7 - fan trim; 8 - fan; 9 - porthole; 10 – nozzle
1-4 - TEC with a diameter of 0.5-0.7 mm, installed on the sealing surfaces of the valve body in the furnace opening; 5-9 - TEC with a diameter of 0.5-0.7 mm, installed on the surfaces of the valve body, air duct and at the diaphragm; 10-12 - TEC with a diameter of 1.2-3 mm, installed in the furnace; 5"-8" - TEC with a diameter of 0.5-0.7 mm, installed additionally with a heat-insulated design of the valve body;DR cl- pressure drop across the valve;DR D- pressure drop across the diaphragm.
All dimensions indicated in the diagram are in mm

Figure A.1 - Scheme of bench equipment for testing the fire resistance of fire dampers ventilation systems for various purposes

1 - oven; 2 - valve; 3 - air duct; 4 - dimensional section of the air duct; 5 - segment diaphragm; 6 - control valve; 7 - fan trim; 8 - fan; 9 - porthole; 10 - nozzle; 11 - air duct element; 12 - fire retardant coating
1-4 - TEC with a diameter of 0.5-0.7 mm, installed on the sealing surfaces of the valve body in the furnace opening; 5-9 - TEC with a diameter of 0.5-0.7 mm, installed on the surfaces of the air duct body and at the diaphragm; 10-12 - TEC with a diameter of 1.2 - 3 mm, installed in the furnace;DR cl- pressure drop across the valve;DR D– pressure drop across the diaphragm.

Figure A.2 - Scheme of bench equipment for fire resistance testing of fire dampers of ventilation systems on a section of an air duct with a regulated fire resistance limit

1 - oven; 2 - valve; 3 - adapter; 4 - dimensional section of the air duct; 5 - diaphragm; b - control valve; 7 - fan trim; 8 - fan; 9 - porthole; 10 - nozzle; 11 - diagram of the location of TEC in the furnace relative to the valve
1-3 - TEC with a diameter of 1.2-3 mm, installed in a furnace; 4 - TEC with a diameter of 0.1-0.3 mm, installed near the diaphragm;DR cl- pressure drop across the valve;DR D- pressure drop across the diaphragm.
All dimensions indicated in the diagram are given in mm.

Figure A.3 - Diagram of bench equipment for testing the fire resistance of smoke valves

1 - stove with nozzles, 2 - chimney; 3 - gate; 4 - furnace cover liner; 5 - installation element; 6 - smoke valve body; 7 - smoke hatch damper; 8 - drive thermocouple; - thermoelectric converter; - location of static pressure measurement; - combined pressure receiver; V a

Figure A.4 - Scheme of a stand for testing smoke hatches (valves) with horizontal filling of the coating opening

1 - oven with nozzles; 2 - chimney; 3 - gate; 4 - furnace cover liner; 5 - installation element; 6 - smoke valve body; 7 - smoke hatch damper; 8 - drive thermocouple; - thermoelectric converter; - location of static pressure measurement; - combined pressure receiver; V a- wind speed (air flow);

Figure A.5 - Scheme of a stand for testing smoke hatches (valves) in vertical enclosing structures

BIBLIOGRAPHY

SNiP 21-01-97* Fire safety of buildings and structures

SNiP 41-01-2003 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning

SNiP 2.01.07-85 Loads and impacts

SNiP 23-01-99 Construction climatology

Project joint venture Determination of categories of premises and buildings according to explosion and fire hazard

Rules 28-64 Measurement of Liquids, Gases and Vapors with Standard Orifices and Nozzles

Keywords: fire damper, smoke hatch, fire resistance, test method.

Appendix A (mandatory). Scheme of bench equipment for testing the fire resistance of fire-retarding valves of ventilation systems of various sizes. Appendix B (mandatory). Scheme of bench equipment for testing the fire resistance of fire-retarding valves for the protection of technological openings Appendix B (mandatory). Scheme of bench equipment for testing the fire resistance of smoke valves

Norms fire safety NPB 241-97
"Fire dampers for ventilation systems. Test method for fire resistance"
(approved by the Chief State Inspector of the Russian Federation for Fire Supervision,
put into effect by order of the GUGPS of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation dated July 31, 1997 N 52)

Fire dampers of ventilation systems. The test method for fire resistance

Introduced for the first time

1 area of use

These standards establish the fire resistance test method for fire dampers:

fire-retardant - for ventilation systems for various purposes;

fire-retardant - to protect technological openings in enclosing building structures;

smoke - for emergency smoke ventilation systems.

These standards are not intended to cover fire resistance tests:

fire-retarding valves to protect transport technological openings;

smoke valves of emergency smoke ventilation systems serving one room.

The establishment of fire resistance limits for fire dampers is carried out in order to determine the possibility of their use in accordance with the fire safety requirements of regulatory documents (including certification).

GOST 6616-91. Thermoelectric converters GSP. General technical conditions

Table 1

tau, min	T - T_0, °C	Permissible deviation values, %
5	266	+- 15
10	407	+- 15
15	457	+- 10
20	473
30	479
45	480
60	480

5.3. The pressure drop across the test sample during thermal exposure should be 70 +- 5 Pa for fire dampers and 300 +- 6 Pa for smoke dampers. Taking into account the specific functional purpose of the valves, the specified values can be changed in accordance with the customer’s technical documentation.

6. Bench equipment and measuring equipment

6.1. The bench for testing valves consists (Appendices A, ,) of a furnace with dimensions (internal) of at least 1.2 x 1.1 x 0.7 m with an opening for installing valves, a system for maintaining and regulating excess pressure on the sample, connecting lines for mating the test sample with the above system.

The system for maintaining and regulating excess pressure consists of a fan with piping and control dampers, a measuring section with a flow-measuring diaphragm.

The stove must be equipped with liquid fuel nozzles in the number necessary to provide the required thermal effect in accordance with 5.1 and 5.2.

The technical characteristics of the elements of the system for maintaining and regulating excess pressure and connecting lines must be selected taking into account the maximum permissible values of gas flow through a closed valve according to 4.2.5 and the pressure drop across the test sample according to 5.3.

6.2. The test bench is equipped with means for measuring temperature, gas flow and pressure.

6.2.1. To measure temperature, thermoelectric converters (TECs) of the TXA type are used (technical conditions in accordance with GOST 6616), the nominal statistical characteristics and limits of permissible deviations e.m.f. of which must correspond to GOST R 50431 or TECs with individual calibration.

6.2.2. To measure the temperature in the furnace, three TECs with electrode diameters from 1, 2 to 3 mm are used. The number and placement of TEC relative to the heated surface of the test sample are given in Appendices A, ,.

6.2.3. To measure temperatures on the unheated surfaces of a fire-retarding valve, its sealing unit in the furnace opening and in the outlet section of the valve (only for valves protecting technological openings), TECs with electrode diameters from 0.5 to 0.7 mm are used.

The method of attaching the TEC to the specified surfaces should ensure an accuracy of temperature measurement within +- 5%.

The number of TECs and their installation locations are indicated in Appendices A and B.

6.2.5. The flow of gases is measured using standard flow metering diaphragms in accordance with Regulations 28-64.

It is allowed to use non-standard diaphragms to measure gas flow if they have calibration characteristics obtained in the prescribed manner.

6.2.6. Temperatures are recorded using instruments with a measurement range from 0 to 1300 °C, accuracy class not lower than 1.0.

6.2.7. To measure the pressure drop across the flow meter diaphragm, differential pressure gauges with an accuracy class of no more than 1.5 are used.

6.2.8. Time is recorded with a stopwatch with a measurement error of no more than 30 s during one hour of testing.

7. Preparation for testing

7.1. Two valve samples of the same size are subject to fire resistance testing.

For channels of the same type with different standard sizes, valves whose equivalent diameter differs from the maximum by no more than 25% are subject to testing.

Depending on the design features, the number of valves to be tested may be increased.

7.2. Samples of valves supplied for testing must comply with design documentation. The degree of compliance is established by input control, in which:

the completeness of each sample is determined;

The compliance of the component parts with the design ones is determined, and the quality of their condition is visually monitored.

The incoming inspection data is entered into the test report.

7.3. Before testing, the operation of all structural components is monitored for each sample.

To check the valve, it is necessary to perform at least 50 valve operation cycles, during which the damper completely closes (fire-retarding valves) or opens (smoke valves) its flow area.

7.4 To carry out the test, the sample in the closed position is installed on the stand (Appendices A, ,).

7.5. Immediately before testing, the air permeability of the sample is determined. In this case, the measuring section of the ventilation duct attached to the sample is connected to the suction pipe of the fan. By throttling the fan, at least 5 pressure differentials are created across the sample, uniformly spaced between 0 and 700 Pa.

The flow meter measures the air flow rate corresponding to each value of the pressure difference passing through the leaks in the sample structure. Then, by reversing the draft, created by connecting the measuring section to the discharge pipe of the fan, the pressure drop across the valve changes in the opposite direction, and the measurement is repeated in a similar sequence.8.4. During testing the following is recorded:

1) the moment of operation of the automatic drive of the sample and its thermal drive (only for fire-retarding valves);

2) the temperature in the furnace and on the unheated side on the outer surfaces of the sample body, the adjacent air duct (with a thermally insulated valve body), the body seal assembly in the furnace opening, the gas temperature in the outlet section of the valve (only for fire-retarding valves protecting technological openings);

3) the moment of onset and characteristic signs of loss of density (destruction, extreme deformation of the seal assembly of the sample body, including the formation of through cracks, burnouts and peeling of the seal, leading to the release of flue gases and the appearance of a flame from the unheated side);

4) flow rate and temperature of the gas flow passing through the leaks in the sample structure.

Measurements of temperatures, flow rates and pressures at each control point should be carried out at intervals of no more than 2 minutes.

8.5. Tests shall be carried out to the occurrence of one or two (if necessary) limit states of the valve design in accordance with Section 4 of this document.

9. Processing and evaluation of test results

9.1. The reduced resistance of the sample to smoke and gas permeation S_kl.pr is determined by averaging the measurement results according to the formula

1 n 2 S = --- Sum(P /G)(po /po), class pr n i=1 kli kli i 20 where P is the excess pressure on the sample in the i-th dimension, Pa;

kli G - flow rate of gas filtered through the leaks of the sample in the i-th kli dimension, kg x s(-1);

ro is the density of the gas filtered through the leaks of sample i in the i-th dimension, kg x m(-3);

po - gas density at a temperature of 20°C, kg x m(-3);

20 n is the number of measurements during the test time.

The reduced resistance of the sample to air permeation is determined by the same formula using the measurement results in accordance with 7.5 of these standards.

9.2. The fire resistance limit for each sample is determined in hours or minutes from the moment one of the limiting states occurs.

9.3. The actual fire resistance limit of the valve is taken at the minimum of the values established in testing samples.

9.4. In designating the fire resistance limit of a valve, the test results lead to the nearest smaller value from the series of numbers given in 4.2.1.

10. Test report

1) name of the organization conducting the tests;

2) name and address of the customer;

3) characteristics of the test object;

4) test method;

5) test procedure;

6) testing equipment;

7) test results;

8) evaluation of test results.

11. Safety precautions

11.2. Persons who are familiar with the technical description and operating instructions of the test bench are allowed to test. 11.3. Before testing, it is necessary to check the reliability of the connections of the bench equipment. of the indicated systems, including several valves with addressable control, is the presence of two specified damper positions - “open” (for example, on the fire floor) and “closed” (on other floors), which the drive must provide in any case of power supply circuit voltage shutdown, in including emergency ones.

This requirement actually prohibits the use of electromechanical drives with a return spring on fire protection
normally closed and smoke valves, since when the voltage is removed from them, only one specified position of the damper is ensured - “open”. This requirement is satisfied by fire-prevention normally closed (including smoke) valves with electromagnetic drive or a reversible electric drive, which controls the activation signal
is the supply of voltage to the drive. These actuators provide specified “open” and “closed” damper positions when the power supply is turned off.

FEDERAL LAW “TECHNICAL REGULATIONS ON FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS”

Section VI. Fire safety requirements for products general purpose

Chapter 31 . Fire safety requirements for building structures and engineering equipment

buildings, structures and structures Article 138

. Fire safety requirements for the structures and equipment of ventilation systems, air conditioning systems and smoke protection. part 2 . Fire protection normally open valves must be equipped with automatically and remotely controlled actuators. The use of temperature-sensitive elements as part of such drives should be provided only as backup ones. For fire safety normally closed valves and smoke valves, the use of actuators with temperature-sensitive elements is not permitted.

Density of abutment of fire and smoke damper structures to each other

various types

must provide the minimum required resistance to smoke and gas penetration.

You can familiarize yourself with the Federal Law “Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements” on the RG website

Fire resistance test method

GOST R 53301-2013

NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
FIRE VALVES FOR VENTILATION SYSTEMS
526143
526218

Fire dampers of ventilation systems. The test method for the fire resistance

OKS 13.220.50

OKP 48454 Date of introduction 2014-09-01 Preface

2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 274 "Fire Safety"

3 APPROVED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated December 9, 2013 N 2208-st

4 INSTEAD GOST R 53301-2009

The rules for the application of this standard are established in GOST R 1.0-2012 (section 8). Information about changes to this standard is published in the annual (as of January 1 of the current year) information index "National Standards", and the official text of changes and amendments is published in the monthly information index "National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, the corresponding notice will be published in the next issue of the monthly information index "National Standards". Relevant information, notices and texts are also posted in the public information system - on the official website of the national body of the Russian Federation for standardization on the Internet (gost.ru)

An amendment has been made, published in IUS No. 3, 2015

Amendment made by database manufacturer

1 area of use

This standard specifies a method for testing the fire resistance of the following structures:

- fire safety normally open valves of general and emergency ventilation systems, local suction and air conditioning systems;

- fire protection normally closed valves of supply and exhaust smoke ventilation systems;

- smoke valves of smoke control exhaust ventilation systems;

- double-acting fire dampers;

- smoke hatches (valves) of exhaust smoke ventilation systems with natural impulse.

2 Normative references

This standard uses normative references to the following standards:

GOST R 50431-92 Thermocouples. Nominal static conversion characteristics
________________
The document is not valid on the territory of the Russian Federation. GOST R 8.585-2001 is valid, hereinafter in the text. - Database manufacturer's note.

GOST R 12.1.019-2009 System of occupational safety standards. Electrical safety. General requirements and nomenclature of types of protection

GOST 12.2.003-91 System of occupational safety standards. Production equipment. General safety requirements

GOST 12.3.018-79 System of occupational safety standards. Ventilation systems. Aerodynamic test methods

GOST 6616-94 Thermoelectric converters. General technical conditions

GOST 30247.0-94 Building structures. Fire resistance test methods. General requirements

GOST 30247.1-94 Building structures. Test methods for fire resistance. Load-bearing and enclosing structures.

Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards and classifiers in the public information system - on the official website of the national body of the Russian Federation for standardization on the Internet or according to the annually published information index "National Standards", which is published as of January 1 of the current year, and according to the issues of the monthly published information index "National Standards" for the current year. If a referenced document to which an undated reference is given is replaced, it is recommended that the current version of that document be used, taking into account any changes made to that version. If a reference document to which a dated reference is given is replaced, it is recommended to use the version of this document with the year of approval (acceptance) indicated above. If, after the approval of this standard, a change is made to the referenced document to which a dated reference is made that affects the provision referred to, it is recommended that that provision be applied without regard to that change. If the reference document is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which there is a reference to it is applied in the part that does not affect this reference.

3 Terms and definitions

The following terms with corresponding definitions are used in this standard:

3.1 fire damper: An automatically and remotely controlled device for closing ventilation ducts or openings of building envelopes, having limit states for fire resistance, characterized by loss of density and heat-insulating ability:

- normally open (closed in case of fire);

- normally closed (opened in case of fire);

- double action (closed in case of fire and opened after it).

3.3 valve body: A fixed element of the damper design, installed in the installation opening of the enclosing structure or on a branch of the air duct.

3.4 valve flap: A movable element of the valve structure installed in the body and blocking the flow area or part of it.

3.5 valve drive: A mechanism that ensures that the damper(s) are moved in automatic and remote modes to a position corresponding to its functional purpose.

3.6 smoke hatch (valve, lantern or transom): An automatically and remotely controlled device that closes openings in the external enclosing structures of premises protected by exhaust smoke ventilation with natural draft stimulation.

3.7 smoke hatch body (frame or frame): A fixed component of the structure, equipped with landing surfaces and damper suspension elements, installation and fastening units to the covering or fencing of the light or light-aeration lantern of a building (structure).

3.8 smoke hatch damper (lid or flap): A moving component of the structure attached to the drive and blocking the flow section of the housing or part of it.

3.10 TEP: Thermoelectric converter.

4 Fire resistance criteria

4.1 The fire resistance limit of a fire damper design is determined by the time from the start of heating of the test sample to the onset of one of the limiting states at a given pressure drop.

4.1.1 Two types of fire resistance limit states of fire dampers are taken into account:

I - loss of thermal insulation ability;

E - loss of density.

The designation of the fire resistance limit of valves consists of conditional standardized limit states and a figure corresponding to the time to reach one of them (the first in time) in minutes, for example:

I 120 - 120 minutes due to loss of thermal insulation ability;

EI 60 - 60 min based on thermal insulation capacity and density loss, regardless of which of the two is achieved earlier.

When different fire resistance limits are standardized (or established) for a structure for different limit states, their designation consists of two parts separated by a slash, for example:

E 120/I 60 - the required fire resistance limit based on loss of density is 120 minutes, and based on loss of thermal insulation ability - 60 minutes.

The digital indicator in the designation of the fire resistance limit must correspond to one of the numbers in the following series: 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180.

4.1.2 The loss of the thermal insulating ability of fire dampers is characterized by an increase in temperature on average by more than 140 °C or locally by more than 180 °C on the unheated surface of the valve damper, as well as on the outer surfaces of its body at a distance of 0.05 m (not less than at four cross-sectional points at the specified distance) and the valve body seal assembly in the opening of the enclosing structure.

Regardless of the initial temperature of these surfaces, the local temperature value should be no more than 220 °C at any points (including where local heating is expected - joints, corners, heat-conducting inclusions).

4.1.4 Density loss is characterized by:

- penetration of combustion products through through cracks or through holes formed in the valve body seal assembly along its outer seating surfaces, leading to ignition of the tampon placed in accordance with 8.1.3 GOST 30247.1;

- penetration of combustion products through through cracks or through holes formed in the junction of the damper(s) of the valve to its body, in the junction of the dampers with each other, leading to ignition of the tampon placed in accordance with 8.1.3 GOST 30247.1;

- reducing the resistance of the valve structure to smoke and gas permeation.

The minimum permissible value of the valve's specific resistance to smoke and gas permeation, normalized to a medium temperature of 20 °C, must be no less than

where is the minimum permissible reduced specific resistance of the valve to smoke and gas permeation, m/kg.

In this case, the maximum permissible value of gas flow through a closed valve should not exceed

where and are the maximum permissible gas flow rates through a closed valve, respectively, kg/h and m/h;

- excess pressure on the valve, Pa;

- valve cross-sectional area, m.

4.1.5 Loss of density of smoke hatches (valves) of smoke control exhaust ventilation systems with natural draft induction is not regulated.

5 Essence of the method and test modes

5.1 The essence of the method is to determine the time after which one of the limiting states of the valve design for fire resistance (according to 4.1.1-4.1.5) occurs under thermal influence with the simultaneous creation of a pressure difference across the test sample.

5.2 Thermal impact on the structures of fire safety normally open, normally closed and double-acting valves is carried out in accordance with the temperature regime in the furnace and permissible temperature deviations in accordance with the requirements of GOST 30247.0.

5.3 The temperature conditions when testing smoke valves of exhaust smoke ventilation systems with mechanical draft stimulation and smoke hatches (valves) of exhaust smoke ventilation systems with natural draft stimulation must meet the following conditions:

where is the temperature in the oven corresponding to time, °C;

Temperature in the oven before the start of heat exposure, °C;

- time from the start of the test, min.

The change in temperature over time during testing, as well as the permissible deviations of the average measured temperature in the furnace as the arithmetic mean of temperatures measured using thermoelectric converters at a certain point in time, are given in Table 1.

Table 1 - Temperature conditions during testing


		Permissible deviation values, %

5.4 The negative pressure drop across the test sample during thermal exposure should be (70±5) Pa for fire safety normally open valves and double-acting valves (when tested according to the schemes presented in Appendix A in Figures A.1, A.2), positive pressure drop for fire safety normally closed and smoke dampers - (300±6) Pa (when tested according to the schemes presented in Appendix A in Figures A.1, A.2, A.3).

5.5 For double-acting valves, after completion of the thermal effect, the functionality of the sample must be checked (opening of the damper) by applying a control signal to the drive mechanism.

5.6 The essence of the test method for smoke hatches (valves) of exhaust smoke ventilation with natural draft stimulation is to assess the performance and fire-technical characteristics of the sample design under one-sided thermal exposure according to 5.3 in conjunction with mechanical and wind loads.

The operability of the smoke hatch is characterized by failure-free operation and resistance of the structure to destruction during testing.

5.7 The failure-free operation of the smoke hatch design is determined by the unconditional reproduction of the operating cycle of the controlled movement of its damper (dampers) to the open position.

5.7.1 Resistance to destruction of the smoke hatch structure is characterized by the absence of damage in which:

the drive lock does not ensure maintaining the open position of the smoke hatch cover;

the flow area of the smoke hatch body is reduced by more than 10% of the original area;

internal loss of fragments of the smoke hatch structure is possible.

5.8 The fire-technical characteristics of the smoke hatch design are determined by the response inertia and (if necessary) the flow coefficient.

5.8.1 The response inertia of the smoke hatch design is characterized by the time interval from the start of the drive action to the moment of controlled movement of its damper to the open position and should not exceed 90 s. The open position of the sample damper is considered to be its fixation in the position specified by the manufacturer (according to the technical documentation) at an angle of at least 90° with respect to the plane corresponding to the initial (closed) position of the damper.

5.8.2 The consumption coefficient of a smoke hatch is determined by the efficiency of using the flow area of its design.

5.8.3 The external mechanical load on the structure of a horizontal smoke hatch (valve) during thermal exposure must be equivalent to the standard snow load value established for building roofing.
________________

(Amendment. IUS No. 3-2015).

5.8.4 The wind load on the structure of the smoke hatch (valve) during thermal exposure must correspond to the standard wind speed value established for the cold period of the year.

5.9 Taking into account the specific functional purpose of the structures of fire dampers and smoke hatches (valves), the values, temperature conditions, pressure drop, mechanical and wind loads specified in 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.8.3 and 5.8.4 can be changed in accordance with the technical customer documentation.

6 Bench equipment and measuring equipment

6.1 The bench for testing valves is shown in Figures A.1, A.2, A.3, A.4 (Appendix A) and consists of a furnace with internal dimensions of at least (1.2x1.1x0.7) m, with an opening for installing valves, a system for maintaining and regulating excess pressure on the sample and connecting lines for connecting the test sample with the specified system.

The system for maintaining and regulating excess pressure consists of a fan with piping and control dampers, a measuring section with a flow-measuring diaphragm.

The furnace must be equipped with nozzles that provide the required thermal conditions according to 5.2, 5.3.

The technical characteristics of the elements of the system for maintaining and regulating excess pressure and connecting lines must be selected taking into account the maximum permissible values of gas flow through a closed valve according to 4.1.3 and the pressure drop across the test sample according to 5.4.

6.2 The test bench is equipped with means for measuring temperature, time intervals, gas flow and pressure.

6.2.1 To measure temperature, use TEC type TXA (technical conditions in accordance with GOST 6616), nominal statistical characteristics and limits of permissible deviations of thermoelectromotive force, which must comply with GOST R 50431 or TEC with individual calibration.

6.2.2 To measure the temperature in the furnace, three TECs with electrode diameters from 1, 2 to 3 mm are used. The number and arrangement of TEC relative to the heated surface of the test sample are shown in Figures A.1, A.2, A.3, A.4 (Appendix A).

6.2.3 To measure temperatures on unheated surfaces of fireproof normally open, normally closed and double-acting valves, as well as sealing units in the furnace opening, TECs with electrode diameters from 0.5 to 0.7 mm are used.

The method of attaching the TEC to the specified surfaces should ensure an accuracy of temperature measurement within ±5%.

The number of TECs and their installation locations are indicated in Figures A.1, A.2, A.3, A.4 (Appendix A).

6.2.4 To measure the temperature in front of the flow meter diaphragm, use one TEC with an electrode diameter of 0.5 to 0.7 mm.

6.2.5 Gas flow is measured using standard flow metering diaphragms in accordance with.
________________

See Bibliography section. - Database manufacturer's note.

It is allowed to use non-standard diaphragms to measure gas flow if they have calibration characteristics obtained in the prescribed manner.

6.2.6 Temperatures are recorded using instruments with a measurement range from 0 °C to 1300 °C with an accuracy class of at least 1.0.

6.2.7 To measure the pressure drop across the flow meter diaphragm, differential pressure gauges with an accuracy class of at least 1.5 are used.

6.2.8 Time recording is carried out with a stopwatch with a measurement range from 0 to 60 minutes, accuracy class not lower than 2.0.

6.3 The test bench for testing smoke hatches (valves) of exhaust smoke ventilation systems with natural draft impulse, shown in Figures A.5, A.6 (Appendix A), consists of a furnace, installation elements and devices for loading the sample.

6.3.1 The stove must have internal dimensions of at least (2.0x2.0x2.0) m and be equipped with a smoke exhaust device with draft control, a fuel supply and combustion system. The design of the furnace cover makes it possible to install reinforced concrete liners with openings that meet the conditions for testing samples of smoke hatch structures of designed sizes. The temperature regime in the furnace must comply with 5.2.5 GOST 30247.0 and the requirements of 5.3.

6.3.2 Installation elements ensure compliance with the design conditions for fastening the sample, taking into account the features of its design and spatial orientation.

6.3.3 Devices for loading the sample must comply with the requirements of 5.6, 5.7. The mechanical load should be installed evenly distributed throughout the damper structure in the closed position of the sample. For samples with vertical spatial orientation (installation), mechanical load is not required. The wind load must be evenly distributed over the damper structure in the open position for samples of horizontal spatial orientation, in the open and closed positions for samples of vertical orientation. The wind load should be reproduced using an axial fan(s).

6.3.4 The bench equipment is equipped with instruments for measuring temperature, time intervals, pressure and gas flow.

6.3.5 To measure the gas temperature in the furnace (at the sample inlet), as well as in the area where the drive thermoelement is located, it is recommended to use TEC with an electrode diameter of no more than 0.7 mm. The nominal static characteristics and limits of permissible deviations of the thermoelectromotive force of TEC must comply with GOST R 50431 or individual calibrations.

In this case, the number and installation locations of TEC correspond to the diagrams given in the mandatory Appendix A (Figures A.5 and A.6): at the entrance to the sample - along section A-A, in the area where the drive thermoelement is located - at a distance from 5 to 10 mm from the center of the thermoelement, behind it downstream.

6.3.6 To record measured temperatures, instruments with an accuracy class of at least 1.0 are used.

6.3.7 The static pressure receiver must be tubular with an internal diameter of 4 to 10 mm and must be installed in section A-A in accordance with the mandatory Appendix A (Figures A.5 and A.6). The center of the cut of the tubular static pressure receiver is located at a distance of no more than 20 mm from the geometric center of the specified section.

6.3.8 To measure gas flow through a sample, a combined pressure receiver (CP) in accordance with GOST 12.3.018 should be used with a receiving part diameter of no more than 8% of the width of the sample’s flow area. The coordinates of the points of sequential placement of the efficiency factor in section BB in accordance with the mandatory Appendix A (Figures A.5 and A.6) should be determined according to GOST 12.3.018.

6.3.9 To record pressure, instruments with an accuracy class of at least 1.0 are used.

6.3.10 Registration of time intervals is carried out with a stopwatch of accuracy class not lower than 2.0.

7 Preparation for testing

7.1 The following are subject to fire resistance testing:

two samples of a fire safety normally open valve of the same standard size when installed in the opening of a building envelope with a rated fire resistance limit with a possible one-sided thermal effect (test diagrams are presented in Figures A.1, A.4 (Appendix A));

three samples of a fire safety normally open valve of the same standard size when installed in the opening of a building envelope with a rated fire resistance limit with possible double-sided thermal exposure (test diagrams are presented in Figures A.1, A.4 (Appendix A));

three samples of a fire-prevention normally open damper of the same standard size when installed in the opening of a building envelope with a rated fire resistance limit or outside it on a section of an air duct with a rated fire resistance limit (test diagrams are presented in Figures A.1, A.2, A.4 (Appendix A ));

two samples of a fire-prevention normally closed damper of the same standard size when installed in the opening of a building envelope or outside it on a section of an air duct with a rated fire resistance limit (test diagrams are presented in Figures A.1, A.2 (Appendix A));

two samples of a double-acting fire damper of the same standard size when installed in the opening of a building envelope or outside it on a section of an air duct with a rated fire resistance limit (test diagrams are presented in Figures A.1, A.2 (Appendix A));

one sample of a smoke valve (the test diagram is presented in Figure A.3 (Appendix A)).

Depending on the design features, the number of valves to be tested may be changed.

Note - The number of tested valve samples is not summed up, but is selected according to one of the options, taking into account the purpose and possible way installations.

7.2 Samples of valves supplied for testing must comply with the design documentation. The degree of compliance is determined by the input control, in which:

the completeness of each sample is determined;

the dimensions of the valve, the size of the gaps between the seating surfaces of the body and the valve(s) of the sample, as well as other dimensions that determine the behavior of the valve during its testing are measured;

The compliance of the component parts with the design ones is established, and the quality of their condition is visually monitored.

The incoming inspection data is entered into the test report.

7.3 Before testing, the operation of all structural components is monitored for each sample.

To check the valve, it is necessary to carry out at least 50 cycles of operation of the valve, during which the damper completely closes (normally open valves) or opens (normally closed, double-acting and smoke valves) its flow area.

7.4 For testing, the sample in a closed position is installed on a stand (mandatory Appendix A, Figures A.1, A.2, A.3, A.4).

The density of the ventilation duct connected to the test sample, based on the amount of leaks and air leaks, must be determined in advance and be no more than 10% of the maximum permissible gas flow rate 3.1.3 of these standards.

7.5 Immediately before testing, the air permeability of the sample is determined. In this case, the measuring section of the ventilation duct attached to it is connected to the suction pipe of the fan. By throttling the fan, at least five pressure differentials are created across the sample, uniformly spaced in the range from 0 to 700 Pa. Samples with air permeation resistance not less than specified in 4.1.4 are allowed for fire testing.

The flow meter measures the air flow rate corresponding to each value of the pressure difference passing through the leaks in the sample structure. Then, by reversing the thrust created by connecting the measuring section to the discharge pipe of the fan, the pressure drop across the valve changes in the opposite direction, and the measurement is repeated in a similar sequence.

7.6 The number of samples of smoke hatches (valves) of the same design for testing is determined by the standard size range of their flow sections in accordance with the technical documentation of the manufacturer.

The tested samples must be provided assembled, with full equipment, including drives and installation structural elements.

7.7 To conduct tests, a sample of the smoke hatch must be installed in the installation opening of the furnace of the test bench in accordance with the technical documentation of the manufacturer.

7.8 Immediately before testing, the mechanical and wind load on the sample must be reproduced.

8 Test sequence

8.1 Tests are carried out at ambient temperatures from 0 °C to 40 °C, unless other conditions are specified in the technical documentation for the valve.

8.2 The pressure drop across the sample is created by connecting the measuring section of the air duct to the fan branch pipe, depending on the functional purpose of the test sample. The amount of pressure drop is regulated when throttling the fan using dampers.

When testing fire protection normally open valves and double-acting valves, the measuring section of the ventilation duct of the stand is connected to the suction pipe of the fan, and of normally closed (including smoke) valves - to the discharge pipe.

8.3 The start of the tests corresponds to the moment the furnace nozzles are turned on, immediately before which the sample damper must be brought to the closed position.

8.4 During testing, record:

- temperature in the furnace, and on the unheated side on the outer surfaces of the housing and damper of the sample, the housing seal assembly in the furnace opening and the gas in the outlet section of the valve (only for fire safety normally open valves protecting technological openings);

- the moment of onset and characteristic signs of loss of density (destruction, extreme deformation of the seal assembly of the sample body, including the formation of through cracks, burnouts and peeling of seals, leading to the release of flue gases and the appearance of a flame from the unheated side);

- flow rate and temperature of the gas flow passing through the leaks in the sample structure.

Measurements of temperatures, flow rates and pressures at each control point should be carried out at intervals of no more than 2 minutes.

8.5 Tests are performed until one or two (if necessary) limit states of the valve design occur in accordance with paragraph 4 of this document.

8.6 Tests of smoke hatches (valves) must be carried out at an ambient temperature from 0 °C to 40 °C, unless other conditions are specified in the technical documentation.

8.7 The start of the test corresponds to the moment the furnace nozzles are turned on, which must be carried out sequentially in three stages.

8.7.1 At the first stage, a thermal effect on the sample is provided in combination with mechanical and wind loads in accordance with 5.3, 5.8.3 and 5.8.4.

8.7.1.1 The shutter of a sample equipped with a local thermoelement can open arbitrarily.

8.7.1.2 The control signal to open the damper of a sample equipped with a remote control cabinet is sent 120 s after the furnace nozzles are turned on.

8.7.1.3 The end of the first stage of testing corresponds to the moment the temperature in the furnace reaches (400±15) °C. In this case, its injectors must be turned off.

8.7.2. At the second stage, wind load is provided on the sample with the damper open. The duration of this stage should be at least 10 minutes.

8.7.3. At the third stage, when the furnace nozzles are turned on and the wind load is removed, the temperature in the furnace reaches (480±10) °C. The duration of this stage should be 10 minutes with the sample shutter open.

8.7.4. During the testing process, the following main indicators and parameters are monitored and measured:

temperature in the oven (in the first and third stages);

temperature in the installation area of the sample drive thermoelement, equipped in accordance with 8.7.1.1 (at the first stage);

static pressure in the furnace (at the third stage, optional);

pressure drop across the efficiency factor (at the third stage, optional);

sample response time interval (at the first stage);

state of the sample structure (completeness of the valve opening, maintaining its fixed open position, presence of partial destruction leading to internal loss of fragments of the sample structure).

8.7.5 At the end of the tests, the actual cross-sectional area of the sample must be determined by direct measurements.

9 Processing and evaluation of test results

9.1 The reduced specific resistance to smoke and gas permeation of fire-prevention normally closed and smoke dampers based on measurement results is determined according to the formula

- gas density at a temperature of 20 °C, kg/m.

9.2 The reduced specific resistance to smoke and gas permeation of a fire safety normally open valve and a double-acting valve is determined by averaging the measurement results according to the formula

where is the valve flow area, m;

Pressure difference across the sample in the th dimension, Pa;

- flow rate of gases passing through the sample, in the th dimension, kg/s;

- density of the gas filtered through the leaks of the sample in the th dimension, kg/m;

- gas density at a temperature of 20 °C, kg/m;

9.3 The reduced resistance of samples to air permeation is determined from dependencies (5), (6) using measurement results in accordance with 7.5 of these standards.

9.4 The fire resistance limit of each sample is set in minutes at the moment of occurrence of one of the limiting states.

9.5 The actual fire resistance limit of the valve is taken at the minimum of the values established during testing of samples.

Test results are valid for valves of similar design with a smaller hydraulic diameter hydraulic diameter tested (without limitation), or more than tested, the hydraulic diameter of which satisfies the ratio:

where is the hydraulic diameter of the valve to which the test results can be extended, mm;

- hydraulic diameter of the tested valve, mm.

The value of the hydraulic diameter is determined by the ratio:

where and are the area and perimeter of the valve, respectively.

Test results for rectangular valves cannot be extended to round valves and vice versa.

(Amendment. IUS No. 3-2015).

9.6 In designating the fire resistance limit of a valve, the test results refer to the nearest smaller value from the series of numbers presented in 4.1.1.

9.7 Gas flow through the smoke hatch is determined by the ratio:

where is the average gas flow velocity, m/s;

Design flow area, m;

Initial (design) flow area, m;

- actual flow area, m;

- temperature in the furnace at the th point at the th moment of testing, °C;

- pressure drop across the efficiency at the th point at the th moment of testing, Pa;

- average flow rate at the th moment of testing, m/s;

- number of measurements during testing.

9.8 The smoke hatch consumption coefficient is determined by the relation:

Static pressure in the furnace at the th moment of testing, Pa;

- static pressure of the external environment, Pa.

9.9 Test results can be extended to smoke hatches of a similar design in accordance with 9.5.

9.10 A positive test result is determined by the identified compliance of the sample with the established requirements for the inertia of its operation and the preservation of functional ability in accordance with 5.6, 5.8. In this case, the actual value of the sample consumption coefficient according to 9.8 is included in the technical documentation for the product.

10 Test report

1) Name of the organization conducting the tests;

2) Name and address of the manufacturer (customer);

3) Characteristics of the test object;

4) Method;

5) Procedure;

6) Test equipment and measuring instruments;

7) Results;

8) Evaluation of test results.

11 Safety precautions

11.1 When testing fire dampers and smoke hatches for fire resistance, safety and industrial sanitation requirements must be observed in accordance with GOST 12.1.019 and GOST 12.2.003.

11.2 Persons who are familiar with the technical description and operating instructions of the test bench are allowed to test.

11.3 Before testing, it is necessary to check the reliability of the connections of the bench equipment.

11.4 All moving parts of the test facility must be guarded.

Appendix A (mandatory)

1 - oven; 2 - valve; 3 - pneumatic chamber; 4 - dimensional section of the air duct; 5 - segment diaphragm; 6 - control valve; 7 - fan trim; 8 - fan; 9 - porthole; 10 - nozzle

14 - TEC with a diameter of 0.50.7 mm, installed on the sealing surfaces of the valve body in the furnace opening; 58 - TEC with a diameter of 0.50.7 mm, installed on the surfaces of the valve body; 9 - TEC with a diameter of 0.50.7 mm, installed near the diaphragm; 1012 - TEC with a diameter of 1.23 mm, installed in a furnace; - pressure drop across the valve; - pressure drop across the diaphragm

Figure A.1 - Diagram of bench equipment for testing the fire resistance of fire dampers of ventilation systems for various purposes

1 - oven; 2 - valve; 3 - pneumatic chamber; 4 - dimensional section of the air duct; 5 - segment diaphragm; 6 - control valve; 7 - fan trim; 8 - fan; 9 - porthole; 10 - nozzle; 11 - air duct connecting element

(all dimensions indicated in the diagram are in mm)

Figure A.2 - Diagram of bench equipment for testing the fire resistance of fire dampers of ventilation systems for various purposes when installed on an air duct section

1 - oven; 2 - valve; 3 - pneumatic chamber; 4 - dimensional section of the air duct; 5 - diaphragm: 6 - control valve; 7 - fan trim; 8 - fan; 9 - porthole; 10 - nozzle; 11 - diagram of the location of TEC in the furnace relative to the valve

13 - TEC with a diameter of 1.23 mm, installed in the furnace; 4 - TEC with a diameter of 0.50.7 mm, installed at the diaphragm; - pressure drop across the valve; - pressure drop across the diaphragm
(all dimensions indicated in the diagram are in mm)

Figure A.3 - Diagram of bench equipment for testing the fire resistance of smoke valves

1 - oven; 2 - valve; 3 - porthole; 4 - nozzle

13 - TEC with a diameter of 0.50.7 mm, installed on the valve flap (flap); 46 - TEC with a diameter of 1.23 mm, installed in the furnace.

When TEP 13 hits the junction of the flaps (blinds) of multi-leaf valves, the placement points must be shifted horizontally by 50-100 mm (for TEP 1, 3 towards the valve axis)
(all dimensions indicated in the diagram are in mm)

Figure A.4 - Diagram of bench equipment for testing the fire resistance of fire dampers of ventilation systems for various purposes

1 - oven with nozzles; 2 - chimney; 3 - gate; 4 - furnace cover liner; 5 - installation element; 6 - smoke valve body; 7 - smoke hatch damper; 8 - drive thermocouple; - TEP; - location of static pressure measurement; - combined pressure receiver; - wind speed ( air flow); - wind load; - mechanical load

Figure A.5 - Scheme of a stand for testing smoke hatches (valves) with horizontal filling of the coating opening

Figure A.6 - Scheme of a stand for testing smoke hatches (valves) in vertical enclosing structures

Bibliography


		Heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Fire safety requirements
	Rules 28-64	Measurement of liquids, gases and vapors with standard orifices and nozzles
________________ The document is not valid on the territory of the Russian Federation. GOST 8.586.1-2005 - GOST 8.586.4-2005 are in force. - Database manufacturer's note.

(Amendment. IUS No. 3-2015).

_____________________________________________________________________________________

UDC 614.841 OKS 13.220.50 OKP 48454
526143
526218

Key words: fire damper, smoke hatch, test method

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Electronic document text
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:
official publication
M.: Standartinform, 2014

Revision of the document taking into account
changes and additions prepared
JSC "Kodeks"

Increasing urban density makes it necessary to build multi-story buildings. According to modern regulatory requirements they all must contain systems fire protection. This applies not only to residential buildings, but also to public and industrial buildings.

It is worth paying attention to the fact that according to statistics, about 85% of deaths in a fire occur from the influence of combustion products on the body. Their distribution depends on the speed of movement of air masses from one point of the building to another. To reduce smoke pollution of the entire structure during a fire, smoke protection systems are developed and installed, which include fire dampers for ventilation systems.

What are these elements of the ventilation network? Let's take a closer look at what types of valves there are, how they are selected and how they are installed.

Purpose of fire dampers

In accordance with regulatory documents, a fire damper for general ventilation, air conditioning and heating systems is a device for preventing combustion products from entering rooms or removing them from the site of a fire.

Fire damper for ventilation in some modifications is used to remove smoke, gas, or combustion products from residential and public premises, vestibules, corridors, elevator shafts and other places.

In general, according to technical literature, a fire damper is a remotely or automatically controlled device for closing ventilation ducts or openings in the building envelope. How are valves classified and what types are they?

Classification of fire dampers

Fire dampers, which are produced for use in modern systems ventilation are classified into two main categories. Each of them is intended for its own field of application and differs in design and location. Valves are:

NC (normally closed), which include smoke and used in supply and exhaust systems smoke ventilation. Their purpose is to remove smoke and gases after a fire. IN in good condition the valve in them is in the closed position and air does not pass through the valve. After a fire occurs and fire alarm the valve opens under the action of a servo drive or any other control devices and smoke is removed through it using ventilation.
BUT (normally open). The fire ventilation valve from this group is designed for installation in general ventilation systems, air heating or air conditioning to protect against smoke ingress. In the normal state, the valve in it is open and air moves freely through the ventilation system. After the alarm is triggered, the valve closes, which prevents the possible penetration of smoke from the fire into adjacent rooms. One of the popular devices of this type is the fire damper KLOP-1.

Double acting valves are also available. They combine the characteristics of the two groups considered. The device closes in the event of a fire, to protect against smoke penetration into adjacent rooms, and automatically opens after a fire. Normally closed valves are also called smoke valves.

One of the characteristics of all valves is the fire resistance limit, which characterizes the time that its integrity is maintained when exposed to fire.

Valves are also produced and divided according to climatic design. For example, there are frost-resistant devices that are designed to operate in low temperature conditions. There are also marine devices that are designed to operate in conditions of aggressive humid sea air.

Valves are also classified according to installation method into:

wall;
duct.

The difference is indicated in the name itself: wall ones are installed directly in the enclosing structures without connecting to the ventilation network, duct ones are connected to air ducts.

Regulation

Servo drives are now used to regulate the position of the dampers. They are controlled by applying voltage to the device. They are produced in several types with different modifications. Not all of them are suitable for fire-fighting and fire-retarding ventilation.

It should be noted that previously a normally closed valve, which was called a fire-retardant fire valve, allowed the use of spring actuators with a thermal lock and a fusible insert. It was triggered when the temperature increased, when the fusible link was destroyed and the valve slammed shut. But due to the fact that it cannot be controlled remotely, their use is not allowed in today's current regulatory documents

Valve selection

To select a valve, several characteristics are taken into account:

type and purpose - smoke exhaust or fire damper;
fire resistance limit, which is the main characteristic that determines fire and technical properties devices; it can be found in the documentation for a specific product;
dimensions that depend on the air duct, installation location and air speed;
the type of actuator that drives the valve flap;
resistance;
price.

All characteristics are selected during design based on many factors. Also, do not forget about the resistance on the fire damper, which determines the pressure loss in the network and, as a consequence, the need to choose a more powerful fan. Resistance is calculated using the same principles as for other devices in the ventilation network.

Each product has a local resistance coefficient that is used in the calculation. The aerodynamic characteristics of each valve type are different. This is also one of the factors that influence the choice. All data for each valve is usually indicated in the manufacturer’s catalogs, which must be reviewed during design.

Where are the fire dampers of the ventilation system installed?

To determine valve installation locations, there are regulations and requirements. The location of the device depends on its purpose. Normally open valves that act as fire barriers are usually located in or near the building envelope. There are three wiring diagrams fire dampers:

directly in a wall or other enclosing structure, with air ducts connected to the device;
at some distance from the enclosing structures, but the section of the air duct from the valve to the wall or other element must have a fire resistance rating no less than the valve itself;
in a building structure without connection to air ducts, such a valve ensures the flow of air between adjacent rooms.

Normally closed (smoke) valves are most often installed in smoke ventilation ducts. They must also have the required level of fire resistance, and the external part that is visible from the room can be closed decorative grilles or other elements.

The selection of fire dampers during design is an important part of ensuring the safety of a building. Selecting the right and high-quality equipment can save lives and preserve property during fires.

Sections

Design and use of fire dampers for ventilation systems. Fire dampers for ventilation systems Terms and definitions

Preface

1 area of ​​use

2 Normative references

3 Terms and definitions

4 Fire resistance criteria

5 Essence of the method and test modes

6 Bench equipment and measuring equipment

7 Preparation for testing

8 Test sequence

9 Processing and evaluation of test results

10 Test report

11 Safety precautions

Appendix A (required)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1 area of ​​use

2 Normative references

3 Terms and definitions

4 Fire resistance criteria

5 Essence of the method and test modes

6 Bench equipment and measuring equipment

7 Preparation for testing

8 Test sequence

9 Processing and evaluation of test results

10 Test report

11 Safety precautions

Appendix A (mandatory)

Bibliography

Purpose of fire dampers

Classification of fire dampers

Regulation

Valve selection

Where are the fire dampers of the ventilation system installed?

1 area of use

Appendix A
(required)

1 area of use