Rules for finishing walls with gypsum plaster. How to thin plaster: rules and proportions

Plaster or layer finishing material, applied to the surface during construction work, is a mandatory step preceding finishing.

This is a specially prepared material that hardens after drying, forming a hard, flat surface, ready for final processing.

In most cases, it is used to correct any defects, as well as to seal technological channels formed during the repair process, for example, when laying new wiring. The surface becomes smooth, smooth and aesthetically pleasing.

The exact proportions of the solution for plastering walls allow the prepared mixture to perform its function after drying and not crumble over time. In order to choose it correctly, you need to have a general understanding of the types of building mixtures and their purpose. Knowledge of their main components and application possibilities will allow you to easily navigate the existing assortment and correctly apply the solution for their use.

and their features

Wall decoration can be used outdoors or indoors and is divided into three main types:

• standard as impact protection external environment(external walls) or correction of surface defects, including leveling, sealing cracks, technological channels and preparation for final finishing finishing decorative coatings, usually thin-layer;
• protective, performing the function of an insulator or screen, for example, suppressing noise, retaining heat or preventing the penetration of radiation;
• decorative, used during finishing coating (colored, stone, Venetian, graphite).

Each species is characterized a certain composition, the preparation of which requires an exact proportion of the solution for plastering the walls.

What is mortar

To prepare a solution for plastering walls, the proportions must include a binder (cement, lime or gypsum), aggregate, usually sand and water.

Depending on the amount of binder component, they are:

• skinny, characterized by the absence of cracks, but poor strength;
• fatty, capable of crumbling and shrinking.

Skinny mixtures easily slide off the trowel; fatty ones, on the contrary, stick to it. The task of any builder is to prepare a solution for plastering walls, the proportions of which will be optimal.

In addition, a plasticizer must be added to the finished solution to make working with the mixture easier. The most simple option is common liquid soap or laundry detergent, but there are also special industrial additives.

Number of layers

Application usually occurs in three layers, which have individual proportions of mortar for plastering walls:

• the first (spray) is applied in a layer of no less than 5 and no more than 9 mm when filling all the unevenness and looks like sour cream;
• the second (primer) is the main layer, which can be applied several times and has the thickness of a dough;
• the third (covering), applied in a layer of no more than 4 mm, always on a damp surface, the consistency is similar to a spray.

When preparing a mortar for plastering walls, the proportions differ in the amount of binding agent, most often cement. In the first layer there is very little of it, in the second the amount increases and in the third it becomes maximum.

Types of mixtures

When finishing walls, several main types of compositions are used. Today, mainly three mixtures are used:

• cement, the most common and popular, is characterized by the greatest strength, but a long hardening period;
• clay, used during interior and exterior work when processing wooden surfaces;
• lime, an inexpensive analogue of a cement mixture, often used with gypsum, accelerating the hardening period and increasing strength.

In addition, depending on the situation, other options may also apply:

• gypsum - the most rarely used due to the rapid (within a few minutes) initial hardening and complete fixation after half an hour;
• mixed - characterized by the simultaneous use of several special components;
• special - used with a specific additive depending on the intended purpose.

One of important indicators, defining the type the required solution, is the humidity level. Depending on the microclimate it is selected the right composition. The most universal and widespread is cement mortar for plastering walls, the production proportions of which are known even to an amateur, and allow it to be successfully used both outside and inside the room.

Cement mortar

The most reliable, simple and widespread method. To do this, you must strictly follow the sequence.

The work begins with the preparation of all components and, first of all, sand. It must be dried and then sifted. Then thoroughly remove all lumps, especially clay ones. It is not advisable to use sand of red or tan color, this reduces the quality of the finished mixture and its operational properties, but you can’t use unsifted and unrefined at all.

After sifting, you can begin to prepare for plastering the walls. The proportions vary depending on the type of cement used. For example, using the M400 grade, 4 sand components are sufficient for 1 part of cement. If an M500 is used, the number of parts increases to five. Violation leads to loss of finishing quality and is not allowed. The dry ingredients are thoroughly mixed in a prepared container. This can be done using a mixer inserted into a hammer drill, shovel or concrete mixer.

The choice of method depends on the required volume. If you have to independent work, it is enough to use a large construction bucket of 15 or 20 liters, in which you can prepare a solution for plastering the walls with your own hands, the proportions remain the same. If the work is carried out by several people, it makes sense to use a large trough or concrete mixer.

Water is gradually added to the thoroughly mixed mixture, bringing the composition to the state of thick sour cream.

Features of lime mortar

In order to reduce costs, cement is sometimes replaced with slaked lime, which has almost no effect on quality. Moreover, lime and cement mortar for plastering walls have almost the same proportions.

Its peculiarity is that it is used only. It is quite easy to do at home without much expense.

The purchased lime is poured warm, but not hot water in a large container, and after the reaction is completed, filter, usually through cheesecloth. It can be used no earlier than in a day.

Lime mixture

Preparing the solution also involves following the sequence.

First, the lime is cleared of lumps by stirring. The use of water or sand in small quantities is allowed. Having received a homogeneous composition, you can proceed to preparing the mixture.

The required composition is obtained if three sands, previously sifted and cleaned, are placed on one part of the lime mass. Water is gradually introduced along with the sand. This continues until the solution resembles a thick, homogeneous mass. After which it can be used for 12 hours.

Features of lime mortar during exterior work

Typically, lime mixture is used only in dry climates. If the processing time of the facade is limited, the proportions of the solution for plastering external walls include a small amount of gypsum.

This allows it to begin to set within a few minutes, fully hardening after half an hour.

To make a solution, add 1 kg of gypsum to 3 liters of ready-made lime mixture. But it is necessary to take into account the hardening time and the amount of work, otherwise it will harden ahead of time.

Clay mortar

The use of clay is still quite common in wooden houses. To prepare a strong clay mortar for plastering walls, the proportions must include cement, lime or gypsum.

You will need alumina, preferably fatty, which is soaked for several hours. It is important to constantly stir the mixture and add water until it becomes thick.

The simplest method of preparation is to add sifted sand in a ratio of one to three. But it is not particularly durable. This can be corrected by adding 1/5 parts of cement to these components. In this case, cement and clay are first mixed, that is, binders, and only then sand.

Sometimes cement is replaced with lime, but with a mandatory increase in the proportion to 1/2. You can also add gypsum, but not more than 1/4.

Component ratio

The proportions of different components in the finished solution always differ, depending on the task at hand and the type of layer. Typical ratios are shown in the table below.

The indicated proportions are not a constant and can be adjusted in each individual case.

Ready-made dry mixes

Today almost all manufacturers provide a wide range of ready-made dry mixtures. All that is needed before starting work is to take the required volume of water and the finished dry solution, then mix everything thoroughly, usually twice. The mixture is ready to use. As a rule, they are always slightly more expensive than the cost of the included components if purchased separately.

Their main advantage is that there is no need to mix several different elements into the right proportions. In addition, sales are carried out in large quantities, which is not always convenient. For example, there is no point in purchasing a 25 kg bag of cement if you need to repair a small hole in the wall. Therefore, for a small amount of work, a ready-made dry mixture will be a good alternative.

Working with plaster

Properly selected proportions of mortar for plaster interior walls or external are one of the key points of any renovation. But even an ideal ratio will be useless if plastering is carried out in violation of the rules of application to the surface. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to all stages without exception. Only in this case can a positive effect be expected.

The order, thickness and number of layers is as important as the composition. A mistake can lead to the most unpleasant consequences. Application is carried out with a special tool, with a mandatory time interval provided for each type of mixture.

With minimal experience in carrying out such work, a mandatory number of trial attempts in small areas is recommended in order to evaluate your own capabilities.

Tools and specific surfaces

If you do the work yourself, you will need certain construction tools:

• rule;
• Master OK;
• level;
• spatulas of different sizes;
• cord;
• grout grater.

The application of the first and second layers is carried out with a trowel, the third - with a spatula. Typically, the first layers are applied to an auxiliary mesh for reinforcement. When applying the finishing coat, a gypsum mixture is used.

Surfaces with large differences are processed using special construction beacons that facilitate the process of applying and leveling the plaster.

When finishing premises, dry construction mixtures based on cement or gypsum are often used. The final one is preferable because it is considered an environmentally friendly component. In turn, cement is best used in places with high humidity, say, for outdoor work. Plasters based on gypsum are used for interior decoration premises.

You will need

• – water container;
• – mixer (attachment for drill);
• - electric drill;
• - Master OK.

Instructions

1. Take dry plaster mixture " Rotband " In the retail chain it is sold in 30 kg bags. For this number, prepare 18 liters of water. Plaster « Rotband » used for finishing surfaces inside buildings. Due to its excellent collations, it is comfortable to work with, dries quite quickly, and has less weight when compared with cement mixtures. After the correct application " Rotband » on a wall or ceiling, the surface is flat and smooth. This makes it possible to save on puttying in the future.

2. Take to prepare the solution plastic container. Pour 4-7 trowels of the mixture into it " Rotband ", add water and mix thoroughly by hand or construction mixer. The tool and container must be clean. Otherwise, dirt will greatly shorten the hardening time of the mixture before it is used.

3. Add the remaining dry plaster and water to the solution, mix it again with a mixer (attachment to a drill) until the lumps disappear. Achieve a homogeneous solution " Rotband " If lumps remain, they will begin to rapidly absorb water, which will lead to accelerated hardening. plaster mixture. It will become hard and unsuitable for subsequent use. Leave the resulting solution for a few minutes, then stir it again. When preparing the mixture, add only plaster or water as necessary. It is impossible to mix any other components into the solution. Do not add plaster or water directly to the finished mixture when applying it to the wall. Use the solution within 20-25 minutes after preparation.

4. Observe safety precautions when working with plaster mixture " Rotband " To do this, use safety glasses and gloves. Be careful when working with an electric drill, hair dryer and cutting tools. When removing old plaster from walls, take care of your feet; to do this, wear special protective shoes.

Plastering walls with gypsum composition found wide application when eliminating surface irregularities for the purpose of further painting or wallpapering. This composition is environmentally friendly, does not cause allergies, has no odor, is quite easy to use, is economical in consumption, is not afraid of fire, and has heat-insulating and noise-reducing properties.

The undeniable advantages also include the ability to maintain a constant indoor microclimate, since gypsum quickly absorbs excess moisture when it appears, and then just as easily releases it when the air becomes excessively dry.

Also, a surface pre-treated with gypsum mortar is not afraid of driving in nails and screwing in bolts.

Most often, walls, ceilings and partitions of residential premises, as well as offices and other similar buildings are finished with gypsum composition. It is not recommended to use it for leveling walls in bathrooms and laundry rooms, where high levels of air humidity are always present. For these purposes would be better suited moisture-resistant dry plaster mixture. It is also undesirable to use gypsum mortar to level walls in unheated rooms and on open street facades.

Gypsum plaster is applied to a variety of substrates– concrete, foam concrete, brickwork, cement-sand, as well as other surfaces. The only condition is that the material is not susceptible to moisture.

Please note that if the surface to be coated has serious damage, you must first repair it with cement, since the gypsum coating is applied in a thin layer and will not be able to hide cosmetic defects.

Gypsum plaster is highly plastic and therefore makes it possible to create roundings in the ceiling area.

Wall decoration gypsum plaster due to the characteristics of the material, it has certain nuances, which will be discussed in detail below.

Peculiarities

First of all, you need to prepare work surface , namely, clean it from dust and possible contaminants and pre-prime it. This manipulation will ensure better adhesion and tighter adhesion of the treated surface to the composition. Before applying the composition, determine the desired thickness of the plaster layer: the thinner it is, the more liquid the composition should be. Distribute the composition over the wall using a thin spatula, and for leveling use the rule - a long, even strip 1.5-3 m long.

If you apply plaster in several layers, before starting the next one, let the previous one dry thoroughly - this will take at least 3 hours. Distribute and level the first layer, moving horizontally, the second layer – on the contrary, vertically.

Gypsum plaster does not form cracks, so surfaces treated with it provide ample opportunities For decorative processing. To work with concrete bases, a gypsum mixture with primer materials is used.

As it is applied, the plaster spreads evenly and then becomes perfectly smooth. It takes at least 5 days for the coating to dry completely, after which the surface is ready for final finishing.

Types and design

For a long time, plaster was used as a base and as a leveling component. Currently it is widespread decorative varieties, which can easily compete with wallpaper in popularity. It is easy to combine with other types of decoration and, as a result, bring to life the most daring design ideas. It can be smooth or textured.

Decorative plaster can be divided into types according to the binder:

Acrylic elastic, perfectly applied to the most different surfaces, suitable for creating decorative elements and patterns with a roller or spatula. Available on the market in the form of a ready-made mixture. If desired, you can add the desired dye to it. Suitable for use in bathrooms and kitchens. To apply plaster to the base you can use special installations, which is usually done when there is a large volume of work. Please note that to obtain a uniform shade and equal texture, it is necessary to constantly stir the composition so that it does not lose its uniformity, and, if possible, do not interrupt work for longer than half an hour. The resulting surface can be cleaned using mild detergents.

Mineral. It uses cement as a binder. This composition is sold in powder form. From positive points one can highlight its strength, resistance to mechanical damage, good sound insulation properties. Allows for painting or varnishing.

• Silicone is produced on the basis of synthetic resin. It is plastic, easy to apply, and upon drying it forms a water-repellent film on the surface, which allows you to cover bathroom surfaces with it. Durable, not afraid of mold and mildew. It is used exclusively for decorative purposes and does not require preliminary preparation of the surface for application, since it perfectly levels the walls. The price category of such plaster is slightly higher than that of previous types. Sold in containers of various sizes, which is extremely convenient for creating unique design interior during the final finishing works.

• Silicate– made using liquid glass. It is the most durable and long-lasting type of coating, prevents the rotting of walls and the appearance of mold, therefore it is more often used for external decoration of facades, although it is sometimes used for indoor work. Does not suffer from temperature changes and wind. It comes in white or can be colored. Excellent for porous substrates, such as foam concrete.

When working with other surfaces, careful preliminary preparation. Another disadvantage is the possible change in color of the coating when exposed to direct sunlight.

By appearance gypsum plaster is divided into the following types:

Structural - with the addition of marble chips or quartz, it looks like a heterogeneous granular surface. It is highly breathable and resistant to moisture.

Textured - demonstrates high adhesion to brick, wood and simply smooth plastered surfaces. Easily creates an imitation of wood, fabric or stone; it is possible to paint the composition in different colors. This type of plaster perfectly masks unevenness.

Venetian - imitates marble or onyx, often used in interior decoration in a classic style. Application of such plaster requires careful preparation walls, including reinforcement, putty and primer. After which the paint is applied rubber spatula. Each stroke requires careful drying. Can be matte or glossy.

Flock – new development, containing acrylic flakes in the composition. Creates an imitation of suede or velor and is widely used for finishing ceilings and columns.

I would like to briefly highlight the currently most popular types of finishing:

"Bark beetle"– contains mineral granules, which, when applied, imitate a pattern similar to paths tree beetle. It is used only for finishing work; it fits perfectly on bases made of plasterboard, brick and concrete.

"Lamb"– contains mineral chips. Typically used for facade works, fits perfectly on any type of surface, previously cleaned of dirt and primed. After drying, it can be painted in any desired color.

"Fur coat"– for a long time ranks first in popularity. Before starting work, mix the composition thoroughly, since decorative elements over time they tend to settle to the bottom of the container.

How to knead the composition?

The solution recipe is extremely simple:

Clean water is collected into a deep trough or bucket at the rate of 0.5-0.7 liters per 1 kg of powder.

The mixture is poured into the container and thoroughly mixed using a mixer for construction work or a drill. If such a technique is not available, the solution is mixed manually until smooth.

Compared to cement, gypsum mixture hardens very quickly, keep this in mind, this is an irreversible process and cannot be slowed down.

When carrying out work, pay attention to the following nuances:

Gypsum plaster hardens very quickly, so you have no more than half an hour to apply it to the surface.

After hardening, the composition is unsuitable for use. It is unacceptable to try to dilute it with water again or add new components to slow down the hardening process.

The room where the work is being carried out must have dry air and the temperature should not be lower than +5 and not higher than +25 degrees.

Make sure there are no drafts, otherwise the result of the work may be spoiled.

Before you begin plastering, make sure that all necessary wires (for example, electrical or alarm related) have been laid.

Remember that plaster irritates the respiratory organs - it makes sense to protect yourself if you carry out the work yourself.

If there are aluminum or steel parts in the walls, dismantle them or treat them with an anti-corrosion agent, since gypsum tends to oxidize metal objects.

Upon completion of work, make sure that there are no unwanted marks or stains on the plastered surface. If they are found, remove them with a special degreaser or water vapor.

It is better to re-inspect the surface ready for final finishing in good lighting.

Take your mixture choice seriously. It is better to give preference to brands that have long been known on the market and have good feedback from buyers.

When kneading, it is allowed to use a construction mixer for faster and more uniform preparation of the mixture.

Do not forget to carefully study the base and prepare it for work - concrete and wooden walls need to be primed differently before plastering.

Subtleties of application

Before starting work, you need to prepare the floor protective film to avoid contact with the composition. Carefully read the instructions for use of the powder you will be working with.

Before diluting the gypsum mixture, you need to prepare the work surface so that it is as clean and dry as possible.

It would be correct to do this in several stages:

pieces of concrete break off and do not adhere well to the surface of the base;

tap the wall - if a dull sound is heard, the concrete has become loose, it also needs to be knocked down;

cracks and sinks are cleaned and filled with cement;

dry surfaces are polished with a steel brush;

dust from the walls can be brushed off with a soft brush or removed with a vacuum cleaner;

plaster coating will not adhere to oil paint, therefore, the latter must be removed using a special attachment on a drill, the surface of the stain must be sanded with a stiff steel brush or wiped off with a solvent, and then a layer of gypsum composition must be applied;

For pre-treatment of walls made of basalt and granite, specialized compounds are used, applied to the surface in the form of an aerosol. After a period of time, the frozen mass is removed from the surface in the form of a film that has absorbed all the contaminants, after which the walls are primed using an acrylic primer - it is important to prevent dripping from the walls and the formation of air bubbles;

In order to improve the adhesion of the base and coating, a primer is used to concrete walls“Concrete-contact” product is suitable;

walls made of bricks and blocks are treated with soil having the characteristics deep penetration to reduce their hygroscopicity. Before working with a wooden base, also use specialized products.

Plastering of walls is carried out with the help of beacons or without their use, as well as with the installation reinforced mesh or without it.

Work without a beacon is carried out when you need to slightly straighten the wall in a plane or create an external decorative layer. This is often done with your own hands. Using the rule, unevenness on the ceiling and walls is determined - the tool is pressed against different places, thereby indicating the area of ​​work. A gypsum composition is applied to these areas and spread over the surface. Next, using the rule, the presence of a gap between the tool and the machined surface is determined.

If the tool fits tightly, the same algorithm is worked out in the next section. All planned areas are processed in a similar way. The approximate thickness of the layer will be 2-3 mm; after the composition has dried and polished its surface, you can begin decorative finishing grounds.

Working with beacons is appropriate when working with large areas of the base, when plastering cannot be done by machine. Specialized beacons are used metal profiles, fishing line or thin cables.

Very often used in interior decoration dry mixes, they are based on gypsum or cement. The first is preferable, because it is considered an environmentally friendly and clean material. Cement, in turn, is recommended to be used in places with fairly high humidity (for outdoor use). Gypsum plaster used only for interior decoration of rooms.

In order to get it right break up the rotband, you will need an electric drill, a mixer, a container for water and a trowel.

Take a plaster dry mixture "Rotband". It is sold in retail chains, usually in thirty-kilogram bags. For this amount you need to prepare 18 liters of water. Rotband mixture used for finishing walls inside buildings. Due to their good characteristics, the plaster is easy to work with, sets quickly, and is lightweight compared to cement-based mixtures. After applying this plaster to the wall or ceiling, the surface will be smooth and even. This creates an opportunity to save on the puttying process in the future.

Take a plastic container to prepare the solution. Place 4-7 trowels there rotgang, add water, then stir by hand or with a construction mixer. Containers and tools must be absolutely clean, otherwise dirt will shorten the hardening time of this mixture before its immediate use.

Add the remaining dry plaster and water to the solution, mix everything again with a mixer until the lumps disappear. This way you will get a homogeneous solution. If small lumps remain, they will quickly be absorbed into the water, eventually plaster mixture will harden quickly. It will be hard and unusable. This solution should be left for a couple of minutes, then mixed again. When preparing the mixture, you should only add plaster or water. All other components are prohibited from being added. Water should not be added to the finished mixture intended for application with plaster. Rotband solution used for 20-25 minutes.

Follow safety precautions if you work with such plaster. Wear gloves and safety glasses. Work carefully with a hair dryer, electric drill, and cutting tools. Take care of your feet when removing old covering from the wall, wear protective shoes.

Every beginner in renovation must learn how to work with building mixtures. The fact is that many types of work involve the fact that you need to glue something, seal something, level something. In each case, a different construction material. But they have one thing in common - this is a dry construction mixture that you purchase in a store, then, according to the instructions, you prepare a solution from this mixture and begin to work with it. Today we will talk about such a dry construction mixture as plaster.

Previously, if you have already looked at my website, you probably read the article: Help me buy building mixtures, I don’t understand them, in which I reviewed what you can find in construction stores. In addition, in the article, the technology for preparing mortar from a dry building mixture is described in detail. general principle. Since plaster is a dry building mixture, this principle also applies to it. However, you need to understand that the principle is the principle, and the devil, as we know, lies in the details.

Purpose of plaster

So, plaster. This dry building mixture has a direct purpose, which is to roughly level the walls. Why rude? Because fine leveling is done only later with putty. Rough leveling means that after finishing the work, the differences between individual sections of the wall should not exceed 3 mm (in some places 5 mm). This is the threshold that can later be easily eliminated with a single application of putty.

In this article I will talk about Rotband plaster (ROTBAND). This is the most popular plaster in use today, which has proven itself well:

In stores, this dry construction mixture can be found in bags of 10 and 30 kg. If you have never worked with plaster and still have to plaster a wall, then first buy a 10 or 5 kg bag and practice getting the solution. Below, in the Petrovich and OBI catalogs you will find plaster in different packaging.

Preparation of plaster mortar

The topic of preparing plaster mortar has become relevant, since in the previous article we installed the first plaster beacon and used plaster mortar to fix it, so you should know how to prepare it now. And then this solution will be needed for the main leveling of the walls.

One of the main principles of preparing plaster mortar is that you do not need to immediately dilute the entire bag in a large bucket. The fact is that the plaster dries quite quickly. If you dilute a large volume at once, then you will have time to work with the first part of the solution, but the remaining part will harden and you will simply throw away the material. Therefore, dilute the plaster in small portions: 3-4 kg of dry mixture and mix it with water. We worked, the solution ran out, a new one was prepared, and so on. You need to work quickly enough, because hardening occurs within 20 minutes.

So, what do we need to prepare the plaster solution?

Tools

For work we take the following tools:

• electric drill;
• mixer - attachment for an electric drill;
• water measure;
• a bucket for plaster poured from a bag;
• steelyard for weighing plaster poured from a bag;
• bucket (basin) for the finished solution.

Materials

The materials will only be:

• Rotband plaster;
• water.

The process of preparing the solution

Now let's take a closer look at the process itself:

1. Open the bag of plaster.
2. Pour some of the plaster from the bag into a bucket (about 3-4 kg). For accuracy, we take a steelyard and weigh the dry mixture minus the weight of the bucket itself (for example, 3 kg).
3. We calculate how much water we need to take for 3 kg of dry mixture. If you read the instructions on the Rotband packaging, we will see the following:

   For 10 kg of dry construction mixture you need to take 6-7 liters of water. Let's take the average: 6.5 liters.

   10 kg - 6.5 liters

   3 kg - X liters

   X=6.5*3/10 =1.95 liters of water

   Thus, for 3 kg of dry mixture you need about 2 liters of water.

4. We take a water measure and use it to measure 2 liters of water and immediately pour this water into a bucket (basin) for the future solution.
5. Take an electric drill and install the mixer. We check that the electric drill is working and the mixer is rotating.
6. Take a bucket filled with dry plaster and pour it into a bowl of water.
7. Immediately take a drill with a mixer installed, turn it on and begin mixing the dry mixture with water. You can read how to use a drill with a mixer in the article: Impact drill. Functions, operating modes, application. You can also download my book about impact drill, which goes into great detail about the many features of this wonderful tool. In general, mixing plaster with water with a mixer is somewhat reminiscent of beating dough. Therefore, if you did something similar in the kitchen, then there is nothing difficult about it.
8. You need to stir until the solution takes the form of thick sour cream. If we take our volume, then it is about 2 minutes.
9. Next, after mixing, you need to wait 5 minutes and mix again. That's it, after this the plaster solution is ready for use.
10. After the solution is ready, you need to take part of it with a trowel or trowel, throw it on the wall and begin the leveling process, which I will, of course, tell you about.

    It doesn’t matter whether you mix the mixture yourself or you order the work from a master, but there is important point, which of course will provide ease of use. Read about it here: Small repair tips will also come in handy

Step-by-step lessons on plastering walls

Lesson 01. How to plaster walls. General principle

Lesson 02. How to plaster walls? Tools and materials Lesson 03. Finding the largest bump on a curved wall before plastering Lesson 04. Trying to knock down a large protrusion in the wall Lesson 05. Plumb and building level Lesson 06. How to attach a plaster mesh Lesson 07. How to install the first plaster beacon Lesson 08. How to prepare a plaster mortar Lesson 09. Creating wall plane for plastering Lesson 10. Installing all remaining plaster beacons Lesson 11. Little secret leveling walls using beaconsLesson 12. Leveling walls with your own hands. What is the distance between the beacons? Lesson 13. What to do if the plaster beacons are bent? Lesson 14. Checking the accuracy of the installation of the plaster beacons Lesson 15. Plastering walls with your own hands Lesson 16. How to remove the beacons after plastering the walls Lesson 17. How to plaster doorways Lesson 18. Warm plaster. How to work with it? Lesson 19. Warm (heat-insulating) plaster. Types and features

The purpose of plaster is to give the walls a smooth surface for subsequent finishing work. Plaster also acts as protective coating facade walls from atmospheric influences. To the surface external walls throw on a solution with a solid filler and get a surface in the form of a “fur coat”.

Indoors, plaster is used as a preliminary rough layer. Special dry mixtures are stirred with water to achieve the desired consistency. We will tell you how to mix gypsum plaster, as well as similar solutions, in this article.

Main types of plaster

Different types of coatings are designed for plastering walls in certain conditions ( exterior decoration facades or indoor wall coverings). We list the main types of dry mixtures:

• cement-sand;
• plaster;
• clay-sand;
• limestone;
• cement clay-lime.

Cement-sand

The walls are prepared with this mixture before finishing with the finishing coat.

This type of plaster is simple in composition. Finishing walls with such material can be called cementing surfaces. Cementation is mainly used to level out minor surface defects. It also helps strengthen the foundation under finishing coat walls

We prepare a cement-sand mixture simply: pour cement and sand into a container in a ratio of 1:3, add water. Using a mixer, shovel or other device, stir the solution until a homogeneous creamy mixture is obtained.

Plaster

The dry mixture is prepared from gypsum with the addition various components. Each manufacturer creates its own powder composition. Mix gypsum plaster, strictly following the instructions.

Gypsum plaster is used to line interior walls. Finished with plaster small areas with difficult terrain surfaces.

Clay-sand

Covering the walls with clay-sand mortar serves as a protective fence for the facades of buildings from atmospheric phenomena.

Clay-sand mixtures are used for finishing facades

The solution is prepared using the same technology as cement-sand plaster.

Limestone

Plaster based on a mixture of lime and sand forms a layer on the walls that has high heat-insulating properties.

Prepare the solution yourself in the same proportions as the cement-sand mixture.

This solution is used both for cladding the facades of buildings and for finishing interior walls.

Preparing a lime-based plaster mixture significantly reduces the cost of finishing walls, especially if lime lies near the construction site and is freely available.

Cement clay-sand

How is plaster made from cement, clay and sand and why is such a mixture needed? The answer is quite simple. Clay is added to save on cement consumption. Cement and clay are taken in equal parts. Sand is added in an amount of 1/3 of the total volume of the dry composition. For more information about plasters, watch this video:

This type of plaster is made independently. It is advantageous to prepare it when components such as sand and clay lie close to the building where plastering work is carried out.

Let’s summarize all the above types of plaster and their areas of application into a single table:

Technology for mixing plaster mortar

Stir the mixture with a construction mixer

Mixing the plaster mortar is simple:

1. Prepare the container for mixing. The volume of the dishes must correspond to the volume of one batch of solution. The inner surface of the container must be clean and free of any deposits.
2. Dry ingredients are poured into the dishes. The entire poured volume is thoroughly mixed, removing solid inclusions.
3. While mixing the mixture, water is gradually added to it.
4. The process is interrupted for 10-15 minutes, and then stirring is continued until the solution is completely ready.
5. To make sure that the solution is at normal thickness, place a 1 cm thick mixture on the trowel. The solution should not flow down and not be too dense.

You need to pour the dry mixture warm water temperature 20-250C. This is especially true for working outdoors at low above-zero air temperatures.

Tools needed for mixing plaster

First of all, the container itself for mixing the solution is important. Determine the scope of work daily output and the number of batches. Based on this data, builders can choose a trough as a container, old bath or any tank.

It’s another matter when the volume of finishing work reaches large sizes. In this case, you cannot do without a concrete mixer. It is profitable to rent a mortar mixer.

To mix the solution you will need buckets and shovels.

If there is no central water supply in the accessible vicinity, care must be taken to have a large container filled with water.

Strict compliance with safety regulations is mandatory.

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For plastering walls, ceilings and external facades using “wet” technology, various solutions are used, which are usually classified as:

• simple(one-component): lime, clay, cement;
• complex(multicomponent): lime + clay, lime + gypsum; cement + lime.

The components of any plaster mixture are binders, fillers and a thinner (water). In order for the plaster to have sufficient operational strength and be convenient to apply, it is necessary to follow the sequence of preparing the mixture and mix the components in optimal proportions.

Preparation of gypsum mortar "Volma"

Binders

The most common binders for preparing plaster mixtures are cement, slaked lime, clay, gypsum. Less commonly used are liquid glass, magnesia and polyvinyl acetate.

Cement

Cement plaster mortar. Photo 2

Cement Most often used for preparing plaster, it is the most durable. For mortars, cement M400 is usually used, but other brands can also be used. Hardening of the material occurs in open air and in water within 15 minutes after dilution with filler. Full Strength cement surface gains in 28 days.

Lime

Only slaked lime is suitable for the plaster mixture, since quicklime will react with water and moisture already applied to the surface. Those. the residual slaking process will continue due to the presence of small unslaked particles, which leads to the destruction of the finished plaster layer.

How to slak lime for plaster mortar

There are three types of building lime (boiling lime, ground lime and fluff lime), each of which must be slaked in a certain way.

Kipelka extinguish in a special container, filling the volume about 1/2 with water and carefully pouring lime into it. The boiling pot is extinguished no longer than 8-10 minutes, and strong boiling occurs with the release of steam and high temperature. The composition must be stirred with a wooden shovel until completely dissolved.

Ground lime It is considered moderately extinguishing, the process lasts about half an hour. To clear it up they use suitable container or a sealed box, pour the ground mixture into about 1/4 of the total volume and fill it to about half the container. After signs of the boiling process appear (steam above the surface due to high temperature, hissing), the lime is stirred and water is added.

Lime slaking pit

Pushenka pour into a container with the expectation that its volume will triple after extinguishing and lightly moisten. The clearing process takes place in in this case slowly, for more than half an hour, its completion will be indicated by the absence of characteristic crackling sounds and cooling of the container.

In order for the lime mortar to be completely ready for preparing the plaster mixture, it is kept in the pit for 3-4 weeks. To do this, pre-slaked lime is brought with water to the consistency of lime milk, filtered and poured into a hole, after a day, sifted sand and soil are poured in a total layer of about half a meter. During aging, the lime is completely quenched and thickens to the consistency of lime paste.

Gypsum

Gypsum plaster solution. Photo 3

Gypsum significantly reduces the hardening time of the applied layer to half an hour and improves its strength; gypsum and gypsum compositions play the role of an additive. Construction gypsum good because it does not cause significant shrinkage of the layer.

Attention! You can immediately glue wallpaper onto gypsum plaster. What not to do with cement mortar plaster.

How to prepare a cheap gypsum mixture for plaster

Clay

Clay mortar plaster. Photo 4

Clay is the cheapest material; it is successfully used for plastering wooden walls, ceilings wooden houses, adobe buildings and wood stoves.

Fillers

Fillers are divided into:

• natural (river and quarry sand, stone chips, gravel);
• artificial (expanded clay sand, sawdust, fuel slag).

Sand is the most good filler The finer it is, the higher the quality of the solution, in general. The use of sand with a fraction of up to 0.5 mm makes it possible to obtain smooth surfaces that do not require additional putty before finishing the surfaces.

It is preferable to use river sand, it does not require washing, unlike quarry, which may contain large percentage clay.

The most common types of plaster solutions

Wooden surfaces are usually finished with solutions containing gypsum:

• lime-gypsum;
• lime-gypsum-clay.

Concrete and brick surfaces are finished with solutions:

• cement;
• limestone;
• lime-cement;
• clay;
• plaster;
• clay-gypsum.

​Preparation of plaster solutions. How to cook it properly. Video

Lime-gypsum is prepared in the following ratio: per unit volume of gypsum, 2 to 5 volumes of lime are required. First, gypsum is poured into the water, stirring until the composition is homogeneous, and a solution of lime is added to the resulting mixture. It is recommended to prepare a volume of such a solution of no more than 3-4 liters, since it hardens very quickly.

Cement is prepared in the following ratio: per unit volume of cement requires from 2 to 5 volumes of sand, preferably a composition of 1:2. First, mix the dry ingredients, then add water and use the composition for 30-40 minutes, otherwise it will harden in the container. In a concrete mixer, a different order is used: first, water is poured into the container and a mixture of sand and cement is gradually added to the running machine.

Lime dough also contains sand; per unit volume of lime dough, take from 1 to 5 volumes of sand, which is added to the dough, stirring constantly until a solution of uniform consistency is obtained. It is generally accepted that the lime composition good quality capable of holding a pillar of 7-8 bricks.

Clay-lime dough is prepared in the following ratio: for 1 volume of lime dough you need 3 volumes of clay dough and 9-15 volumes of sand. The solution is prepared by mixing clay and lime dough and then adding sand to the resulting mass.

It is necessary to achieve optimal ratios to obtain a “normal” plaster solution. A normal composition is one that adheres well to the trowel (shovel), but does not linger unnecessarily on the tool.

Gypsum plasters, starting or finishing, are widely used for leveling the walls of residential premises with normal humidity. The main component of this material is the natural component gypsum. This component is made from a special material, which is pre-crushed and amenable to heat treatment. The purpose of the plaster will depend on the size of the grain fraction.

In addition to gypsum, the mixture contains polymer additives and plasticizers, as well as special substances that slow down the hardening process of the solution. Polymers are used to improve the adhesion and elasticity of plaster. This material is supplied to construction stores in the form of a dry mixture in special paper bags of various capacities. The working solution is prepared according to the instructions on the package.

Application of gypsum plaster

Gypsum plasters are used to level walls in residential and industrial buildings with normal air humidity (this can be apartments, shopping centers and offices). The main purpose of such mixtures is considered to be not only the preliminary leveling of horizontal and vertical surfaces, but also their decoration (finishing).

For rough leveling of brick, wood or concrete base gypsum plaster with large grains is used to finishing rooms - a solution with small particles.

Unlike a cement-sand mixture, a gypsum analogue can be laid in a thick layer without the use of reinforcing mesh. This allows you to quickly deal with any unevenness in the base, seal cracks and holes, and littered areas of the wall. You should pay attention to the fact that small cracks are better covered with liquid gypsum mortar. To fill large irregularities, you will need a thick mixture.

How to thin gypsum plaster?

The building material in question is supplied to stores in paper bags in the form of a ready-made mixture. To obtain a working solution, the powder must be diluted with water, but the quality finished plaster will depend on the technology of its preparation.

To obtain gypsum plaster mortar we will need the following tool:

• dry mixture;
• tap water;
• container for mixing the solution;
• electric drill with a special mixer attachment;
• construction trowel.

First you need to prepare a dry, clean container made of plastic or metal. After this, pour the required amount of plaster mixture into the container for mixing and add water. For getting quality solution Mix 3 kilograms of dry mixture with 1.8 liters of water. To prevent gypsum plaster from sticking to the walls of the container, you must first pour out the water, then add the required amount of dry mixture.

When performing such work, be sure to use clean water and tools, the slightest contamination can appear on the surface of the wall. In addition, small pieces of dirt slow down the hardening process of the solution.

Dry plaster is thoroughly mixed with a trowel or electric drill with a nozzle until a homogeneous mixture is obtained. If unbroken lumps remain in the solution, they will quickly begin to absorb the liquid remaining in the container, which will lead to premature setting of the solution. The mixture should stand for 3-4 minutes, then it is stirred again. The prepared gypsum solution must be completely used within 20 minutes. Taking into account such features, gypsum plaster is prepared according to need.

Consumption of gypsum plaster

Every builder who carries out renovation work inside your own home, you must have information about the consumption of plaster. This is the value for various surfaces not the same. The minimum amount of working solution is applied to the base from plasterboard sheets, because here the plaster is laid in an even layer, with the exception of the joints.

The consumption of gypsum plaster per m2 of area with a layer thickness of 1 centimeter ranges from 8 to 9 kilograms. Typically, such information is indicated on the product packaging. Not all surfaces have a perfectly level base. In some cases, counting required quantity material is carried out at an average layer thickness.

For example, we have a wall with a working area of ​​12 m2. On this surface there are 5 beacons with deviations from the vertical of 1; 5; 7; 3; and 4 centimeters. From the basic data you can find out that the average thickness of the mortar layer for this wall will be (1+5+3+4+7)=3.9 centimeters. In this case, for each square meter The usable area will be 3.9 * 8.5 = 33 kilograms.

How long does it take for gypsum plaster to dry?

When carrying out finishing work in a room with room temperature and air humidity within 75%, drying of a 2-centimeter layer of gypsum plaster on a brick base occurs within 24 hours.

Of course, the drying process of the solution can be accelerated by using construction hairdryer, but such procedures can lead to cracks in the finish. At the same temperature and humidity conditions, a 2-centimeter layer of finishing on a wooden base dries within 12 hours.