Calculator for a house made of timber. How to calculate the amount of timber per house using basic mathematics? Calculation of a house made of timber

The calculation technology will differ depending on the amount of timber in the batch. For a small quantity it is very simple: if all the material has the same dimensions, you must first multiply the cross-sectional area (it will be equal to the width multiplied by the height of the section) of one beam by its length. Thus, you find the number of cubic meters of one unit of lumber, after which you multiply the resulting number by the total number of units - this will be the exact cubic capacity of the units of timber you purchased.

It is very difficult for a non-specialist in the field of woodworking to figure out how to calculate the cubic capacity of timber or other wooden moldings. And this is important, since the sale of timber, boards, bars at sawmills and warehouse stores is carried out precisely in cubic meters, which is what many traders use to earn money in their pockets.

There are at least two enough simple ways calculations that any non-specialist can master and feel confident when buying lumber for the home.

Calculations for small quantities

As mentioned above, here you just need to multiply the cross-sectional area of ​​one beam by its length. For example, 15 units of timber with a cross-section of 150 x 150 mm and a length of 6 meters were purchased. Find the cross-sectional area of ​​the beam - 0.15 x 0.15 = 0.0225 square meters, after which we multiply this area by 6 and get 0.135 cubic meters. - that’s exactly how much one beam has. After this, we multiply the resulting number by 15 (the number of units of timber) and get 2.025 - the total cubic capacity of the purchased timber.

In this very simple and accessible way, you can count a small amount of timber and other lumber.

It is also necessary to remember that there are special tables - cubatures, which will minimize the use of the calculator and greatly simplify the calculations:

— timber 0.10 x 0.10 x 6 m – 0.060 cubic meters. – 16.67 pieces per cubic meter.
— beam 0.10 x 0.15 x 6 m – 0.090 cubic meters. – 11.11 pieces per cubic meter.
— timber 0.15 x 0.15 x 6 m – 0.135 cubic meters. – 07.41 pieces per cubic meter.
— timber 0.10 x 0.20 x 6 m – 0.120 cubic meters. – 08.33 pieces per cubic meter.
— timber 0.15 x 0.20 x 6 m – 0.180 cubic meters. – 05.56 pieces per cubic meter.
— timber 0.20 x 0.20 x 6 m – 0.240 cubic meters. – 04.17 pieces per cubic meter.

— timber 0.10 x 0.10 x 7 m – 0.070 cubic meters. – 14.28 pieces per cubic meter.
— timber 0.10 x 0.15 x 7 m – 0.105 cubic meters. – 09.52 pieces per cubic meter.
— timber 0.15 x 0.15 x 7 m – 0.1575 cubic meters. – 06.35 pieces per cubic meter.
— timber 0.10 x 0.20 x 7 m – 0.140 cubic meters. – 07.14 pieces per cubic meter.
— timber 0.15 x 0.20 x 7 m – 0.210 cubic meters. – 04.76 pieces per cubic meter.
— timber 0.20 x 0.20 x 7 m – 0.280 cubic meters. – 03.57 pieces per cubic meter.

There are times when you need to buy a large amount of timber for your home, and it can be of different lengths and cross-sectional sizes.

Measuring and calculating each beam with such volumes is not a one-day task.

There is a calculation methodology for such cases, but first we need to understand the concepts of cubic meter of dense wood and folded wood, which exist in forestry merchandising.

Cubic meter of dense wood

A cubic meter of dense wood is the volume of pure wood obtained by measuring a single timber, excluding voids between the timber and other lumber.

Folded cubic meter

Folding cubic meter- This dimensions stacks of timber, including voids between the timber.

To find the number of folded cubic meters, we stack the timber as tightly as possible, and the length of the stack should not be greater than the length of the main amount of lumber. Joining of short beams is allowed.

Upon completion, we measure the overall length, height and width of the resulting one or more stacks. When multiplying them, we get the folded cubic capacity of your timber, from which, using a special conversion factor, we get the cubic capacity of dense wood, for which you pay money.

The value of the conversion factor for lumber is regulated by a number of state standards (GOST 6564-84, GOST 6782.1-75, GOST 6782.2-75, GOST 13-24-86) and for timber is from 0.74 to 0.82 - depending on the moisture content of the timber and the rock from which it is made.

Before purchasing any building material, it is necessary to determine the required quantity as accurately as possible, otherwise you may lose some amount due to remaining surpluses or the need for additional purchases, as well as the unaccounted for possibility of deception on the part of unscrupulous sellers. Timber, logs, boards and similar wood products, as you know, are sold in cubic meters, which means you need to know in every detail the calculations for determining the volume of these materials, as well as converting the required number of pieces into cubes and back. And in the case of purchasing timber for building a house, when calculating the required amount of this building material, it is also necessary to take into account the design and features of the future building.

Basic calculations - determining volume and converting from pieces to cubes and back

It is very simple to calculate the cubic capacity of timber, boards and similar lumber. To do this, you need to know the thickness, width (height) and length of the product. And, as you know from a school textbook on geometry, you need to multiply these dimensions:

V = T ∙ H ∙ L, where

V – volume of timber, m3;

T – thickness;

H – width;

L – length.

Dimensions before calculation should be given in one unit of measurement: mm, cm or m. It is better in meters, so as not to have to convert from mm 3 or cm 3 to m 3 later.

Timber size table

For example, let’s calculate the cubic capacity of a beam of 150x200. These dimensions, as you know, are indicated in mm. That is, the thickness of the product is 0.15 m and the width is 0.2 m. Standard length timber and boards 6 m (sometimes also indicated in mm - 6000). Or maybe another. But for example, let’s take exactly 6 m. Then the volume of this lumber is:

0.15 ∙ 0.2 ∙ 6 = 0.18 m 3.

Now you can convert the required quantity (in pieces) of this product into cubes. Let's say 49 pieces are required:

0.18 ∙ 49 = 8.82 m3.

Knowing the volume of one product, you can also calculate the cube of timber, that is, determine how many units (pieces) there are in 1 m3. To do this, you need to divide 1 cube by the cubic capacity of one product, already calculated or taken from reference tables (in the example under consideration - 0.18 m3):

1 / 0.18 = 5.55555... pcs.

The amount of this type of timber is calculated in the same way for any volume.

Nuances of calculations - how not to make mistakes and not be deceived

As follows from the above methods and calculation examples, it is very easy to calculate the required volume of timber in pieces or cubic meters. However, one must always remember that 1 cubic meter does not contain a whole number of these products. For the example given with dimensions 150x200, length 6 m - 5.55555... pcs. Unscrupulous, most often timber retailers, cleverly take advantage of this.

For example, you need 1 cube of this material from the example. The seller, of course, sells 5 products, but charges the amount for a whole cubic meter. The overpayment will be the cost of half a beam.

Let’s say that to build a house you need the same 49 beams from the example. And if the seller believes according to following diagram, then you will have to significantly overpay for the timber received:

• 1 cube – 5 products 150x200, 6 m long;
• 49/5 = 9.8 cubic meters payable.

This is a scam pure water for 5 units of timber. They are superfluous and unnecessary, but will be paid for but not received. In the calculation examples above, the data of 49 products has already been converted into cubes - this is 8.82 m 3. That is, a “particularly enterprising” seller will deceive an inattentive buyer by:

9.8 – 8.82 = 0.98 m 3 timber,

which is 0.98/0.18 = 5.44444... pcs. of this lumber (0.18 – the volume of one product calculated above).

Therefore, the most correct thing would be to calculate in advance exactly the number of units (pieces) of material, and only then, using this data and the dimensions of the timber or board, calculate their actual cubic capacity.

That is, in the case of purchasing one cubic meter in the example above, you must first decide how many beams you really need to take - 5 or 6. And then we calculate their cubic capacity:

0.15 ∙ 0.2 ∙ 6 ∙ 5 (or 6 pcs.) = 0.9 (or 1.08) m 3.

And for 49 units of this timber:

0.15 ∙ 0.2 ∙ 6 ∙ 49 = 8.82 m 3.

Then you will have to pay exactly for these 0.9 (1.08) or 8.82 cubes, receiving exactly 5 (6) or 49 products. Moreover, both the quantity in pieces and the volume in m3 must be indicated in the invoice for the timber sold by the seller.

Other features of calculating lumber cubic capacity

Another important feature you should know for correct calculation cubic capacity of timber or boards when purchasing them. The actual length of lumber is usually always slightly longer than the standard or declared by the manufacturer of this product. So, instead of 6 m, the average length of the timber in question is, as a rule, 6.05 m. This is due to the fact that the ends of the lumber are not processed after cutting, which is why they may turn out to be uneven, go at angles, and be different, or simply be dirty. Of course, you don’t have to pay for these 5 cm. But some cunning sellers, although quite rarely, still try to take even this into account when calculating cubic meters, which is pure deception.

And regarding calculations for tongue and groove and profiled timber. The presence of tenons, grooves, and other protruding or chiseled places should not be confusing. Calculating the cubic capacity of such materials is no different from determining the volume of ordinary products that are even on all sides. For tongue-and-groove and profiled lumber, the rule is that only the main part (working width) of the product is measured and taken into account, and all structurally necessary and/or decorative elements are not taken into account in calculations. This provision applies to absolutely all types of timber.

Purchase of large volumes of materials - calculation of folded and dense cubic meters

When it is necessary to purchase a large amount of timber, their cubic capacity is calculated somewhat differently than discussed above. For example, timber and boards are needed to build an impressive, spacious house, as well as various other outbuildings near it. At the same time, the necessary lumber will certainly be available different sizes in cross section and length. Measuring and calculating each type of required material for such purchase volumes is an activity that can take more than one day.

For such cases, there is a specific calculation method. It is based on two important concepts:

1. 1. Dense cubic meter of wood. This is the name given to a volume occupied only by wood and without voids or gaps in it. It is determined by measuring individual timber pieces individually, and then subsequently calculating their total cubic capacity.
2. 2. Folded cubic meter. This is the name given to the volume occupied by lumber stacked as densely as possible and having voids, as well as gaps between individual wood products. It is determined by measuring the stack and then multiplying the dimensions of the latter. Moreover, in such a package the main amount of material should have approximately the same length, and the remaining products can be shorter, but not longer. It is allowed to have short lumber in the stacks, which should be stacked tightly one after another.

In order to quickly calculate the large volume of required purchased lumber, which has already been prepared and stored in the form of a stack, the latter is first measured and then its cubic capacity is calculated. This will calculate the fold cubic capacity. Then its value must be multiplied by a special conversion factor. The result will be the volume of wood only ( dense cubic meter), that is, exactly those materials that are purchased and will be paid for.

The value of the conversion factor is regulated by a number of standards for lumber: GOST 6782.2-75, 6782.1-75, 6564-84, OST 13-24-86 and others. For timber and boards, depending on their moisture content and the type of wood from which they are made, the value is in the range of 0.74–0.82.

We calculate the required cubic capacity of timber for building a house

• Height external walls, measured from the foundation level. Let's denote it as H.
• The height of the internal partition walls, if they exist and should be made of timber.
• The length of the outer and interior walls.
• The number and length of beams used in the rafter system, as floor beams and floor beams, as well as in its other structures - if provided for by the project.

Then we select the thickness of the material for each of the above structural elements. For external and internal load-bearing walls depending on the purpose of the house being built and the region where it is being built. For non-load-bearing partitions - at your own discretion. The base (lowest) crown of external walls is usually slightly thicker than the rest of the timber for them. For other structural elements, the thickness of the material is selected based on its operating conditions, as well as the required strength of the structures in which it is used. In a well-drafted project, by the way, the thickness of the timber used for the walls, plinth crown, and other structures of the building should already be indicated.

Now all that remains is pure arithmetic. First, we calculate the perimeter of the house - add up the length of all its external wall structures. For a simple rectangular or square structure, you just need to add its width and length, and multiply the resulting value by 2. Then we calculate the cubic capacity of the base crown:

V C = T C ∙ Z C ∙ I, where

V C – total cubic capacity of basement lumber, m 3;

T Ts – thickness of the base product, m;

Z T – its width (height), m;

I – perimeter of external walls, m.

We calculate the remaining height of the external walls, m:

h = H – Z Ts, where

H – total height, m.

We calculate the area of ​​external wall structures without a plinth, m2:

If the thickness of the material of the base crown is the same as that of the entire wall, then the area of ​​the latter, m 2:

We calculate the area of ​​the internal walls, the thickness of the lumber of which is the same as that of the external ones, m2:

S B1 = H B ∙ L B1, where

H В – height of internal walls, m;

L B1 – total (total) length of internal walls, the material thickness of which is the same as the external ones, m.

We calculate the area of ​​the internal walls, the thickness of which is different, m2:

S B2 = H B ∙ L B2, where

L B2 - total length of internal walls, the thickness of the material is different, m.

We calculate the cubic capacity of the main lumber - for external walls and internal partitions made of the same timber, m 3:

V S = (S H + S B1) ∙ Z S, where

Z S – selected product thickness, m.

We determine the volume of material for internal partitions from other timber, m3:

V B = S B2 ∙ Z V, where

Z B is the selected material thickness for these partitions, m.

We divide the results obtained (V C, V S and V B) by the length of the purchased lumber and its selected width (height). You will get the amount of material in pieces. We round this value to a whole value, and then recalculate V C, V S and V B, as described in the second chapter.

To save on lumber, you should calculate the total areas of window, door and other openings for the corresponding walls. Then their values ​​must be subtracted from S H, S B1 and S B2, respectively. After this, we calculate V S and V B using the same formulas. Then we increase the obtained values ​​by 10–20% - so that there is a reserve just in case.

The cubic capacity of the timber for the remaining elements of the house in which it is used is calculated even easier. Its total length is calculated and multiplied by the thickness and width selected for the material.

Calculation of timber for a house is necessary in order to determine the required amount of lumber for the construction of a rafter system, implementation of formwork work and overlapping floors of a construction site. Its correct calculation is especially important when building cottages from laminated or sawn timber.

How to calculate the amount of timber per house?

In order to correctly navigate the needs of lumber, it is necessary to make a construction project indicating exact dimensions, on which the length of the beam depends. Regarding its thickness, it is important to consider the following factors:

• for a private house or bathhouse, timber with a cross section of 200x200 mm is suitable;
• for seasonal construction it is possible to use wood with dimensions of 100x100 mm or 150x150 mm.

Based on the fact that the cost of wood building material is indicated in cubic meters, to calculate the exact number of pieces of logs in 1 cubic meter, you need to make a simple calculation:

1m3/Z/W/L, where

• Z - board width;
• W - board thickness;
• L is the length of the board.

The design of the house involves calculating the required volume of ceiling and floor beams, determining lumber for the rafter system, external walls, gables, and internal partitions.

Often, construction uses ceiling and floor beams with a cross-section of 100x150 mm using a pitch of 0.7 to 1 meter. In order to determine their quantity, you must use the formula:

• Ld is the length of the house;
• Ls is the length of the applied step.

Taking into account the fact that lumber is sold by the supplier in cubic meters, calculating the cubic capacity of a timber involves multiplying its cross-sectional area and linear length.

Calculation of timber for external walls and load-bearing partitions involves determining the area and thickness of the walls. Multiplying these parameters will give the total volume of timber required for the construction of the specified structural elements.

Timber cubic capacity calculator

To accurately calculate the cubic capacity of lumber for rafter system the use of special arithmetic algorithms will be required. The beam calculation calculator will greatly simplify the task. Correct determination of the required building material guarantees the reliability of the construction of the building structure and savings in financial costs.

The program will allow you to calculate timber online by entering initial data. By changing the specified parameters, you can compare several projects and choose the most profitable one from a financial point of view. By processing the individual parameters of a house project, the calculator will make the most accurate calculation, eliminating the risk of overpaying for excess material. It is important to consider the possible percentage of defects, which is about 5% of the total volume of lumber.

When implementing construction work for the construction of a residential building, a specialist must perform a large number of different tasks, one of which is: drawing up and calculating the estimated cost before the final finishing of the premises of a residential building. It is mandatory to calculate the required amount of various building materials, which is quite difficult to do. Therefore, such knowledge - how many boards are in a cube - is very important for a specialist who is engaged in the construction of a residential building and wants to complete the work as efficiently and quickly as possible.

Buying club: existing types of boards

To calculate exactly how many board pieces are in a cube, you will need to know not only what exactly a board cube means, but it is worth understanding important point that exist different kinds boards and what is possible to purchase on the modern market for performing a variety of construction work. It should be noted that the cube of almost all materials, regardless of the type of material, is calculated in the same way, that is, according to one specific method. The types of boards have no influence on the calculation of the cubic capacity of this building material.

Non-grooved types of lumber are: timber, various edged boards, as well as unedged boards (they are an exception when calculating cubic capacity, because this process occurs a little differently). Tongue-and-groove types (which have special grooves for making joints) include: modern lining, blockhouse, flooring material, as well as imitation of natural timber. When you choose a tongue-and-groove type of building material for purchase, then you will need to pay attention to the fact that when making calculations, only the working width of the board without a tenon is used. If we talk about a blockhouse (imitation log), then when calculating the cubic capacity, only the thickness at its highest point is taken.

How many boards are in 1 cube: performing the calculation

Any person, even from his school days, understands how cubic capacity is calculated. For this procedure, it is necessary to calculate quantities such as: length, width and height. A similar principle is used to calculate the cubic capacity of 1 board. When performing such calculations, it is recommended to convert all available values ​​into meters. The cubic capacity of 1 board, which has a cross-section of 150x20 mm. and a length of 6 m, is calculated as follows: 0.15 multiplied by 0.02 and 6, so that the cubic capacity of this board will be 0.018 cubic meters.

Let's apply the volume formula V= L*h*b (where L is length, h is height, b is width).

L= 6.0; h= 0.02; b= 0.15.

Thus, V= 6.0*0.02*0.15 = 0.018 m3.

To determine how many boards are in one cube: divide 1 m3 by cubic capacity (the volume of one board).

1 m 3 / V = ​​N pcs.

1 m 3 / 0.018 m 3 = 55.55 pcs.

Thus, the number of boards in one cube is 55.5 pieces.

Finding out the cost of a certain type of board when the values ​​of its volume is known is quite easy: 0.018 multiplied by the price of 1 cubic meter. When 1 cube of a certain type of board costs, for example, 5,500 rubles, then the cost will be 99 rubles. At this point in the calculation, there is some trick of sellers and managers in construction stores, because the cubic capacity of the material is rounded to some integer values.

Such rounding can lead to such a moment that the price of 1 board (when 1 cube costs 5500) will be completely different values. In addition to all this, it should be noted that various boards for construction, which have a nominal length of 6 meters, actually have a length of 6.1 - 6.2 m, which is not taken into account when selling this building material. This also applies to the purchase of a significant number of boards. This can be seen quite clearly if we use a 150x20 mm board as an example. The number of boards in a cube is a value of 55.5 pcs. But, in a cube they count 55 pieces, which when performing the calculation will have a value of 0.99 cubic meters. In fact, it follows from this that the overpayment for 1 cubic meter of this popular building material can amount to 1% of the real price. For example, 5500 instead of 4995 rubles.

To calculate the cubic capacity for a continuous type of board, slightly different methods are used. When the conversation is about buying 1 board, then measure its thickness, as well as total length are carried out in the same way as when choosing edged building material. In this case, the average width is taken for calculations - between a large value and a small one.

For example, when the width of the board at one end is 25 cm, and at the other 20, then the average value will be approximately 22 centimeters. When it is necessary to calculate the volume of a significant number of similar boards for construction, then you will need to lay them out so that the wide one does not differ from the narrow one, more than 10 cm. The main length of this material in the laid out stack should be approximately the same. After this, using a regular tape measure, an accurate measurement is made of the height of the entire existing stack of boards, and the width is measured (approximately in the very middle). The result obtained will then need to be multiplied by a special coefficient, amounting to a value from 0.07 to 0.09, directly dependent on the existing air gap.

How many boards are in 1 cube: special tables

To calculate the exact number of boards of a certain width and length in 1 cubic meter, various tables are used. Below are several such specialized tables, which indicate the cubic capacity of the common and in demand types of this material today. It is possible to calculate the volume of various boards of different sizes, for example, material for erecting a fence on your site, using the existing formula presented above.

Table of the amount of edged boards in 1 cubic meter

Table of the amount of timber in 1 cubic meter

Table of the amount of unedged boards in 1 cubic meter

10:0,0,0,260;0,290,260,260;290,290,260,0;290,0,0,0|5:100,100,0,260;195,195,0,260;0,100,100,100;100,195,139,139;195,290,100,100|1127:139,139|1327:75,37;75,109|1527:195,37;195,109|2244:0,33;0,157;290,157|2144:34,0;34,260;129,260;224,260|2417:290,34;290,67|2317:169,0|1927:132,-20

RUB 1,140,410.0

Only for the Moscow region!

Calculation of the cost of work

Do you want to find out how much it costs to build your house and choose contractors?

Place an express application and receive proposals from construction professionals!

Example of a 10x9 m layout for calculation	Structural diagram
		1. Wooden beams 150x150mm; 2. mineral wool slabs d=100mm; 3. Facing with siding; 4. Air channel d=20-50mm; 7. Wooden-beam ceilings d=150-250mm; 8. Ondulin sheets; 9. Monolithic slab foundation with block walls h=1.8m;

Wall made of timber material with siding profile finishing and internal heat insulation

Timber wall

The popularity of timber-log architecture in our country is predetermined by the cost-effectiveness, traditionalism and healthy environment of house-building from natural solids.

On construction bases It is possible to find timber products of standard sizes 150x100, 200x150, 100x100, 140x140, 180x180, 150x150, 120x120, of which the most popular type is 150x150, since it provides an optimal combination of installation complexity, determined by the number of horizontal seams, and thermal insulation quality, as well as an affordable price.

It should be added that now the share of sales of profiled, in particular, prefabricated laminated timber is clearly growing, which is characterized, in comparison with non-laminated wood, by 10 times lower compressibility when drying, as well as increased, due to tenoned joints, structural and thermal insulation qualities . An obvious negative point that slows down the widespread use of laminated veneer lumber material is its significant cost, which, however, is compensated a hundredfold by its long service life.

Approximate procedure for laying a timber frame:

• First, on top of the foundation, covered with waterproof material, along the line of the walls, the lower row of timber is laid out, which is tied “into a paw” at the corners and at the points where intermediate walls are connected.
• To prevent door and window structures from deforming during shrinkage wooden house, door and window niches are surrounded on the sides by a “window” - profile posts. To do this, a trapezoidal tenon is cut out at the ends of the logs, onto which the so-called profiled beams are pushed, using a counter cutout. Technological gaps are placed along the top of doors and windows, filled with flax-jute or basalt insulation.
• During the installation of a log house, log rows are covered with an inter-row compactor: felt, jute, flax jute, hemp, flax wool, tow, which after a year (or when the humidity of the tree becomes 12-15 percent) will have to be compacted a second time in order to reduce heat loss through the gaps between logs.
• In order to connect the beams of the nearest crowns, dowel fastenings are used (rounded birch or oak rods with a diameter of 30-40 mm), which are inserted with a gap into the holes made through the three crowns of the beams, in increments of 0.3...0.4 m. Often, dowel fastening is replaced with large nails (250...300 mm), with obligatory drilling in the last log of a channel, 30÷40 mm deep, where the nail head is buried to compensate for linear compression wooden material when drying out.
• When choosing interior decoration it is necessary to take into account the permanent deformations of the wooden material and, when fastening non-wooden facing boards (for example, plasterboard), avoid direct connections with timber wall, through the installation of suspended buffer profile structures.

Siding cladding

In cases where winter habitation is expected, it is recommended that the timber structure be further insulated. Typically, on the street side, in a vertical position, thick boards, 100x50 mm in size, are mounted in increments of 0.4...0.6 m, between which heat-insulating mats are installed, for example, such as: Rockwool, P-175, Izomin, Isover, P -125, PPZh-200, Ursa, Knauf, Izorok, after which a vapor-permeable film (Tyvek, Yutavek, Izospan) is stretched, lined with blocks, 25-50 mm thick, on which the front false wall is installed (PVC siding, wooden lining or slabs DSP).

You need to know that the PVC siding profile will be used for many years and have a beautiful appearance, only subject to strict compliance with installation rules.

Manufacturers of plastic siding profiles, for example, brands: Snowbird, Gentek, Docke, Nordside, AltaProfile, Orto, Holzplast, Tecos, Varitek, Georgia Pacific, Mitten, FineBer, Vytec, announce a rich color scheme, allowing any building to maintain its individuality.

Since the PVC siding profile greatly changes linear dimensions When temperature fluctuates, it is important to provide for non-rigid attachment of vinyl plates.

PVC siding does not rot, is resistant to impact, biological, and climatic aggressions, and does not support combustion.

Vinyl profile exposed open flame it only melts, igniting when heated to more than 390°C (and wood is already at 230-260°C), quickly extinguishing when the heating source disappears, while the amount of emissions hazardous to health is no more significant than when burning wood materials.

Important points for fastening PVC siding:

• The installation of PVC panels is carried out “from the ground”, and first the hidden starting strip is fixed.
• To compensate for free compression or expansion of polymer siding, gaps should be provided, within 1 cm, in areas where external networks enter (pipes, wires, brackets, cables), as well as in joining areas plastic panel and accessories ( external corner, internal corner, H-profile, platband, etc.).
• It is unacceptable to forcefully tighten the screws in the fixing grooves, because the siding profiles are suspended in such a way as to move freely from side to side.
• In order not to interfere with thermal movements and, accordingly, not to provoke wave-like warping vinyl material, it is more correct to screw in self-tapping screws and nails into the siding panel in center point existing technological perforations.
• When hanging another strip of siding, attach it to the trailer ledge with the underlying profile and, without deforming it, secure it with screws;
• It is recommended to install vinyl profiles starting from the side wall of the building, moving to the front side, while each successive siding panel will overlap the previous one in the laid row, approximately 2.5-3 cm - this approach makes it possible to make the joints inconspicuous, with For the same purpose, the resulting joints for connecting rows need to be shifted horizontally.

Foundation made of reinforced concrete slab and prefabricated block tape

A prefabricated slab foundation is constructed over the entire area of ​​the structure in the form of a continuous reinforced slab on which standard reinforced concrete blocks are mounted.

The type of foundation under consideration is used in low-rise housing construction to obtain the basement level of the house, on heterogeneous soils, in situations low level groundwater. In swampy areas, it is recommended to construct the side walls of the foundation using a monolithic method, using waterproofing measures (coating, impregnation, gluing).

At the same time, the prefabricated block system vertical walls foundation, according to the existing reinforced concrete slab, is indispensable for limited construction periods, as well as for foundation work in winter.

An approximate method for performing a whole- slab foundation side walls in the form of prefabricated reinforced concrete strip:

• First, the ground is removed to the planned level.
• Gravel preparation, fractions 20-40, in a layer of 15-20 cm is poured onto the resulting base and compacted thoroughly.
• Performed concrete pouring, layer 50 mm.
• A waterproofing film is applied with a distance of 2000 mm along the border, for the purpose of further waterproofing the sidewalls of the foundation.
• To protect the waterproofing membrane from accidental ruptures when welding the reinforcement structure, another layer of sand-cement mortar, 5 cm thick, is applied on top of the insulating coating, along the perimeter of which formwork panels are mounted according to the thickness of the foundation slab.
• The foundation slab being manufactured is tightened from the inside with two meshes of welded reinforcing bars of section d14, type AII-AIII, with cells of 20x20 cm.
• In the case of a slab foundation, ready-made concrete of a grade not lower than M300 is required, supplied by an automixer.
• The hardening time of the concrete solution, when the perimeter should be laid out from ready-made concrete blocks, is from 4 weeks, at a temperature of + 15 ± 5 °.
• The laying of concrete blocks is carried out relative to the axial lines, along two mutually perpendicular walls, guided by geodetic equipment. Prefabricated blocks are laid with a crane on a “bed” of sand-cement mortar.
• Installation begins with laying beacon blocks at the crossroads of the axes and at the corners of the building. The laying of wall blocks begins only after the position of the reference blocks has been verified along the horizon and level.
• On the top row of reinforced concrete blocks, in a panel formwork form, a reinforced reinforced concrete screed, 25 cm thick, is made.

Floor made of wooden beams

For beam floor Traditionally, coniferous wood (spruce, pine, larch) with a moisture content of less than 14 percent is used. The best beam is a block with section proportions 7/5 (for example, 0.14x0.10 m).

IN dacha construction ceilings made of wooden beams, due to the simplicity and low cost of their construction.

When planning a wood-beam floor, it is necessary to use special diagrams that determine the correlation of beam sizes with the distance between supports and load; It is also permissible to proceed from the simplified calculation that the wide side of the beam should be approximately 1/24 of the length of the beam, and the thickness - 5÷10 cm, with intervals between beam boards of 50 - 100 cm and a load of 1.5 kPa.

If there is a shortage of lags of the design section, it is permissible to use boards fastened with bolts, subject to mandatory observance of the total size.

Some features of installing wood beams:

• The installation of beams is done in the following order: first the first and last, and then, with leveling along optical level, all others. The beams should be placed on the wall structure no shorter than 150-200 mm.
• The logs are moved away from the wall by at least 50 mm, and the distance between the beams and the smoke duct must be at least 0.40 m.
• V wooden buildings the ends of the logs are cut into a cone shape, and then hammered into the completed cut of the upper crown to the full thickness of the wall log.
• As a rule, in brick walls, the ends of the beams are installed in masonry nests in which condensation appears, therefore, between the cuts of the ends of the joists and the wall, space is left for air circulation, and if the opening is significant, an additional felt layer is placed.
• To avoid molding, which occurs during diffusion of steam surrounded by a brick wall, the ends of the beam boards are cut with a slope of approximately 60 degrees and treated with an antiseptic (Tikkurila, Kartotsid, Dulux, Biofa, Pinotex, Tex, Cofadex, Biosept, KSD, Holzplast, Senezh, Teknos , Aquatex) and cover with roofing felt, leaving the end uncovered.

The attic floor is insulated by installing a vapor barrier layer under the insulation, the basement floor is thermally insulated by installing a vapor barrier film on top of the insulation layer, and the interfloor floor is not subject to insulation.

If the issue of the load capacity of wooden interfloor floors is mainly settled by the obvious increase in the cross-section of beams and their number, then with fire resistance and acoustic insulation the situation is somewhat more complicated.

One of the options for increasing the soundproof and fireproof performance of timber interlevel ceilings consists of the following steps:

• To the bottom of the beam beams, perpendicular to them, with the help of elastic holders, after 30-40 cm, lathing bars are installed, onto which gypsum boards are attached from below.
• A fiberglass film is spread onto the upper surface of the resulting lattice structure and stapled to the beams, onto which mineral fiber boards, such as: Isorok, Ursa, Isover, Knauf, Isomin, Rockwool, are tightly laid out, in a layer of 50 mm, with a transition to the side faces of the beams.
• In the rooms of the next level, a layer of chipboard (16÷25 mm) is nailed onto the beams, after that, a rigid mineral fiber sound absorber (25÷30 mm), and the chipboard slabs of the “floating” floor are laid again.

Bitumen slate roofing

Soft slate (also known as ondulin slate, ondulin, euro slate, bituminized slate, bitumen slate) is essentially a molded cardboard-cellulose material, fixed with a distilled bitumen compound and colored with a polymer, ultraviolet-resistant, coloring composition. bitumen slate is made under various brands (Bituwell, Aqualine, Nuline, Onduline, Guttanit, Ondura, Corrubit). Usual dimensions of corrugated sheets: 2000x950, number of waves - 10.

The main qualities of bitumen slate roofing- speed of construction and affordable cost. In terms of weak points, it is worth mentioning the rather fleeting loss of richness of color, as well as the noticeable flammability of bitumen-cardboard material, compared to metal tiles.

The roofing material is laid on a solid base made of sheathing layer and rafter beams.

In the case of private buildings, a structure of two or three spans with intermediate supporting walls and inclined rafter beams is usually used.

The interval between the rafter legs is usually in the range of 0.60...0.90 m with a width/thickness of the rafter legs of 5x15...10x15 cm; the supporting ends of the rafter beams are fixed to a fixing beam measuring 100x100...150x150 mm.

• The transverse overlap of the bitumen slate sheets and the frequency of laying the sheathing are determined by the slope of the roof slope: if the angle is more than 15 degrees, then the gap between the boards of the sheathing structure is set to 0.30...0.35 m, and the overlap is 17 centimeters.
• It is better to fasten corrugated ondulin sheets from the lower zone of the side part of the slope, opposite to the leeward side, to protect them from wrapping under hurricane loads.
• The next layer is laid with a shift halfway across the sheet, from the sheets of the underlying tier, in order to avoid unnecessary layering at the joints of four adjacent sheets, which contributes to the formation of leaks.
• Euro slate sheets are fixed along the bottom edge to each wave crest, along two intermediate sheathing boards - to odd wave crests, and the top is covered with an overlap of the top sheet or a ridge piece. To secure each corrugated sheet, about twenty roofing self-tapping screws (size 65.0x5.5 mm) or nails: length/diameter -73.5/3.0 mm with elastomeric washers are enough.
• It is enough to arrange the row overlap of the canvases in one wave, and when the roof slope is less than 10-11 degrees. - in 2 corrugated waves.
• The ridge is strengthened from the side where the corrugated sheets are laid, with an overlap of 0.2 m, with screws being screwed into each corrugation vertex of the underlying corrugated sheet.
• In order to protect and decorate the side sections of the roof slope, chip profiles are used, the fastening of which begins from the corner above the cornice, with an overlap of 0.2 m.