How to make a sewer system in a country house. Sewage system at the dacha: the simplest ways to drain wastewater

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Sewage in a country house can be made of barrels, concrete rings or other containers of suitable size. Often a cesspool is sufficient to collect wastewater, but when permanent residence It is better to install a septic tank in the house with the ability to pump out waste.

A dry toilet for a summer residence can be made either in the form of a separate portable toilet with a container, or in the form of a separate building.

Types of sewerage for a summer residence

On summer cottages They make 2 types of sewerage. The first option is the organization of a place for collecting pollutants, without a wastewater treatment system. The second type is a reservoir to which sewer pipes are connected. They are laid from the house or other outbuildings.

A pit with a cushion of crushed stone can be made on your own in 1-2 days, but it is better to entrust the construction of the second type of sewage system construction company. Such sewers are equipped with automatic filtration systems; specialists are involved in setting them up.

Installation of a dry toilet

This is a simple solution, but it is a temporary measure. Then you still have to think about where to drain wastewater from the shower or kitchen. Summer residents should be prepared for the fact that the presence of a dry closet does not exclude the appearance of unpleasant odors in the area.

Cesspool system

A cesspool in a country house is not the best solution for arranging a sewer system.

20 years ago this was the most common solution, but now there are more effective wastewater treatment systems. The only advantage of a cesspool is that its construction does not require any costs.

The disadvantages of this solution are:

unpleasant odors near the toilet;
Soil pollution;
water consumption will be limited.

Considering the disadvantages, such a septic tank is worth making if there is no running water in a private house. A cesspool should not be dug in places where it can be flooded by groundwater. It should not be built in areas with clay soil.

Application of storage tank

This type local sewerage can be considered a modification of the cesspool. The difference between this system is the presence of a sealed container, so the soil on the site is not contaminated. But the tank fills up quickly, so waste has to be pumped out frequently.

There are storage tanks of different sizes and designs on sale; they are placed underground or on the surface. If necessary, storm sewerage is connected to them.

When using a storage tank, you need to take into account the disadvantages inherent in this system. This is the need for constant monitoring of water consumption, the cost of operating vacuum cleaners that will pump out waste.

Scope of application of this type autonomous sewerage limited to a small country house not connected to running water. Storage tanks are installed in construction camps and other places of temporary residence.

The storage tank is most often made in the form of a serviced septic tank made of concrete rings.

Natural cleaning system based on a septic tank

The design has from 2 to 4 sections. The more there are, the better the wastewater is purified. The output is connected to the drainage system. Already on sale ready-made designs. The main advantages of such a sewer system: ease of implementation, low cost, no need to connect an external power source.

Other advantages include the fact that there is no unpleasant odor and the soil on the site is not contaminated.

The system has the following disadvantages:

The system should not be overloaded as this may cause an unpleasant odor.
Mechanical cleaners require periodic inspections. The inspection will determine whether the tanks and drainage system need to be cleaned. The frequency of preventive measures is once a year.

Septic tanks are installed in private houses with low or medium levels of wastewater.

Biological treatment method

The biological station runs on electricity. It resembles a septic tank in appearance, but differs from it in the presence of a biofilter. A pump is also installed, this allows purified water to be drained.

SNiP standards allow that such a septic tank can be installed near a residential building. The filter removes 98% of pollutants, and no unpleasant odors appear during system operation. The volume of non-degradable waste is minimal, so it rarely needs to be pumped out.

The only drawback of such systems is their high cost. But you can save money by making such a sewer system for several houses at once.

The optimal location of the septic tank is selected in advance, taking into account the dimensions of the product and the parameters of the site.

There are several factors that influence the location of the septic tank:

terrain slope;
depth of groundwater;
the distance to which the soil freezes in winter;
the presence of a nearby source of water or running water;
soil composition.

When installing a septic tank, pay attention to the distance from the house; it must be at least 5 m. There should not be a well or well next to the collector, they must be at least 30 m away. Trees and other plantings must be 3 m away. Place for the tank chosen so that a sewage truck can drive up to it.

Work on the installation of internal sewerage

Work on sewerage installation begins after creating a drawing and purchasing materials. First, install the central riser. Cast iron pipes or PVC or ceramic products are suitable for this purpose; their diameter should be about 110 mm. To ensure good traction, the riser is placed in the attic or raised above the roof.

PVC products have an affordable price. They are not afraid of corrosion and do not overgrow from the inside. Smooth inner part ensures free movement of waste. Cast iron is a reliable and durable material, but the pipeline made from it is heavy and difficult to install.

The cost of such products is much higher than the cost of plastic. Ceramic risers occupy a leading position in their characteristics, but are expensive.

The main riser is installed at a distance of 4 m from the windows, after which the pipeline is routed horizontally. There is no need to suddenly change its direction, this makes it difficult for wastewater to move. If you need to rotate it 90 degrees, it is better to rotate it 2 times by 45 degrees. A hole is left in advance in the foundation of the house for it. The sink and bathtub are connected to the sewer using a tube with a diameter of 50 mm.

The common pipeline is made at an angle, this ensures the movement of water in the desired direction. Check valve mounted on the outlet, it prevents waste from flowing back.

Septic tank installation

An example of a septic tank with biological treatment at a dacha.

There are septic tanks of different designs. Containers are made of plastic, reinforced concrete, brick, metal.

According to the method of waste treatment, all systems can be divided into the following:

with biological treatment;
requiring pumping with a sewer truck;
Wastewater is filtered through the soil.

The last option is cheap, so it is widely used in dachas.

Two-chamber septic tank

A collector of 2 sections connected by an overflow pipe is considered the most convenient. It's easy to build with your own hands.

First taking into account sanitary requirements choose a place on the site, make a pit 3 m deep. A sand cushion is poured onto the bottom of the pit; its thickness should be at least 15 cm. After this, formwork is installed and reinforced with reinforcement. To do this, metal rods are used and they are tied together with wire.

2 holes are made in the formwork in advance, pipe cuttings are inserted into them. These entrances are needed for the organization of an overflow system and a sewerage entrance. Concrete is poured into the formwork and compacted using a vibrating tool. Filling is carried out at once; this approach allows you to make the septic tank monolithic.

The bottom of the first section is filled with concrete mortar; after it dries, a sealed compartment is obtained. Here the wastewater will be separated into fractions and settled. Large inclusions will settle to the bottom, and the clarified water will flow through the pipe into the adjacent section. In order for solid residues to decompose better, anaerobic bacteria populate the first compartment.

When building the second section, the bottom is not made, but a thick cushion of crushed stone and sand is poured. It will serve as a filter. The tank is constructed from reinforced concrete rings stacked on top of each other, or a monolithic structure is erected. The overflow pipe is installed between the 2 sections; it must be laid at an angle. Be sure to make a hatch and an exhaust hood, and cover the septic tank with a slab on top.

You can build not 2, but 4 tanks, then the water will be purified better. Such a septic tank will have to be cleaned once every 2 years.

Laying the external main

From the house to the septic tank there must be a slight slope of the sewer pipe. If it cannot be laid below the freezing level of the soil, the main line is made higher, but protected with thermal insulation.

To prevent it from moving, it is placed on a sand cushion. This is what they do when they are working on building a pit or septic tank. The sand cushion must be compacted. After the septic tank is installed, the pipeline is covered with sand and then with a layer of earth.

Septic tank without pumping

This is a simple option sewer system, it consists of several settling tanks. The first tank is made the largest, the next ones are smaller.

If the septic tank is three-chamber, then the first 2 compartments must be sealed. In the last chamber, holes are made in the walls or filter materials are poured onto the bottom. Through them, purified water goes into the ground.

A septic tank without pumping at a dacha consists of 2 or 3 containers connected to each other.

Sizing

The size of the septic tank can be determined by the formula: V=n*Q*3/1000, where the number of residents is determined by the letter n, V is the total volume of the tank, Q is how much water 1 person spends per day. Number 3 is taken from SNiP. It shows how many days it takes to clean the wastewater.

Most often, a collector is made 3 m deep and 2 m wide. There must be at least 0.8 m from the bottom to the pipe through which the drain is carried out.

Treatment systems

The advantages of such a sewage system include the fact that anaerobic bacteria process waste. To speed up the process, they can be fed with oxygen.

Sludge accumulates at the bottom of the container. Over time, it becomes compacted, as a result it rises up to the overflow point. In this case, the septic tank must be cleaned. If the sewer is equipped with a pump for pumping out waste, which is powered by electricity, the process is carried out automatically.

Septic tank diagram with drainage well for the cottage and home.

Installation of a finished septic tank

There are ready-made septic tanks on sale. Their installation begins with digging a pit. It should be 20-30 cm wider than the container purchased in the store. If the soil is not heaving, the bottom of the hole does not need to be reinforced, but you still need to add a sand cushion.

After this, the septic tank is carefully lowered into the hole and connected to communications. If the purification system will be powered by electricity, it is necessary to ensure that the devices are above the ground after the tank is buried. If you neglect this rule, in the spring meltwater will flood the equipment, which will render it inoperable.

The electrical cable from the cleaning system, powered by electricity, is routed to a separate machine from the panel. A corrugation is put on the wire, and then placed in a trench next to sewer pipe. The cable is connected to the septic tank through terminals.

Sewage system made of concrete rings

A septic tank is made from concrete rings if the finished plastic tank does not fit in size. Construction works It will be easier to do it together, so it’s worth calling an assistant.

Advantages and disadvantages of the system

The advantages of the system include the fact that concrete rings are cheap and can be purchased by the general public. During construction, no drawing is required; you do not have to contact a specialized company.

But there are also disadvantages. For example, no matter how hard you try, you won’t be able to make the septic tank airtight, so unpleasant odors will be felt near it.

You will also have to periodically hire vacuum cleaners to pump out the accumulated waste.

An example of a septic tank layout at a summer cottage.

A septic tank is made of several rings, they are installed on top of each other. The treatment scheme may include 1 or 2 chambers. For a summer residence, you can choose a simple option from a sump, which is supplemented with a well for filtration.

When performing calculations, SNiP is taken into account. Based on the number of people living in the house, determine the required volume of the sump. It should be able to accommodate waste waste for 3 days.

Preparatory processes

Before installing concrete rings, a pit is dug. A septic tank and a well for filtration must fit freely into it. Sand is poured into the bottom of the hole and compacted. The result should be a pillow with a thickness of 30 to 50 cm.

The bottom of the pit is concreted. If this is not possible, you can purchase 1 concrete ring with a solid bottom. During installation, it is placed first on a sand bed.

Installation of rings

To install reinforced concrete rings you will need special equipment. They are fixed together with staples; instead of them, metal plates can also be used. Additionally, all parts are fastened together with concrete mortar.

After installation is completed, an overflow is made, and sewer pipes are connected to the concrete rings.

Sealing

To make reliable waterproofing, the solution must have a water barrier. The outside of the collector is covered with coating materials, but they can be replaced with built-up ones.

Plastic cylinders can be placed inside the concrete rings. This will reduce the likelihood of leakage to a minimum.

Installation of septic tank rings using special equipment.

Installation of floors and backfilling

The reinforced concrete rings are covered on top with a concrete slab in which a hole is made for a sewer hatch. Fill the septic tank with soil mixed with sand. When the work is completed, the sewer can be put into operation.

Device for cleaning waste from barrels

The collector can be made from barrels. The principle of its operation is identical to the functioning treatment facilities built from reinforced concrete rings. The filtration system may have several chambers.

Barrel selection

In order to build an autonomous sewer system, you can use plastic or metal barrels. They don't have to be new. It is acceptable to purchase old containers, but they must be intact.

Before being immersed in a pit, metal barrels must be treated on both sides with an anti-corrosion compound. Plastic containers do not require this, so they are most often used.

If you compare such barrels with those made of metal, plastic ones have the following advantages:

You can choose containers of different volumes and sizes.
Plastic products last longer. They are not afraid of the aggressive environment represented by sewage.
Low weight, which ensures ease of installation. All work can be done on your own; you don’t have to hire special equipment.

Plastic barrels do not need to be treated with an anti-corrosion compound. The products are highly impermeable, so you don’t have to worry about the soil being contaminated with wastewater.

To plastic septic tank not squeezed out in the cold winter or during a flood in the spring, the barrels are fixed to concrete base using a cable. To prevent the plastic from cracking, you need to act carefully when filling the collector with earth.

Materials and tools

To make a cleaning system, you need to purchase 2 plastic barrels of 220 liters each, geotextiles. You will need a sewer pipe and 4 tees for sewerage.

To dig a pit you need a hole, and to level the ground you need a rake. In order to quickly cut products, you need a jigsaw.

Plastic barrels for small septic tank in the country.

Features of installation of plastic containers

Plastic barrels are placed on a concrete slab and then attached to it with cables. The holes for the ventilation riser and the overflow pipe are made using a jigsaw.

You will need to make 2 more holes. The first is necessary to connect the sewer. It is cut through at a distance of 20 cm from the upper border of the tank. The second hole is made on the opposite side, 10 cm below the entrance.

The ventilation riser is made only in the sump; it is not needed in the second section. The same tank must be equipped with a lid, this will allow you to quickly clean the bottom of the collector from accumulated waste.

In the second section, 2 holes are made, drainage pipes are connected to them. The joints need to be filled with sealant; two-component epoxy is best suited for this purpose.

Features of installing metal barrels

When installing metal barrels, the procedure is almost the same, only to connect the barrels together you will need a welding machine. To make the product more durable, stiffeners are made. Without them, the tank may deform under the weight of the earth poured on top.

If the soil is heaving, anchor the barrels. To do this, they are attached with cables to a concrete base. To a tank made of metal barrels, you can attach plastic pipes. But all seams should be coated with sealant. Before covering the collector with earth, all metal parts are coated with bitumen. This will protect the tank from corrosion.

Any city dweller appreciates comfort and convenience in everything. However, for many people, good conditions are important not only in an apartment or private house, but also in the country. This is where you can encounter a common problem - the lack of a central sewerage system. The solution to this problem remains with the owners of the country house. Today we will look at what types of sewers exist, and also find out how they are installed.

What it is?

Sewage in the conditions of a summer cottage is necessary for the collection, purification and removal of wastewater, which remains as a person uses water for both hygienic and economic purposes. This list also includes liquid intended for the disposal of feces. That is why the sewer system for a dacha is considered one of the most important elements landscaping.

The operation scheme of such communication systems is quite simple. Wastewater from bathtubs, sinks and washbasins, coupled with faecal flushing, forms waste that is removed using internal pipeline beyond the boundaries of the house itself into the courtyard half. Only after this is the wastewater sent directly to the street sewer network.

If there is no centralized drainage in the territory, then the only correct solution would be self installation sewage systems for waste disposal. If this option was chosen under the conditions provided, then you need to keep in mind that there are sewers of various modifications.

Peculiarities

It's no secret that the issue of sewerage in conditions country house is very relevant. Such communications, coupled with water supply, are one of the most important components of the project that should not be forgotten. Many users decide to give up on carrying out such work, wanting to save money. Of course, this will save a certain amount of money, but over time the problem of the lack of a sewer system will still have to be solved. The ideal solution in in this case installation of an autonomous system becomes.

Experts say that a high-quality autonomous sewer system is perfect for disposing of wastewater from a small country house, in which approximately 5-6 people will live.

Such structures are good because they independently neutralize various types of organic compounds. In this case, you can do without the use of aggressive chemical components. In most cases, the construction of such constructions involves the involvement of natural organisms that are part of living nature.

Today there are several types of country sewers. Each structure has its own distinctive features and laying features. These factors cannot be ignored during installation work.

You can build such communication systems yourself. Of course, such work cannot be called completely simple, but you can cope with it if you strictly follow the instructions and use high-quality tools/materials.

Kinds

Few people know that country sewers are divided into several separate subtypes. They have many differences in many different areas. Let us consider in detail what types of sewer systems exist in the country.

You should know that absolutely all sewer systems are divided into internal and external.

Go to category internal systems This includes all elements that are located in the interior of the house. Simply put, we are talking about the places where plumbing, risers and mains are connected. This system ends with an element such as a pipe, which in most cases is located in the lower part of the building (near the foundation itself). If the sewage system at the dacha is made in the form of a cesspool, then there will be no internal system.

Concerning outdoor system, then it contains both pipes through which wastewater leaves the residential building, as well as structures designed to accumulate and purify wastewater.

cesspool

Disposal of wastewater with such a structure is considered the simplest. This type of sewer system cannot be called the most reliable and practical. Cesspools are good only because they are cheap, which makes them very common.

However, these structures have a number of serious disadvantages that should not be forgotten:

first of all, with such a system, households will have to strictly limit water consumption in country house, which in such a situation can become a big problem;
with such a system, the area at the dacha will be polluted, since complete tightness will most likely not be achieved, and a certain proportion of the wastewater will end up in the ground;
homeowners who have installed such systems on their property claim that they emit a strong and unpleasant odor;
cesspools are susceptible to various types of emergency situations due to a not very well thought out device;
if the dacha area has clay-type soil, then such a system simply cannot be installed;
the presence of this system excludes the possibility of constructing a well for the extraction of table water;
the need for regular pumping of wastewater;
It will be necessary to provide convenient access for appropriate equipment.

If previously cesspools were built quite often in dachas, today their popularity is rapidly waning due to a large number of shortcomings. Nowadays, there are more practical and environmentally friendly communication systems that many homeowners choose.

Storage capacity

The essence of such a structure is similar to a cesspool - waste accumulates in a special container and is pumped out from time to time. However, storage structures differ from pits in that they are completely sealed. As a rule, these types of containers are made of strong fiberglass.

The main positive qualities of these objects are:

wide choice of dimensional parameters (tank volume can range from 3 to 120 cubic meters);
high tightness;
possibility of installation underground;
with such structures, the soil on the dacha plot is not subject to contamination;
when using glass plastic containers you don’t have to worry about them starting to rot;
such containers are light in weight;

fiberglass vessels are “not afraid” of mechanical damage;
fiberglass containers are not afraid of temperature changes;
impact chemical substances also does not damage plastic containers;
deposits do not accumulate on the surface of storage structures;
Such systems last a very long time.

As you can see, storage-type sewers have many positive qualities, especially when compared with simple cesspools. However, it must be taken into account that such systems have a high cost, which discourages some consumers who are trying to save money.

Septic tanks

Septic tanks are a special system consisting of several containers combined with each other. There may be two, three or more. It is into the first container that wastewater is sent, which is then settled and processed with the help of bacteria. Residues that have not been dissolved sink to the bottom, and the water is sent to the top. When waste enters Once again, the level becomes higher, the settled liquid is sent to the next container, in which other bacteria live, completing the cleaning.

From the second compartment of the septic tank, the liquid can be discharged into the ground for subsequent filtration. It becomes almost clean.

The design of the septic tank is quite simple. In addition, it is not subject to any damage. However, such devices have one serious drawback - they are quite voluminous, and when installing them, it is necessary to allocate a separate place for filtration (places where water will be drained). In addition, a couple of times a year the septic tank will need to be cleaned of sediment that has not dissolved.

The main advantages of a mechanical septic tank are:

energy independence;
simple device;
lack of pollution in the dacha area;
possibility of hidden location.

Biological treatment station

In most cases, biological treatment facilities are used for centralized sewer systems in cottage villages. This type of sewage system is very effective for country houses, since it does not contribute to pollution environment, and also does not require regular technical inspections.

Biological treatment is not much different from mechanical septic tanks. Such systems have the same operating principle. The only difference is that the first options are complemented by an aeration tank and a special biofilter. Thanks to these useful components, purified water is sent to the reservoir. Biological structures are contained in a closed building without unnecessary joints and connections.

Thanks to biological treatment, all fat deposits accumulate and decompose in the septic tank. As a result, 3 layers are formed. The last of them is sent to the aeration tank and mixed with sludge. Sediment in such systems decomposes faster, since oxygen purge is used.

The main advantages of such a high-tech and well-thought-out sewage system are:

durability;
high degree of purification – up to 97%;
not the best complex installation(these systems do not have to be installed away from residential buildings on a summer cottage);
minimum of decomposing substances;
operates without any unpleasant odor.

Biological treatment is one of the most expensive types of country sewerage. However, it is worth noting that such a system pays off due to the lack of maintenance and impressive service life.

VOC, AU

VOC and AC are local purification stations or installations operating in automatic mode (automatic installations). The principle of their operation is the same as that of a septic tank, but they are distinguished by their modest size and high-tech electronic “filling”, designed for convenient and precise control. It must be taken into account that these sewerage options operate only in the presence of electricity and are energy dependent. In offline mode, such systems can operate for no more than 4 hours.

The small size of VOCs limits the one-time choice of effluents. For example, when you flush a bathtub, you should not flush the toilet. In addition, these systems are distinguished by a fairly high price.

Made from concrete rings

Experts say that universal structures that are suitable for both large and small families are sewer systems assembled from concrete rings (sometimes plastic barrels or tires are used instead - it’s cheaper). Such systems are ideal for summer cottages. In addition, you won’t have to pump out the waste yourself.

The main advantages of such structures are:

long service life;
inexpensive installation;
unpretentiousness in the process of application;
ability to cope with impressive volumes of waste;
You can do it yourself without turning to specialists.

However, such systems also have their own weak sides, For example:

presence of an unpleasant odor;
inability to build a sealed structure;
the need to clean such structures from solid waste using vacuum trucks.

If you decide to save money and plan to use plastic barrels instead of concrete rings, then you should take into account that they have very little weight. Because of this, winter frosts or floods can force them out. To avoid such unpleasant consequences, plastic tanks in a home-made structure must be secured to a pre-prepared base using reliable cables.

Dry toilet

This solution is as simple and fast as possible, even when compared to a cesspool. However, it is recommended to consider such an option only as a temporary one, since the issue of eliminating wastewater will remain open. In addition, composting toilets usually emit not the most pleasant odors.

Which one to choose?

As you can see, there are quite a few options for arranging a sewer system for a summer cottage, so most homeowners ask a reasonable question, which design is better to choose.

When choosing a suitable autonomous sewer system for a country house, you should not only pay attention to the reviews of other users, but also rely on other important criteria.

The main purpose of the building. As a rule, a summer house is a structure for temporary residence, so it is necessary to choose systems that can operate with long downtimes. For example, it could be a storage type cesspool of estimated volume.
Dimensions of the site, as well as geology. In small areas it is not possible to use septic tanks with underground filters. Options with a well filter are also not suitable if there is groundwater at a high level on the site.
Volume of wastewater and its discharge. This parameter must be calculated based on the number of residents and guests in the house. Having found out these indicators, you can choose the appropriate level of structure performance, which is usually indicated in technical documents.
Budget. If you are not ready to spend large sums, then high-tech systems will not suit you. You can contact budget options, however, their weaknesses must always be taken into account.

What will you need?

Before proceeding with the installation of a sewer system on a summer cottage, you should draw up a clear diagram of it.

The plan should reflect:

drainage sources in a country house (shower, sinks, bathhouse, toilet and other similar objects);
method of connection and laying of internal sewerage pipes;
area for drainage of sewerage from a residential building to the street;
the path of the highway responsible for the discharge of wastewater;
path and location of the sewer collector.

When all the drawings are ready, many will be clear important features, such as:

approximate scope of upcoming work;
what consumables you will need and in what quantities;
Will you be able to handle the installation yourself or will you have to turn to the services of professionals?

How to do it right?

You can install a sewer system on your summer cottage with your own hands.

Let's consider the technology for carrying out such work using the example of a structure made of concrete rings.

In a certain area, reflected in the plan, you need to dig a hole, the depth of which will be approximately 2-3 rings, including the neck. About 30-40 cm should be added to the height of the structure (for the base - sand 15-20 cm and gravel 25-20 cm).
The length of the pit should be such that it can accommodate 2 tanks connected by a short overflow.
Do not remove soil from the site because it will be needed for backfilling. Often, the remains are used to make a variety of decorative landscape objects, for example, flower beds.
Next, you can proceed to installing concrete rings. They need to be placed on top of each other. In this case, these parts should be secured with special brackets at the joints. Don't forget to seal the rings using special gaskets.
Modern manufacturers have made it very simple to install the lowest ring of the storage tank - they have introduced a special element with a solid bottom. This addition does not require extra weight.

A couple more elements are placed on the specified part, after which it is covered with an overlap with a hole. A neck is placed in the upper part and a techno-hatch with a lid is constructed.
During this work, unnecessary precise calculations will not be required. The dimensions of the workpieces are standard. In addition, the manufacturer always has the opportunity to find out what volume of waste the selected set of parts is designed for.
After this, the resulting concrete septic tank, assembled from individual elements, must be supplemented with waterproofing material. For this purpose, a protective coating is most often used on both sides or only on the outside (only the seam areas are finished on the inside).
Today there are special materials on the market deep penetration, which are superior to bitumen coatings in their properties. However, they are more expensive.
Now you can begin connecting the system to the pipes. The assembled structure is assembled and connected to the pipe, which follows from the country house. For this purpose, a hole is made in the concrete rings for an overflow (short pipe), and then a similar hole for the entrance of the sewer line. All components must be tightly connected and covered with waterproofing material. Then the ventilation riser is removed.
To check the functionality of the resulting structure, as well as to ensure its high-quality tightness, the first container should be filled with water. After this, at the moment when the first wastewater appears in the storage tank, it is possible to use a biological activator to make waste processing more productive.

To make life at the dacha comfortable, it is necessary to carry out basic communications - water supply and sewerage. On suburban areas often absent centralized network sewerage, so each house owner solves the problem independently. Periodic use of the home does not require the installation of expensive and complex equipment; it is enough to install a septic tank.

Often in dachas, the function of collecting wastewater is performed by a cesspool. If the house is not equipped with a plumbing system, this option is fully justified, but when installing plumbing fixtures and a large volume of drained water, it is not enough. In this article we will talk about how to make a sewer system in your country house with your own hands. different ways(from concrete rings, barrels, without pumping), and we will also demonstrate diagrams, drawings, photos and video instructions.

The sewerage system must be built in accordance with the developed project, which includes external and internal piping diagrams.

Two-chamber septic tank

The most convenient option is to install a collector consisting of two chambers connected by an overflow pipe. Let's find out how to arrange it yourself.

Work begins with digging a pit in a place chosen taking into account all sanitary requirements. The volume of the structure depends on the number of people living in the country house. You can dig a pit manually or using an excavator.
A sand cushion up to 15 cm high is formed at the bottom of the pit. The depth of the pit is 3 meters.
It is necessary to install formwork made of boards or chipboard. The design must be reliable. Next, a reinforcing belt is formed from metal rods tied with steel wire.
It is necessary to make two holes in the formwork and insert pipe cuttings. These will be places for the entrance of the sewer main and the overflow pipe between the sections.
The formwork is filled with concrete, which is distributed throughout the entire volume using a vibrating tool. The design of the septic tank must be monolithic, so it is advisable to fill the entire formwork at one time.
In the first compartment, the bottom is filled with concrete, a sealed section is formed, which will serve as a sump. Here the wastewater will be separated into large solid fractions that sink to the bottom, and clarified water that flows into the adjacent section. For better decomposition of solid residues, aerobic bacteria can be purchased.
The second compartment is made without a bottom; it can be made not only from monolithic walls, but also using concrete rings with a diameter of 1–1.5 meters, stacked on top of each other. The bottom of the well is covered with a thick layer sedimentary rock(crushed stone, pebbles, gravel) for filtering wastewater.
An overflow pipe is laid between the two sections. It is installed at an angle of 30 mm on linear meter. The height of the pipe is located in the upper third of the wells. The number of sections is not necessarily limited to two; a four-section septic tank can be made, which provides better cleaning.
The ceiling of the septic tank is made independently, using formwork and concrete, or ready-made reinforced concrete slabs are used. Be sure to install a hatch that allows you to control the filling of sections and the hood. The pit is filled with sand and selected soil. The sump tank of such a system will be cleaned every 2–3 years.

Due to the ease of installation, many summer residents prefer to make a septic tank from concrete rings.

If the soil on the site is clayey or the groundwater is located very close to the surface, it will not be possible to install a septic tank of this design. You can settle on a sealed container of sufficient volume, securely installed and secured to concrete slab in the pit.

Another option is a biological treatment station. Local stations are convenient and efficient; they are indispensable for large suburban buildings. The installation and commissioning of the device is carried out by specialists; the cost of such a station is acceptable for a narrow circle of summer residents.

Laying the external main

From exit point sewer pipe It is necessary to lay a pipeline from the house to the septic tank. The main must lie at a slope that ensures the drainage of contaminated water. The larger the diameter of the pipes you use, the smaller the angle of inclination required for their operation, on average it is 2 degrees. The depth of the trench for laying pipes must be greater than the amount of winter freezing of the soil. If the depth of the trench is small, provide thermal insulation of the line.

The average depth for laying a sewer system is 1 meter; in warm regions it is enough to go down to 70 cm, and in cold regions you will need to dig a pit up to 1.5 meters. The bottom of the dug hole is covered with a dense cushion of compacted sand. This procedure will protect the pipes from soil displacement.

The best option would be to lay a direct pipeline to the collector. If it is necessary to make a turn, this place will be equipped with an inspection well. For the main line, you can use plastic and cast iron pipes with a diameter of 110 mm; their connection must be airtight. After installation, the pipeline is covered with sand and then with soil.

The design, which does not require regular pumping of wastewater, consists of several tanks operating simultaneously. These can be two/three-chamber septic tanks. The first tank is used as a sump. It is the largest in volume. In two-chamber septic tanks, the septic tank occupies ¾ of the structure, and in three-chamber septic tanks ½. Here, preliminary wastewater treatment takes place: heavy fractions settle, and light fractions are poured into the next compartment as the first one is filled. In the last part of the septic tank, the final wastewater treatment takes place. The water is then directed to the filtration fields/drainage well.

The first 2 compartments must be sealed. The last chamber has holes in the walls/bottom. In this way, purified water seeps into the ground, which helps avoid systematic pumping of waste without causing irreparable damage to the soil.

It is worth considering that in addition to organic matter, wastewater also contains insoluble impurities. In view of this, such a structure will also have to be pumped out periodically to get rid of the sediment accumulating in the sump. This can be done with a fecal/drainage pump. The frequency of septic tank maintenance depends entirely on the size/volume/composition of wastewater.

To independently construct such a septic tank, you need to correctly calculate its volume. It depends on the water consumption of your household. The water consumption rate per person is 200 liters per day. So, multiplying this amount by the number of household members, you will get the daily water consumption in the house. Add another 20% to the resulting figure.

18 m3. In this case, you need a septic tank with a depth and length of 3 m, and a width of 2 m. By multiplying all sides, you get 18 m3. Minimum distance from the bottom of the septic tank to the drain pipe - 0.8 m.

The advantage of the treatment system is that the sludge is processed by anaerobic bacteria, as a result of which it settles to the bottom in a much smaller volume. Gradually this sediment becomes denser and rises. When the sludge reaches the overflow level, the septic tank must be cleaned immediately. You should resort to cleaning a septic tank quite rarely. This is due to the fact that the volume of sludge in 6 months will be from 60 to 90 liters.

Volatile septic tanks have built-in pumping units. Their non-volatile analogues should be cleaned manually or using sewer equipment.

However, not so long ago, biological products with special enzymes appeared that convert sludge into acid, and then into methane and carbon dioxide. To remove these gases, you just need to install ventilation in the septic tank. Thus, your septic tank will become an absolutely waste-free, safe and energy-independent treatment facility.

Bacteria need to be “fed” with oxygen to make their work more efficient. You can buy containers for a septic tank or make your own.

Before installing the finished septic tank structure, it is necessary to determine a suitable location for this. The minimum distance between the septic tank and the house is 5 m. The sewer pipes leaving the house must be directed directly to the septic tank. It is better to avoid turning the pipeline, because it is in such places that blockages form.

The septic tank should not be installed near trees, as their roots can damage the integrity of the body. The depth of the septic tank and sewer pipes directly depends on the level of soil freezing.

If groundwater is close to the surface, then reinforce the bottom of the pit with a concrete slab/screed. The dimensions of the pit will depend on the size of the septic tank. If you have to install a compact structure, then it is easier to dig a pit manually in order to save money.

The pit should be slightly wider than the septic tank body. The gaps between the walls and the ground should be at least 20 cm, and preferably more. If there is no need to strengthen the bottom, then you should still lay a sand cushion 15 cm thick (meaning the thickness of compacted sand).

The top of the septic tank should rise above the ground. Otherwise, melt water will flood the device’s equipment in the spring.

After constructing the base of the pit, lower the septic tank into it. This can be done using cables placed in the ribs of the septic tank. In this matter you cannot do without an assistant. Next, connect the device to the communications, having previously dug trenches for the pipes, laid a sand cushion and installed the pipes. They should be laid at a slight slope - 1–2 cm per linear meter. The pipes are laid to a depth of approximately 70–80 cm.

The septic tank should be installed strictly according to the level. It will work better in a horizontal position.

To connect the sewer pipe to the septic tank, a hole of the appropriate diameter should be made in it. This is done according to the instructions for the cleaning system. After this, you need to weld the pipe to the hole. To solve this problem you will need a polypropylene cord and a hair dryer. When the pipe has cooled down, you can insert a sewer pipe into it.

If you are connecting a volatile septic tank, then after these steps you need to connect the electrical cable. It is carried out from the panel to a separate machine. It needs to be placed in a special corrugated pipe and place in the same trench as the sewer pipe. The septic tank has special holes with marks. The cable is connected to them.

If the level of soil freezing in your region is high enough, then insulate the septic tank. The insulation can be any heat-insulating material that can be used for laying in the ground.

After connecting the electricity and pipes, the septic tank should be filled with soil. This is done in layers of 15–20 cm. To equalize the pressure during the process of filling the soil, you need to pour water into the septic tank. In this case, the water level should be slightly higher than the level of backfilling of the pit. So, gradually the entire septic tank will be underground.

If you are not satisfied with the finished plastic autonomous system to clean wastewater, due to its size or cost, then you can make a septic tank from several compartments yourself. Great inexpensive material to implement the plan - concrete rings. You can do all the work yourself.

Among the advantages of a septic tank made of reinforced concrete rings, we note the following:

Affordable price.
Unpretentiousness during operation.
Possibility of performing work without the help of specialists.

The following disadvantages deserve attention:

The presence of an unpleasant odor. It is impossible to make the structure completely airtight, and therefore the formation of an unpleasant odor near the septic tank cannot be avoided.
The need to clean the chambers of solid waste using sewage disposal equipment.

You can reduce the frequency of the need to pump out the septic tank if you use bioactivators. They reduce the amount of solid fractions by accelerating the process of their decomposition.

If the installation of the rings is carried out incorrectly, the septic tank will not be airtight, which will increase the risk of untreated wastewater penetrating into the ground. But, with proper installation, the septic tank will be sealed, so this disadvantage of the system is rightly called conditional.

The design of a septic tank, as a rule, includes 1–2 chambers designed for settling and purifying wastewater and a filtration field/filter well.

If few people live in your house and a minimum of plumbing fixtures are connected to the sewer system, then you can easily get by with a septic tank consisting of one septic tank and a filter well. And vice versa, if you have many households and many devices are connected to the sewer system, then it is better to make a septic tank from two chambers and a filtration well.

How to calculate the required volume for a septic tank has already been described above. According to building regulations, the septic tank chamber must accommodate a three-day volume of wastewater. The volume of the reinforced concrete ring is 0.62 m3, which means that to build a septic tank for 5 people you will need a septic tank of five rings. Where did this amount come from? For 5 people you need a septic tank with a volume of 3 m3. This figure must be divided by the volume of the ring, equal to 0.62 m 3. You will get a value of 4.83. It needs to be rounded up, which means that to install a septic tank in this particular case you will need 5 rings.

The pit must be of such a size that it can accommodate septic tank chambers and a filter well. This work, of course, can be done manually, but it is time-consuming and very difficult, so it is more cost-effective to order pit digging from a company with excavation equipment.

The bottom of the pit at the site where the settling chambers are installed must be concreted in order to avoid the possibility of untreated wastewater penetrating into the ground. Before starting concrete work, part of the bottom of the pit should be drained to install settling tanks by laying a sand cushion on it in a layer of 30–50 cm.

If you do not want to concrete the bottom, then you can purchase reinforced concrete rings with a solid bottom. They will need to be installed first in a vertical row.

The place for the filter well also requires preparation of the base. Under it you need to make a cushion of sand, crushed stone and gravel at least 50 cm thick.

To install the rings, you will have to order the services of lifting equipment. Performing these tasks manually is very difficult. You can, of course, install the rings by digging under the bottom ring. But this method is labor-intensive. And the bottom will have to be filled after installing the last ring, which will entail a number of inconveniences. In view of this, it is better not to save on ordering lifting equipment.

Usually the rings are fastened together with a solution, but for greater reliability of the structure they can be fastened metal plates or staples. In this case, your septic tank will not be damaged due to soil movement.

Now it’s time to organize an overflow, and for this you need to connect pipes to the rings. It is better that they work on the principle of a water seal, that is, they need to be installed with a bend.

To seal the joints you need to use a solution with an aqua barrier. The outside of the tanks must be treated with coating or weld-on waterproofing.

Another option is to purchase plastic cylinders that are installed inside the well. In this case, the likelihood of dirty water entering will be minimized.

Installation of slabs/backfill

Finished wells must be covered with special concrete slabs, which have holes for installing sewer hatches. Ideally, backfilling of the pit should be done with soil containing a high percentage of sand. But if this is not possible, the pit can be filled with soil previously removed from it.

Now the septic tank can be put into operation.

The system for treating wastewater from barrels, like a similar structure made of reinforced concrete, can be two- or three-chamber. Sewage will flow into it by gravity, so it must be installed below the sewer pipes. The operating principle of this device is similar to the design of reinforced concrete rings.

To set up an autonomous sewerage system based on the principle of a treatment system, you can use any containers. These could be old metal/plastic barrels. The main thing is that they are airtight.

If you decide to make a septic tank from metal barrels, then they should be pre-treated with an anti-corrosion agent.

Plastic containers have a number of advantages over their metal counterparts:

A wide range of plastic containers that can be used to equip a septic tank.
Barrels have high resistance to the aggressive effects of wastewater. Therefore, they last longer than their metal counterparts.
The light weight of the containers simplifies their installation at a permanent location.
Plastic does not require additional processing, unlike metal.
The high tightness of the barrels eliminates the possibility of dirty water penetrating into the ground.

Plastic barrels must be securely fastened when installed in the ground, because due to spring floods or winter frosts they can be squeezed out of the ground. In view of this, plastic barrels are secured with cables to a concrete base (it must first be poured or a reinforced concrete slab must be installed). To avoid crushing plastic barrels, backfilling of soil should be done extremely carefully.

For seasonal use, sewerage from metal barrels is also suitable, but for stationary use this is not an option.

The popularity of metal containers for sewerage installations is associated with their compactness and ease of installation. As a lid, you can use an appropriately sized piece of wood or one provided by the manufacturer. To install a metal septic tank, you need to dig a corresponding pit, which also needs to be concreted - the walls and bottom.

Metal containers do not have a long service life even after they are treated with anti-corrosion compounds. Therefore, installing them as a septic tank may be unprofitable. Buying stainless steel containers is not an option, as these products are very expensive.

Maybe you decide that in this case you can buy barrels with thin walls. However, this is also not The best decision, since during operation such a septic tank can be pushed out. And such barrels have a limited capacity - up to 250 liters, which is not suitable for a large family.

To install a reliable wastewater treatment system, it is better to use factory-made polymer barrels.

To make a septic tank from 220 liter barrels, you will need the following materials:

geotextiles – 80 m2;
sewer pipe Ø110 m, length 5 m;
crushed stone fraction 1.8–3.5 cm, approximately 9 m3;
corner for sewerage at an angle of 45 and 90º – 4 pcs.;
plastic barrel with a volume of 220 l – 2 pcs.;
coupling, flange – 2 pcs.;
wooden peg – 10 pcs.;
Y-shaped sewer tee – 4 pcs.;
building level;
drainage perforated pipe in the filter 5 m – 2 pcs.;
epoxy two-component sealant – 1 pc.;
glue for PVC – 1 pc.;
plumbing tape – 1 pc.

Tools you will need:

Shovel.
Electric jigsaw.
Rake.

For a cottage/small country house If used sparingly, standard plastic barrels will do. Installing such a cleaning system is not difficult. If you do not pour black waste into the sewer, the septic tank will be unpretentious in maintenance. If there is a toilet in the house, then the sewerage system will have to be cleaned regularly by calling a sewer service.

For private homes with permanent residence, barrels will not be enough. For sewerage, it is better to purchase plastic cubes/tanks/tanks. The process of installing them in the ground is no different from installing barrels.

The distance of the septic tank from the house should not exceed 15 m. Too much distance will complicate the process of connecting the sewerage system to the house:

there is a need for a large depth of the pipeline;
On the way to the septic tank you will need to install an inspection well.

A sewerage system made from metal barrels does not require large financial investments or complex installation work. To begin with, as in previous cases, you need to prepare a pit, and then install 2 barrels, each of which has a volume of at least 200 liters. Then pipes are installed to transfer liquid from one barrel to another and transfer to the filtration fields/drainage well.

Each subsequent container must be located lower than the previous one in level.

The joints must be sealed, and the barrels must be insulated using polystyrene foam. After this, the pit and septic tank are filled up. Since, as mentioned above, metal barrels do not last long, you need to be prepared for the fact that after 3-4 years they will need to be replaced.

Pipe laying

Scheme

Choosing a location for a septic tank

The optimal location of the septic tank is selected in advance, taking into account the dimensions of the product and the parameters of the site.

There are several factors that influence the location of the septic tank:

terrain slope;
depth of groundwater;
the distance to which the soil freezes in winter;
the presence of a nearby source of water or running water;
soil composition.

When installing a septic tank, pay attention to the distance from the house; it must be at least 5 m. There should not be a well or well next to the collector; they must be at least 30 m away.

Trees and other plantings are 3 m away. The location for the tank is chosen so that a sewage truck can drive up to it.

Types of autonomous sewerage

In order to consciously and correctly choose the type of sewage system for your dacha, you must at least general outline imagine the advantages and disadvantages of each possible options. There are not so many of them:

Cesspool. The most primitive and far from the best way to dispose of wastewater. Let's start with the fact that it is very difficult to ensure complete tightness. Even with high-quality treatment, some of the wastewater ends up in the ground. If the source of water is a well or borehole, then sooner or later bacteria will be found in them that live in sewage pits. Other disadvantages are the corresponding smell, which is problematic to combat due to leaks, and the need for regular pumping. Therefore, such sewage systems are being built less and less often in the country.

Storage capacity. The essence of this type of sewage system is the same: wastewater is collected in containers and periodically pumped out. Only these containers are completely sealed, as they are usually made of plastic. The disadvantage is the relatively high price.

Septic tanks. A system of several interconnected containers (two - three, rarely more). Wastewater enters the first, where it settles and is processed by bacteria. Insoluble residues settle to the bottom, water rises to the top. The next time wastewater arrives, the level rises and the settled water is poured into the next container. Other bacteria “live” here and complete the cleaning (up to 98%). From the second compartment of the septic tank, the liquid can be removed for further filtration into the ground. It's almost clean now. The design is simple, there is nothing to break. The disadvantage is that the device itself is bulky, plus it requires a filtration field (where the water will be discharged), once a year or two the septic tank is cleaned of insoluble sediment.

VOC or AC - local treatment stations or automatic installations. The principle of operation of a septic tank, but in a more compact size, with electronic filling for control. This type of sewer only works when electricity is available. Maximum term battery life- up to 4 hours. The small size of VOCs impose restrictions on one-time discharge of wastewater: if you flush the bathtub, you should not flush the toilet. And the main disadvantage is the price.

The first two options are simply places for collecting waste; no purification occurs in them. But there is a difference between them, and quite significant. A cesspool is usually made only for an outdoor toilet, but all wastewater is already diverted into a storage tank. That is, this is the most primitive sewage system, albeit without cleaning.

The second two options are already treatment facilities, just with different degrees of automation. As you can see, there is no ideal way. You have to choose between environmental friendliness and cheapness. And here no one can decide except you.

Sewage system made of concrete rings

A septic tank is made from concrete rings if the finished plastic tank does not fit in size. It will be easier to do construction work together, so it’s worth calling an assistant.

Advantages and disadvantages of the system

But there are also disadvantages. For example, no matter how hard you try, you won’t be able to make the septic tank airtight, so unpleasant odors will be felt near it. You will also have to periodically hire vacuum cleaners to pump out the accumulated waste.

You will also have to periodically hire vacuum cleaners to pump out the accumulated waste.

An example of a septic tank layout at a summer cottage.

Preparatory processes

The bottom of the pit is concreted. If this is not possible, you can purchase 1 concrete ring with a solid bottom. During installation, it is placed first on a sand bed.

Installation of rings

After installation is completed, an overflow is made, and sewer pipes are connected to the concrete rings.

Sealing

To make reliable waterproofing, the solution must have a water barrier. The outside of the collector is covered with coating materials, but they can be replaced with built-up ones.

Plastic cylinders can be placed inside the concrete rings. This will reduce the likelihood of leakage to a minimum.

Installation of septic tank rings using special equipment.

Installation of floors and backfilling

Sewage device

Before making a sewer system with your own hands, you need to take into account all the sanitary and technological requirements and estimate the layout of the main pipes and the final cleaning device.

The decisive factors for arranging waste disposal are:

Location of the house on the site.
Relief of the yard, soil indicators.
The wishes of the owner of the site and the requirements of the authorities for the quality of waste treatment.
Availability of a certain list of plumbing fixtures.

Sometimes, if the dacha is located in a protected water area, then the requirements for wastewater treatment are increased and the construction of a simple cesspool is not permitted by law.

A good solution is when the drainage from all plumbing fixtures is directed one at a time. common pipe to a selected location where sewage is simply collected for further removal or subject to treatment.

Sometimes excrement comes through different pipes from several buildings that lead to one septic tank. Maintenance of this sewer option can be complicated due to turns and a large number of connections.

Internal sewerage distribution. The internal sewer network is made of cast iron or plastic pipes with a diameter of 50 mm, a slope of at least 2 cm per linear meter is provided. Output to the outside is carried out through the wall of the dacha or a hole is punched in the foundation.

If, during the construction of a house, the place where the sewer pipe will exit through the foundation is calculated in advance, then in order not to break the concrete later, one or two empty glass bottles with a volume of 3 liters are laid horizontally in the place where the pipes pass and filled with concrete. If it is necessary to lay pipes, this place is knocked out with a crowbar.

Where does the construction of a sewer system begin?

First of all, you need to choose one of 3 types of sewerage:

Cesspool.
Storage containers.
Septic tanks.

cesspool

This type is an outdated form of sewage collection. Today it is considered not only ineffective, but also dangerous to humans and the environment. It is not for nothing that specialized SNiPs state that cesspools can only be used in those houses that emit no more than 1 cubic meter of sewage and sewage. Therefore, this type of sewage system is extremely rare today.

Storage containers

Storage tanks are a common way of arranging sewage systems in suburban areas. They can be of any shape, any type of installation (vertical or horizontal) and are made of various materials.

Reinforced concrete rings have become the most popular among country developers. Installing a sewer system in a dacha with their help is quite a simple matter. The only inconvenience is the need to use special equipment. The rings are quite heavy, so they cannot be handled manually.

There are other options for storage tanks. For example, metal, plastic, as well as wells made of bricks or blocks. So each developer can choose the appropriate option for himself.

The only condition that requires strict fulfillment is the complete tightness of the container. Not a single crack, not a single crack - absolute sealing. In this way, the soil is protected from contamination by human waste.

But this option has a drawback - such a container will have to be cleaned as it fills. There are several cleaning methods:

Sewage machine. This is a fast and effective option, but very expensive.
Bleeding pump. This is also a good method, but the wastewater will have to be poured into a separate container and transported outside the countryside to a public disposal site.
Manual. The whole tool is a rope and a bucket. The method is unpleasant, difficult and dirty. I don't even want to talk about him.

Septic tanks

Installation of a septic tank at the dacha

But a septic tank is perhaps the best option today. It is not just a storage tank, but a system for sequential wastewater treatment.

Its structure is not as complicated as it might seem at first glance. The operating principle is important here, which is divided into two main stages - pre-cleaning and filtration.

The first stage takes place in a sealed container, where the wastewater is separated into heavy and light. The heavy ones sink to the bottom, and the light ones with water enter the filtration tank or filtration fields.

Today, septic tanks of different shapes, sizes and materials are used, but the principle of their operation is the same. Most often they are made from reinforced concrete rings or ready-made plastic models are used. Sometimes they choose options built from bricks or blocks.

Reinforced concrete septic tanks consist of 2 or more wells, where wastewater flows sequentially. The first well plays the role of a storage tank, and the second - a filtering tank. Through its bottom, purified water enters the soil, and, having passed through all its layers, enters the groundwater

Please note that the more storage wells, the cleaner the output water

Ready-made plastic containers are more effective in this regard. Their inner space divided into several compartments, from which wastewater flows in sequential order. And the more compartments, the cleaner the water.

Preparatory work

The sewer system is a complex mechanism that consists of separate parts:

Internal sewerage is represented by a system of pipes inside the building. Its function: to remove waste water from plumbing fixtures to the external sewer system.
External sewerage is a system of pipes that drain dirty water away from the building.
Treatment or storage device, where wastewater is treated or accumulated for subsequent removal.

Sewage installation begins with the development of a detailed diagram. It will help you figure out what materials to buy and how much work needs to be done.

The sewerage diagram at the dacha reflects:

Domestic wastewater sources. This includes a bathtub, shower stall, bathhouse, and sink.
Method of connecting and laying pipes inside a building: hidden in the wall or under the cladding, brought out.
The place in the house where the sewage system is discharged to the street;
The trajectory of the external sewerage system;
Place of installation of the sewer. The minimum distance from the house is 5 meters, from a source of natural water supply – 30 m, from trees and bushes – 3 m;
Collector type (biological treatment plant, drain hole, septic tank).

Sewage scheme at the dacha

When drawing up a diagram, you should take into account a number of factors that affect the type and design of the sewer system:

burial depth groundwater;
the depth at which the ground freezes in winter;
soil type and condition;
landscape around the house;
water supply on site.

Consult survey documents for soil information. If there are none, ask your neighbors or indigenous people.

The choice of collector depends on the data you receive and the type of soil. If sand predominates in it, then the ground easily allows runoff to pass through. Getting into groundwater, they pollute the environment. Therefore, it is better to use a collector with a bottom.

A cesspool without a bottom is not suitable for soil with a high concentration of clay. The rock does not conduct moisture well, which leads to rapid silting of the sewer.

Installation of sewer pipes is carried out below the freezing level of the soil. Otherwise, they will freeze and lead to breakdown of the drain system.

When developing a sewerage scheme, take into account that the water supply does not intersect with sewer pipes.

Septic tank installation

An example of a septic tank with biological treatment at a dacha.

There are septic tanks of different designs. Containers are made of plastic, reinforced concrete, brick, metal.

According to the method of waste treatment, all systems can be divided into the following:

with biological treatment;
requiring pumping with a sewer truck;
Wastewater is filtered through the soil.

The last option is cheap, so it is widely used in dachas.

Two-chamber septic tank

A collector of 2 sections connected by an overflow pipe is considered the most convenient. It's easy to build with your own hands.

First, taking into account sanitary requirements, they select a place on the site, make a pit 3 m deep. A sand cushion is poured onto the bottom of the pit; its thickness should be at least 15 cm. After this, formwork is installed and reinforced with reinforcement. To do this, metal rods are used and they are tied together with wire.

You can build not 2, but 4 tanks, then the water will be purified better. Such a septic tank will have to be cleaned once every 2 years.

Installation of sewer system

Now let’s answer the question of how to install a sewer system in a country house.

First of all, we will determine the location for the collection container.

And it doesn’t matter what it will be - a hole, a well or a plastic container. Optimal location- at the lowest point on the site

But keep in mind that if you chose the first two options and plan to clean the collection tank using a sewer truck, you will have to take care of the access road.

Once the location has been established, we begin excavation work. Sometimes their volume is so large that an excavator has to be used. If you decide to do everything manually, then it is better to dig a hole for the container and trenches at the same time.

The depth of laying sewer pipes should be 10-15 centimeters greater than the freezing level of the soil. This is the law.

True, in some northern regions this figure can reach more than 2.5 meters. In such cases you have to use thermal insulation materials or install a heating cable so as not to dig deep.

The depth of the pit for the collection tank will depend on the depth of the sewer pipes. The fact is that the sewer pipes must have a slope from the house towards the tank. It is 2-3 centimeters per 1 meter of sewer network length. And the further the collection is from the house, the deeper it will have to be buried in the ground.

For country sewerage optimal material for pipes is a polymer. And their diameter should be 110 millimeters. Such pipes are connected with couplings. But if there are side circuits, for example, sewage from a bathhouse or swimming pool, then the connection is made with tees or crosses.

Before laying the pipes, the trench must be filled with sand, making a kind of cushion. However, you cannot change the slope.

Installation of tanks and sewer pipes

And several finishing touches. It remains to connect the collection tank and sewer pipes, as well as two parts of the sewer system - internal and external. And now you can fill the pipes and containers with soil.

As you can see, the design of a country sewer system has a fairly simple scheme, but it is necessary to follow the rules for carrying out installation work.

And finally, let us recall those key points without which it is impossible to build a country sewer system. You will:

Selecting the type of sewer network.
The choice of collection container, on which the quality of operation of the entire system depends.
The choice of materials from which containers, pipes, fixtures and additional products are made.
Proper execution of the installation process and excavation work, especially maintaining the slope.
Determination of the depth of groundwater and the level of soil freezing.
Preparing the access road if you plan to use the services of sewage disposal companies for pumping.

Of course, these are not global things, but without them there is no point in talking about high-quality installation and uninterrupted operation of the country sewer system.

Arrangement of internal sewerage

Guided by the developed scheme, buy construction material. As for pipes, choose products at your discretion:

PVC pipes. They are resistant to chemicals, do not rust, do not overgrow, and do not create obstacles to the movement of wastewater. Prices for the material are “reasonable”.
Cast iron pipes. They are distinguished by strength and durability. Disadvantages include: weight, complex installation, price.
Ceramic pipes. This the best option for internal sewerage. The only drawback is the price.

Installation of sewerage inside the house begins with the installation of a central riser with a radius of 5.5 cm at a distance of 4 meters from the windows. After this, the water supply is laid horizontally.

When installing pipes, try not to make straight turns, as this will complicate the transportation of waste water. If this cannot be avoided, then it is better to use 2 corner elements 45 degrees each.

To connect a sink and bathtub, a pipe with a diameter of 5 cm is sufficient. To connect a toilet, choose a product with a diameter of 10 cm.

Do-it-yourself sewerage in a dacha involves a hole in the foundation of the house, which serves to lead the drainage system to the street.

It is mandatory to install a check valve at the outlet, which prevents waste water from returning back.

Standards for the location of treatment facilities on the site

There is a lot of confusion in this area. There are many conflicting norms with different distances, and in different regions These standards may differ, so you need to find out exactly from your local plumbing department. The most common standards can be grouped:

From the house:
- to the septic tank - at least 5 m;
- filter device (absorption well, sand and gravel filter, filter trench) - at least 8 m;
- to the filtration field - 15 m;
From a well and a well (your own or a neighbor’s):
- at least 15 meters if the septic tank is located against the flow of groundwater;
- at least 30 m if the septic tank is downstream of groundwater;
- at least 19 m if it is perpendicular;
To the border of the neighboring plot - at least 4 m;
From the border of your site - at least 1 m.

One more thing. If there is a slope on the site, then the well or borehole should be located above all treatment facilities. To maintain all these distances, you will have to spend a long time working on the site plan.

If everything cannot be observed at once, special attention is paid to the distance to the neighbor’s house and well (well), since a violation is fraught with a complaint, subsequent inspections and fines.

Work on the installation of internal sewerage

The cost of such products is much higher than the cost of plastic. Ceramic risers occupy a leading position in their characteristics, but are expensive.

The main riser is installed at a distance of 4 m from the windows, after which the pipeline is routed horizontally. There is no need to suddenly change its direction, this makes it difficult for wastewater to move. If you need to rotate it 90 degrees, it is better to rotate it 2 times by 45 degrees. A hole is left in advance in the foundation of the house for it. The sink and bathtub are connected to the sewer using a tube with a diameter of 50 mm.

The common pipeline is made at an angle, this ensures the movement of water in the desired direction. A check valve is mounted at the outlet; it prevents waste from flowing back.

Types of sewerage for a summer residence

In summer cottages there are 2 types of sewerage systems. The first option is the organization of a place for collecting pollutants, without a wastewater treatment system. The second type is a reservoir to which sewer pipes are connected. They are laid from the house or other outbuildings.

A pit with a cushion of crushed stone can be made on your own in 1-2 days, but it is better to entrust the construction of the second type of sewage system to a construction company. Such sewers are equipped with automatic filtration systems; specialists are involved in setting them up.

Installation of a dry toilet

This is a simple solution, but it is a temporary measure. Then you still have to think about where to drain wastewater from the shower or kitchen. Summer residents should be prepared for the fact that the presence of a dry closet does not exclude the appearance of unpleasant odors in the area.

Cesspool system

A cesspool in a country house is not the best solution for arranging a sewer system.

20 years ago this was the most common solution, but now there are more effective wastewater treatment systems. The only advantage of a cesspool is that its construction does not require any costs.

The disadvantages of this solution are:

unpleasant odors near the toilet;
Soil pollution;
water consumption will be limited.

Application of storage tank

This type of local sewer can be considered a modification of a cesspool. The difference between this system is the presence of a sealed container, so the soil on the site is not contaminated. But the tank fills up quickly, so waste has to be pumped out frequently.

The scope of application of this type of autonomous sewage system is limited to a small country house not connected to a water supply. Storage tanks are installed in construction camps and other places of temporary residence.

The storage tank is most often made in the form of a serviced septic tank made of concrete rings.

Natural cleaning system based on a septic tank

The design has from 2 to 4 sections. The more there are, the better the wastewater is purified. The output is connected to the drainage system. There are ready-made designs available for sale. The main advantages of such a sewer system: ease of implementation, low cost, no need to connect an external power source.

Other advantages include the fact that there is no unpleasant odor and the soil on the site is not contaminated.

The system has the following disadvantages:

The system should not be overloaded as this may cause an unpleasant odor.
Mechanical cleaners require periodic inspections. The inspection will determine whether the tanks and drainage system need to be cleaned. The frequency of preventive measures is once a year.

Septic tanks are installed in private houses with low or medium levels of wastewater.

Biological treatment method

The biological station runs on electricity. It resembles a septic tank in appearance, but differs from it in the presence of a biofilter. A pump is also installed and this allows purified water to be drained.

The only drawback of such systems is their high cost. But you can save money by making such a sewer system for several houses at once.

Which sewer system should I choose, common or separate?

At the beginning of construction, it is important to decide where wastewater from the kitchen, bath and toilet will be discharged: into one collector or into different ones. As practice shows, it is economically profitable to make separate sewers

Waste water from the kitchen and bathroom is not considered hazardous to the environment. Therefore, a cesspool without a bottom is suitable for it.

As practice shows, it is economically profitable to make separate sewers. Waste water from the kitchen and bathroom is not considered hazardous to the environment. Therefore, a cesspool without a bottom is suitable for it.

Make a sealed tank for toilet drainage cesspool or septic tank.

One pit for drainage will be expensive. The fact is that it fills up quickly and requires regular pumping.

Septic tank without pumping

This is a simple version of the sewer system; it consists of several settling tanks. The first tank is made the largest, the next ones are smaller.

A septic tank without pumping at a dacha consists of 2 or 3 containers connected to each other.

Sizing

Most often, a collector is made 3 m deep and 2 m wide. There must be at least 0.8 m from the bottom to the pipe through which the drain is carried out.

Treatment systems

The advantages of such a sewage system include the fact that anaerobic bacteria process waste. To speed up the process, they can be fed with oxygen.

Scheme of a septic tank with a drainage well for a summer house and a house.

Installation of a finished septic tank

The electrical cable from the cleaning system, powered by electricity, is routed to a separate machine from the panel. A corrugation is put on the wire and then placed in a trench next to the sewer pipe. The cable is connected to the septic tank through terminals.

This type of waste disposal consists of several components.

In the first compartment, heavy particles settle and the process of anaerobic oxidation of contaminants occurs. When enough large quantities The wastewater drainage role is performed by 2 tanks connected to each other by an overflow system.
Partially clarified water enters the stage soil filtration, which, depending on the type of soil and the level of groundwater, can be presented in the form of a filtration well, filtration or absorption fields. Here, the remaining pollutants are retained in the filter layer, for example, crushed stone, and undergo further decomposition. Purified water goes into the ground.

There are ready-made models on the market, but you can also make a septic tank yourself. Most often used for this purpose:

concrete rings;
welded metal containers;
Eurocubes or other sealed plastic containers.

Each of these types of septic tanks has its own installation features. In general, installation includes the following steps:

digging a pit that exceeds the dimensions of the containers by 30-50 cm in length and width;
bottom leveling and filling sand cushion 15 mm thick;
for concrete and light plastic tanks - pouring a concrete base;
installation of the container or its elements;
connection to the supply and discharge pipes;
arrangement of soil tertiary treatment;
installation of hatches;
backfilling.

To prevent the spread of stench from the septic tank and improve the cleaning process, it is recommended to add biological products to the tanks. About once a year you will need to hire a sewer truck to pump out the sediment from the septic tank.

Cleaning septic tank model	Performance (m3/day)	price, rub.
Septic tank Cleaning 1800	0,65	33490
Septic tank Cleaning 2000	0,70	34280
Septic tank Cleaning 2500	0,85	36840
Septic tank Cleaning 2500N	0,85	40440
Septic tank Cleaning 3000	1	45400
Septic tank Cleaning 4000	1,3	51740
Septic tank Cleaning 5000	1,7	62040
Septic tank Cleaning 6000	2	65200
Septic tank Cleaning 7000	2,5	73120
Septic tank Cleaning 9000	3	86160

Model	Description	Volume	Performance	Price, thousand rubles
Local treatment plant"TERMIT-1.2F"	The septic tank is made of linear polyethylene with a thickness of up to 20 mm. Total volume 1200 liters. The local treatment plant has a rectangular shape with a length of 1310 mm, a width of 1160 mm, a height of 1040/1540 - without a neck and with a neck.	1.2 m3	0.35 m3 per day 1-2 users	18
Local treatment plant “TERMIT-2F”	The septic tank is made of linear polyethylene with a thickness of up to 20 mm. Total volume 2000 liters. The local treatment plant has a rectangular shape with a length of 1700 mm, a width of 1200 mm, a height of 1450/2050 - without a neck and with a neck.	2 m3		28,6
Local treatment plant “TERMIT-2.5F”	The septic tank has a rectangular shape, 1.8 meters long, 1.2 meters wide, 1450/2050 high - without a neck and with a neck. The septic tank has two necks. The first with a diameter of 500 mm. with a polyethylene lid for pumping out activated sludge formed during the operation of the septic tank. The second, with a diameter of 700 mm with a lid, a polyethylene hatch for technological maintenance of the filter element and pumping out sludge from the second section.	2.5 m3		32,4
Local treatment plant “TERMIT-3F”	The septic tank has a rectangular shape with a length of 2220 mm, a width of 1160 mm, a height of 1385/2030 - without a neck and with a neck. The septic tank has two necks. The first with a diameter of 500 mm. with a polyethylene lid for pumping out activated sludge formed during the operation of the septic tank. The second, also 500 mm in diameter, with a lid and a polyethylene hatch for technological maintenance of the filter element and pumping out sludge from the second section. The filter element housing is made of polyethylene.	3.0 m3	1.4 m3 per day 4-6 users	37,8
Local treatment plant “TERMIT-3.5F”	The septic tank has a rectangular shape, 2.3 meters long, 1.2 meters wide, 1450/2050 high - without a neck and with a neck. The septic tank has two necks. The first with a diameter of 500 mm. with a polyethylene lid for pumping out activated sludge formed during the operation of the septic tank. The second, with a diameter of 700 mm with a lid, a polyethylene hatch for technological maintenance of the filter element and pumping out sludge from the second and third sections. The filter element housing is made of polyethylene.	3.5 m3	1.8 m3 per day 5 -7 users	39,8
Local treatment plant “TERMIT-5.5F”	Made of linear polyethylene, thickness up to 20 mm. Total volume 5500 liters. The septic tank has a rectangular shape, 2.3 meters long, 1.7 meters wide, 2.6 m high (including neck). The septic tank has two necks. The first with a diameter of 500 mm. with a polyethylene lid for pumping out activated sludge formed during the operation of the septic tank. The second, with a diameter of 700 mm with a lid, a polyethylene hatch for technological maintenance of the filter element and pumping out sludge from the second and third sections.	5.5 m3		59,8
VOC "TERMIT-ECONOMY-2F"		2 m3	0.7 m3 per day 2-4 users	27,3
VOC "TERMIT-ECONOMY-2.5F"	A two-chamber septic tank with a filter element.	2.5 m3	1 m3 per day 3-5 users	31
VOC "TERMIT-ECONOMY-3F"		3 m3		34
VOC "TERMIT-ECONOMY-3.5F"	Three-chamber septic tank with a filter element.	3.5 m3	1.4 m3 per day 5-7 users	36
VOC "TERMIT-ECONOMY-5.5F"	Three-chamber septic tank with a filter element. Made of linear polyethylene, thickness up to 20 mm. Total volume 5500 liters. The septic tank has a rectangular shape, 2.3 meters long, 1.7 meters wide, 2.6 m high (including neck).	5.5 m3	2.5 m3 per day 7-11 users	56,3
Septic tank "Termite-1.2N"	Made from high density low pressure polyethylene. The thickness of the container walls is up to 20 mm. Total volume 1200 liters. The septic tank has a rectangular shape with a length of 1310 mm, a width of 1160 mm, a height of 1040/1540 - without a neck and with a neck. The septic tank has a neck with a diameter of 650 mm with a polyethylene lid for pumping activated sludge from two chambers formed during the operation of the septic tank.	1.2 m3	-	17 000

These are the most modern and efficient systems. The degree of water purification in them is almost 100%. Water from the stations can be used for irrigation and other technical needs, or discharged onto the terrain or reservoir without harming the environment. Their distinctive feature is the presence of a compressor that pumps air, in the presence of which special microorganisms completely decompose pollutants.

The disadvantage of the system is cost and energy dependence.

You can set up an aeration station yourself, but it is better to purchase ready-made equipment in the form plastic container with compressor. There are many options available.

You can install them yourself. Installation is described in the instructions for the device and differs from installing a simple septic tank in that it is connected to the electrical network and there is no need to arrange soil treatment.

Note! To achieve effective cleaning faster, you need to add special river sludge or crushed food products at the very beginning.

To maintain the station, you will need to call a machine once a year to pump out sludge and sediment from the sedimentation tank, or do it yourself.

Thus, it is quite possible to install high-quality sewerage in a country house yourself. The main thing is to draw up a detailed diagram and take into account all the nuances.

Video - Do-it-yourself sewerage at the dacha

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