The size of the world's population. Abstract: Population of the globe, distribution, density, human races

The population of our planet is so diverse that one can only be surprised. What kind of nationalities and nationalities can you meet! Everyone has their own faith, customs, traditions, and orders. Its own beautiful and extraordinary culture. However, all these differences are formed only by people themselves in the process of social historical development. What lies behind the differences that appear externally? After all, we are all very different:

• dark-skinned;
• yellow-skinned;
• white;
• With different colors eye;
• different heights and so on.

Obviously, the reasons are purely biological, independent of people themselves and formed over thousands of years of evolution. This is how modern human races were formed, which explain the visual diversity of human morphology theoretically. Let's take a closer look at what this term is, what its essence and meaning are.

The concept of "race of people"

What is race? This is not a nation, not a people, not a culture. These concepts should not be confused. After all, representatives of different nationalities and cultures can freely belong to the same race. Therefore, the definition can be given as given by the science of biology.

Human races are a collection of external morphological characteristics, that is, those that are the phenotype of the representative. They were formed under the influence of external conditions, the influence of a complex of biotic and abiotic factors, and were fixed in the genotype during evolutionary processes. Thus, the characteristics that underlie the division of people into races include:

• height;
• skin and eye color;
• hair structure and shape;
• hair growth of the skin;
• structural features of the face and its parts.

All those signs of Homo sapiens like biological species, which lead to the formation of a person’s external appearance, but do not in any way affect his personal, spiritual and social qualities and manifestations, as well as the level of self-development and self-education.

People of different races have completely identical biological springboards for the development of certain abilities. Their general karyotype is the same:

• women - 46 chromosomes, that is, 23 XX pairs;
• men - 46 chromosomes, 22 pairs XX, 23 pairs - XY.

This means that all representatives of Homo sapiens are one and the same, among them there are no more or less developed, superior to others, or higher. From a scientific point of view, everyone is equal.

The species of human races, formed over approximately 80 thousand years, have adaptive significance. It has been proven that each of them was formed with the aim of providing a person with the opportunity for a normal existence in a given habitat and facilitating adaptation to climatic, relief and other conditions. There is a classification showing which races of Homo sapiens existed before, and which ones exist today.

Classification of races

She's not alone. The thing is that until the 20th century it was customary to distinguish 4 races of people. These were the following varieties:

• Caucasian;
• Australoid;
• Negroid;
• Mongoloid.

For each, detailed characteristic features were described by which any individual of the human species could be identified. However, later a classification became widespread that included only 3 human races. This became possible due to the unification of the Australoid and Negroid groups into one.

Therefore, the modern types of human races are as follows.

1. Large: Caucasoid (European), Mongoloid (Asian-American), Equatorial (Australian-Negroid).
2. Small: many different branches that formed from one of the large races.

Each of them has its own characteristics, signs, external manifestations in the form of people. All of them are considered by anthropologists, and the science itself that studies this issue is biology. Human races have interested people since ancient times. After all, completely contrasting external features often became the cause of racial strife and conflicts.

Genetic research recent years allow us to speak again about the division of the equatorial group into two. Let's consider all 4 races of people who stood out earlier and became relevant again recently. Let us note the signs and features.

Australoid race

TO typical representatives This group includes the indigenous people of Australia, Melanesia, Southeast Asia, and India. The name of this race is also Australo-Veddoid or Australo-Melanesian. All synonyms make it clear which small races are included in this group. They are as follows:

• Australoids;
• Veddoids;
• Melanesians.

In general, the characteristics of each group presented do not vary too much among themselves. There are several main features that characterize all small races of people of the Australoid group.

1. Dolichocephaly is an elongated shape of the skull in relation to the proportions of the rest of the body.
2. Deep-set eyes, wide slits. The color of the iris is predominantly dark, sometimes almost black.
3. The nose is wide, with a pronounced flat bridge.
4. The hair on the body is very well developed.
5. The hair on the head is dark in color (sometimes among Australians there are natural blondes, which was the result of a natural genetic mutation of the species that once took hold). Their structure is rigid, they can be curly or slightly curly.
6. People are of average height, often above average.
7. The physique is thin and elongated.

Within the Australoid group, people of different races differ from each other, sometimes quite strongly. So, a native Australian may be tall, blond, of a dense build, with straight hair and light brown eyes. At the same time, a native of Melanesia will be a thin, short, dark-skinned representative with curly black hair and almost black eyes.

Therefore, the general characteristics described above for the entire race are only an averaged version of their combined analysis. Naturally, crossbreeding also occurs - the mixing of different groups as a result of natural crossing of species. That is why it is sometimes very difficult to identify a specific representative and attribute him to one or another small or large race.

Negroid race

The people who make up this group are the settlers of the following areas:

• Eastern, Central and South Africa;
• part of Brazil;
• some peoples of the USA;
• representatives of the West Indies.

In general, such races of people as Australoids and Negroids used to be united in the equatorial group. However, research in the 21st century has proven the inconsistency of this order. After all, the differences in the manifested characteristics between the designated races are too great. And some similar features are explained very simply. After all, the habitats of these individuals are very similar in terms of living conditions, and therefore the adaptations in appearance are also similar.

So, the following signs are characteristic of representatives of the Negroid race.

1. Very dark, sometimes bluish-black, skin color, as it is especially rich in melanin content.
2. Wide eye shape. They are large, dark brown, almost black.
3. The hair is dark, curly, and coarse.
4. Height varies, often low.
5. The limbs are very long, especially the arms.
6. The nose is wide and flat, the lips are very thick and fleshy.
7. The jaw lacks a chin protrusion and protrudes forward.
8. The ears are large.
9. Facial hair is poorly developed, and there is no beard or mustache.

Negroids are easy to distinguish from others by their external appearance. Below are the different races of people. The photo reflects how clearly Negroids differ from Europeans and Mongoloids.

Mongoloid race

Representatives of this group are characterized by special features that allow them to adapt to fairly severe external conditions: desert sands and winds, blinding snow drifts, etc.

Mongoloids are the indigenous people of Asia and much of America. Their characteristic signs are as follows.

1. Narrow or oblique eye shape.
2. The presence of an epicanthus - a specialized skin fold aimed at covering internal corner eyes.
3. The color of the iris is from light to dark brown.
4. distinguished by brachycephaly (short head).
5. The superciliary ridges are thickened and strongly protruding.
6. Sharp, high cheekbones are well defined.
7. Facial hair is poorly developed.
8. The hair on the head is coarse, dark in color, and has a straight structure.
9. The nose is not wide, the bridge is located low.
10. Lips of different thicknesses, often narrow.
11. Skin color varies among different representatives from yellow to dark, and there are also light-skinned people.

It should be noted that another characteristic feature is short stature, both in men and women. It is the Mongoloid group that predominates in numbers when comparing the main races of people. They populated almost all climatographic zones of the Earth. Close to them in terms of quantitative characteristics are Caucasians, whom we will consider below.

Caucasian

First of all, let’s designate the predominant habitats of people from this group. This:

• Europe.
• North Africa.
• Western Asia.

Thus, the representatives unite two main parts of the world - Europe and Asia. Since living conditions were also very different, the general characteristics are again an average option after analyzing all the indicators. Thus, the following appearance features can be distinguished.

1. Mesocephaly - medium-headedness in the structure of the skull.
2. Horizontal eye shape, lack of pronounced brow ridges.
3. A protruding narrow nose.
4. Lips of varying thickness, usually medium in size.
5. Soft curly or straight hair. There are blondes, brunettes, and brown-haired people.
6. Eye color ranges from light blue to brown.
7. Skin color also varies from pale, white to dark.
8. The hairline is very well developed, especially on the chest and face of men.
9. The jaws are orthognathic, that is, slightly pushed forward.

In general, a European is easy to distinguish from others. Appearance allows you to do this almost without error, even without using additional genetic data.

If you look at all the races of people, the photos of whose representatives are located below, the difference becomes obvious. However, sometimes the characteristics are mixed so deeply that identifying an individual becomes almost impossible. He is able to relate to two races at once. This is further aggravated by intraspecific mutation, which leads to the appearance of new characteristics.

For example, albinos Negroids are a special case of the appearance of blondes in the Negroid race. Genetic mutation, which violates the integrity of racial characteristics in a given group.

Origin of the races of man

Where did such a variety of signs of people’s appearance come from? There are two main hypotheses that explain the origin of human races. This:

• monocentrism;
• polycentrism.

However, none of them has yet become an officially accepted theory. According to the monocentric point of view, initially, about 80 thousand years ago, all people lived in the same territory, and therefore their appearance was approximately the same. However, over time, growing numbers led to a wider spread of people. As a result, some groups found themselves in difficult climatographic conditions.

This led to the development and consolidation at the genetic level of some morphological adaptations that help in survival. For example, dark skin and curly hair provide thermoregulation and a cooling effect for the head and body in Negroids. And the narrow shape of the eyes protects them from sand and dust, as well as from being blinded by white snow among Mongoloids. The developed hair of Europeans is a unique way of thermal insulation in harsh winter conditions.

Another hypothesis is called polycentrism. She says that different types Human races descended from several ancestral groups that were unequally distributed around the globe. That is, there were initially several foci from which the development and consolidation of racial characteristics began. Again influenced by climatographic conditions.

That is, the process of evolution proceeded linearly, simultaneously affecting aspects of life on different continents. This is how the formation took place modern types people from several phylogenetic lineages. However, it is not possible to say for certain about the validity of this or that hypothesis, since there is no evidence of a biological and genetic nature, or at the molecular level.

Modern classification

The races of people, according to current scientists, have the following classification. There are two trunks, and each of them has three large races and many small ones. It looks something like this.

1. Western trunk. Includes three races:

• Caucasians;
• capoids;
• Negroids.

The main groups of Caucasians: Nordic, Alpine, Dinaric, Mediterranean, Falsky, East Baltic and others.

Small races of capoids: Bushmen and Khoisan. They inhabit South Africa. In terms of the fold above the eyelid, they are similar to the Mongoloids, but in other characteristics they differ sharply from them. The skin is not elastic, which is why all representatives are characterized by the appearance of early wrinkles.

Groups of Negroids: pygmies, nilots, blacks. All of them are settlers from different parts of Africa, so their appearance is similar. Very dark eyes, same skin and hair. Thick lips and lack of chin protuberance.

2. Eastern trunk. Includes the following large races:

• Australoids;
• Americanoids;
• Mongoloids.

Mongoloids are divided into two groups - northern and southern. These are the indigenous inhabitants of the Gobi Desert, which left its mark on the appearance of these people.

Americanoids - the population of Northern and South America. They are very tall and often have an epicanthus, especially in children. However, the eyes are not as narrow as those of the Mongoloids. They combine the characteristics of several races.

Australoids consist of several groups:

• Melanesians;
• Veddoids;
• Ainu;
• Polynesians;
• Australians.

Their characteristic features were discussed above.

Minor races

This concept is a rather highly specialized term that allows you to identify any person to any race. After all, each large one is divided into many small ones, and they are already compiled on the basis of not only small external distinctive features, but also include data from genetic studies, clinical tests, and facts of molecular biology.

Therefore, small races are what allows a more accurate reflection of the position of each specific individual in the system organic world, and specifically, within the species Homo sapiens sapiens. What specific groups exist was discussed above.

Racism

As we have found out, there are different races of people. Their signs can be very polar. This is what gave rise to the theory of racism. It says that one race is superior to another, since it consists of more highly organized and perfect beings. At one time, this led to the emergence of slaves and their white masters.

However, from a scientific point of view, this theory is completely absurd and untenable. The genetic predisposition to the development of certain skills and abilities is the same among all peoples. Proof that all races are biologically equal is the possibility of free interbreeding between them while maintaining the health and vitality of the offspring.

Geography lesson 5th grade.

Humanity on Earth.

Number and density of population. Changes in population over historical time, the reasons for these changes. Population distribution. Most populated areas globe. Human races, equality of races.

Lesson objectives:

1. To begin to develop in schoolchildren ideas and knowledge about the population of the Earth.

2. Contribute to the formation of ideas about racial composition and racial issues.

3. Show students the fallacy of theories about the superiority of one race over another.

4. To form ideas about the dynamics of changes in the world population, about the features of the distribution of the world population and its density.

5. Show the influence of conditions environment on humanity.

6. Continue to develop the ability to work with modern sources of information.

7. Develop skills to work in a group.

8. Build knowledge aboutbresearch by N.N. Miklouho-Maclay.

9. Cultivate a tolerant attitude towards people around you.

Equipment: textbook, atlas, multimedia presentation, computers, traveler's diary, world map, signal cards.

Lesson type: learning new material.

Technical assistance: laboratory assistant

Lesson structure:

1. Organizational moment - 1 min.

2. Motivation educational activities- 3 min.

3. Updating basic knowledge – 2 min.

4.Learning new material – 29 min.

Human Origins

World population

Population density

Races

Race equality

5. Consolidation of the studied material – 5 min.

6. Lesson summary – 2 min.

7. Reflection – 2 min.

8. Homework- 1 min.

Motivation

In the silence you can hear the ticking of a clock. Guys, what do you hear? What does the clock count? Hear how quickly time passes, one might say, it runs and even rolls! And, moving in a circle, the clock hands began to count down the time of our lesson.

The topic of the lesson is announced. Students, with the help of the teacher, formulate the goals of the lesson.

“Walking in a shady grove, the Greek sage talked with his student. “Tell me,” the young man asked, “why are you often overcome by doubts?” You have lived a long life, are wise by experience and learned from the great Hellenes. How is it that so many unclear questions remain for you?ThoughtfulThe philosopher drew 2 circles in front of him with his staff: small and large.

Your knowledge is a small circle, and mine is a large one. But all that's leftin notthese circles are unknown. A small circle has little contact with the unknown. The larger the circle of knowledge, the greater its boundaries with the unknown. And henceforth, the more you learn new things, the more unclear questions you will have.

Today's lesson will expand the range of your knowledge and perhaps more questions will arise than answers. And this is good. Because it is up to you to resolve these issues. In this lesson we will travel back in time.AndLet's try to unravel the mystery of the origin of people on Earth, get acquainted with the different people inhabiting our planet, with the human races. During the trip we will keep a diary. On your desks are travel diaries,

sign them. And so, we begin our mysterious journey into the depths of centuries. And Dinara Ibragimova will help us with this, and she will tell us about the origins of man. Let's listen to it carefully and fill out the traveler's diary along the way. (presentation No. 1 Human Origins)

World population

Now we will consider the issue of the size and distribution of the Earth's population. Don't forget to fill out the traveler's diary during the teacher's explanation.

Hundreds of different peoples and nationalities live on the globe. They speak different languages. The most common are the 10 languages ​​of the world, spoken by 60% of all humanity. If there are 10 main languages, then there are a lot of dialects and adverbs (in Africa, for example, there are approximately 1000 of them, in India about 200). Every nation has its own customs, its own national clothes, its own songs, its own National dish. The most common surname on the globe comes from the word “blacksmith”. Ukrainians have Kovalchuk, Kovalenko (“Koval” is a blacksmith). The Russians have Kuznetsov, the Poles have Kovalevsky, Kovalsky, the British have Smith, in Germany and Austria - Schmidt.

Long time The world's population increased very slowly. Man depended on natural conditions: he died from disease, natural disasters, hunger, and wild animals. In 6 thousand BC. with the advent of agriculture, the world's population reached 10 million people. (this is 2 times less than the population of modern Tokyo). Most people lived in the valleys of large rivers, on the coasts of warm seas, and in flat areas with a favorable climate. 2000 thousand years ago at the beginning of our era, 230 million people lived on the planet (this is less than the population of the United States in our time). Gradually, man's dependence on nature decreased, and the population increased accordingly. Question for students. IN which

century, the population began to grow rapidly? . (slide - Changes in the Earth's population) Where does information about the population come from? (students' answer - from censuses that are carried out in each country approximately once every 10 years) Now the family of peoples of the world numbers more than 7 billion people. Is this too much? If we put the entire population of the planet in a line, it would encircle the Earth at the equator approximately 100 times. Aren't you wondering how many people live in our village?

In the village Nizhnegorsk has a population of 9,564 people. (and in 1805 - 48 people slide) Question for students. Do people live on all continents of the Earth?

People live on all continents except Antarctica. They were not distributed evenly on Earth. About 70% of the population lives on 7% of the globe. Moreover, half of the world's population lives in 6 countries: China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil and Russia. Question for students. GAre there no permanent settlements on Earth? Where do the least people live? In places with harsh living conditions there are no permanent settlements (deserts, mountains, etc.)

Look at the world population density and distribution map. Which continent has the most people?

The largest population is in Eurasia. The territories in the East, South and South-West Asia, as well as in Western and Central Europe, are especially densely populated.

Population density is the average number of inhabitants per 1 km²territories. Average density world population – 40 people\km². In Russia - 8 people/km², Bangladesh – more than 1000 people/km². , and in Australia – (3 people\ km²). (see map “density and distribution of world population”) Today every 10 s. The world's population increases by 27 people. In one minute – 60 sec., lesson duration – 45 min. Thus, during the lesson (2700 seconds), the planet's population will increase by 7290 people.

Population growth is mainly due to countriesAfrica, Asia and South America. The most populated part of the world is Asia . (slide). In Russia the population is 146 million people. IN

Our country is home to more than 120 nationalities. All together are the Russian people.

Races

We continue our journey across countries and continents.

People living on Earth are very different from each other. They have different languages, religions, traditions, customs and, of course, appearance. Why do people differ so much in skin color, hair, facial features, and many other characteristics?

The answer to this question is simple and does not cause controversy among scientists. The main reason is nature, or rather those natural conditions, in which people lived, settling around the planet. Let's find out how this happened. As a result of centuries-old adaptation to a certain environment, various external characteristics have formed.

Since then, external signs have been inherited.

from parents to children, from generation to generation, regardless of place of residence. What characteristics are considered racial?

Body structure.

Color of skin, hair, eyes.

Shape and size of nose, lips.

Brainstorm.

Define the concept of "race"

Race – this is a group of people with similar external characteristics.

Based on external features, ethnographers identify 4 main human races: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid (equatorial) and Australoid.

And so, we found out what race and racial characteristics are, and identified the main human races. Now we will work in groups on computers.4 groups s3 people each. Each group receives an individual task. (route sheet). Using Wikipedia you need to find information.

Group 1 - Caucasian race

Group 2 – Negroid race

Group 3 - Mongoloid

Group 4 – Australoid (2 people from the group work on computers, and the 3rd with an atlas map finds areas of compact residence of a given race and then, using special chips, shows them on the wall map). The remaining students work with the textbook text and the map in the atlas and find information about mixed races.

Route sheet

Race

External signs

Adaptations to certain natural conditions

Areas of compact residence

Group report on the work done.

Race equality

Guys, what qualities do we value in people? Do they depend on race? But it was not always so. Let's listen to Tyurina Karina, who will tell us about the equality of races and about the outstanding scientist who proved the equality of races. (presentation about N.N. Miklouho-Maclay).

Reinforcing the material learned

“Catch the mistake!” - “Traffic light” (see slide)

For a long time, the world's population increased very slowly. This is due to the lack of television at that time, mobile communications and cars. The population began to grow at a particularly rapid pace in the 20th century. Today it is more than 10 billion people. In order not to interfere with each other, the population of the Earth is distributed evenly. The average population density in the world is 44 people\km². Russia has a high population density.

The order of letters in the proposed words has been changed. You need to parse the keywords of the topic that is being studied.

Umalt

Bass

Dongomoil

Henriod

Networking

boar eaters

Answers:

Mulatto

Sambo

Mongoloid

Negroid

Metis

Caucasian

Carefully consider the proposed list of words. Select from it the unnecessary one, in your opinion.

Tsunami, Mongoloid, river, Sambo, coordinates, Caucasian, meteorite, mulatto, thermometer, magma, azimuth, Negroid, chalk, mestizo, map.

Answers:

Tsunami, river, coordinates, meteorite, thermometer, magma, azimuth, chalk, map.

Lesson summary.

Reflection. (see slide)

Homework . Name the famous personalities of the past and present who belonged to different races.

Study paragraph 18.

Anwser the questions. Prepare a report about the peoples of the world.

Traveler's Diary

Student's full name:_______________

Task No. 1

Hypotheses for the origin of life:

1.Divine

2.____________

3.____________

It's science, which deals with issues related to the origin and development of man.

- “Homo sapiens” translated from Latin __________

A person’s homeland is considered to be _______

Human ancestors are __________

Task No. 2

For a long time, the world's population increased very _____________.

Gradually, human dependence on ___________ decreased, and accordingly the population ____________.

Currently, ______ billion people live on Earth.

People usually live on all continents except _____

They settled on Earth _______

About ______% of the world's population lives on _______% of the globe.

The largest population is in ______

Half of the world's population lives in 6 countries: China, _________, USA, Indonesia, ________, _______.

Task No. 3

Population density is the average number of inhabitants in a _______ territory.

The average population density in the world is _______.

The average population density in Russia is _______.

Population growth is due to the countries of Africa, _______ and _______.

In Russia the population is _________ million people.

Task No. 4

Race is a group of people with similar _______________ characteristics.

Racial characteristics are: body structure, skin color, _______, _______, shape and size of the nose, _______.

Based on external characteristics, __ main human races are distinguished: Caucasian, ____________, Negroid, _________.

External signs are transmitted by ________ from parents to children, from generation to generation, regardless of place __________.

Mixed races: mestizo (Europeans and _________), mulatto (Europeans and _________), Sambo (Indians and _______)

Representatives Caucasian __________

or dark skin, ___________ nose, _________ or straight hair. The peopleV,Those who live in the north of Europe have blond hair, while those living in the south have __________.

They inhabit the territory of Europe, part of __________, North and _________ America, Australia. Representatives of the Negroid race have _________ skin color, curly, coarse hair, __________ nose, __________ lips. The hair on the face and body is developed _________.

People of the Negroid race live in Africa and _________.

Mongoloids have _________ skin color. Straight black hair, ________ eyes, ________ face, ________ nose. This race includes the Mongols, Japanese, ________, __________, as well as Indians - the indigenous population of America.

Representatives of the Australoid race have ________ skin color, hair color, eyes. There is _______ hair on the face, and the nose is _______ and flat. They live in the north-east of Australia and in the east of the island of ________.

An outstanding scientist who proved the equality of races was our compatriot __________.

I have questions about why there are only 4 races on Earth? Why are they so different from each other? How do different races have skin colors that correspond to their area of ​​residence?

*********************

First of all, we will examine the settlement map of the “Modern Races of the World”. In this analysis we will not deliberately accept the position of either monogenism or polygenism. The purpose of our analysis and the entire study as a whole is precisely to understand exactly how the emergence of humanity occurred and its development, including the development of writing. Therefore, we cannot and will not rely in advance on any dogma - be it scientific or religious.

Why are there four different races on Earth? Naturally, four types of different races could not have come from Adam and Eve....

So, under the letter “A” on the map are races that, according to modern research, are ancient. These races include four:
Equatorial Negroid races (hereinafter referred to as “Negroid race” or “Negroids”);
Equatorial Australoid races (hereinafter referred to as the “Australoid race” or “Australoids”);
Caucasoid races (hereinafter referred to as “Caucasoids”);
Mongoloid races (hereinafter referred to as “Mongoloids”).

2. Analysis of modern mutual settlement of races.

The modern mutual settlement of the four main races is extremely interesting.

The Negroid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, located from the center of Africa to its southern part. There is no Negroid race anywhere outside of Africa. In addition, it is precisely the areas of settlement of the Negroid race that are currently the “suppliers” of Stone Age culture - in South Africa there are still areas within which the population still exists in a primitive communal way of life.

We are talking about the archaeological culture of Wilton (Wilton) of the late Stone Age, widespread in South and East Africa. In some areas it was replaced by the Neolithic with polished axes, but in most areas it existed until modern times: arrowheads made of stone and bone, pottery, beads made from ostrich egg shells; people of the Wilton culture lived in grottoes and in the open air, and hunted; agriculture and domestic animals were absent.

It is also interesting that on other continents there are no centers of settlement of the Negroid race. This, naturally, points to the fact that the birthplace of the Negroid race was originally precisely in that part of Africa that is located south of the center of the continent. It is worth noting that here we are not considering the later “migration” of Negroids to the American continent and their modern entry through the regions of France into the territory of Eurasia, since this is a completely insignificant effect in the long historical process.

Australoid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, located entirely in the north of Australia, as well as in extremely small fluctuations in India and on some isolated islands. The islands are so insignificantly populated by the Australoid race that they can be neglected when making estimates of the entire center of distribution of the Australoid race. The northern part of Australia can quite reasonably be considered this hotspot. It should be noted here that Australoids, like Negroids, for a reason unknown to today’s science, are located exclusively within one general area. Stone Age cultures are also found among the Australoid race. More precisely, those Australoid cultures that have not experienced the influence of Caucasians are predominantly in the Stone Age.

Caucasoid races are settled in the territory located in the European part of Eurasia, including the Kola Peninsula, as well as in Siberia, the Urals, along the Yenisei, along the Amur, in the upper reaches of the Lena, in Asia, around the Caspian, Black, Red and Mediterranean seas, in northern Africa, on the Arabian Peninsula, in India, on two American continents, in southern Australia.

In this part of the analysis, we should look at the area of ​​settlement of Caucasians in more detail.

Firstly, for obvious reasons, we will exclude from historical estimates the territory of distribution of Caucasians in the Americas, since these territories were occupied by them in the not so distant historical time. The latest “experience” of Caucasians does not affect the history of the original settlement of peoples. The history of the settlement of humanity in general took place long before the American conquests of the Caucasians and without taking them into account.

Secondly, like the two previous races in the description, the territory of distribution of Caucasians (from this point onwards, by “territory of distribution of Caucasians” we will understand only its Eurasian part and the northern part of Africa) is also clearly marked by the area of ​​their settlement. However, unlike the Negroid and Australoid races, the Caucasian race has achieved the highest flowering of culture, science, art, etc. among existing races. The Stone Age within the habitat of the Caucasian race was completed in the vast majority of areas between 30 and 40 thousand years BC. All modern scientific achievements crimes of the most advanced nature were committed precisely by the Caucasian race. One can, of course, mention and argue with this statement, referring to the achievements of China, Japan and Korea, but let’s be honest, all their achievements are purely secondary and use, we must give their due – successfully, but still use the primary achievements of Caucasians.

Mongoloid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, located entirely in the northeast and east of Eurasia and on both American continents. Among the Mongoloid race, as well as among the Negroid and Australoid races, Stone Age cultures are still found to this day.
3. On the application of Organism laws

The first thing that catches the eye of an inquisitive researcher looking at a map of the distribution of races is that the distribution areas of the races do not intersect each other in such a way that this concerns any noticeable territories. And, although at mutual borders the contacting races produce a product of their intersection, called “transitional races,” the formation of such mixtures is classified by time and is purely secondary and much later than the formation of the ancient races themselves.

In large part, this process of mutual penetration of ancient races resembles diffusion in the physics of materials. We apply the laws of Organism to the description of races and peoples, which are more unified and give us the right and opportunity to operate with the same ease and accuracy, both materials and peoples, and races. Therefore, the mutual penetration of peoples - the diffusion of peoples and races - is completely subject to Law 3.8. (numbering of laws, as is customary in) Organisms, which says: “Everything moves.”

Namely, not a single race (now we will not talk about the originality of one or the other) under any circumstances will remain motionless in any “frozen” state. We will not be able, following this law, to find at least one race or people that would arise in a certain territory at the moment of “minus infinity” and would remain within this territory until “plus infinity”.

And from this it follows that it is possible to develop laws of movement of populations of organisms (peoples).
4. Laws of movement of populations of organisms
Any people, any race, as, incidentally, not only real, but also mythical (vanished civilizations), always has a point of its origin that is different from the one under consideration and as earlier;
Any nation, any race is represented not by the absolute values ​​of its numbers and its certain area, but by a system (matrix) of n-dimensional vectors describing:
directions of settlement on the Earth's surface (two dimensions);
time intervals of such settlement (one dimension);
…n. values ​​of mass transfer of information about a people (one complex dimension; this includes both numerical composition and national, cultural, educational, religious and other parameters).
5. Interesting observations

From the first law of population movement and taking into account a careful examination of the map of modern distribution of races, we can deduce the following observations.

Firstly, even at present historical times, all four ancient races are extremely isolated in their areas of distribution. Let us recall that we do not consider hereinafter the colonization of the Americas by Negroids, Caucasians and Mongoloids. These four races have the so-called cores of their ranges, which in no case coincide, that is, none of the races in the center of their range coincides with the similar parameters of any other race.

Secondly, the central “points” (areas) of ancient racial regions even today remain quite “pure” in composition. Moreover, mixing of races occurs exclusively at the borders of neighboring races. Never - by mixing races that were not historically located in the same neighborhood. That is, we do not observe any mixtures of the Mongoloid and Negroid races, since between them is the Caucasoid race, which, in turn, mixes with both the Negroids and the Mongoloids precisely in the places of contact with them.

Thirdly, if center points determine the distribution of races by a simple geometric calculation, it turns out that these points are located at the same distance from each other, equal to 6000 (plus or minus 500) kilometers:

Negroid point - 5° S, 20° E;

Caucasoid point – p. Batumi, the easternmost point of the Black Sea (41°N, 42°E);

Mongoloid point – ss. Aldan and Tomkot in the upper reaches of the Aldan River, a tributary of the Lena (58° N, 126° E);

Australoid point - 5° S, 122° E.

Moreover, the points of the central areas of settlement of the Mongoloid race on both American continents are also equidistant (and at approximately the same distance).

An interesting fact: if all four central points of settlement of races, as well as three points located in South, Central and North America, are connected, you will get a line resembling the bucket of the Ursa Major constellation, but inverted relative to its current position.
6. Conclusions

An assessment of the distribution areas of races allows us to draw a number of conclusions and assumptions.
6.1. Conclusion 1:

A possible theory suggesting the birth and settlement of modern races from one common point does not seem legitimate and justified.

We are currently observing precisely the process that leads to the mutual homogenization of races. Like, for example, the experiment with water, when in cold water pour in some hot water. We understand that after some finite and completely calculated time hot water will mix with the cold one, and the temperature will average. After which the water, in general, will become somewhat warmer than the cold water before mixing, and somewhat colder than the hot water before mixing.

The situation is the same now with the four old races - we are currently observing precisely the process of their mixing, when the races mutually penetrate each other, like cold and hot water, forming mestizo races in the places of their contact.

If the four races had formed from one center, then we would not now be observing mixing. Because in order for four to be formed from one entity, a process of separation and mutual dispersion, isolation, and accumulation of differences must occur. And the mutual crossbreeding that is now occurring serves as clear evidence of the reverse process - the mutual diffusion of the four races. The inflection point that would separate the earlier process of separation of races from the later process of their mixing has not yet been found. Convincing evidence of the objective existence of some moment in history from which the process of separation of races would be replaced by their unification has not been found. Therefore, the process of historical mixing of races should be considered a completely objective and normal process.

This means that initially the four ancient races had to be inevitably divided and isolated from each other. We will leave the question of the force that could take over such a process open for now.

This assumption of ours is convincingly confirmed by the race distribution map itself. As we previously revealed, there are four conventional points of initial settlement of the four ancient races. These points, by strange chance, are located in a sequence that has a clearly defined series of patterns:

firstly, each border of mutual contact of races serves as a division of only two races and nowhere as a division of three or four;

secondly, the distances between such points, by a strange coincidence, are almost the same and equal to about 6000 kilometers.

The processes of development of territorial spaces by races can be compared to the formation of a pattern on frosty glass - from one point the pattern spreads in different directions.

Obviously, the races too, each in their own way, but general form The distribution of races was quite the same - from the so-called point of distribution of each race, it spread in different directions, gradually developing new territories. After quite an estimated time, the races sown 6000 kilometers from each other met at the boundaries of their ranges. Thus began the process of their mixing and the emergence of various mestizo races.

The process of building and expanding the areas of races fully falls within the definition of the concept of “organismic center of organization” when there are patterns that describe such a distribution of races.

The natural and most objective conclusion suggests itself about the existence of four separate centers of origin of four different – ​​ancient – ​​races, located at an equal distance from each other. Moreover, the distances and points of “seeding” of the races were chosen in such a way that if we tried to repeat such “seeding”, we would end up with the same option. Consequently, the Earth was inhabited by someone or something from 4 different areas of our Galaxy or our Universe....
6.2. Conclusion 2:

Perhaps the original placement of races was artificial.

A number of random coincidences in distances and equidistance between races leads us to believe that this was not accidental. Law 3.10. Organisms says: ordered chaos acquires intelligence. It is interesting to trace the work of this law in the reverse cause-and-effect direction. The expression 1+1=2 and the expression 2=1+1 are equally true. And, therefore, the cause-and-effect relationship in their members works in both directions equally.

By analogy with this, law 3.10. we can reformulate this way: (3.10.-1) intelligence is an acquisition due to the ordering of chaos. The circumstance when out of three segments connecting four seemingly random points, all three segments are equal to the same value cannot be called anything other than a manifestation of intelligence. To ensure that the distances match, you need to measure them accordingly.

In addition, and this circumstance is no less interesting and mysterious, the “miraculous” distance we identified between the points of origin of races is, for some strange and inexplicable reason, equal to the radius of planet Earth. Why?

By connecting the four points of sowing races and the center of the Earth (and they are all located at the same distance), we get a quadrangular equilateral pyramid, with its apex directed towards the center of the Earth.

Why? Where do clear geometric shapes come from in a seemingly chaotic world?
6.3. Conclusion 3:

About the initial maximum isolation of races.

Let's begin our consideration of the mutually pairwise settlement of races with the Negroid-Caucasian pair. Firstly, Negroids no longer come into contact with any other race. Secondly, between the Negroids and Caucasians lies the region of central Africa, which is characterized by an abundant spread of lifeless deserts. That is, initially the location of Negroids relative to Caucasians ensured that these two races in the least possible way they would communicate with each other. There is some intent here. And also an additional argument against the theory of monogenism - at least in terms of the Negroid-Caucasian couple.

Similar features also exist in the Caucasoid-Mongoloid pair. The same distance between the conditional centers of race formation is 6000 kilometers. The same natural barrier to the mutual penetration of races is the extremely frosty northern regions and the Mongolian deserts.

The Mongoloid-Australoid pair also provides maximum use terrain conditions, preventing the mutual penetration of these races, separated from each other by approximately the same 6000 kilometers.

Only in recent decades, with the development of means of transport and communications, the mutual penetration of races has not only become possible, but has also become widespread.

Naturally, in the course of our research these conclusions may be revised.
Final conclusion:

It can be seen that there were four race seeding points. They are equidistant both from each other and from the center of planet Earth. Races have only mutual-pair contacts. The process of mixing races is a process of the last two centuries, before which the races were isolated. If there was an intention in the original settlement of races, then it was this: to settle the races so that they would be as for a long time did not come into contact with each other.

This was probably an experiment to solve the problem of which race would best adapt to earthly conditions. And also, which race will be more progressive in its development....

Source - razrusitelmifov.ucoz.ru

1. Racial composition of the world population
Race is a historically established group of people who have similar external and internal characteristics that are inherited.
The division of humans into races began in prehistoric times, tens of thousands of years ago. It is possible that the emergence of races was influenced by local environmental conditions, although this is not always easy to establish.
Currently, there are three types of races: main (large), mixed and transitional. There are four main or large races on the globe: Caucasoid (about 40% of the world's population), Mongoloid (about 20%), Negroid (10%), Australoid (less than 1%). Thus, these four races comprise about 70% of the world's population.
The rest of its inhabitants belong to transitional races. These races were formed a long time ago, in prehistoric times, as a result of prolonged interracial mixing. There are many transitional races, but in terms of the number of representatives and area of ​​their range they are significantly inferior to the main races. The transitional races include Ethiopian, Malay and other races.
Another racial category is sometimes called mixed races, formed as a result of interracial marriages already in historical time, that is, relatively recently. The formation of mixed races took place especially intensively in America during the process of its colonization by Europeans and displacement large quantity blacks - slaves from Africa. Hence the names of the transitional races: mestizo, mulatto, sambo. Among the descendants of interracial marriages, the transmission of racial characteristics by inheritance does not always occur. This is why some experts consider mixed races to be real races.
Initially, the distribution areas of the main races looked like this:
-the Caucasian race settled within North Africa, almost all of Europe and South-West Asia;
- the Negroid race developed in Africa south of the Sahara;
- the Mongoloid race dominated north of the Himalayas.
As a result of the long process of human settlement across the planet, the boundaries of habitats have changed greatly, and the number of races has increased.
Based on the main characteristics (skin color, structure of the facial part of the head, the nature of the hair, body proportions), anthropologists distinguish large races of people: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid and Australoid.
Races began to form at the end of the Stone Age on the basis of the largest territorial populations. It is possible that there were two main primary centers of race formation: western (Euro-African) and eastern (Asian-Pacific). In the first center, Negroids and Caucasoids were formed, and in the second, Australoids and Mongoloids. Later, during the development of new lands, mixed racial populations arose. For example, in North and East Africa, as well as in the south of Western Asia, the mixing of Caucasoids with Negroids began very early, in Hindustan - Caucasians with Australoids, and partly with Mongoloids, in Oceania - Australoids with Mongoloids. Subsequently, after the discovery of America, Australia and Oceania by Europeans, new vast zones of interracial miscegenation arose. In particular, in America, the descendants of Indians mixed with European and African settlers.
History of human population development modern look occurs not only in the natural-geographical, but also in the socio-cultural environment. In this regard, the relationship between two types of intraspecific communities - reproductive (populations) and historical-genetic (races) - changes radically. Human races are large areal communities of people distinguished by genetic kinship, which outwardly manifest themselves in a certain similarity of physical characteristics: skin color and iris, hair shape and color, height, etc.
The largest (by number) race is Caucasian - 46.6% of the population (together with transitional and mixed forms). Caucasians have straight or wavy soft hair in shades from light to dark, they have light or dark skin, a large variety of irises (from dark to gray and blue), very developed tertiary hair (beard in men), insufficient or average... .

Humanity is a mosaic of races and peoples that inhabit our globe. A representative of each race and each people has a number of differences in comparison with representatives of other population systems.

However, all people, despite their racial and ethnic background, are an integral part of a single whole - earthly humanity.

The concept of “race”, division into races

Race is a system of a population of people who have similar biological characteristics that were formed under the influence of the natural conditions of the territory of their origin. Race is the result of the adaptation of the human body to the natural conditions in which it had to live.

The formation of races took place over many millennia. According to anthropologists, at the moment there are three main races on the planet, including more than ten anthropological types.

Representatives of each race are connected by common areas and genes, which provoke the emergence of physiological differences from representatives of other races.

Caucasian race: signs and settlement

The Caucasoid or Eurasian race is the largest race in the world. Characteristic features of the appearance of a person belonging to the Caucasian race are an oval face, straight or wavy soft hair, wide eyes, and average thickness of lips.

The color of eyes, hair and skin varies depending on the region of the population, but always has light shades. Representatives of the Caucasian race evenly populate the entire planet.

The final settlement across the continents occurred after the end of the century geographical discoveries. Very often, people of the Caucasian race tried to prove their dominant position over representatives of other races.

Negroid race: signs, origin and settlement

The Negroid race is one of the three big races. Characteristic features People belonging to the Negroid race have elongated limbs, dark, melanin-rich skin, a wide flat nose, large eyes, and curly hair.

Modern scientists believe that the first Negroid man arose around the 40th century BC. in the territory of modern Egypt. The main region of settlement of representatives of the Negroid race is South Africa. Over the past centuries, people of the Negroid race have settled significantly in the West Indies, Brazil, France and the United States.

Unfortunately, representatives of the Negroid race have been oppressed by “white” people for many centuries. They faced such anti-democratic phenomena as slavery and discrimination.

Mongoloid race: signs and settlement

The Mongoloid race is one of the largest world races. The characteristic features of this race are: dark skin color, narrow eyes, small stature, thin lips.

Representatives of the Mongoloid race primarily inhabit the territory of Asia, Indonesia, and the islands of Oceania. IN Lately The number of people of this race begins to increase in all countries of the world, which is caused by an intensifying wave of migration.

Peoples inhabiting the earth

A people is a certain group of people who have a common number of historical characteristics - culture, language, religion, territory. Traditionally, a stable common feature of a people is its language. However, nowadays there are common cases when various peoples speak the same language.

For example, the Irish and Scots speak English language, although they do not apply to the British. Today there are several tens of thousands of peoples in the world, which are systematized into 22 families of peoples. Many peoples that existed before disappeared at this point or were assimilated with other peoples.