On the eve of the 70th anniversary of the Victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War, on the initiative of the Archive Committee St. Petersburg an electronic database (hereinafter referred to as the DB) “Siege of Leningrad. Evacuation". Now users can independently find information about their relatives evacuated from besieged Leningrad in 1941-1943.

Painstaking work on the project is carried out by specialists from several services and departments: archivists of the Central State Archives St. Petersburg, their colleagues from the departmental archives of district administrations, employees of the city Committees for Education and Health, as well as employees St. Petersburg Information and Analytical Center.

The creation of the database took place in several stages. First of all, documents on evacuated townspeople from the archives of district administrations were transferred to the Central State Archive. Admiralteysky, Vasileostrovsky, Vyborg, Kalininsky, Nevsky, Primorsky and Central districts promptly provided the necessary materials. In most cases, these are card indexes - that is, cards selected alphabetically for evacuees. As a rule, they indicate the number, surname, first name, patronymic of the citizen, year of birth, address of residence before evacuation, date of evacuation, as well as the place of departure and information about family members who traveled with the evacuee.

Unfortunately, in a number of areas, such as Kurortny and Kronstadt, card indexes were not kept or have not been preserved. In such cases, the only source of information is lists of evacuees, filled out by hand, often in illegible handwriting, and poorly preserved. All these features create additional difficulties when transferring information into a single database. In the Petrogradsky, Moskovsky, Kirovsky, Krasnoselsky and Kolpinsky districts, documents have not been preserved, which significantly complicates the search.

The next stage of creating a database is the digitization of card files, that is, their conversion into electronic form by scanning. Digitization is carried out on in-line scanners by the staff of the Information and Analytical Center. And here the physical condition of the scanned documents is of particular importance, since some of them have hard-to-read text or physical damage. In many ways, it is this indicator that influences the quality and speed of information subsequently loaded into the database.

At the final stage, electronic images of cards are processed by operators of the Information and Analytical Center, who enter the information contained in them into the database using the manual typing method.

On the eve of the anniversary of the Victory on April 29, 2015, as part of the reception of veterans, a reception at the Archive Committee St. Petersburg war veterans and residents of besieged Leningrad as part of events held to mark the 70th anniversary of the Victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - database “Siege of Leningrad. Evacuation" was inaugurated and became available to a wide range of Internet users at: http://evacuation.spbarchives.ru.

In the process of working on the project, a large volume of documents from the war period (1941 - 1945) were additionally identified, work with which will continue in the future, as well as updating the database with new information. Currently, about 620.8 thousand cards are included in the database.

However, work on the project continues. To replenish the database with new information, a long process of scanning the authentic lists of evacuated Leningrad residents will be necessary.

On May 7, the editorial office of AiF will hold a marathon in memory of the “Voice of Victory” at the Radio House for the sixth time. This year it is dedicated to the fate of children evacuated from the besieged city.

Mass evacuation is a separate page in the history of the blockade. It was carried out in several stages, from June 1941 to November 1943 and affected hundreds of thousands of small Leningraders.

Kids under bombs

The whole country accepted them. Thus, 122 thousand children and teenagers arrived in Yaroslavl. This a large number of explained by the fact that this city, on the way to the east, was the first railway junction and regional center not occupied by the Germans.

The Germans knew about the evacuation and did not spare anyone. A terrible tragedy occurred on July 18, 1941 at the Lychkovo station in the Novgorod region. A train of 12 heated carriages arrived there, containing 2 thousand children and the teachers and doctors accompanying them. The German plane flew in so suddenly that no one had time to hide. The pilot dropped about 25 bombs with precision, and an hour later four more appeared... The Nazis amused themselves by shooting the running kids with machine guns. The exact number of children who died then has not yet been established, but only a few managed to escape.

They were buried in a mass grave along with teachers and nurses. The monument was erected only in 2003. On the granite slab there is the flame of an explosion that threw a child upward, at the foot of the monument there are toys.

She looked after her as if she were her own

Despite the risk, children continued to be sent into the interior of the country. So, Kyrgyzstan sheltered 3.5 thousand children. Most were settled in orphanages on the coast of Lake Issyk-Kul. The Kyrgyz accepted 800 little Leningraders left without parents into their families.

A unique story is connected with Toktogon Altybasarova, who became the mother of 150 children from besieged Leningrad. During the Great Patriotic War she was only 16, but “for her activity and literacy” the girl was elected secretary of the village council of the village of Kurmenty, where the Leningraders exhausted by hunger were brought.

She greeted them like family. Some could not walk, and the villagers carried their children in their arms. Toktogon distributed everyone to their homes and looked after them as if they were her own. Over time, the younger ones began to call the woman Toktogon-apa, which means “mother” in Kyrgyz. She passed away in 2015, and all this time the grateful pupils and their descendants communicated with their mother - they sent letters, came to visit.

Alas, not all evacuees managed to return home after the war. Leningrad remained a closed city for a long time, and in order to register here and get a job, even native residents needed a call and a lot of certificates. As a result, many settled in Siberia, the Urals, and Kazakhstan. Today, over 11 thousand of those same evacuated boys and girls live in 107 cities in Russia and abroad. And although they are outside the city, at heart they still remain Leningraders.

I came across a book S.A. Urodkov “Evacuation of the population of Leningrad in 1941-1942.” Editions 1958 of the year.http://liberea.gerodot.ru/a_hist/urodkov.htm#21
I started reading and became interested. Interesting figures are given. Moreover, the figures are from the reports of the fund of the city evacuation commission of the Leningrad City Council of Workers' Deputies, at that time stored in the State Archive October revolution and socialist construction. Access for me, like other mere mortals, to the archives is, of course, denied; in the public domain, of course, these figures cannot be found either. And for this reason, the material seems extremely interesting, solely as a source of numbers. Let's forget about the ideological fluff in the book.

Let's start with the official one for today. We are told that in besieged Leningrad a huge number of people died of hunger. The numbers are named differently and vary significantly. For example, Krivosheev’s group, which has done monumental work on irretrievable losses, voices the figure of 641 thousand people. http://lib.ru/MEMUARY/1939-1945/KRIWOSHEEW/poteri.txt#w05.htm-45 . Precisely dead civilians. The website of the Piskarevsky Memorial Cemetery in St. Petersburg writes about 420 thousand people.http://pmemorial.ru/blockade/history . Also clarifying that this figure is exclusively for civilians. Not counting other cemeteries and not counting cremated ones. Wikipedia writes about 1052 thousand people (more than a million), while specifying that the total number of victims of the blockade among the civilian population is 1413 thousand people. (almost one and a half million).https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0 %BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0#.D0.9C.D1.83.D0.B7.D0.B5.D0. B9_.D0.B1.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.BA.D0.B0.D0.B4.D1.8B
There is also an interesting quote from an American political philosopher on Wikipedia Michael Walzer and, claiming that “more civilians died in the siege of Leningrad than in the hell of Hamburg, Dresden, Tokyo, Hiroshima and Nagasaki combined.”

To complete the picture, I note that in Nuremberg the figure of the total victims of the blockade was announced at 632 thousand people, despite the fact that 97% of this number died from hunger.

Here it is appropriate to note where the figure of some conditional 600-odd thousand people, around which basically everything revolves, first came from. It turns out that it was voiced by Dmitry Pavlov, the State Defense Committee’s commissioner for food in Leningrad. In his memoirs, he clarifies it as 641,803 people. http://militera.lib.ru/memo/russian/pavlov_db/index.html What it is based on is not known and incomprehensible, but nevertheless, for many decades it was a kind of basic figure. At least this was the case under the USSR. For Democrats, this figure, understandably, turned out to be not enough and it is constantly jumping to a million or even one and a half million. Democrats hold millions in high esteem, millions in the Gulag, millions in the Holodomor, millions in the blockade, etc.

Now let’s figure it out together and separate the flies from the chaff.

Let's start with the starting figure, that is, how many people lived in Leningrad initially. The 1939 census says3,191,304 people, including the population of Kolpino, Kronstadt, Pushkin and Peterhof, taking into account other suburbs - 3,401 thousand people.

However, in connection with the introduction of a card system for food products in July 1941, an actual count of the population actually living in the city and its suburbs was made in Leningrad. And this is understandable, because with the beginning of the war, a huge part of the people were mobilized into the Red Army, sent for other needs, plus a lot of people, mainly children with their mothers, went to the outback to live with their grandmothers. After all, it was summer, schoolchildren were on vacation, and at that time many had village roots. So this accounting revealed that at the beginning of the war (July 1941) 2,652,461 people actually lived in Leningrad, including: workers and engineering workers 921,658, employees 515,934, dependents 747,885, children 466,984. Here you need It should be noted that the majority of dependents were elderly.

So, let's take the bull by the horns. Evacuation data.

With the beginning of the war, refugees from the surrounding area arrived in Leningrad. Someone forgets about them, and someone else increases the number of deaths, like a lot of them arrived and everyone died. But evacuation data provides accurate figures.

Refugees from the Baltic states and surrounding towns and villages : Before the blockade of Leningrad, it was evacuated through the city evacuation point vehicles inland 147,500 people. In addition, 9,500 people were transported on foot. The latter accompanied cattle and property to the rear.

That is, they tried not to keep or leave anyone in the city, but transported them to the rear in transit. Which is logical and quite reasonable. If anyone remains, it is a relatively small part, measured in units or fractions of units of percent. In general, it had virtually no effect on the city’s population.

On July 2, 1941, the Lensoviet Executive Committee outlined specific measures for the removal of 400 thousand children of preschool and school age.

Please note that the war has only been going on for 10 days, but the approximate number of children is already known and measures are being taken to evacuate them.

By August 7, 311,387 children were evacuated from Leningrad to the Udmurt, Bashkir and Kazakh republics, to the Yaroslavl, Kirov, Vologda, Sverdlovsk, Omsk, Perm and Aktobe regions.

A month from the start of the decision to evacuate, and a month before the start of the blockade, 80% of the number of preschool and school-age children planned for evacuation had already been evacuated from the city. Or 67% of the total.

Seven days after the start of the war, it was organizedplannedevacuation of not only children, but also adults. The evacuation took place with the help of the administration of factories, evacuation centers and the city railway station.

Evacuation was carried out along railways, highways and country roads. The evacuated population of the Karelian Isthmus was sent along the Peskarevskaya road and the right bank of the Neva, bypassing Leningrad. For him, by decision of the Leningrad City Council, near the hospital named after. Mechnikov at the end of August 1941, a food center was organized. Medical care and veterinary supervision of livestock were established at the sites where the carts were parked.

For a more successful and planned removal of the population along the roads of the Leningrad railway junction, the Executive Committee of the Leningrad City Council at the beginning of September 1941 decided to create a central evacuation point, to which district points under the Executive Committees of the district Soviets were subordinated.

Thus, planned the evacuation of the population began on June 29 and continued until September 6, 1941 inclusive. During this time it was evacuated706 283 person

Who doesn't understand? Before the blockade began, more than 700 thousand people were evacuated from the city during the PLANNED evacuation. or 28% of the total number of registered residents. That's what's important here. These are the people who were evacuated. But there were also those who left the city on their own. Unfortunately, there are no and cannot be figures for this category of people, but it is clear that these are also thousands, and most likely even tens of thousands of people. It is also important to understand that, apparently, all 400 thousand children planned for evacuation were evacuated and apparently no more than 70 thousand children remained in the city. Unfortunately, there is no exact data. In any case, these 700 thousand are mainly children and women, more precisely women with kids.

The total number of evacuees during the first period was774 876 Human. In the second period, the evacuation of the population from blockaded Leningrad was carried out along the highway - through Lake Ladoga.

December 1941 was the most difficult time. Minimum rations, hunger, cold, intense shelling and bombing. It turns out that by December 1941, up to 1,875 thousand people could remain in the city. These are those who met the most terrible days of the blockade.

People with families and alone flocked to the Finlyandsky Station from Leningrad. Family members who retained the ability to move carried homemade sleds with baskets and bundles. By railway Leningraders were transported to the western shore of Lake Ladoga. Then the evacuees had to overcome an exceptionally difficult path along the ice track to the village of Kabon.

In battles from December 18 to 25 Soviet troops defeated enemy groups in the areas of the Volkhov and Voybokalo stations and liberated the Tikhvin-Volkhov railway. After the liberation of Tikhvin from the Nazi invaders, the section of the road beyond the lake was significantly reduced. Shortening the route speeded up the delivery of goods and greatly facilitated the conditions for evacuation of the population.

During the construction of the ice route, before the start of the mass evacuation of the population (January 22, 1942), the population was evacuated through marching order and unorganized transport across Lake Ladoga.36 118 Human

Starting on December 3, 1941, evacuation trains with Leningraders began to arrive in Borisov Griva. Two trains arrived daily. Sometimes 6 trains arrived at Borisov Griva per day. From December 2, 1941 to April 15, 1942 arrived in Borisov Griva502 800 Human

In addition to the transport of the military highway, evacuated Leningraders were transported by buses of the Moscow and Leningrad columns. They had at their disposal up to 80 vehicles, with which they transported up to2500 people per day , despite the fact that a large number of machines broke down every day. At the cost of enormous strain on the moral and physical strength of the drivers and the command staff of military units, the vehicles completed the task assigned to them. In March 1942, transportation reached about15,000 people per day .

from January 22, 1942 to April 15, 1942 evacuated to the interior of the country554 463 person

That is, by mid-April 1942, another 36,118 + 554,463 = 590,581 people were evacuated from the city. Thus, if we assume that no one died in the city, was not bombed, was not drafted into the army or joined the militia, then the maximum could remain up to 1200 thousand people. That is, there really should have been fewer people. April 1942 is a certain point after which the most difficult phase of the blockade was passed. In fact, since April 1942, Leningrad was little different from any other city in the country. Food service has been established, canteens are opening (the first was opened in March 1942), enterprises are operating, street cleaners are cleaning the streets, and city transport is running (including electric transport). Moreover, not only do enterprises operate, but they even produce tanks. Which suggests that the city has established not only the supply of food, but also components for production needs, including guns and tanks (machines, engines, tracks, sights, metal, gunpowder...). Made in the city in 1942 and sent tofront 713 tanks, 480 armored vehicles and 58 armored trains. This is not counting small things such as mortars, machine guns and other grenades and shells.

After Lake Ladoga was cleared of ice, on May 27, 1942, the third period of evacuation began.

during the third period of evacuation it was transported448 694 person

On November 1, 1942, further evacuation of the population was stopped. Departure from Leningrad was permitted only in exceptional cases due to special instructions City Evacuation Commission.

On November 1, the evacuation point at the Finlyandsky station and the food service in Lavrovo ceased operation. At all other evacuation points, the staff was reduced to a minimum. However, the evacuation of the population continued in 1943, until the final expulsion of the Nazi invaders from Leningrad region

Here you need to understand that in fact the evacuation took place in the summer months and by the fall there was simply no one left to evacuate. Since September 1942, the evacuation was more of a nominal nature, rather a kind of Brownian movement back and forth, despite the fact that in the summer of 1943 an influx of population had already begun into the city, which in the spring of 1944 took on a massive character.

Thus, in During the war and blockade, 1,814,151 were evacuated from Leningrad people, including:
in the first period, including planned evacuation before the blockade - 774,876 people,
in the second - 590,581 people,
in the third - 448,694 people.
And almost 150 thousand more refugees. In a year!

Let's count how many people could have remained in the city by the fall of 1942. 2652 - 1814 = 838 thousand people This is provided that no one died or went anywhere. How accurate is this figure and how much can you trust the evacuation data? It turned out that there is a certain reference point, or rather a certain document that allows you to check this. This document was declassified relatively recently. Here he is.

Population information
cities of Leningrad, Kronstadt and Kolpino

The Leningrad Police Department began re-registration of passports on July 8 and completed on July 30, 1942 (1).

According to the re-registration (re-registration of passports) in Leningrad, Kronstadt, Kolpino, the population is 807,288
a) adults 662361
b) children 144927

Of them:

Around Leningrad
- adults 640750
Children under 16 years old 134614
Total 775364

In Kronstadt - adults 7653
Children under 16 years old 1913
Total 9566

In Kolpino - adults 4145
Children under 16 years old 272
Total 4417

This includes the population that was registered but did not receive passports:
a) Patients undergoing treatment in hospitals 4107
b) Disabled people in nursing homes 782
c) Patients in apartments 553
d) Mentally ill people in hospitals 1632
e) Soldiers of the MPVO 1744
f) Those who arrived for mobilization from other regions 249
g) Persons living on temporary certificates 388
h) Persons with special certificates for evacuees 358
Total 9813

Children on state support:
a) in orphanages 2867
b) in hospitals 2262
c) in receivers 475
d) in baby homes 1080
e) artisans 1444
Total 8128

Note: Of the total re-registered population during this period, 23,822 adults (excluding children) dropped out due to evacuation.

In Leningrad, in addition to the indicated population, it supplies:
1) Workers and employees of suburban areas of the region working in the city - 26,000
2) Military personnel of military units and institutions on supply duty in Leningrad - 3500

On 30/VII-1942. is on supply duty in Leningrad 836788

Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Leningrad City Council of Working People's Deputies Popkov

Head of the NKVDLO Department, State Security Commissioner 3rd Rank Kubatkin

Surprisingly, the numbers are very close.

So how many could have died from starvation? As it turns out, not much. We can admit that evacuation data may be somewhat overestimated. Could this be? Quite. We can assume that during this year a certain number of people from the surrounding area arrived in Leningrad. Surely it was so. We can assume that the wounded were brought to Leningrad from the front, and for some reason those who remained here remained. Surely this happened too, not even for sure, but definitely, because such a clause is in the certificate. We can assume that the return of part of the population from evacuation began earlier than the autumn of 1942. Could this happen? Quite, especially if someone left relatively close and was forced to get out of the occupation along partisan paths, including with children. Perhaps other suburbs of Leningrad are not taken into account, for example Oranienbaum and Vsevolozhsk.
However, we will not get exact figures. There is none of them. IN in this case The only important fact is that the officially accepted figures for those who died of starvation during the blockade do not correspond to reality. Apparently, it would be correct to say that it was not hundreds, let alone millions, who actually died of hunger during the blockade, but tens of thousands of people. In total, with those who died naturally, from bombings, from disease and other causes - probably no more than a hundred thousand.

What conclusions can we draw from everything? First of all, this topic requires additional research by historians. Moreover, an honest, objective study. No myths. It is necessary to remove from the archives everything that has been falsified, especially the last 25 years. Here, for example, is one of the most blatant fakes signed by an incomprehensible senior lieutenant, in which the numbers do not add up at all, but nevertheless all historians present it every time someone begins to doubt the millions who died of starvation.

Reference
Leningrad city department of civil status acts
about the number of deaths in Leningrad in 1942
Secret
February 4, 1943

January_ _ _ _Number of population in Leningrad - 2383853; Total number of deaths - 101825; The number of deaths per 1000 population is 512.5.
February _ _ _Number of population in Leningrad - 2322640; The total number of deaths is 108,029; The number of deaths per 1000 population is 558.1.
March_ _ _ _ _Number of population in Leningrad - 2199234; The total number of deaths is 98,112; The number of deaths per 1000 population is 535.3.
April_ _ _ _Number of population in Leningrad - 2058257; Total number of deaths - 85541; The number of deaths per 1000 population is 475.4.
May _ _ _ _ _Number of population in Leningrad - 1919115; Total number of deaths - 53256; The number of deaths per 1000 population is 333.0.
June_ _ _ _ _Number of population in Leningrad - 1717774; The total number of deaths is 33,785; The number of deaths per 1000 population is 236.0.
July_ _ _ _ _Number of population in Leningrad - 1302922; The total number of deaths is 17,743; The number of deaths per 1000 population is 162.1.
August_ _ _ _Population number in Leningrad - 870154; Total number of deaths - 8988; The number of deaths per 1000 population is 123.9.
September _ _Number of population in Leningrad - 701204; Total number of deaths - 4697; The number of deaths per 1000 population is 80.3.
October _ _ _Number of population in Leningrad - 675447; Total number of deaths - 3705; The number of deaths per 1000 population is 65.8.
November_ _ _ _Number of population in Leningrad - 652872; Total number of deaths - 3239; The number of deaths per 1000 population is 59.5.
December _ _ _Number of population in Leningrad - 641254; Total number of deaths - 3496; The number of deaths per 1000 population is 65.4.

Total: Total number of deaths - 518416; The number of deaths per 1000 population is 337.2.
Head of the OAGS UNKVD LO
Senior Lieutenant of State Security (Ababin)

The same fakes apparently include data from cemeteries and brick factories converted into crematoriums. Naturally, there was no accounting there and there could not be. But for some reason there are public figures. And of course hundreds of thousands. It's just some kind of competition to see who is bigger.

You may ask, what about film and photo chronicles? What about the memories of the siege survivors? Let's think about it. Let 100 thousand people die from bombing, hunger and cold. In principle, such a figure can be accepted. The bulk of deaths occurred in December-February. Let it be half of the total number, that is, 50 thousand. 50 thousand in three months is 500-600 people per day. 8-9 times more than if they died naturally (in peacetime). On some days, when it was very cold, this figure was even higher. There could be a thousand people a day and even more. This is a huge number. Just think about it, a thousand a day.Despite the fact that at this time the relevant services worked with restrictions, and on some days they might not work at all, including cemeteries and crematoriums. And city transport in December-January worked with restrictions and at some points did not work at all. This led to corpses piling up on the streets. The picture is certainly creepy, and could not help but remain in people’s memories. Yes, we saw a lot, but I don’t know how many and I don’t remember.

Now let's look at the food package in besieged Leningrad. Most people think that throughout the blockade people ate 125 grams of bread, half of which was made from sawdust and straw, and that’s why they died. However, it is not.

Here are the standards for bread.

Indeed, from November 20 to December 25 (5 weeks), children, dependents and employees received 125 grams of bread per day, and not of the highest quality, with an admixture of malt (stocks from breweries shut down in October 1941) and other fillers (cake, bran, etc.). There was no sawdust or other straw in the bread, this is a myth.

This is for bread.

And we are assured that other than bread, other products were not issued due to lack of availability. In particular, this is stated by the official website of the Piskarevsky cemetery. http://www.pmemorial.ru/blockade/history However, by looking up archival materials, we learn in particular that since February 1942, meat standards have been replaced from canned to fresh-frozen. Now I will not delve into the quality of meat, its distribution and other nuances; the fact is most important to me. The fact of the presence of not just canned meat, but meat. If meat was issued using ration cards, it is logical to assume that other products were also issued according to rationing standards. And spices, and shag, and salt and cereals, etc. In particular, the card on butter as of December 1941, it meant 10-15 grams per day per person.

And the card for January 1942 meant twice as much: 20-25 grams per day per person. It’s like now in the army for soldiers, but in the USSR it was for officers.

The sugar card for December 1941 meant 40 grams per person per day

for February 1942 - 30 grams.

This was during the hungriest months; it is clear that later food standards only increased, or at least did not decrease.
Moreover, since March 1942, canteens have been opened in the city, where anyone could eat for money. Of course, this is not a restaurant, but the very fact of having canteens implies a certain assortment of dishes. In addition, there were factory canteens where food was provided free of charge using food cards.

Don't think that I want to embellish something. No. I just want an objective assessment. First of all, the truth. And everyone is free to make their own conclusions and assessments from this truth.

We bring to your attention an article about events Soviet power on the evacuation of the population from Leningrad at the first stage of the Great Patriotic War. The article sets out the essence of the issue in detail. The purpose of the publication is to rebuff various liberal, anti-Soviet speculations about the blockade of Leningrad.

Bulletin of Leningrad University, 1958, No. 8.

The heroic defense of Leningrad from the Nazi invaders went down in the history of the Great Patriotic War as one of the brightest pages of the tenacity and selfless courage of the Soviet people. The heroism and dedication of Leningraders are an example of the devotion of Soviet people to their Motherland and the Communist Party.

During the Great Patriotic War, Leningrad withstood the most severe trials. The working people of the city showed heroism unparalleled in history.

The German command gave great importance the capture of Leningrad, the largest industrial and cultural center of the USSR. “The Leningrad region,” Hitler said, “is claimed by the Finns. Raze Leningrad to the ground in order to then give it to the Finns” (1). Such a fate was being prepared for Leningrad in the plans of the fascist invaders. Fulfilling this task would allow the Nazis to reign supreme not only in the Baltic Sea, but also in the entire north-west of Europe.

To capture the Baltic states and Leningrad, the fascist German command formed Army Group North. These armies began their offensive on June 22, 7 days later they occupied Riga and on July 9: they reached the northern outskirts of Pskov. On July 15, German tanks were already in the area of ​​Soltsa and Narva.

In the second half of August, the Germans concentrated an army of three hundred thousand near Leningrad. This army was armed with 6,000 guns, 19,000 machine guns, 4,500 mortars, 1,000 tanks and 1,000 combat aircraft (2).

At the same time, the Finnish army, consisting of 16 divisions (3), went on the offensive against Leningrad. On September 7, the enemy captured the city of Shlisselburg and blocked Leningrad. A huge city with a large population, factories and factories found itself cut off from the main economic base of the country.

In connection with the blockade of Leningrad, in addition to the tasks of defending the city, the most difficult tasks arose of evacuating the population and supplying the city; food and fuel. The solution to these problems was carried out under the leadership of party and Soviet organizations.

This article covers only one issue - the evacuation of the population of Leningrad.

The evacuation of the population can be conditionally divided into three periods, each of which has its own chronological framework and its own characteristics.

From the very first days of the Great Patriotic War, as a result of the unfolding hostilities, people began to arrive from the front line. For the organized reception and evacuation of arriving citizens from Leningrad, by decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on June 30, 1941, a city evacuation point was created in Leningrad.

The functions of the city evacuation point, located in the building on Griboyedov Canal, No. 6, in the first period were limited to recording all arriving citizens. Then these functions expanded significantly: the evacuation center took over providing food and housing to the population, provided them with material assistance, and prepared documents for further evacuation into the interior of the country.

To receive the population arriving in Leningrad and evacuate them from the city, seven evacuation points were subsequently organized: at the Moscow, Finlyandsky, Baltiysky and Vitebsky stations, in the Leningrad port, at the Moskovskaya Sortirovochnaya and Kushelevka stations.

For the accommodation and temporary residence of the population arriving in the city, dormitories were created in school buildings.

If in the first period, before the blockade, dormitories were located in only seven schools: at Ligovskaya Street 46 and 87, Rubinshteina 13, Goncharnaya 15, Moika 38, Zhukovsky 59 and Lesnoy Prospekt 20, then in connection with the blockade the population who arrived in the city found themselves shelter in 42 schools.

The city evacuation point received evacuated people from the Karelo-Finnish, Estonian and Latvian republics, the Leningrad region, as well as families of military personnel from the front line. These citizens had no shelter, had lost all their property, and were therefore in a particularly difficult situation.

The city's military commandant's office facilitated the evacuation of the population not registered in Leningrad. Before the blockade of Leningrad, 147,500 people were evacuated by vehicles into the interior of the country through the city evacuation point. In addition, 9,500 people were transported on foot. The latter accompanied livestock and property to the rear (4).

The approach of the front threatened children especially. The issue of saving children was specifically considered by the Soviet government. The government proposed to the Executive Committee of the Leningrad Council of Workers' Deputies to remove 400 thousand children from Leningrad. On July 2, 1941, the Lensoviet Executive Committee outlined specific measures for the removal of 400 thousand children of preschool and school age (5).

Seven days after the start of the war, a planned evacuation of not only children, but also adults was organized. The evacuation took place with the help of the administration of factories, evacuation centers and the city railway station. By August 7, 311,387 children were evacuated from Leningrad to the Udmurt, Bashkir and Kazakh republics, to the Yaroslavl, Kirov, Vologda, Sverdlovsk, Omsk, Perm and Aktobe regions (6).

The dispersal of evacuated children was mainly carried out in remote areas. Nevertheless, many urban children ended up in areas of the Leningrad region, which were soon occupied by Nazi troops.

For a more successful and planned removal of the population along the roads of the Leningrad railway junction, the Executive Committee of the Leningrad City Council at the beginning of September 1941 decided to create a central evacuation point, to which district points under the Executive Committees of the district Soviets were subordinated. Evacuation centers of district councils kept records of children and accompanying persons according to lists compiled by house managements. These lists gave the right to purchase train tickets, the free sale of which was stopped at the beginning of September at all Leningrad stations.

Evacuation was carried out along railways, highways and country roads. The evacuated population of the Karelian Isthmus was sent along the Peskarevskaya road and the right bank of the Neva, bypassing Leningrad. For him, by decision of the Leningrad City Council, near the hospital named after. Mechnikov at the end of August 1941, a food center was organized. Medical care and veterinary supervision of livestock were established at the sites where the carts were parked.

The difficult journey without hot food exhausted the people. Many of them were on the move for more than 30 days. It was especially difficult for children. From the examination of the Leningrad City Health Department, it is clear that on August 21 alone, 15 children with dysentery were identified (7).

The approach of the front made evacuation increasingly difficult. Trains often came under bombing from enemy planes and stood idle for a long time due to the destroyed route and transport.

On August 27, railway communication with the country was completely interrupted: on September 8, the enemy, having captured Shlisselburg, reached the southern shore of Lake Ladoga; thus, railways and country roads were completely cut off. This ended the first period of evacuation.

Thus, the planned evacuation of the population began on June 29 and continued until September 6, 1941 inclusive. During this time, 706,283 people were evacuated, including factories evacuated 164,320 people, district councils - 401,748 people, evacuation points 117,580 people and the city railway station - 22,635 people (8).

In October and November 1941, the evacuation of the population of Leningrad took place by water - through Lake Ladoga. During this time, 33,479 people were transported to the rear. At the end of November 1941, the evacuation of the population by air began. By the end of December of the same year, 35,114 people were transported by plane (9).

The total number of evacuees during the first period was 774,876 people. In the second period, the evacuation of the population from blockaded Leningrad was carried out along the highway - through Lake Ladoga.

The road began behind the Okhtensky Bridge and went to Ladoga along the old highway. Having walked across the ice of the lake, she headed into the forests - north of the railway. Bypassing Tikhvin, where there were Germans, the highway went to Zaborovye station. With great difficulty, cargo was transported over narrow clearings over hundreds of kilometers.

On November 16, 1941, the first company of the road regiment set out to lay an ice route across Lake Ladoga. With great effort in short term the work was completed, and horse-drawn transport moved across the ice. Traffic controllers and guides came onto the road to clear the path of snow. At certain points along the route, tents were erected and ice shelters from bad weather were arranged. Warm dugouts were installed on the islands closest to the road. Every two hundred meters along the highway at night there were lit lanterns. The route was protected from enemy air raids by anti-aircraft guns. The closest distance from the road to the front edge was 10 km. This circumstance made it possible for the enemy to constantly conduct artillery fire on the route.

On November 22, several dozen vehicles passed on the Ladoga ice for the first time. On the eastern shore of the lake there were warehouses for bread, meat, potatoes, sugar, butter, salt and tobacco. In addition, ammunition, equipment, weapons and medicines were waiting to be sent to Leningrad.

To save the civilian population of Leningrad and the army from starvation, all this had to be transported across the ice route.

People with families and alone flocked to the Finlyandsky Station from Leningrad. Family members who retained the ability to move carried homemade sleds with baskets and bundles.

Leningraders were transported by rail to the western shore of Lake Ladoga. Then the evacuees had to overcome an exceptionally difficult path along the ice track to the village of Kabon.

Cars carrying people constantly came under fire. The ice road was systematically destroyed. E. Fedorov in the following way describes one of the episodes of the crossing: “...the ice broke under the running car, and the people plunged into ice water. The travel fighters rushed into the wormwood and caught everyone. Clothes caught in the frost and frozen into a shell of ice, they brought the rescued people to a heating tent” (10).

A few days later, an incident occurred when a car crashed into a crack at full speed. “Women and children,” E. Fedorov wrote about this incident, “found themselves in icy water. Sergeant Major Shafransky and the traffic controllers came running to the screams of the dying people. Comrade Shafransky quickly took off his sheepskin coat and... jumped into the icy water. He began to bravely dive and pull the choking children out of the water and saved all the children” (11). After this, the children were put in a car that arrived and taken to a heating tent.

To speed up the movement, graders shoveled snow day and night. The resulting cracks and holes in the ice from aerial bombs and shells often had to be sealed with wooden flooring.

The people maintaining the track showed unparalleled dedication. Thousands of traffic controllers, sweepers, EPRON workers and doctors lived on the ice for several months without a shift under bombing, shelling, and bad weather. Hero drivers also appeared on the “road of life”, making two, three and even four trips in one shift.

The driver E.V. Vasiliev made eight trips in 48 hours of continuous work on the car. During this time, he traveled 1029 km and transported 12 tons of cargo. Then Vasiliev began to make three flights per shift every day (12).

Drivers Kondrin and Gontarev made four trips each shift. Often they had to save cars and cargo alone. “One day, an enemy shell,” wrote A. Fadeev, “lit the barn where Condrin’s car was parked. Condrin ran into the burning barn and, jumping into a car with tanks full of gasoline, drove it out of the barn. And in another case, his car fell into the water, and in twenty-degree frost, he pulled the load out of the water onto the ice until he saved the entire load. He was picked up by his comrades, completely icy and unconscious, but, having slept and warmed up, he continued to make four flights every day” (13).

Epron's team recovered the sunken cargo from under the ice. A diver pulled out of the water was instantly covered with ice, and the diving suit could only be removed from the diver in a heating tent.

Thanks to the courage and dedication of the Soviet people, work on the ice track improved every day.

The military successes of the Soviet troops played a decisive role in increasing and accelerating the flow of goods to Leningrad. At this time, the Soviet army dealt a decisive blow to the enemy and liberated Tikhvin on December 9, 1941. In battles from December 18 to 25, Soviet troops defeated enemy groups in the Volkhov and Voybokalo station areas and liberated the Tikhvin-Volkhov railway.

After the liberation of Tikhvin from the Nazi invaders, the section of the road beyond the lake was significantly reduced. Shortening the route speeded up the delivery of goods and greatly facilitated the conditions for evacuation of the population.

During the evacuation of the population along the ice route of Lake Ladoga, great tasks were assigned to the employees of the Lenavtotrans trust. To the manager and technical staff The trust, together with the fleet directors, was charged with the responsibility of carefully checking the technical condition of the vehicles. It was also necessary to check the level of training and practical skills of drivers of cars mobilized by the district military registration and enlistment offices and the Leningrad city police. In conditions of blockade and famine, organizing the uninterrupted operation of the Lenavtotrans trust was far from easy. The trust's workers, overcoming enormous difficulties, still achieved great success in transporting people. However, there were cases when the management of Lenavtotrans did not ensure the implementation of the transportation plan.

So, on January 22, 1942, instead of 50 buses, only 40 went on the line. Of these, 29 cars reached their destination - the Zhikharevo station, 11 cars were out of service before reaching Lake Ladoga. The remaining passengers had to be transported around the city in cars to warm rooms.

Soviet and party organizations accepted drastic measures to eliminate deficiencies in transport operations. In his letter to the city prosecutor, Deputy Chairman of the Leningrad City Executive Committee, Comrade. Reshkin wrote about this on February 2, 1942: “As a result of such a criminal attitude towards the assigned work, about 300 passengers, of whom there were many children, froze in 35-40° frost” (14). The case was transferred to the investigative authorities to bring the perpetrators to justice. To detain cars coming from Leningrad empty, by decision of the Military Council of the Leningrad Front, control posts were installed at the corner of Kommuna Street and Ryabovskoye Highway and at the corner of Kommuna Street and Krasin Street. The detained cars followed people to the Zvezdochka cinema, where an evacuation point was organized, where the evacuees were boarded.

It should be noted that during the construction of the ice route, before the start of the mass evacuation of the population (January 22, 1942), 36,118 people were evacuated through Lake Ladoga by marching order and unorganized transport (15).

Only a few could get on the direct shuttle cars from Leningrad to the place of loading into the wagons. The majority of the population was evacuated in two stages, with a transfer. First of all, it was necessary to get to the Finlyandsky Station and travel by train to the western shore of Lake Ladoga. This part of the journey was relatively easy. It was much more difficult to wait in line for a car and cross Lake Ladoga in conditions of systematic bombing and artillery shelling. The final points of the exhausting journey were the stations of Zhikharevo, Lavrovo and Kabony. At each of the three stations there were evacuation points with warm rooms and food for people. From here the evacuees headed to the rear.

The issue of evacuating the population from Leningrad was considered by the State Defense Committee, whose decision proposed evacuating 500,000 people along the ice route (16).

Fulfilling this decision, party and Soviet organizations in Leningrad at the beginning of December 1941 organized evacuation points at the Finlyandsky Station, Borisovaya Griva, Zhikharevo, Voybokalo, Lavrovo and Kabon.

Starting on December 3, 1941, evacuation trains with Leningraders began to arrive in Borisov Griva. Two trains arrived daily. The evacuation point did not have equipped premises and therefore people were placed among the local population, 30-40 people per room.

Later, a tent camp was created in the village of Vaganovo to warm the evacuees. The town consisted of 40 tents and accommodated up to 2000 people (17).

The arrival of evacuation trains, cars and horses with people was uneven. Covered buses sent from Leningrad, as already indicated, were in poor technical condition and only a small number reached Borisovaya Griva. The evacuation center had to pick up stranded people, heat and feed them.

Sometimes 6 trains arrived at Borisov Griva per day. People were unloaded by carload and, as a rule, depending on the approach of vehicles. Later, on warm days, simultaneous unloading of the entire train was practiced. This made it possible to reduce the downtime of cars for unloading and speed up the delivery of empty cars to the station.

The Borisov Griva evacuation point had three loading areas with directions to Kabona, Lavrovo and Zhikharevo. The boarding of people from the platforms onto cars was carried out exclusively by the dispatch apparatus, and, as a rule, large families, sick people and children were placed on buses, and everyone else was placed in open cars. After boarding the vehicles, the NKVD border troops checkpoint checked the documents of the evacuees.

12 people with things sat on a one and a half ton GAZ-A car, and from 22 to 25 people on a bus.

From December 2, 1941 to April 15, 1942, 502,800 people arrived in Borisov Griva (18). A significantly smaller portion of the evacuees traveled by passing cars and walked along the Ladoga highway to Zhikharevo, Kabony and Lavrovo without stopping at Borisov Griva. The most massive evacuation took place in March and April 1942, when the transport of the ice route worked most efficiently. During the same time, 45% of the total number of evacuees from the total number of arrivals were sent from Borisovaya Griva to Zhikharevo and Voybokalo, 30% to Lavrovo and 25% to Kabona (19).

During the first period of mass evacuation along the ice route, the evacuation point in Borisovaya Griva encountered great difficulties: vehicles arrived there irregularly to transport people across the lake. On this issue, the Military Council of the Leningrad Front took a number of specific measures, after which the supply of vehicles improved. Vehicles began to regularly enter the evacuation point sites for loading. This, in turn, led to a decrease in echelon downtime. Some autobats and the NKVD convoy worked especially efficiently.

In addition to the transport of the military highway, evacuated Leningraders were transported by buses of the Moscow and Leningrad columns. They had at their disposal up to 80 vehicles, with which they transported up to 2,500 people per day, despite the fact that a large number of vehicles broke down every day (20).

At the cost of enormous strain on the moral and physical strength of the drivers and the command staff of military units, the vehicles completed the task assigned to them. In March 1942, transportation reached about 15,000 people per day (21).

The personnel of the evacuation point in Borisovaya Griva numbered 120 people. The evacuation work was organized around the clock. Together with canteen workers and police officers, the Borisov Griva evacuation point numbered 224 people, including medical personnel - 29 people (22).

The mass evacuation of the population of Leningrad in the most difficult winter conditions was successful. However, the matter was not without victims. Deaths occurred at all evacuation points: Borisovaya Griva, Lavrov, Zhikharev, Tikhvin, and even in carriages and vehicles. They made up a small percentage of the total number of evacuees. Thus, in the spring of 1942, 2,813 corpses were discovered and buried in the immediate vicinity of Borisovaya Griva and in the village itself. Burial took place at Irinovsky and New cemeteries (23). According to the lists of doctors at the Tikhvin evacuation point, for four months of 1942, from January to April inclusive, 482 people died in railway cars en route to Tikhvin. During the same time, 34 people died in the Tikhvin infectious diseases hospital (24).

The Leningrad party organization, together with the evacuation point, took decisive measures to save people along the way. Enhanced nutrition was required. Success, evacuation and saving human lives depended on regular nutrition along the way. The Soviet government, providing all possible assistance to the Leningrad residents, allocated them the necessary food funds.

By decision of the Military Council of the Leningrad Front, each evacuee at the Finlyandsky Station received a hot lunch and 500 g of bread. After lunch, before boarding the carriages, Leningraders received bread for the route using special coupons at the rate of 1 kg per person (25). During the first period of mass evacuation, the Borisov Griva evacuation point supplied Leningraders with bread and soup. On February 23, 1942, food supply in Borisovaya Griva was stopped.

By this time, the evacuation point and motor transport battalions had managed to quickly transfer people from railway cars to cars. In this regard, food bases beyond Lake Ladoga were expanded - in Zhikharevo, Lavrov and Kabon, Leningraders received a hot lunch of two courses and 150 g of bread. In addition, evacuation centers gave everyone 1 kg of bread and 200 g of meat products for the journey. Children under 16 years of age received an additional chocolate bar.

The head of the Tikhvin evacuation point, Korolkov, was ordered to give evacuated Leningraders, in addition to a hot two-course lunch, a dry ration, which consisted of 40 g of butter, 20 g of sugar and 500 g of bread. Children's trains also received dry rations for the journey (26). Funds for dry rations were issued by the People's Commissariat of Trade of the USSR, and funds for hot lunches were issued by the Military Council of the Leningrad Front. Responsibility for food was assigned to the heads of evacuation points.

The chairmen of regional evacuation commissions issued coupons for bread and hot meals to all evacuees. These coupons were strictly taken into account and registered on the back of evacuation certificates. Those leaving with passing cars received only coupons for hot meals.

Evacuation centers overcame significant difficulties in supplying people with food in a timely manner. Particularly clear organization of work was required from food points in Volkhovstroi, where a huge number of people gathered. So, in March April 1942, 2 canteens operated in Volkhovstroi. These canteens had six lunch distribution points and four cash registers. Special responsibility was assigned to workers issuing lunch vouchers.

The evacuation point, in exchange for coupons for bread and hot meals from the district health commissions, gave each evacuee their own coupon for lunch and bread, which the canteens used to issue them. Using these coupons, the consumption of food and the number of people arriving with the train were taken into account. After the train departed, the evacuation point took away the coupons from the canteen workers. At the end of the day, a general count of coupons was made and a food consumption report was drawn up. In order to prevent food theft, the form of coupons was changed daily in such a way that it was impossible to get lunch and bread again using the previous day’s coupon.

In Volkhovstroi, as at other evacuation points, in addition to a hot lunch, Leningraders received 1 kg of bread for the journey. In this regard, each echelon required up to 3 tons of bread, which had to be packaged in a timely manner. The trains came one after another, carrying from 12 to 16 thousand people daily (27).

From December 1, 1941 to April 15, 1942, the following was spent at the evacuation points of Borisov Griva, Lavrovo, Kabony, Zhikharevo, Voybokalo and Volkhovstroy:

Bread - 928.4 tons
Cereals - 94.4 t
Dry vegetables - 33.7 t
Meat - 136.6 tons
Meat products - 144.2 tons
Fats - 62.2 t
Sugar - 3.9 t
Chocolate - 22.1 t
Salt - 8.3 t
Tea - 113.0 kg
Vodka - 528 l. (28)

The responsibility of evacuation points included not only timely provision of food to people, but also equipping the carriages with bunks, stoves and windows. The Volkhovstroy carriage section alone equipped 13,561 carriages: 7,876 stoves and 11,000 stove pipes were manufactured by the workers of the carriage section. To construct the bunks and stepladders, 123,650 boards had to be cut and used (29).

Boarding the cars took place at the Zhikharevo, Kabony and Lavrovo stations. Each echelon took from 2500 to 3800 people. Trains departed from these stations to Volkhovstroy without a schedule, as the cars were loaded. The lack of equipped cars sometimes led to large overloads of trains and huge crowds of people at stations. So, on March 29, 8 thousand people gathered at the Lavrovo and Kabony stations, and on March 30, another 10 thousand (30) arrived at the same stations. To send these people, 7 trains of 2,500 people each were required. There were cases when each carriage accommodated 50-65 people (31).

In Volkhovstroy it was not always possible to attach additional cars to the train and thus free the cars from overload. The shortage of carriages was felt even more here. In addition, at the Volkhovstroy station, trains were included in the schedule and could not be delayed. At the same time, the cars were overloaded due to the lack of shunting locomotives to supply the cars to the train.

Upon arrival of each train at the station. Volkhovstroy staff of the first aid station went around all the cars and removed the weak and sick. Patients were sent to the clinic and medical centers, where they received inpatient treatment. There were 1,495 such patients in Volkhovstroi during the entire period of evacuation. In addition, 6,046 people received primary medical care directly in the cars (32).

In each carriage there was a headman, appointed as the head of the train and the head of the evacuation point. These elders monitored order in the carriage, provided detailed information about the state of health of people in Smolny and the People's Commissariat for Transport, and also brought to the attention of higher organizations about delays in movement or lack of food.

The proximity of the front had an extremely negative impact on the work of the Northern Railway. Enemy aircraft constantly bombed the road and put it out of action. For example, on March 29, all trains were delayed on the approach to Tikhvin from 7 to 9 hours (33).

Loading into trains was not always accompanied by rapid movement through Vologda and other points of the country. The delay occurred mainly on the front-line section of the road. In early April 1942, on the Volkhov-Efimovskaya section, the evacuation train covered only 100 km in 78 hours. There were 2,500 people in the carriages, including 900 children. The head of the train, Ulyamsky, in his telegram to the People's Commissariat of Railways regarding the delay in movement, wrote: “... We have been starving for three days. 16 people died on the way. I ask for urgent action” (34).

On April 5, a telegram was received from Zaborye addressed to A. A. Zhdanov from the warden of the carriage, Vasiliev, which read: “Evacuated train 406 received one hundred and fifty grams of bread for lunch on the morning of the first hour. To this day he receives neither food nor bread. People die along the way. Take urgent action” (35). In response to the telegram, Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars A.N. Kosygin, who was in Leningrad at that time, ordered the distribution of 1 kg of bread to each passenger at the Volkhovstroy station.

The delay of echelons took place not only in the front line, but also at a considerable distance from the front. Thus, in the first half of April, it took 25-30 hours to travel a short section of the route between Babaevo and Cherepovets (36). The delay of the trains occurred not only due to the bombing of the route by enemy aircraft, but also due to the congestion of the road. Railway workers made desperate efforts to ensure the unimpeded movement of trains carrying the evacuated population to the eastern regions of the country.

Evacuation points at large railway stations, with their strict limits on food products, almost always could not fully satisfy the needs of passengers. Traffic jams that formed along the way disrupted the train schedule and the normal operation of food outlets. In such cases, wagons-shops came to the place where the trains gathered and supplied people with food.

Those responsible for a careless attitude towards evacuation transportation were severely punished. So, the head of the passenger service of the Northern Railway, Comrade. On March 31, 1942, Pronin was reprimanded in an order by the People's Commissariat of Railways “for unsatisfactory provision of evacuation transportation, systematic delays in the supply of trains and departure of trains” (37).

The rhythm of the work of the railway stations of Zhikharevo, Kabony, Lavrovo, Tikhvin and Volkhovstroy also depended on the accuracy of the work of the Ladoga route, which operated until April 21, 1942. The ice route played an exceptional role not only in the evacuation of the population of Leningrad, but also in supplying the city and the army with food and weapons. It transported 354,200 tons of cargo to Leningrad, including 268,400 tons of food (38).

Motor transport workers and railway workers, overcoming exceptional difficulties, fulfilled the task assigned to them with honor.

The archives of the fund (7384) of the Leningrad City Council contain numerous telegrams and telephone messages about the dispatch of special trains from the stations of Kabony, Zhikharevo and Lavrovo. The telegrams make it possible to imagine the life of these stations, full of incredible difficulties. It was at these stations that work of exceptional intensity took place from the beginning of the blockade until April 15, 1942, when the evacuation was temporarily stopped.

Thus, thanks to the colossal efforts of party and Soviet organizations, evacuation points, railway workers and military transport battalions, from January 22, 1942 to April 15, 1942, 554,463 people were evacuated into the interior of the country (39). This was the second, most difficult, period of evacuation.

The Defense Committee decided to evacuate 300,000 people from Leningrad during the navigation of 1942 (40). First of all, it was necessary to ensure uninterrupted reception of ships of the Ladoga flotilla in Kabony. The existing pier No. 5 in Kabony could not provide unloading of people and cargo. Therefore, the Military Council of the Leningrad Front ordered the construction of two small piers in a short time. The piers were equipped in such a way as to prevent the accumulation of people on them, because enemy aircraft conducted systematic reconnaissance and bombing. Vehicles were assigned to service the piers, which were supposed to immediately take people away from the spit.

According to the plan for removing the population from Leningrad, it was planned to increase the number to 10,000 people per day. Considering the impossibility of organizing landing for so many people at the Kabona dead end, it was necessary to organize a second landing site at Lavrovo station. A dirt road was built to access the dead end of Lavrovo station. To serve the evacuation population in Kabony, a winter canteen with a capacity of 10-12 thousand people per day was restored. At the same time, 46 field-type boilers were equipped and four bakeries were repaired with a total bread baking capacity of up to 16,000 kg per day. To provide shelter from the weather, 132 tents were pitched for the evacuated population. The workers of the bus convoy and 400 loaders settled in the forest with everyone outbuildings (41).

The transportation of people in June, July and August took place in exceptionally rainy weather conditions. The rain washed out roads and made traffic impossible. Transportation had to be carried out at night in order to shelter ships and people from enemy aircraft.

Separate transportation of people and luggage of evacuees extremely complicated the work of the evacuation point in Kabony. People unloaded from ships were forced to wait for up to 5-6 days for their luggage. This circumstance led to a forced gathering of people. People demanded food for a longer period, which led to overconsumption of food. Enormous queues formed at food stations. At the end of July 1942, the canteen at Lavrovo station alone served up to 8-9 thousand meals daily in excess of the norm (42).

In order to save food and eliminate unnecessary nervousness and confusion, separate transportation of people and luggage was abolished. Evacuees were allowed to take personal belongings with them onto the ship.

Unloading things from ships and loading them onto trolleys and vehicles, as a rule, was carried out by the evacuees themselves, since the assistance from the working companies was extremely insufficient. To transport things, the pier had a motorized locomotive, which, however, very often broke down. In this case, the evacuees were forced to transport the trolleys with cargo themselves to the end of the pier - to the place of departure.

Along with adults, orphans were also evacuated in the spring and summer of 1942. They were living witnesses to the death of their loved ones and experienced the horrors of destruction from bombing and artillery shelling. The physical and moral condition of the children urgently required a change of environment and a change in living conditions.

Leningrad party and Soviet organizations did everything possible to alleviate the plight of orphaned children. Therefore, orphans who were in orphanages and orphanages were taken out first.

In the fall, after the completion of the mass evacuation of the population, the Soviet government allowed the removal of children under 12 years of age, whose parents were busy at work and could not leave Leningrad. The transportation of children was given special attention by evacuation point workers and transport workers.

Enormous difficulties could not prevent the successful implementation of the plan outlined by the Soviet government to transport the population from Leningrad.

Thus, in the third period of evacuation, 448,694 people were transported (instead of 300 thousand according to plan) (44):

in May 1942 - 2334 people
June - 83993;
July - 227583;
August - 91642;
September - 24216;
October - 15586;
November - 3340.

On November 1, 1942, further evacuation of the population was stopped. Departure from Leningrad was permitted only in exceptional cases, upon special instructions from the City Evacuation Commission.

On November 1, the evacuation point at the Finlyandsky station and the food service in Lavrovo ceased operation. At all other evacuation points, the staff was reduced to a minimum. However, the evacuation of the population continued in 1943, until the final expulsion of the Nazi invaders from the Leningrad region.

The Leningrad city evacuation commission and all regional evacuation points were closed on January 1, 1944 in connection with the opening of direct railway communication from Leningrad to Moscow.

Thus, during the war and blockade, 1,814,151 people were evacuated from Leningrad, including:
in the first period - 774876 people,
in the second - 509,581 people,
in the third - 448,694 people.

The solution to this exceptionally difficult task cannot be overestimated. The Leningrad party apparatus showed exceptional tenacity and resourcefulness in saving people. Workers of the Soviet apparatus also worked hand in hand with party workers. Thousands of Soviet patriots worked to save people from hunger, the horrors of war and blockade at evacuation points, railways, and highways. The success in solving this noble task was due to the organization of all the working people of the city and the soldiers of the Leningrad Front.

The evacuation of people from Leningrad made it possible to solve the second problem - improving the nutrition of the remaining part of the population in the city. The decrease in the number of people in the city led to an increase in food supplies continuously flowing through Lake Ladoga.

Evacuated Leningraders made up a minority of the city's population. According to the All-Union Census in 1939, there were 3,191,304 people in Leningrad, including the population of Kolpino, Kronstadt, Pushkin and Peterhof (45). As a result of the occupation, part of the population of the Baltic states and the Karelian Isthmus was forced to remain in Leningrad. At the same time, there was a decrease in the civilian population due to evacuation and mobilization in Soviet Army. On August 1, 1941, in Leningrad and its suburbs there were 2,652,461 people, including: workers and engineers 921,658, employees 515,934, dependents 747,885, children 466,984 (46). These people survived the blockade.

In the brutal struggle of the entire Soviet people against the Nazi invaders, Leningraders made a worthy contribution to the national cause. Leningraders, under the leadership of their party organization, committed greatest feat in the Great Patriotic War. They fought for the gains of October, for the happiness of the working people of the whole world, for the city of Russian glory and the center of advanced culture. They defended the cradle of the proletarian revolution. Of course, without the people's help to Leningrad, without the daily care of the Communist Party and the Soviet government, the defeat of the enemy at the hero city would have been impossible.

In a mortal battle with a hated enemy, the residents of Leningrad and its suburbs showed mass heroism, courage and fortitude unparalleled in history. Leningrad communists were in the first ranks of the fighters. The organizer and inspirer of the city’s defense was the party organization. She rallied all the working people of the city and directed their efforts towards a common goal - victory over the enemy. The city's communists steadfastly endured all the difficulties of the blockade and, together with the entire population, suffered significant sacrifices. “Seventeen thousand communists,” wrote A. A. Kuznetsov, “died from hunger, from artillery shelling and air bombing, defending their beloved, native Leningrad” (47).

The great city suffered enormous sacrifices, but these sacrifices were not in vain. The city survived the bloody and brutal struggle. Leningraders defended him. They found the strength and ability to cope with the most unexpected difficulties. Leningraders withstood the trials that befell them with honor. In front of the whole world, they demonstrated the unshakable fortitude, courage and bravery of the Soviet people. The entire progressive world looked with admiration at this heroic defense of the city, in which the banner of socialism was first hoisted in 1917. In a difficult battle on the Neva, the inhabitants of the city of Lenin won a complete victory over the enemy.

On January 15, 1944, the troops of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts launched a decisive offensive and by January 27 finally liberated the great city of Lenin from the enemy blockade.

The struggle for Leningrad, which lasted about 900 days, ended with the complete defeat of enemy troops. It facilitated further offensive operations in Karelia, Belarus and the Baltic states. After the victory, the heroic Leningraders in a short time successfully healed the wounds inflicted on the city by the war and the blockade.

Notes

1.1 Nuremberg trials. Collection of materials, vol. 1. Ed. 2nd. State ed. legal literature, M., 1954, p. 269.
2. L. A. Govorov. In the battles for the city of Lenin. Articles 1941-1945 Voenizdat, L., 1945, p. 19.
3. Issues related to the coverage of military operations on the distant and near approaches of Leningrad, the formation of militia divisions, and the mobilization of the population to create defensive lines are beyond the scope of this work.
4. State Archive of the October Revolution and Socialist Construction of the Leningrad Region. Fund. City Evacuation Commission of the Leningrad City Council of Workers' Deputies, No. 330, op. 1, 1941, d. 10, l. 3 (further recording will be abbreviated).
5. State Archive of the October Revolution and Socialist Construction of the Leningrad Region. Fund. Executive Committee of the Leningrad City Council of Workers' Deputies, No. 7384, op. 17, 1941, d. 443, l. 103.
6. GAORSS LO, f. 7384, op. 13, d. 664, l. 3.
7. GAORSS LO, f. 7384, op. 17, d. 378, l. 292.
8. GAORSS LO, f. 330, op. 1, 1941, d. 5, l. 42.
9. A. V. Karasev. About the workers of Leningrad during the siege. "Historical Archive", 1956, No. 6, p. 149.
10. E. Fedorov. Ice road. Goslitizdat, L., 1943, p. 59.
11. Ibid., pp. 65-66.
12. A. Fadeev. Leningrad during the siege (from the diary). Ed. “Soviet Writer”, M., 1944, pp. 67-68.
13. Ibid., pp. 71-72.
14. GAORSS LO, f. 7384, o. 13, no. 660, l. 16.
15. A. V. Karasev. About the workers of Leningrad during the siege. "Historical Archive", 1956, No. 6, p. 149.
16. GAORSS LO, f. 330, op. 1, 1942, d. 5, l. 2.
17. Ibid., no. 8, l. 2.
18. GAORSS LO, f. 330, op. 1, 1941, d. 8, l. 27, 29, 31.
19. Ibid., pp. 27, 29, 31.
20. Ibid., l. 19.
21. Ibid.
22. GAORSS LO, f. 330, op. 1, 1941, d. 8, l. 8.
23. Ibid., l. 38.
24. Ibid., op. 1, 1942. d. 154, l. 10.
25. Ibid., no. 131, l. 9.
26. Ibid., f. 7384, op. 17, 1942, d. 666, l. eleven.
27. GAORSS LO, f. 330, op. 1, 1942, d. 38, l. 12.
28. Ibid., 1941, d. 9, l. 32.
29. Ibid., 1942, d. 38, l. 4.
30. Ibid., f. 7384, op. 1, 1941, d. 677, l. 95.
31. Ibid., f. 330, op. 1, 1942, d. 38, l. 6.
32. GAORSS LO, f. 330, op. 1, 1942, d. 38, l. 9.
33. Ibid., f. 7384, op. 17, 1941, d. 677, l. 96.
34. Ibid., l. 21.
35. Ibid., l. 36.
36. Ibid., l. 51.
37. GAORSS LO, f. 7384, op. 17, 1941, d. 677, l. 65.
38. F. I. Sirota. Military organizational work of the Leningrad organization of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) during the Great Patriotic War. “Questions of History”, 1956, No. 10, p. 29.
39. GAORSS LO, f. 330, op. 1, 1942, d. 5, l. 2.
40. Ibid., no. 38, l. 100.
41. GAORSS LO, f. 330, op. 1, 1942, d. 38, l. 101.
42. Ibid., l. 105.
43. Ibid., l. 114.
44. GAORSS LO, f. 330, op. 1, 1942, no. 40, pp. 6, 7.
45. GAORSS LO, f. 7384, op. 17, d. 456, l. 1.
46. ​​Ibid., l. 2. An accurate census of the population was carried out in connection with the introduction of a card system for food products.
47. A. A. Kuznetsov. Bolsheviks of Leningrad defending their native city. "Party Construction", 1945, No. 9-10, p. 61.

Although entry into Leningrad required special passes and permits, after the blockade was lifted and, especially after the end of the war, evacuees began to return to the city and many conflict situations. But first, about evacuation.
The evacuation from Leningrad took place in three stages. The first stage began a couple of weeks after the start of the war and was carried out on trains, in normal long-distance carriages, and then in freight cars. It is impossible to talk about what rules and procedures were during the evacuation, and who was recommended to leave, because the orders changed all the time. At first, it was proposed that kindergartens leave Leningrad, and parents whose children did not go to kindergartens were asked to register them in kindergartens and send them to evacuation. Those groups that went to the east, to different places, further or closer from Leningrad, left normally and lived there, more or less normally. But many were sent literally to meet the enemy. To Novgorod, Staraya Russa, and other cities near Leningrad, where the enemy was quickly advancing. It is difficult to describe what was happening at the same time, how confused the teachers were, how they lost their children and ran away themselves, and so on. But many brought their children back. And immediately an order was issued, mothers were allowed to go pick up their children. Many went and found their children, some didn’t, it was different. At this time, in July-August, those who wanted to leave, and who had somewhere to leave without evacuation, simply left. But it was difficult because trains were given more for evacuation. Enterprises left by decision of the Moscow and Leningrad authorities. And with their enterprises service staff, that is, workers at enterprises and their families. There was also information about who was allowed, who was not allowed, how much luggage, how many family members, who could travel. We traveled by rail in carriages. Each train carried several hundred people. This stage of evacuation ended in September, when Leningrad was surrounded and placed under siege. People didn’t know the truth, they sat in line from the Moskovsky station along Ligovka, with their luggage. They were waiting that maybe they would let the train through. Everything was very secret, no one really knew anything, you couldn’t ask anyone, because it seemed like there were spies all around. So this evacuation was interrupted and many who wanted to leave remained in the blockade ring. The second stage began in winter in January, they write that it was January twenty-fourth, but it seems to me that it started earlier. The evacuation was carried out on the ice of Lake Ladoga in cars. But how many could the truck take, ten, fifteen people. We drove trucks and cars. It was dangerous to travel; this line was all under fire. In addition, some cars fell through the ice, people died. In January, February, March, April, people were transported along this single road. Permission to evacuate was very strictly limited and was issued in Smolny by the City Party Committee. They were allowed to travel only on call, to the families of some senior military personnel, and, of course, by acquaintance. Moreover, they broke through to Smolny by hook or by crook. Of course, a cargo truck is not a train carriage; it won’t carry much.
And the third stage is when navigation across Lake Ladoga opened. They were already transporting them there by barges. The barge could accommodate many hundreds of people. And then the government of Leningrad strongly recommended that mothers and relatives take all their children away. Then the old and sick were allowed to travel. They were waiting for a new offensive on Leningrad and wanted to remove the ballast - people who could not or did not want to work. And then, already in August, when all the children and old people were taken out, they suggested that all women who wanted to leave should evacuate, and the directors of enterprises should let such women leave their jobs, because at that time, in order to quit their jobs, they needed permission from the management. In order to leave Leningrad, except last stage it was necessary to make quite a big effort, collect information, get permission, register in Zhakt, etc.
At the end of the summer of 1942, there was a complete division of Leningraders into two parts, evacuating, leaving Leningrad and remaining in the city. All women who wished to leave were allowed to leave, regardless of their family relationships are located. There was no need for departure calls. All women who wanted to leave were allowed to leave here. And everyone decided this future fate in their own way. It was everyone’s own decision whether to leave or stay. Many left to save their children, or the remnants of their families, or fearing a new winter, a repetition of the first war winter, fearing cold, hunger, fearing the explosion of shells and bombs and a very difficult life that was coming again. It was already heavy, but in winter it would be even worse. Freelance men could also leave, but there were very few of them in Leningrad. Of course, the evacuation was also not easy for many. Everyone's life was different and a lot depended on the circumstances of departure. Whether people went with their enterprise was one thing, whether they got work there at their enterprise or at another. Whether they traveled with or without families. Did these families have a sufficient number of people who could work and feed the families? Where did they end up in the city or village? Many went to the villages and engaged in agricultural labor there. At the same time, each person’s environment and life changed. We must not forget that the evacuees lived in Leningrad during the war from a month to a year, and in evacuation for 3-4 years. And of course they also somehow adapted. Those who remained stayed by their own personal decision. I can tell about myself. There was a choice. Firstly, my parents showered me with letters: come, come, come. They were in Uzbekistan in the small town of Margelan, there was a silk factory where my father worked. And he wrote that I would have it there good job, so I had somewhere to go. Secondly, my brother agreed to transfer me to Kronstadt, to a military unit as a civilian chemist. I have already written about this. In Leningrad, my rooms were not suitable for living in; the glass was broken and there was no suitable stove. It was necessary to somehow arrange things if we were to stay for the next winter. We didn’t know what kind of winter it would be, cold or not. I somehow thought less about food, because I received a work card; at the very least, you could live on it, even if you were hungry. We were left without electricity, without gas, without sewerage, without running water, with partial transport - there were only a few tram routes. But this is not the main thing. It was possible, of course, to compare life in evacuation and in Leningrad, here and there, how much bread they received, what the temperature was in the rooms, and so on. But one thing separated them all from us, they lived and worked in a zone that was not subject to shelling or bombing. All the years and months of the war they did not know about this, being in evacuation. We lived and worked in a shelling zone, all 24 hours to the sound of a metronome, almost every day to the howl of a siren, when the alarm was announced not in the city, because it could drag on for God knows how long, but in the regions. The metronome began to rapidly knock and a voice was heard over the loudspeaker: “The area is under artillery fire, stop traffic in the streets, and the population take shelter.” There was nowhere to hide. I worked at GIPH in a two-story building; when shells hit the building, they exploded on both the first and second floors, breaking through the roof and the ceiling, or two ceilings. But in the summer of 1942, I still didn’t know where I would live. Where I later settled, in a very good location in a residential building of GIPH on the top floor under the roof. The house was also shelled. So I was in the shelling zone for the entire 24 hours. But that wasn't the worst thing.

When the question of whether to leave or not to leave was being decided, the most terrible danger for me was: in the event of an attack by German troops on Leningrad, it was to avoid falling into the clutches of the fascists.
We spoke to the Germans, but now it is inconvenient to speak to the Germans, let’s say to the fascists. Because I would have been hanged on the first branch, as a Jew and as a Komsomol member. And I understood this perfectly. This was the worst thing. And yet. Nevertheless, I firmly decided to stay in Leningrad. I believe that this decision was the only heroic one during the war. And the people who decided and stayed in Leningrad committed heroic deeds. Why did I stay? There is only one reason. My own conscience kept me here. Only my own conscience did not allow me to leave to save myself, to save my own skin, while others would be under shells, in the cold, in hunger, in terrible conditions, working, providing the Leningrad Front with uniforms and products necessary for the war. This conscience said that I could only leave Leningrad to go to the front. I also refused a transfer to Kronstadt because it didn’t give much. Here I worked in my specialty, and an unqualified girl could not replace me. Therefore, it was wise not to touch. And I decided to stay in besieged Leningrad no matter what.
We must not forget that we, those who remained, worked all the time, while those leaving were fussing about documents and the right to leave. Many, by hook or by crook, sometimes left without any permission through the icy road by agreement with the car drivers, but there were few of them. In January-February-March, it was necessary to get permission through Smolny, through the Leningrad City Party Committee. At this time, while they were knocking down the thresholds, we were working. In February, our small organization worked, producing red streptocide - a medicine for the front. And since March they have been working continuously, first to clean up the city and then at their own enterprises. During the third period of departure in the summer of 1942, we were overwhelmed with work, I talked about this, during the day at enterprises, then in mastering specialties, on Sundays in the gardens, and in August all Sundays were at demolition wooden houses- fuel procurement. In the remaining hours, those who could worked in the gardens, equipped premises in their personal homes. We had no rest, we worked. Those who were leaving were busy about leaving, and we were working. We worked throughout the war, throughout the blockade. Despite all the conditions: frost, anxiety, shells, and everyday life to which we have adapted. We worked. This was the basis of our life. Work for the front.

The government noted this work of Leningraders in 1942, 1943 and beyond by the fact that at the end of 1942 it issued a decree to award Leningraders a medal for participation in the heroic defense of Leningrad; residents of Sevastopol, Odessa, and Stalingrad were also awarded.
It was very easy to distinguish the working, remaining Leningraders from those who left, despite the efforts of the latter, to make it as if there was no difference between us, to separate them using documents. Firstly, at that time there was a stamp in the passport about work in Leningrad, stamps were put in the passport then, then there was an entry in work book. It was impossible to work without a work book at that time; it was not allowed. And the work book recorded where you worked, at what time, when you were hired, when you were fired, the name of the company and your position. Enterprises sent lists of those who needed to be awarded, working in 1942-43, to the district executive committees, and award documents were drawn up there and medals were issued for almost the entire 1943 year.
The war ended and evacuees began to arrive in Leningrad. Leningrad was still a closed city. It was impossible to simply come to it, register and get a job. A call from Leningrad was needed. When calling, certificates must be attached stating that this person previously lived in Leningrad, had living space and this living space is available. In addition, there were some other conditions for coming to Leningrad. For example, they suggested that those who commit to working, it seems, for two years in shortage professions, should be given a challenge. One way or another, by hook or by crook, former Leningraders returned. Arriving in the city, they behaved very actively, but it was impossible otherwise. The first thing they needed was to recapture their living space. Often the living space of the evacuees was occupied, or liquidated, or given away by law, under warrants, or simply occupied without permission, or most often sold by the administration to new residents. Rooms in communal apartments often had to be reclaimed by the courts. If two people laid claim to this area, former evacuees from Leningrad and those who moved in again, even having legally received warrants from the housing departments, then the court decided in favor of the arriving, former owners. One of my friends lost her husband during the war, he died of hunger, she had two children, and their house was bombed, although her room was untouched, but she still lost everything. She moved three times and was left homeless. The first time she simply moved into a spare room in an apartment where her friends lived, and then twice she received a warrant and twice she was evicted; former tenants came there. It ended up that she fenced off part of the hallway in the communal apartment, leaving only a narrow passage, placed a bed and a nightstand there, and lived there for about a year. She slept on the bed with her daughter, and her son slept with relatives. She lived like this for almost a year, and then she got a room, creepy, in the form of a pencil case, where at the end of one wall there was a window that didn’t even illuminate the whole room, and so she lived until she left for another world.
Other causes of microwars were of a family nature. Many needed to return their husbands, who had already started another family. If in the first case the issue was resolved in favor of the former evacuees, then here it ended differently. Did the men stay with the new family, or did they go to their old wives? I don't know what was more. But at this time, in order to get a divorce, it was necessary, in addition to the consent of both parties, to submit an advertisement in the newspaper. Whole pages of newspapers were filled with these divorce notices. I don’t know how the courts handled it there. In addition, those who arrived had to get a job. And this could only be done after registration. And many could only obtain registration after trials.
If the newcomers had an entire apartment before the war, there were few of them, but there were large families who lived in separate apartments, or had two or three rooms, then still several rooms were taken away and left for them one. In general, there was something to fight for. In addition, of course, it was a blessing for those who left and came with the enterprise and stayed to work there. But this all settled down over the course of several post-war years.