Modern icebreaker Krasin. Museum ship: icebreaker "Krasin"

home

Systems

The ship, known throughout the world as the icebreaker Krasin, was launched in January 1917. It was built in England by order of the Russian Naval Ministry with the participation of Russian engineers. His first name is “Svyatogor”.

In the fall of 1917, “Svyatogor” was sent to Arkhangelsk. Due to the threat of the capture of Arkhangelsk by the British in 1918, the ship was sunk in the fairway of the Northern Dvina. The British successfully raised it, after which Svyatogor was based in Norway under the English flag.

In 1921, the ship was bought by the People's Commissariat foreign trade RSFSR. The initiative for such a purchase came from the Soviet plenipotentiary representative, statesman Leonid Borisovich Krasin. The icebreaker was named after him in 1927.

In the summer of 1928, the icebreaker Krasin participated in the rescue of participants in the flight of the airship Italia. On this airship, the polar explorer U. Nobile was going to reach the North Pole, which ended with a fall into the Arctic ice and a rescue expedition of several countries. The first to approach the ice floe with the victims was the Soviet expedition on the icebreaker Krasin. On the way back, the icebreaker prevented the death of the German steamer Monte Cervantes with 1818 passengers on board, which suffered an accident when it collided with an iceberg.

In the late 1920s - 1930s, the icebreaker Krasin provided navigation in the Baltic and White Seas and served as a research vessel. During the Great Patriotic War she participated in escorting convoys and was used as a cargo ship. In 1942, the icebreaker Krasin was part of the polar convoy PQ-15.

Until 1952, the icebreaker Krasin remained the most powerful in the world. In 1952–1959, she underwent modernization, and until the 1970s she worked in the Arctic as a research vessel and a floating power plant. In 1992, the ship was transferred to the International Foundation for the History of Science in St. Petersburg. By 1996, repairs were made, after which the icebreaker Krasin moored to the pier on the Lieutenant Schmidt embankment. Currently, the status of the ship is a branch of the Museum of the World Ocean, the icebreaker Krasin.

1916, January 21- start of icebreaker construction
1916, October 1- the icebreaker “Svyatogor” is included in the lists of the military flotilla of the Northern Arctic Ocean
1917, March 31- St. Andrew’s flag was raised at Svyatogor
1918 - by order of the revolutionary government, scuttled at the mouth of the Northern Dvina, raised by the British, became the property of Great Britain, flew under the Norwegian flag
1920 - leased by the Soviet government to salvage the icebreaker Solovey Budimirovich
1921 - bought from the British government with the participation of L. B. Krasin and A. N. Krylov
1927 - the icebreaker was given a new name “Krasin”
1922 - 1928 - works in the Baltic
1928 - rescue of the expedition of U. Nobile (Italy) and the passenger ship “Monte Cervantes” (Germany)
1928 - 1934 - works in the Arctic
1934 - participates in the rescue of the Chelyuskin farmstead
1937 - 1941 - carries out ice support for transport vessels
1941 - 1942 - from Vladivostok crosses Pacific Ocean, passes the Panama Canal, arrives at the port of Halifax (Canada)
1942 - goes to Reykjavik (Iceland)
1942 - as part of an allied convoy of 20 ships, PQ-15 arrives in Murmansk
1942 - 1943 - carries out ice escort of convoys in the White and Kara Seas
1943 - returns to Vladivostok, completing a circumnavigation that began in 1941
1943 - 1950 - work in the Eastern sector of the Arctic
1950 - 1956 - works at the Murmansk Shipping Company
1956 - 1959 - undergoing modernization at the shipyard in Wismar (GDR)
1959 - 1972 - carries out ice escort of transport vessels along the Northern Sea Route
1972 - 1989 - transferred to the USSR Ministry of Geology, ensures the work of research expeditions in the Arctic
1992 - awarded the status of a historical monument of national importance"Krasin"
1995 - the first museum exhibition was opened
2004, February 10- the balance of the Museum of the World Ocean was transferred, the Branch of the Museum of the World Ocean in St. Petersburg "Icebreaker "Krasin" was organized
2007, March 31- St. Andrew’s flag was raised again on the icebreaker
2008 - 80 years since the rescue of U. Nobile’s expedition and triumphant return to Leningrad

Type: linear icebreaker
Name:"Krasin"
Place of construction: Newcastle, England, Armstrong, Whitward and Co. shipyard
Length Width: 99.8 m, 21.8 m
Draft: loaded/unloaded 7/9 m
Displacement: stationary/full 8330/10200 tons
Speed: maximum/economical 16/15 knots
Cruising range: 6800 miles
Energy means: 10000 hp - 3 PM x 3350 hp
Crew total: 112 people
Autonomy: 56 days
Fuel capacity: 2993 tons

2017 marked the 100th anniversary of the most famous icebreaker in the world - the legendary ship Krasin, a symbol of Arctic exploration and Russia's maritime heritage. Now, as befits a veteran, the icebreaker, having received the status of an object cultural heritage, became a floating monument - a branch of the Museum of the World Ocean in St. Petersburg.

With the support of the History of the Fatherland Foundation a documentary film was made about the icebreaker "Krasin", the presentation of which took place on January 20, 2018 at Lenfilm.

Originally from England

"Krasin"- the pinnacle of engineering shipbuilding at the beginning of the 20th century, the heir to the best traditions of the Russian icebreaker fleet. It is difficult to find a ship in the history of Russia whose fate would be so intertwined with the history of the country. Appearing in the most tragic and eventful year national history- 1917, the icebreaker became not only a witness, but also an active participant in the turbulent events of Russian and world history of the 20th century.

At the beginning of the last century Russian government decided to allocate cash to expand research and commercial development of the Arctic seas. And by the end of 1915, the Council of Ministers developed and adopted a program for the construction of an icebreaker fleet. The order for the construction of the most powerful icebreaker in the world at that time was received by the largest English industrial company Armstrong, Mitchell & Co., which was engaged in the construction of ships and located in the British city of Newcastle.

"Svyatogor"(later renamed Krasin) became the second Arctic icebreaker after Ermak. Built according to his drawings, it differed from its predecessor in greater machine power. Construction itself began in February 1916, and already in March of the following year the icebreaker was completely ready and passed sea trials. On March 31, 1917, the St. Andrew's flag was raised on the Svyatogor. This date is considered to be the birthday of the icebreaker.

Thanks to the built-in design capacity, “Svyatogor” could easily overcome ice up to two and a half meters thick. According to this indicator, for two decades it was considered the most powerful icebreaker in the world.

The fate of "Svyatogor" developed dramatically from the moment of birth. The world was engulfed in war, and Russia was in revolution. The icebreaker took part in the defense of Arkhangelsk from the British. In order to prevent enemy ships from entering the mouth of the Northern Dvina in August 1918, the authorities of Arkhangelsk decided to sink the Svyatogor. However, the British still managed to capture the city. The captain of the Svyatogor, Nikolai von Dreyer, and the sailors who participated in the sinking were shot.

A couple of years later, the icebreaker was raised, and already in February 1920 it was transported to England as a trophy. However, a few months later, Svyatogor again found itself in Soviet waters, this time as a rented ship. The icebreaking steamship Solovey Budimirovich, with 85 people on board, including women and children, perished in the ice of the Kara Sea.

The rescuers successfully completed their task. On June 19, 1920, “Svyatogor” and the ice cutter “III International” made their way to “Solovy Budimirovich” and a few days later brought it out of the ice. The rescued steamer, together with the Third International, returned to Arkhangelsk, but the Svyatogor had to go back to England.

In December 1921, the Soviet government offered to buy the icebreaker from the British. It took serious fight diplomat Leonid Borisovich Krasin and the world-famous shipbuilder Academician Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov to agree on the return of the stolen icebreaker Svyatogor by the British Admiralty. For the ship it was necessary to pay a portion of the total price in the amount of 75,000 pounds (of the total contract value of 375,000 pounds). In 1921, after payment, the icebreaker was transferred to Russia. Returned to its homeland, the icebreaker in 1923-1926 provided ice support for transport ships in the Baltic, serving the Leningrad trade port in winter, through which the young Soviet Republic, which was in difficult economic situation, conducted trade with other states.

During the ice campaign of 1925-1926, the ship freed about 30 steamships from ice captivity, jammed by the ice of the Gulf of Finland in the Sommers-Hogland area: the ships, despite the heavy ice, were taken to Leningrad and partly to the West.

In 1927, given the outstanding merits Leonid Borisovich Krasin before the party and the state, the Soviet government renamed the icebreaker “Svyatogor” to “Krasin”.

For services to the Fatherland

1928 was a landmark year for the icebreaker: "Krasin" became famous throughout the world. His finest hour was the salvation of an expedition of balloonists who set off to conquer the North Pole on the airship “Italy” under the leadership of the Italian design engineer Umberto Nobile. Nobile designed his first airship, the Norge, in 1926 and used it to reach the North Pole for the first time. And in 1928, he decided to repeat the flight with an Italian crew on the airship “Italia”. The crew consisted of 16 people. The Pope himself blessed the participants for the flight.

On May 25, 1928, “Italia” launched from Spitsbergen and reached the North Pole. But on the way back, the weather worsened sharply, the airship became icy, became covered with a crust of ice, began to descend and, as a result, hit the ice with force. At the time of the disaster, there were 10 people in the gondola - the cabin at the bottom of the airship's hull. All of them fell onto the ice and were injured, including Umberto Nobile himself, and one person died. Six more people were carried away along with the hull of the airship in an unknown direction. Since the hull was never found, the fate of this part of the expedition is still unknown. And the remaining nine people set up camp right on the ice floe, set up a red tent and lived on the ice floe for almost two months, waiting for help. We were at least lucky in that food and a spare radio station were thrown onto the ice along with the gondola, although for a long time It was not possible to establish radio contact.

Only on June 3, Russian radio amateur Nikolai Schmidt from a village on the coast of the Arctic Ocean received a distress signal. This is how the world learned about the fate of the Nobile expedition. Many countries (18 ships, 21 aircraft) made attempts to rescue the crashed aeronauts.

On June 25, the Swedish pilot Lundborg managed to land on the ice and take Nobile out. The designer was then accused until the end of his life of being the commander who left the camp first. On his second flight, Lundborg's plane crashed, and he himself ended up on an ice floe. The survivors were still waiting for help, and flights were not resumed due to bad weather conditions.

The Italian government turned to Russia with a request to send Krasin to rescue the expedition. And despite the fact that the icebreaker was in Leningrad and was preparing for repairs, it was prepared in just four days and seven hours.

21st of June "Krasin" arrived in Bergen, spent two days there, after which he set off towards Spitsbergen. There were 132 people on board, including seven journalists. The whole world watched the expedition. “Krasin” had to go where no one had been before, to find a tent with aeronauts. On July 12, the Krasin approached the site, people were saved, and the icebreaker became world famous.

But difficulties do not leave the icebreaker “Krasin” at this point. And already on the way back, the Krasin received an SOS signal from the German passenger liner Monte Cervantes, whose passengers persuaded the captain to approach northern seas to the icebreaker's route to see the legendary icebreaker with your own eyes. There were 1,500 people on board the liner. While traveling through the northern seas, the Monte Cervantes received a hole. The ship could stay afloat for no more than 16 hours. Despite the damage the Krasin had - the left propeller was broken and the rudder mount was damaged, captain Karl Eggi changed course and went to help. Divers from the team applied a special plaster to the hole, but the water did not decrease. Another hole was discovered on the second side. To eliminate it, sheets of metal were removed from the engine deck of the icebreaker. As a result, Monte Cervantes was saved.

After repairs in Norway, on October 5, 1928, “Krasin” triumphantly returned to Leningrad, where it was enthusiastically greeted by 200 thousand citizens. For this voyage, the icebreaker "Krasin" and the entire crew were awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor for special services to the Fatherland.

Second birth

You can’t count the cargo ships that the icebreaker Krasin navigated through drifting ice in the 1930s, and you can’t count the miles that it had to cover in all the seas of the Arctic Ocean. He led caravans, “dragged” ships through floating ice, crushed powerful ice bridges between spaces clean water, skillfully maneuvered in dangerous straits among the islands. were carried out from the icebreaker Scientific research, which made it possible to significantly expand knowledge about the Arctic, which was very reluctant to share its secrets with researchers.

In 1941, on the day Germany declared war Soviet Union, the icebreaker "Krasin" was anchored in Provideniya Bay in Chukotka, awaiting the next Arctic navigation. During the Great Patriotic War, "Krasin" was engaged in its direct business - conducting caravans of ships with national economic and defense cargo through the ice in the Arctic seas, as well as in the White Sea.

The history of polar convoys is one of the most heroic and tragic pages of the Second World War. The convoys' route ran past the coast of Norway, where German submarines were based and German aviation airfields were located. Not a single convoy managed to avoid losses. The crews of the merchant ships of the convoy were formed only from volunteers and were international. The convoys carried weapons and ammunition, food, medicine, and fuel.

"Krasin" as part of convoy PQ -15 left the Icelandic port of Reykjavik on April 26, 1942. The caravan was attacked by enemy aircraft. Of the five aircraft shot down by the convoy ships, two were shot down by members of the icebreaker's crew, and the ship itself was seriously damaged.

Today "Krasin" is the only ship in Russia that took part in the battles of the Great Patriotic War and is still afloat.

In the post-war period, until the early 1950s, the Krasin operated on the Northern Sea Route without significant reconstruction or modernization. By this time, there was an acute shortage of Arctic linear icebreakers. In this situation, it was decided to undergo a major overhaul of the icebreaker in the GDR.

For “Krasin” this meant a “rebirth”, because we were talking about an almost complete reconstruction of the ship. The old power plant was replaced with a new one, a superstructure that was modern in architecture and layout was installed, two pipes were replaced with one, and a helipad was installed in the stern. The appearance of the icebreaker has changed almost beyond recognition.

After lengthy repairs and reconstruction in 1960, the icebreaker "Krasin" came into operation again and was immediately sent to escort ships along the Northern Sea Route, where it worked for more than 10 years. In October 1971, the icebreaker returned from its last Arctic navigation. He worked in the Arctic, Baltic and Far East 54 years old.

In the 1970s, Krasin was transferred to the USSR Ministry of Geology and continued to operate in the Barents and Greenland Seas and on Spitsbergen. The ship was gradually withdrawn from service in the late 1980s.

The legendary icebreaker was responsible for saving many ships and people, but in the turbulent 1990s, it itself began to need help. To protect “Krasin” from attempts to sell it abroad and to preserve it as a historical relic, a Public Committee was organized. The icebreaker remained in Russia, but its owners were never able to secure adequate funding necessary to preserve the ship. The icebreaker was dying quietly. But the public and concerned people again and again raised the issue of finding an organization capable of breathing life into the icebreaker new life. And such an organization was found - in Kaliningrad!

In 2004, after numerous negotiations, it was decided to transfer the icebreaker "Krasin" to the balance of the Museum of the World Ocean of the Ministry of Culture Russian Federation. The museum already had experience in preserving historical ships and formed the only Embankment of the Historical Fleet in Russia in Kaliningrad. Since 1996, Krasin has been moored at the Lieutenant Schmidt embankment.

On March 31, 2017, ceremonial events dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the raising of St. Andrew's flag on board were held on board the icebreaker "Krasin". A prayer service was held in the wardroom of the icebreaker-museum - the prayer of John of Kronstadt, first read on March 19, 1899 on the occasion of the arrival of the first Russian Arctic icebreaker "Ermak" in Kronstadt. Then, on the deck of the icebreaker’s upper bridge, the action “Honk the Krasin” and the raising of the St. Andrew’s flag took place, as well as the opening of the “Russian Maritime Heritage” memorial sign on board the icebreaker. The official ceremony ended with a rally. The ceremonial passage of the cadets of the Naval Academy took place to the sounds of the orchestra. The celebrations concluded with the performance-concert “Pages from the history of the icebreaker Krasin.”

As part of the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the legendary ship, a number of events were held throughout the year: the “The Sea is Calling” film festival, the “Polar Readings” conference, and the icebreaker festival. The exhibition “Icebreaker Krasin” was opened at the headquarters of the Russian Geographical Society in St. Petersburg. 100 years of heroism."

On January 20, 2018, the Lenfilm film studio premiered a new documentary film, “Icebreaker Krasin: Mission to Rescue,” created by the Pleiada TV and Radio Company. The film about the famous icebreaker was presented to the audience by scriptwriter Natalia Spiridonova, director Inna Kokorina, cameraman Alexey Gorbatov and producer Natalia Spiridonova. He addressed all those present with a welcoming speech Executive Director Foundation "History of the Fatherland".

Text: Elena Steblyuk, Victor Pavlov

Photo: archive of the Museum of the World Ocean of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, Alexander Shalgin

The icebreaker "Krasin"

The icebreaker "Svyatogor" was built at the V.G. shipyard. Armstrong, Mitchell and Co." in the English city of Newcastle on a Russian order, its prototype was the famous "Ermak". The new vessel was intended to extend navigation on the White Sea and had the following characteristics: maximum length - 98.5 m, width - 21.6 m, side height - 12.9 m, normal draft - 7.9 m, normal displacement - 8730 tons , power of triple expansion steam engines - 10,000 hp, speed - 15 knots.

In June 1917, “Svyatogor” arrived in Arkhangelsk and became part of the Arctic Ocean Flotilla. When the Entente countries began intervention in the North in 1918, it, together with the icebreaker Mikula Selyaninovich, was sunk on August 1 while trying to block the fairway at the mouth of the Northern Dvina and prevent the passage of interventionist ships. But it was not possible to block the fairway, and the sunken ships were soon raised, after which Svyatogor served in the British fleet until 1921. In 1920 he played main role in the rescue of the ice-covered steamship "Solovey Budimirovich". In 1921, thanks to the efforts of the Soviet representative in England L.B. Krasin "Svyatogor" was returned Soviet Russia. The icebreaker was then transferred to the Baltic. After repairs at the Baltic Shipyard, the ship operated in the Baltic and the Gulf of Finland. In 1927, the icebreaker was renamed Krasin.

“Krasin” gained worldwide fame in 1928, having distinguished himself during the rescue of members of the Italian expedition of General Umberto Nobile. The airship of the "Italy" expedition with a crew of 16 people crashed in the area of the Spitsbergen archipelago on May 25, with one person killed, nine stranded on an ice floe (they had at their disposal a small supply of food, a spare radio station and some astronomical instruments), another six were in the shell of the airship carried away in an unknown direction. The survivors managed to find a four-person tent, food and a spare shortwave radio station in the broken-off part of the airship cabin. They pulled the tent over the frame of the gondola, and so that it was better visible in the snow, it was doused with red paint.

"Krasin"

Six European countries took part in the rescue operations, sending 18 ships and 21 aircraft to the Arctic. In the USSR, the task of rescuing Nobile was assigned to the most powerful icebreaker at that time. And indeed, only “Krasin” on July 12 managed to get through to the group of surviving aeronauts and remove them from the ice floe.

July 26 – August 3, 1928 “Krasin” was engaged in the rescue of the German passenger liner “Monte Cervantes”, which collided with an ice floe near Spitsbergen. The icebreaker crew managed to seal the holes and pump out water from the damaged vessel. After this, the Krasin escorted the Monte Cervantes to the Norwegian port of Hammerfest.

When “Krasin” returned to Leningrad in October, he was given a ceremonial welcome. The icebreaker was the first among the ships of the merchant fleet to be awarded the newly established Order of the Red Banner of Labor.

In 1929-1934. "Krasin" worked in the Western sector of the Arctic. In 1929, he took part in the 10th Kara commodity exchange expedition. Many scientific expeditions were carried out on board the icebreaker, which carried out a wide variety of observations - oceanographic, meteorological, geophysical - in the most difficult ice conditions, and this continued throughout the active Arctic life of the Krasina. The following year he moved to the Pacific Ocean and became based in Vladivostok. The 12,600-mile crossing took less than seven weeks. In 1934, the icebreaker took part in an attempt to rescue the steamship Chelyuskin, and in 1937 - in the search for the S.A. aircraft. Levanevsky, who disappeared during a flight to the United States via the North Pole. In 1936, Krasin took part in escorting warships along the Northern Sea Route. In September-October 1940, Krasin and the Volga transport escorted the Shch-423 submarine from Tiksi Bay to Vladivostok.

“Krasin” met the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in Providence Bay. He made an attempt to go to the Western sector of the Arctic, but difficult ice conditions in the Vilkitsky Strait forced him to turn back. The difficult situation on the fronts in the summer of 1941 forced the decision to send the icebreaker to western sector Arctic. Major renovation(which the ship was in dire need of) and the modernization was supposed to be carried out in one of the US ports. In September 1941, from Taimyr, "Krasin" set sail along the route: Bering Strait - Seattle - Panama Canal - Baltimore - Halifax - Glasgow - Reykjavik - Murmansk. In Baltimore, a 76.2 mm gun and 10 machine guns (six of them large-caliber) were installed at the stern.

In March 1942, the icebreaker was partially re-equipped in Glasgow, and on April 3, 1942, as part of convoy PQ-15, it departed for Murmansk. During the passage across the Atlantic from April 26 to May 6, the icebreaker repelled attacks by German aircraft and, according to reports, its anti-aircraft gunners shot down an enemy aircraft. Upon arrival in Murmansk, the Krasin was rearmed again, and artillery magazines were equipped to store ammunition. Now the icebreaker had the following weapons: six 76.2 mm American-style guns, seven 20 mm Oerlikon machine guns, four large-caliber and four conventional (rifle-caliber) machine guns.

In the Arctic, "Krasin" continued to work as part of the Icebreaker detachment of the White Sea military flotilla. June 17 – September 14, 1943 together with the icebreaker “A. Mikoyan" and ice cutter "F. Litke" he escorted a convoy of ships from Arkhangelsk to Provideniya Bay, from where it was sent for repairs to Vladivostok. At the beginning of October, he arrived in Vladivostok and docked.

"Krasin" remained the flagship of the icebreaker flotilla in the Eastern sector of the Arctic until 1950, and then returned to the Northern Shipping Company. In 1956-1960 it was modernized at the Matthias Thesen Werft shipyard in the German Democratic Republic. The old power plant was replaced with a new one, a superstructure that was modern in architecture and layout was installed, two pipes were replaced with one, a helipad was installed in the stern and a cutout was made for towing ships closely. As a result appearance icebreaker has changed significantly.

In 1972, the ship was transferred to the balance of the Ministry of Geology of the RSFSR. It was used as an energy base and housing for drillers when drilling on the shelf off the coast of the Arctic Ocean. As a research vessel "Krasin" (its name changed to "Leonid Krasin", and the former was assigned to the new icebreaker) worked in the Barents, Greenland seas and in the waters of Spitsbergen. In 1982-1989 the ship was practically not used.

In 1987, a proposal was made to recognize the famous icebreaker as a historical monument. In 1990, the Sevmorgeologiya production association donated the ship to the International Foundation for the History of Science. "Krasin" was on one car, but under its own power it made the transition from Murmansk around Scandinavia, visiting Oslo, Stockholm, Copenhagen. In addition, the icebreaker made a short voyage to Tallinn. In 1990, Krasin made three commercial flights to Germany and Denmark.

In the 1990s, the fate of the unique vessel literally hung in the balance. Its owners and mooring location changed several times, and there were attempts to sell the icebreaker abroad. Although, by decree of the Russian government, the icebreaker Krasin was included in the list of historical monuments of national importance in February 1992, due to the lack of necessary funding it was quietly dying. Only in February 2004 was the decision made to transfer “Krasin” to the Museum of the World Ocean. From that moment on, a new life truly began for the icebreaker, which was permanently moored in St. Petersburg near the Lieutenant Schmidt embankment.

This text is an introductory fragment. From the author's book

Icebreaker "Ermak" For the first time I thought about implementing the idea of creating a powerful icebreaker suitable for conducting research in the Arctic and extending navigation in Russian ports outstanding figure and innovator of the Russian Navy, Vice Admiral Stepan Osipovich

From the author's book

Nuclear icebreaker "Lenin" Second half of the 20th century. passed under the sign scientific and technological revolution, which affected all areas of technology, including shipbuilding. Quite quickly, steam power was replaced by diesel, and soon scientists and engineers began to think about

From the author's book

Nuclear icebreaker "Arktika" "Arktika" became the first in a series of six nuclear icebreakers of Project 10520, the construction of which began in 1972 and was completed in 2007 (with the commissioning of the icebreaker "50 Let Pobedy"). The main tasks of these nuclear-powered ships are to serve the Northern

From the author's book

III. What is an icebreaker? A clear concept of what an icebreaker was did not emerge immediately, and even in the 20th century. different definitions were given. In the most famous Russian encyclopedia of the late 19th – early 20th centuries, published by Brockhaus and Efron, this definition is absent. In the help (article)

From the author's book

§ 2. “Icebreaker Experience” In 1865, military engineer Colonel N.L. Euler (at that time the head of the Naval Construction Unit of the Kronstadt port) tried to implement the initiative of the main commander of the port in a rather original way. He suggested using it to break ice

From the author's book

§ 1. “Icebreaker 1” By the beginning of the last decade of the 19th century. Russia had two relatively modern sea trading ports on the Black Sea - Odessa and Nikolaev. In both cases, navigation was interrupted in winter time for several weeks a year due to the appearance of ice on

From the author's book

§ 2. “Icebreaker 2” In Libau (Liepaja), simultaneously with a significant expansion of the activities of the commercial port, which was considered ice-free and in winter is actually the outport of the St. Petersburg port, closed for almost 5 months by ice, construction was underway

From the author's book

§ 4. “Icebreaker” 3 The initiator of the construction of the icebreaker for the Odessa commercial port was the Odessa mayor, who every year, starting in 1891, “entered into relations” on this issue with the ministries of communications, finance and internal affairs. The agreement of the three mighty

From the author's book

§ 5. “Advance” and “Saratov Icebreaker” Despite the improvement in the designs of port icebreakers that appeared in Russian waters in the last decade of the 19th century, the Steinhaus form was used not only in the Gaydamak, but also in 2 port icebreakers of the “Hamburg type” -

From the author's book

II. The forerunner of the Ermak, the icebreaker Nadezhny and its prototype Sleipner (Truvor) Total power of steam engines of all ice ships (icebreakers, icebreaking steamships and tugs) built before 1895 in Western Europe, and their number exceeded 40 units, was about 20,000 hp.

From the author's book

§ 8. The second icebreaker (“Ob”) and Mendeleev’s icebreaker To the report on the trip to Siberia (1897), S. O. Makarov attached calculations about the operation of 2 icebreakers proposed for construction, calling them conditionally depending on the purpose “Yenisei” and "Ob". The idea of a large icebreaker turned into

From the author's book

§ 1. “Vladimir” and “Icebreaker IV” The last participants in the ending Russian “icebreaker boom” were 2 port icebreakers: “Vladimir” for the Libavsk port (1902) and “Icebreaker IV” for the Mariupol port under construction (1905–1907) . Due to many events in the history of Russia in those years

From the author's book

§ 2. Riga icebreaker “Peter the Great” It is believed that at the beginning of the 20th century. In European countries, including Russia, the second stage in icebreaking construction began, characterized by an increase in the size of icebreaking vessels and the power of their power plants. Extremely characteristic of this

From the author's book

§ 3. Icebreaker of the Baltic Sea “Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich” (“Volynets”) Development technical specifications icebreaker work for the Baltic Sea began no later than the second half of 1910. Information about the meeting has been preserved Technical Council MTiP on November 26, where it was decided to take as a basis

From the author's book

§ 5.5. Military icebreaker "Mikula Selyaninovich" The largest in the North in terms of size and power of the power plant were 2 naval military icebreakers "Svyatogor" and "Mikula Selyaninovich", built by order of the Russian Maritime Ministry. Both ships appeared as a result

From the author's book

V. SUVOROV. "ICEBREAKER". Chapter 30. Why Stalin did not believe Richard Sorge."...Soviet military intelligence is not so stupid as to publish the most interesting messages Sorge. But the analysis of even a relatively small number of published messages from Sorge leaves us at a dead end, not

Near the Lieutenant Schmidt embankment in St. Petersburg, the legendary oldest Russian Arctic icebreaker “Krasin” found its eternal mooring.

"Krasin" is one of the most interesting "technical" attractions of St. Petersburg. Having visited it, you can touch real history and feel the vibrant romance of polar exploration.

Icebreaker "Krasin" is a unique vessel. In 2017, it will be 100 years since St. Andrew’s flag was raised on the icebreaker. But all his systems are in working order and, if necessary, he can again join the fight against ice, albeit not as powerful as before. The icebreaker is subject to the rules of the maritime register and is part of the Russian fleet.

History of "Krasin"

The ship's history began back in 1916, when English shipyards received an order from the Russian government to build a new icebreaker. The birth of “Svyatogor”, this is the name that was originally given to the ship, is closely connected with Vice Admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov. He understood well how important the northern sea routes. On his initiative, at the end of the 19th century, the Ermak, a powerful icebreaking vessel that had no analogues at that time, was launched from the stocks.

The Svyatogor, which appeared later, became an improved, much more powerful analogue of the Ermak (by the way, the Krasin was the most powerful icebreaker in the world during the first half of the 20th century).

In August 1916, the ship was launched. After the necessary modifications, on March 31, 1917, the St. Andrew's flag hoisted over it and the icebreaker entered the Arctic Ocean flotilla with a registration at the port of Arkhangelsk. Here it was sunk in 1918 in order to block the fairway for the ships of the British interventionists approaching Arkhangelsk. However, the flooding was unsuccessful.

The British raised the icebreaker, carried out the necessary repairs, and until 1921, when the ship, with the participation of L.B. Krasin was not returned to his homeland; Svyatogor sailed under the British flag.

In 1927, the icebreaker changed its name and became Krasin. The twenties and thirties of the last century were significant for the ship. At this time, the icebreaker became the flagship of the expedition that saved the crew of the airship Umberto Nobile, took part in the 9th Kara expedition, was the first to reach Cape Zhelaniya, and for the first time guided warships along the northern sea route.

"Krasin" became the leader of the Lena transport expedition, which resulted in Yakutia entering the ocean. For its achievements, the icebreaker receives the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.

During the war, weapons were installed on the Krasin. He was involved in providing escort for military convoys in ice conditions. By order of the government, Krasin went to the United States in 1941 to help organize the landing in Greenland. A year and a half later, as part of the military convoy PQ-15, the ship returned to its homeland, where until the end of the war it continued to conduct convoys in Arctic waters. At the end of the fifties, the icebreaker was modernized.

In 1972, after another reconstruction, the Krasin, which had lost part of its ice-breaking ability, became a research vessel. In this capacity, the icebreaker worked in Spitsbergen, in the Greenland and Barents Seas. “Krasin” left on its last voyage in 1989.

In 1992, the ship was issued a certificate of protection, and it became a monument of national importance. The first museum exhibition on board opened in 1995, and since 2004 the icebreaker has become a branch of the World Ocean Museum. Here are collected authentic photographs and documents related to the history of the Krasin and the entire Russian icebreaker fleet. The scientific and technical archives of the museum contain drawings, maps and interesting unique film materials. The main collections are considered to be a collection of navigational items from different times, polar porcelain, ship furnishings and household items, and scientific instruments. The museum's permanent exhibitions are dedicated to the history of "Krasin", the expedition to search for "Italy" and modern navigation devices.

Icebreaker photos

The icebreaker "Krasin".

The icebreaker "Krasin" is a member of the world association of historical ships, consisting of 175 ships and vessels for various purposes. The association includes such legendary ships as the cruiser Aurora, the American battleship Missouri, the British tea clipper Cutty Sark and the Greek battleship Averof.

Order of the Red Banner of Labor.

On May 25, 1928, the airship Italia crashed during a return flight from the North Pole.

The surviving crew members, led by General Nobile, found themselves on an ice floe in the Arctic Ocean. "Krasin", the only one of the many ships rushing to help the expedition, was able to reach the ice camp and save people. A few days later, the Krasin had to be rescued by the German cruise liner Monte Cervantes, which hit an iceberg. It's funny that the liner was in a hurry to the Arctic to look at the famous icebreaker.

For this campaign, "Krasin" was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.

Ship bell. It must be said that according to maritime traditions, it is not customary to change the bell under any circumstances. However, the icebreaker was unlucky with its first name. After being bought from England, the icebreaker was renamed and the bell was cast anew.

Anchor winches.

On deck...

The interiors of "Krasin" are dominated by "Soviet classics".

Wardroom.

Certificate of passage of the "Krasin" through the Panama Canal.

Another VEF.

Icebreaker gyrocompass.

If you want to visit Krasin, write down the coordinates...

There is only 90 centimeters under the keel.

Machine telegraph.

In fact, at the moment, Krasin only has 1 steam engine left...

Before modernization in the 1950s, the icebreaker had 3 steam engines and 10 coal boilers. During perestroika, 4 fuel oil boilers were installed on the icebreaker. Early 70's 2 steam engines were dismantled.

On the opposite side of the Neva are the Admiralty Shipyards. From the Krasin board you can see the diesel-electric submarine"Novorossiysk" (project 636.3 "Varshavyanka"). At the time of filming, the boat was being completed. On August 22, 2014, the Naval flag was raised on the Novorossiysk. The boat will become part of the Black Sea Fleet.

Captain's bridge "Krasina".

On the Lieutenant Schmidt embankment, opposite Gorny state institute There is a very interesting museum in St. Petersburg - the icebreaker "Krasin". This ship, despite its heroic history, is still afloat. Of course, the icebreaker-museum will never plow the expanses of the Arctic Ocean and work according to its calling, but it will still serve its country. This time as a museum - a monument of technology and history.

Icebreaker Museum "Krasin": the story of a giant

According to Wikipedia, the icebreaker Krasin, now a museum, was first officially launched in 1917. Thus began the story of the giant. At that time, the Russian government was investing huge amounts of money in Arctic research, and believed necessary construction the second icebreaker, comparable in its power to the Ermak icebreaker. This work was entrusted to the British. “Svyatogor”, which was the first name of “Krasin”, surpassed its predecessor in everything: its silhouette was more dynamic, its displacement was higher, as was its speed, which was 15 knots. But, despite such a promising start, the fate of the icebreaker turned out to be tragic.

1917... The whole world is at war, and then there are civil protests tearing Russia apart. “Svyatogor” faces a difficult task: defending Arkhangelsk from the Entente troops. But the risk of an enemy invasion at the mouth of the Northern Dvina is too great, and the authorities make a difficult decision: to sink the icebreaker. The story goes: it was no longer possible to correct the situation - the city was captured, and the commander of “Svyatogor” along with his entire team were shot. Today in the museum you can see what the icebreaker Krasin looked like at that time: photographs of the giant dating back to 1917 are on permanent display.

Sections