Races of people (photo). Modern races of people on the planet and their origin
The population of our planet today exceeds 7 billion people. This figure is increasing every day.
World population
Scientists have determined that in just a decade, the number of people on Earth will increase by 1 billion people. However, this dynamic demographic picture was not always so high.
Until a few centuries ago, the human population grew slowly. People died from unfavorable weather conditions and diseases in early age, since the development of science and technology was at a low level.
Today, the largest countries in terms of population are Japan, China and India. The population of these three countries becomes half of the total world population.
The smallest number of people live in countries whose territory covers equatorial forests, tundra and taiga zones, as well as mountain ranges. The bulk of the planet's population lives in the Northern Hemisphere (about 90%).
Races
All humanity is divided into races. Races are organized groups of people who are united by common external characteristics - body structure, face shape, skin color, hair structure.
Such external signs were formed as a result of the adaptation of human physiology to the conditions external environment. There are three major races: Caucasoid, Negroid and Mongoloid.
The most numerous is the Caucasian race, accounting for about 45% of the planet's population. Caucasians inhabit the territory of Europe, part of Asia, South and North America and Australia.
The second largest race is the Mongoloid race. The Mongoloid race includes people living in Asia, as well as aborigines North America- Indians.
The Negroid race ranks third in number. Representatives of this race live in Africa. After the slave period, representatives of the Negroid race remained to live in South and North America.
Peoples
Large races are formed by representatives of many nations. Most of the planet's population belongs to 20 major nations, their number exceeds 50 million people.
Nations are communities of people who lived in the same territory over long historical periods and are united by cultural heritage.
IN modern world There are about 1500 peoples. The geography of their settlement is very diverse. Some of them are spread all over the planet, some live within a populated area.
The totality of people who live on the entire planet Earth is called population, or, more simply, population globe. Population is the object of study of many sciences, among which special emphasis is placed on demography (a word of Greek origin that means “description of a people”), a science that studies the processes of formation of the composition and size of the population, as well as the characteristics of its distribution.
Introduction
At the moment, there is no universal opinion regarding the time of the appearance of man on Earth. However, many demographers believe that human ancestors appeared about two million years ago, and evolved humans about forty thousand years ago. According to the "statutes" modern science, the first people still appeared in Africa. From here, the world's population settled across all continents, excluding Antarctica.
Occupying certain territories, certain groups of people for a long time under the influence of natural and climatic conditions changed, forming their own traditions, appearance, temperament, character and other traits. Thus, the main groups of people - races - appeared on the planet. There are four races in total: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Australoid and Negroid. According to some scientists, it would be worth uniting Australoids and Negroids into a common equatorial race.
Caucasians
The Caucasoid race was formed by the indigenous peoples of the Middle East, Europe, and North Africa. In ancient times, the European race populated Central and South Asia, and later Australia and America. Caucasians differ predominantly light color skin, soft straight or slightly wavy hair, a narrow nose and thin lips. This race makes up half of the world's population. The Caucasoid race includes all Slavs.
Mongoloids
The Mongoloid race formed over vast Asian spaces and settled in South and North America, on the islands Pacific Ocean. This includes almost 40% of the world's population. Anthropometric characteristics of this race include the following external features: yellowish skin tone, straight black hair, wide nose, narrow eyes, flat face.
Negroids
The Negroid race was formed by the equatorial African peoples. This race is distinguished by dark skin color, black curly hair, dark brown eyes, thick lips and a wide nose. There is underdeveloped hair on the body.
Australoids
Unlike Negroids, the Australoid race is distinguished by light eye color and wavy hair. This race consists of the indigenous Australian peoples and the island aborigines. If we consider the population of the globe in general, we can see that it is not widespread and is practically in danger of extinction.
Mixing
After the resettlement of representatives of various races outside the indigenous areas, mixed and transitional races appeared. Scientists have long proven the equality of all races. Nikolai Miklouho-Maclay, who devoted his life to the study of the peoples of the tropical islands of the Pacific Ocean, made a significant contribution to the development of the theory of racial equality. In 1870-1883 he lived among the Papuans in New Guinea. Naturally, the cultural development of the Papuans differed significantly from European standards.
The wild natives lived under Stone Age conditions. As a result of studying their life, Nikolai came to the conclusion that these peoples are capable of the same mental development, arts and learning, like any member of the world's population. The backwardness of these peoples is explained primarily by the significant remoteness of their habitats from the centers of civilization.
Analysis
According to some assumptions, for approximately fifteen thousand years the world population was only three million people. The beginning of our era was marked by a powerful increase in population - the planet's population amounted to 250 million people. According to history ancient world, even in ancient times, tribal alliances formed the first peoples who began to inhabit the slave states of Eurasia and Africa. Today the planet is inhabited by approximately two thousand various peoples. The Chinese are recognized as the largest people - their number is over one billion. At the same time, there are nations with a population of less than a hundred representatives. You don’t have to go far - in Ukraine, for example, there is one such people called Krymchaks.
The world population density increases every year. The rate of human growth accelerated with the advent of the second millennium AD. If during the first millennium the population was 25 million people, then the second millennium increased sharply to 6 billion people. Such drastic changes are explained by the fact that man has learned to produce required amount food, use medicine to overcome many diseases and create Better conditions for accommodation. All these factors, coupled with the introduction of new, more humane laws, led to an increase in life expectancy, a decrease in infant mortality and, accordingly, population growth.
The population has grown at a particularly rapid pace since the 50s. last century. Over the past half century, a so-called demographic explosion has occurred. Surprisingly, it only took humanity forty years to double its numbers. It is noteworthy that such rapid population growth is due to an increase in the number of inhabitants in the countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America. Living conditions in these countries have improved, and this has allowed them to support the national tradition of maintaining large families.
The majority of the world's population is made up of a cavalcade of the world's 20 largest nations, numbering more than 50 million. First of all, these include the Chinese, Americans, Brazilians, Bengalis, Russians, Japanese, Turks, Vietnamese, Iranians, French, British, Italians.
What is the world population now?
At the beginning of 2018, the population of our planet exceeds 7.3 billion, but it is distributed unevenly due to various natural, climatic and historical factors.
Most people live in southeast and southern Asia, as well as central and western Europe. These areas make up about 70 percent of the world's total population. How much population, then, are there for two large states - China and India? These giants include about one third of all earthlings. There is only one territory on Earth that has not had and does not have a permanent population - Antarctica. Extremely severe natural conditions do not give people the opportunity to occupy these lands, therefore only employees of research stations are temporarily in Antarctica.
Forecasts
According to the UN forecast, by 2050 the world's population could reach 9.7 billion, and by 2100 it is expected to exceed 11 billion. The population has only begun to grow at this rate in the last few decades, so it is impossible to rely on any historical examples of this in forecasting possible consequences such an increase.
In other words, even if the 11 billion assumption is true, the current level of knowledge will not allow us to say now what precedents humanity may expect in the future.
Formulation of the problem
The problem, in principle, is not the size of the Earth's population itself, but what the number of consumers will be, the scale and nature of consumption of resources from non-renewable sources.
According to David Satterthwaite, most of the demographic growth over the next two decades will occur in countries with average or low income levels.
At first glance, an increase in the number of residents in megacities, even by several billion, should not have serious consequences if we consider the problem on a global scale. History shows that this is due to the fact that urban residents living in low- and middle-income countries are more diverse low level consumption.
Residents of more prosperous countries pollute the environment to a much greater extent if we compare their lifestyle with the life of residents of poor countries.
According to scientists, if you look at the lifestyle of an individual person, the difference between the poor and rich categories of the population will be even more significant.
As we look to the future, we must be careful not to jump to conclusions. Only time will tell how critical population growth will be for our planet.
Geography lesson 5th grade.
Humanity on Earth.
Number and density of population. Changes in population over historical time, the reasons for these changes. Population distribution. The most populated areas of the globe. Human races, equality of races.
Lesson objectives:
1. To begin to develop in schoolchildren ideas and knowledge about the population of the Earth.
2. Contribute to the formation of ideas about racial composition and racial issues.
3. Show students the fallacy of theories about the superiority of one race over another.
4. To form ideas about the dynamics of changes in the world population, about the features of the distribution of the world population and its density.
5. Show the influence of conditions environment on humanity.
6. Continue to develop the ability to work with modern sources of information.
7. Develop skills to work in a group.
8. Build knowledge aboutbresearch by N.N. Miklouho-Maclay.
9. Cultivate a tolerant attitude towards people around you.
Equipment: textbook, atlas, multimedia presentation, computers, traveler's diary, world map, signal cards.
Lesson type: learning new material.
Technical assistance: laboratory assistant
Lesson structure:
1. Organizational moment - 1 min.
2. Motivation educational activities- 3 min.
3. Updating basic knowledge – 2 min.
4.Learning new material – 29 min.
Human Origins
World population
Population density
Races
Race equality
5. Consolidation of the studied material – 5 min.
6. Lesson summary – 2 min.
7. Reflection – 2 min.
8. Homework- 1 min.
Motivation
In the silence you can hear the ticking of a clock. Guys, what do you hear? What does the clock count? Hear how quickly time passes, one might say, it runs and even rolls! And, moving in a circle, the clock hands began to count down the time of our lesson.
The topic of the lesson is announced. Students, with the help of the teacher, formulate the goals of the lesson.
“Walking in a shady grove, the Greek sage talked with his disciple. “Tell me,” the young man asked, “why are you often overcome by doubts?” You have lived a long life, are wise by experience and learned from the great Hellenes. How is it that so many unclear questions remain for you?ThoughtfulThe philosopher drew 2 circles in front of him with his staff: small and large.
Your knowledge is a small circle, and mine is a large one. But all that's leftin notthese circles are unknown. A small circle has little contact with the unknown. The larger the circle of knowledge, the greater its boundaries with the unknown. And henceforth, the more you learn new things, the more unclear questions you will have.
Today's lesson will expand the range of your knowledge and perhaps more questions will arise than answers. And this is good. Because it is up to you to resolve these issues. In this lesson we will travel back in time.AndLet's try to unravel the mystery of the origin of people on Earth, get acquainted with the different people inhabiting our planet, with the human races. During the trip we will keep a diary. On your desks are travel diaries,
sign them. And so, we begin our mysterious journey into the depths of centuries. And Dinara Ibragimova will help us with this, and she will tell us about the origins of man. Let's listen to it carefully and fill out the traveler's diary along the way. (presentation No. 1 Human Origins)
World population
Now we will consider the issue of the size and distribution of the Earth's population. Don't forget to fill out the traveler's diary during the teacher's explanation.
Hundreds of different peoples and nationalities live on the globe. They speak different languages. The most common are the 10 languages of the world, spoken by 60% of all humanity. If there are 10 main languages, then there are a lot of dialects and adverbs (in Africa, for example, there are approximately 1000 of them, in India about 200). Every nation has its own customs, its own national clothes, its own songs, its own National dish. The most common surname on the globe comes from the word “blacksmith”. Ukrainians have Kovalchuk, Kovalenko (“Koval” is a blacksmith). The Russians have Kuznetsov, the Poles have Kovalevsky, Kovalsky, the British have Smith, in Germany and Austria - Schmidt.
Long time The world's population increased very slowly. Man depended on natural conditions: he died from disease, natural disasters, hunger, and wild animals. In 6 thousand BC. with the advent of agriculture, the world's population reached 10 million people. (this is 2 times less than the population of modern Tokyo). Most people lived in the valleys of large rivers, on the coasts of warm seas, and in flat areas with a favorable climate. 2000 thousand years ago at the beginning of our era, 230 million people lived on the planet (this is less than the population of the United States in our time). Gradually, man's dependence on nature decreased, and the population increased accordingly. Question for students. IN which
century, the population began to grow rapidly? . (slide - Changes in the Earth's population) Where does information about population come from? (students' answer - from censuses that are carried out in each country approximately once every 10 years) Now the family of peoples of the world numbers more than 7 billion people. Is this too much? If we put the entire population of the planet in a line, it would encircle the Earth at the equator approximately 100 times. Aren't you wondering how many people live in our village?
In the village Nizhnegorsk has a population of 9,564 people. (and in 1805 - 48 people slide) Question for students. Do people live on all continents of the Earth?
People live on all continents except Antarctica. They were not distributed evenly on Earth. About 70% of the population lives on 7% of the globe. Moreover, half of the world's population lives in 6 countries: China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil and Russia. Question for students. GAre there no permanent settlements on Earth? Where do the least people live? In places with harsh living conditions there are no permanent settlements (deserts, mountains, etc.)
Look at the world population density and distribution map. Which continent has the most people?
The largest population is in Eurasia. The territories in the East, South and South-West Asia, as well as in Western and Central Europe, are especially densely populated.
Population density is the average number of inhabitants per 1 km²territories. Average density world population – 40 people\km². In Russia - 8 people/km², Bangladesh – more than 1000 people/km². , and in Australia – (3 people\ km²). (see map “density and distribution of world population”) Today every 10 s. The world's population increases by 27 people. In one minute – 60 sec., lesson duration – 45 min. Thus, during the lesson (2700 seconds), the planet's population will increase by 7290 people.
Population growth is mainly due to countriesAfrica, Asia and South America. The most populated part of the world is Asia . (slide). In Russia the population is 146 million people. IN
Our country is home to more than 120 nationalities. All together are the Russian people.
Races
We continue our journey across countries and continents.
People living on Earth are very different from each other. They have different languages, religions, traditions, customs and, of course, appearance. Why do people differ so much in skin color, hair, facial features, and many other characteristics?
The answer to this question is simple and does not cause controversy among scientists. The main reason is nature, or rather the natural conditions in which people lived as they settled around the planet. Let's find out how this happened. As a result of centuries-old adaptation to a certain environment, various external characteristics have formed.
Since then, external signs have been inherited.
from parents to children, from generation to generation, regardless of place of residence. What characteristics are considered racial?
Body structure.
Color of skin, hair, eyes.
Shape and size of nose, lips.
Brainstorm.
Define the concept of "race"
Race – this is a group of people with similar external characteristics.
Based on external characteristics, ethnographers distinguish 4 main human races: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid (equatorial) and Australoid.
And so, we found out what race and racial characteristics are, and identified the main human races. Now we will work in groups on computers.4 groups s3 people each. Each group receives an individual task. (route sheet). Using Wikipedia you need to find information.
Group 1 - Caucasian race
Group 2 – Negroid race
Group 3 - Mongoloid
Group 4 – Australoid (2 people from the group work on computers, and the 3rd with an atlas map finds areas of compact residence of a given race and then, using special chips, shows them on the wall map). The remaining students work with the textbook text and the map in the atlas and find information about mixed races.
Route sheet
Race
External signs
Adaptations to certain natural conditions
Areas of compact residence
Group report on the work done.
Race equality
Guys, what qualities do we value in people? Do they depend on race? But it was not always so. Let's listen to Tyurina Karina, who will tell us about the equality of races and about the outstanding scientist who proved the equality of races. (presentation about N.N. Miklouho-Maclay).
Reinforcing the material learned
“Catch the mistake!” - “Traffic light” (see slide)
For a long time, the world's population increased very slowly. This is due to the lack of television at that time, mobile communications and cars. The population began to grow at a particularly rapid pace in the 20th century. Today it is more than 10 billion people. In order not to interfere with each other, the population of the Earth is distributed evenly. The average population density in the world is 44 people\km². Russia has a high population density.
The order of letters in the proposed words has been changed. You need to parse keywords topic being studied.
Umalt
Bass
Dongomoil
Henriod
Networking
boar eaters
Answers:
Mulatto
Sambo
Mongoloid
Negroid
Metis
Caucasian
Carefully consider the proposed list of words. Select from it the unnecessary one, in your opinion.
Tsunami, Mongoloid, river, Sambo, coordinates, Caucasian, meteorite, mulatto, thermometer, magma, azimuth, Negroid, chalk, mestizo, map.
Answers:
Tsunami, river, coordinates, meteorite, thermometer, magma, azimuth, chalk, map.
Lesson summary.
Reflection. (see slide)
Homework . Name the famous personalities of the past and present who belonged to different races.
Study paragraph 18.
Anwser the questions. Prepare a report about the peoples of the world.
Traveler's Diary
Student's full name:_______________
Task No. 1
Hypotheses for the origin of life:
1.Divine
2.____________
3.____________
This is science, which deals with issues related to the origin and development of man.
- “Homo sapiens” translated from Latin __________
A person’s homeland is considered to be _______
Human ancestors are __________
Task No. 2
For a long time, the world's population increased very _____________.
Gradually, human dependence on ___________ decreased, and accordingly the population ____________.
Currently, ______ billion people live on Earth.
People usually live on all continents except _____
They settled on Earth _______
About ______% of the world's population lives on _______% of the globe.
The largest population is in ______
Half of the world's population lives in 6 countries: China, _________, USA, Indonesia, ________, _______.
Task No. 3
Population density is the average number of inhabitants in a _______ territory.
The average population density in the world is _______.
The average population density in Russia is _______.
Population growth is due to the countries of Africa, _______ and _______.
In Russia the population is _________ million people.
Task No. 4
Race is a group of people with similar _______________ characteristics.
Racial characteristics are: body structure, skin color, _______, _______, shape and size of the nose, _______.
Based on external characteristics, __ main human races are distinguished: Caucasian, ____________, Negroid, _________.
External signs are transmitted by ________ from parents to children, from generation to generation, regardless of place __________.
Mixed races: mestizo (Europeans and _________), mulatto (Europeans and _________), Sambo (Indians and _______)
Representatives of the Caucasian race have __________
or dark skin, ___________ nose, _________ or straight hair. The peopleV,Those who live in the north of Europe have blond hair, while those living in the south have __________.
They inhabit the territory of Europe, part of __________, North and _________ America, Australia. Representatives of the Negroid race have _________ skin color, curly, coarse hair, __________ nose, __________ lips. The hair on the face and body is developed _________.
People of the Negroid race live in Africa and _________.
Mongoloids have _________ skin color. Black straight hair, ________ eyes, ________ face, ________ nose. This race includes the Mongols, Japanese, ________, __________, as well as Indians - the indigenous population of America.
Representatives of the Australoid race have ________ skin color, hair color, eyes. There is _______ hair on the face, and the nose is _______ and flat. They live in the north-east of Australia and in the east of the island of ________.
An outstanding scientist who proved the equality of races was our compatriot __________.
I have questions about why there are only 4 races on Earth? Why are they so different from each other? How do different races have skin colors that correspond to their area of residence?
*********************
First of all, we will examine the settlement map of the “Modern Races of the World”. In this analysis we will not deliberately accept the position of either monogenism or polygenism. The purpose of our analysis and the entire study as a whole is precisely to understand exactly how the emergence of humanity occurred and its development, including the development of writing. Therefore, we cannot and will not rely in advance on any dogma - be it scientific or religious.
Why are there four different races on Earth? Naturally, four types of different races could not have come from Adam and Eve....
So, under the letter “A” on the map are races that, according to modern research, are ancient. These races include four:
Equatorial Negroid races (hereinafter referred to as “Negroid race” or “Negroids”);
Equatorial Australoid races (hereinafter referred to as the “Australoid race” or “Australoids”);
Caucasoid races (hereinafter referred to as “Caucasoids”);
Mongoloid races (hereinafter referred to as “Mongoloids”).
2. Analysis of modern mutual settlement of races.
The modern mutual settlement of the four main races is extremely interesting.
The Negroid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, located from the center of Africa to its southern part. There is no Negroid race anywhere outside of Africa. In addition, it is precisely the areas of settlement of the Negroid race that are currently the “suppliers” of Stone Age culture - in South Africa There are still areas within which the population still exists in a primitive communal way of life.
We are talking about the archaeological culture of Wilton (Wilton) of the late Stone Age, widespread in South and East Africa. In some areas it was replaced by the Neolithic with polished axes, but in most areas it existed until modern times: arrowheads made of stone and bone, pottery, beads made from ostrich egg shells; people of the Wilton culture lived in grottoes and in the open air, and hunted; agriculture and domestic animals were absent.
It is also interesting that on other continents there are no centers of settlement of the Negroid race. This, naturally, points to the fact that the birthplace of the Negroid race was originally precisely in that part of Africa that is located south of the center of the continent. It is worth noting that here we are not considering the later “migration” of Negroids to the American continent and their modern entry through the regions of France into the territory of Eurasia, since this is a completely insignificant effect in the long historical process.
Australoid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, located entirely in the north of Australia, as well as in extremely small fluctuations in India and on some isolated islands. The islands are so insignificantly populated by the Australoid race that they can be neglected when making estimates of the entire center of distribution of the Australoid race. The northern part of Australia can quite reasonably be considered this hotspot. It should be noted here that Australoids, like Negroids, for a reason unknown to today’s science, are located exclusively within one general area. Stone Age cultures are also found among the Australoid race. More precisely, those Australoid cultures that have not experienced the influence of Caucasians are predominantly in the Stone Age.
Caucasoid races are settled in the territory located in the European part of Eurasia, including the Kola Peninsula, as well as in Siberia, the Urals, along the Yenisei, along the Amur, in the upper reaches of the Lena, in Asia, around the Caspian, Black, Red and Mediterranean seas, in northern Africa, on the Arabian Peninsula, in India, on two American continents, in southern Australia.
In this part of the analysis, we should look at the area of settlement of Caucasians in more detail.
Firstly, for obvious reasons, we will exclude from historical estimates the territory of distribution of Caucasians in the Americas, since these territories were occupied by them in the not so distant historical time. The latest “experience” of Caucasians does not affect the history of the original settlement of peoples. The history of the settlement of humanity in general took place long before the American conquests of the Caucasians and without taking them into account.
Secondly, like the two previous races in the description, the territory of distribution of Caucasians (from this point onwards, by “territory of distribution of Caucasians” we will understand only its Eurasian part and the northern part of Africa) is also clearly marked by the area of their settlement. However, unlike the Negroid and Australoid races, the Caucasian race has achieved the highest flowering of culture, science, art, etc. among existing races. The Stone Age within the habitat of the Caucasian race was completed in the vast majority of areas between 30 and 40 thousand years BC. All modern scientific achievements crimes of the most advanced nature were committed precisely by the Caucasian race. One can, of course, mention and argue with this statement, referring to the achievements of China, Japan and Korea, but let’s be honest, all their achievements are purely secondary and use, we must give their due – successfully, but still use the primary achievements of Caucasians.
Mongoloid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, located entirely in the northeast and east of Eurasia and on both American continents. Among the Mongoloid race, as well as among the Negroid and Australoid races, Stone Age cultures are still found to this day.
3. On the application of the laws of Organism
The first thing that catches the eye of an inquisitive researcher looking at a map of the distribution of races is that the distribution areas of the races do not intersect each other in such a way that this concerns any noticeable territories. And, although at mutual borders the contacting races produce a product of their intersection, called “transitional races,” the formation of such mixtures is classified by time and is purely secondary and much later than the formation of the ancient races themselves.
In large part, this process of mutual penetration of ancient races resembles diffusion in the physics of materials. We apply the laws of Organism to the description of races and peoples, which are more unified and give us the right and opportunity to operate with the same ease and accuracy, both materials and peoples, and races. Therefore, the mutual penetration of peoples - the diffusion of peoples and races - is completely subject to Law 3.8. (numbering of laws, as is customary in) Organisms, which says: “Everything moves.”
Namely, not a single race (now we will not talk about the originality of one or the other) under any circumstances will remain motionless in any “frozen” state. We will not be able, following this law, to find at least one race or people that would arise in a certain territory at the moment of “minus infinity” and would remain within this territory until “plus infinity”.
And from this it follows that it is possible to develop laws of movement of populations of organisms (peoples).
4. Laws of movement of populations of organisms
Any people, any race, as, incidentally, not only real, but also mythical (vanished civilizations), always has a point of its origin that is different from the one under consideration and as earlier;
Any nation, any race is represented not by the absolute values of its numbers and its certain area, but by a system (matrix) of n-dimensional vectors describing:
directions of settlement on the Earth's surface (two dimensions);
time intervals of such settlement (one dimension);
…n. values of mass transfer of information about a people (one complex dimension; this includes both numerical composition and national, cultural, educational, religious and other parameters).
5. Interesting observations
From the first law of population movement and taking into account a careful examination of the map of modern distribution of races, we can deduce the following observations.
Firstly, even at present historical times, all four ancient races are extremely isolated in their areas of distribution. Let us recall that we do not consider hereinafter the colonization of the Americas by Negroids, Caucasians and Mongoloids. These four races have the so-called cores of their ranges, which in no case coincide, that is, none of the races in the center of their range coincides with the similar parameters of any other race.
Secondly, the central “points” (areas) of ancient racial regions even today remain quite “pure” in composition. Moreover, mixing of races occurs exclusively at the borders of neighboring races. Never - by mixing races that were not historically located in the same neighborhood. That is, we do not observe any mixtures of the Mongoloid and Negroid races, since between them is the Caucasoid race, which, in turn, mixes with both the Negroids and the Mongoloids precisely in the places of contact with them.
Thirdly, if center points determine the distribution of races by a simple geometric calculation, it turns out that these points are located at the same distance from each other, equal to 6000 (plus or minus 500) kilometers:
Negroid point - 5° S, 20° E;
Caucasoid point – p. Batumi, the easternmost point of the Black Sea (41°N, 42°E);
Mongoloid point – ss. Aldan and Tomkot in the upper reaches of the Aldan River, a tributary of the Lena (58° N, 126° E);
Australoid point - 5° S, 122° E.
Moreover, the points of the central areas of settlement of the Mongoloid race on both American continents are also equidistant (and at approximately the same distance).
An interesting fact: if all four central points of settlement of races, as well as three points located in South, Central and North America, are connected, you will get a line resembling the bucket of the Ursa Major constellation, but inverted relative to its current position.
6. Conclusions
An assessment of the distribution areas of races allows us to draw a number of conclusions and assumptions.
6.1. Conclusion 1:
A possible theory suggesting the birth and settlement of modern races from one common point does not seem legitimate and justified.
We are currently observing precisely the process that leads to the mutual homogenization of races. Like, for example, the experiment with water, when in cold water pour in some hot water. We understand that after some finite and quite calculated time hot water will mix with the cold one, and the temperature will average. After which the water, in general, will become somewhat warmer than the cold water before mixing, and somewhat colder than the hot water before mixing.
The situation is the same now with the four old races - we are currently observing precisely the process of their mixing, when the races mutually penetrate each other, like cold and hot water, forming mestizo races in the places of their contact.
If the four races were formed from one center, then we would not now observe mixing. Because in order for four to be formed from one entity, a process of separation and mutual dispersion, isolation, and accumulation of differences must occur. And the mutual cross-breeding that is now occurring serves as clear evidence of the reverse process - the mutual diffusion of the four races. The inflection point that would separate the earlier process of separation of races from the later process of their mixing has not yet been found. Convincing evidence of the objective existence of some moment in history from which the process of separation of races would be replaced by their unification has not been found. Therefore, the process of historical mixing of races should be considered a completely objective and normal process.
This means that initially the four ancient races had to be inevitably divided and isolated from each other. We will leave the question of the force that could take over such a process open for now.
This assumption of ours is convincingly confirmed by the race distribution map itself. As we previously revealed, there are four conventional points of initial settlement of the four ancient races. These points, by strange chance, are located in a sequence that has a clearly defined series of patterns:
firstly, each border of mutual contact of races serves as a division of only two races and nowhere as a division of three or four;
secondly, the distances between such points, by a strange coincidence, are almost the same and equal to about 6000 kilometers.
The processes of development of territorial spaces by races can be compared to the formation of a pattern on frosty glass - from one point the pattern spreads in different directions.
Obviously, the races too, each in their own way, but general form The distribution of races was quite the same - from the so-called point of distribution of each race, it spread in different directions, gradually developing new territories. After quite an estimated time, the races sown 6000 kilometers from each other met at the boundaries of their ranges. Thus began the process of their mixing and the emergence of various mestizo races.
The process of building and expanding the areas of races fully falls within the definition of the concept of “organismic center of organization” when there are patterns that describe such a distribution of races.
The natural and most objective conclusion suggests itself about the existence of four separate centers of origin of four different – ancient – races, located at an equal distance from each other. Moreover, the distances and points of “seeding” of the races were chosen in such a way that if we tried to repeat such “seeding”, we would end up with the same option. Consequently, the Earth was inhabited by someone or something from 4 different areas of our Galaxy or our Universe....
6.2. Conclusion 2:
Perhaps the original placement of races was artificial.
A number of random coincidences in distances and equidistance between races leads us to believe that this was not accidental. Law 3.10. Organism says: ordered chaos acquires intelligence. It is interesting to trace the work of this law in the reverse cause-and-effect direction. The expression 1+1=2 and the expression 2=1+1 are equally true. And, therefore, the cause-and-effect relationship in their members works in both directions equally.
By analogy with this, law 3.10. we can reformulate this way: (3.10.-1) intelligence is an acquisition due to the ordering of chaos. The circumstance when out of three segments connecting four seemingly random points, all three segments are equal to the same value cannot be called anything other than a manifestation of intelligence. To ensure that the distances match, you need to measure them accordingly.
In addition, and this circumstance is no less interesting and mysterious, the “miraculous” distance we identified between the points of origin of races is, for some strange and inexplicable reason, equal to the radius of planet Earth. Why?
By connecting the four points of sowing races and the center of the Earth (and they are all located at the same distance), we get a quadrangular equilateral pyramid, with its apex directed towards the center of the Earth. 
Why? Where do clear geometric shapes come from in a seemingly chaotic world?
6.3. Conclusion 3:
About the initial maximum isolation of races.
Let's begin our consideration of the mutually pairwise settlement of races with the Negroid-Caucasian pair. Firstly, Negroids no longer come into contact with any other race. Secondly, between the Negroids and Caucasians lies the region of central Africa, which is characterized by an abundant spread of lifeless deserts. That is, initially the location of Negroids relative to Caucasians ensured that these two races in the least possible way they would communicate with each other. There is some intent here. And also an additional argument against the theory of monogenism - at least in terms of the Negroid-Caucasian couple.
Similar features also exist in the Caucasoid-Mongoloid pair. The same distance between the conditional centers of race formation is 6000 kilometers. The same natural barrier to the mutual penetration of races is the extremely frosty northern regions and the Mongolian deserts.
The Mongoloid-Australoid pair also provides maximum use terrain conditions, preventing the mutual penetration of these races, separated from each other by approximately the same 6000 kilometers.
Only in recent decades, with the development of means of transport and communications, the mutual penetration of races has not only become possible, but has also become widespread.
Naturally, in the course of our research these conclusions may be revised.
Final conclusion:
It can be seen that there were four race seeding points. They are equidistant both from each other and from the center of planet Earth. Races have only mutual-pair contacts. The process of mixing races is a process of the last two centuries, before which the races were isolated. If there was an intention in the original settlement of races, then it was this: to settle the races so that they would be as for a long time did not come into contact with each other.
This was probably an experiment to solve the problem of which race would best adapt to earthly conditions. And also, which race will be more progressive in its development....
Source - razrusitelmifov.ucoz.ru
Throughout most of human history, the world's population has grown very slowly. Acceleration occurred during the period of modern history and especially in the 20th century. The world population is about 6.1 billion people. The annual increase is approximately 85 million people or 1.4%. Almost 90% of it comes from developing countries. The population of Africa and Muslim countries of Asia is growing at a particularly high rate. According to forecasts, the world population in 2050 will reach 9.3 billion people, of which 58% will live in Asia, 22 in Africa and only 7% in Europe, including Russia. In terms of number of inhabitants, the largest will be (million people): India - 1535, China - 1523, Pakistan - 380, USA - 350 and Nigeria - 340.
The world's population is distributed extremely unevenly: about 70% of all people live on 7% of the earth's land area. Along with this, about half of all inhabited land has an average population density of less than 5 people per 1 km2. Areas completely undeveloped by people occupy 15% of the land. There are 4 areas of high population density on the globe: South and East Asia, Western Europe and eastern North America. To accommodate the population strong influence are influenced by the natural conditions of the territory, employment in agriculture, attraction to transport and trade routes. For example, more than half of the population is concentrated in a 200-kilometer strip along the coasts of seas and oceans, and almost 30% in a 50-kilometer strip. The average population density of the Earth is 40 people per km2. This average hides very large differences between regions and countries.
Currently, the population is distributed across countries and parts of the world very unevenly: Asia - 3786 million people, Africa - 822, America - 829, Europe - 700, Australia and Oceania - 30. The largest (more than 100 million people) countries in the world in 2000. were: China - 1285, India - 1027, USA - 281, Indonesia - 228, Brazil - 175, Pakistan - 156, Russia - 145, Bangladesh - 131, Japan - 128, Nigeria - 127, Mexico - 104. Among the largest (more 50 million people) the Philippines stood out - 83, Germany - 82, Vietnam - 80, Egypt - 69, Iran - 68, Turkey - 67, Ethiopia - 66, Thailand - 62, Great Britain - 59, France - 59, Italy - 58.
People are not the same appearance, by the color of skin, hair, eyes, by the shape of the skull, face. These external characteristics that distinguish one group of people from another are called racial characteristics. Groups of people with similar racial characteristics are called human races. Main human races three: Caucasoid, Mongoloid and equatorial. The majority of the peoples of Eurasia belong to the Caucasian race. Many Europeans moved to other continents centuries ago. Caucasians inhabit most of North America, South America, and Australia. Many peoples of Asia belong to the Mongoloid race, as well as the Indians, the indigenous inhabitants of America. The main areas of settlement of the peoples of the equatorial race are Africa, Australia, the islands of New Guinea and Madagascar. Negroes belonging to this race - descendants of slaves taken from Africa - live in Northern and South America.
As a result of communication between peoples of different races, mixed races appeared. There are 3–4 thousand peoples, or ethnic groups, in the world. Ethnic groups are established stable communities of people. The classification of peoples (ethnic groups) is usually carried out according to their numbers. The vast majority of peoples are small in number. There are 310 peoples in the world numbering more than 1 million people, but they make up 96% of the total population of the Earth. Among all nations, the 18 largest stand out, numbering more than 50 million each, which account for about 60% of the Earth's population. More than 100 million people consist of only 7 nations: Chinese (over 1 billion), Hindustani, US Americans, Bengalis, Russians, Brazilians and Japanese.
Nowadays, population distribution is increasingly determined by urban geography. When assessing the urban population, it must be taken into account that there is no single concept of “city” for all countries. For example, in Denmark, Sweden, Finland, a city is considered a settlement with a population of more than 200 people, in Canada, Australia - over 1000, in Germany, France - over 2000, in the USA - over 2500, in India - over 5000, in Switzerland - over 10,000, and in Japan - over 30,000.
Urbanization (from the Latin city) is the growth of cities and the rise specific gravity urban population, as well as the emergence of increasingly complex networks and systems of cities. Modern urbanization has three general features, typical for most countries of the world. The first feature is the rapid growth of the urban population. The second feature is the concentration of population and economy mainly in large cities. Among large cities, it is customary to especially highlight “millionaire” cities (with a population of more than 1 million inhabitants). The third feature is the “sprawling” of cities, the expansion of their territory, the formation of urban agglomerations - territorial groupings of urban and rural settlements. The largest urban agglomerations in the world have developed around Mexico City, Tokyo, Sao Paulo and New York; each of them is home to 16–20 million people. In Russia, the largest agglomeration is Moscow (13.5 million people). According to the level of urbanization, all countries of the world can be divided into three large groups: highly urbanized (Kuwait, UK, Sweden, Australia, Japan, USA, Russia, etc.), that is, with a share of the urban population of more than 50%, moderately urbanized (20–50%) and weakly urbanized (less than 20%). The pace of urbanization largely depends on its level. In most economically developed countries that have achieved a high level of urbanization, the share of urban population in Lately grows relatively slowly or even decreases. In developing countries in Asia and Africa, where the level of urbanization is much lower, urbanization continues to expand and the urban population increases rapidly. This phenomenon, scientifically called the urban explosion, has become one of the most important factors in the socio-economic development of the entire developing world.
Rural settlement is characterized by two main forms: group (village) and scattered (farmer). The village form predominates in Russia, foreign Europe, China, Japan, and the vast majority of developing countries. The farming form of settlement is most common in the USA, Canada, and Australia.
Population growth depends on the nature of its reproduction. Reproduction (natural movement) of the population, a set of processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase that ensure the continuous renewal and change of human generations. In the most simplified form, we can talk about two types of population reproduction
The first type of population reproduction is characterized by relatively low rates of fertility, mortality and natural increase. It is widespread economically developed countries North America, Europe, Russia, Australia. Moreover, in some countries of foreign Europe (Germany, Denmark, Belgium, Hungary, etc.) the natural population growth is so low that there is even a natural population decline.
The second type of population reproduction is characterized by high and very high birth rates and natural increase. It is typical for developing countries, where after gaining independence the mortality rate dropped quite sharply and the birth rate remained very much the same. high level. This phenomenon of rapid population growth in countries of the second type of reproduction has occurred since the mid-20th century. received in the literature the figurative name of the demographic explosion.
Population migrations, which are divided into external and internal, have a great impact on the distribution of the population, as well as on its size and composition. External migrations of the population arose in ancient times, continued in the Middle Ages, during the modern and modern history. Until the middle of the 20th century. The main focus of emigration was Europe, the second was Asia. The centers of immigration were primarily the USA, Canada, Latin America, Australia. After the Second World War, the geography of external migration changed markedly. Intercontinental migration has decreased and intracontinental migration has increased, especially in Europe, where there are now 12–13 million foreign workers. In the second half of the 20th century. a new form of external migration has spread, called brain drain. Its essence lies in luring foreign scientists, engineers, doctors and other highly qualified specialists. “Brain drain” has a particularly negative impact on developing countries, where the stratum of the intelligentsia is small. In the late 80s and early 90s, due to the economic and political crisis, the “brain drain” from Russia and other CIS countries intensified. Internal (intrastate) population migrations are of several types. This is the movement of the population from rural areas to the city, colonization and development of new lands, etc.
Population distribution- distribution of population across the Earth. It largely depends on natural conditions. And since such conditions are not the same on the planet, the population is distributed extremely unevenly. Besides great importance have a history of settlement of the territory and the level of development of the economy, etc.
In view of this, not all areas of the globe are favorable for human life. Thus, only 7% of the land area is home to 70% of the world's population, and 37% of the territory is not inhabited at all.
Population density- the number of people living per 1 km2. This is the main indicator of the distribution of people on the planet. The most densely populated areas of ancient agriculture are the Nile Valley, the Great Chinese Plain, the Indo-Gangetic Lowland, etc. There are favorable natural conditions here, so the population density exceeds 300 people per 1 km2. At the same time, in polar and tropical deserts, where the climate is extremely harsh and conditions for farming are limited, the population density is less than 1 person per 1 km2. The most populated part of the world is Europe, the smallest is Australia.
Human races- a group of people who have certain common external characteristics. External characteristics that distinguish one group of people from another are called racial characteristics. These include different colors of skin, hair, eyes, head shape, etc.
Racial characteristics are not random and were formed a long time ago as a result of human settlement of various geographical zones Earth. Thus, over time, residents of hot regions of the globe developed devices that protected the body from overheating by the sun's rays. They have dark skin, thick and curly hair, thick lips and wide open nostrils. All these are signs of representatives of the Negroid (equatorial) race.
Residents of cold countries belong to the Caucasian race. They have fair skin, soft hair different color. A narrow nose limits inhalation of cold air. These adaptations gave them a better chance of surviving and spreading throughout Europe, over a large area of which the climate is characterized by significant cloudiness and relatively less heat.
Representatives of the Mongoloid race have yellowish skin color and black straight hair. They have a narrow eye shape, since they have long lived in open spaces with strong winds and dust storms.
With the growth of the Earth's population, peoples of different races communicated more and more closely with each other. Therefore, mixed races appeared.