Target: introduce students to the diversity of medicinal plants in the swamp community.

Tasks:

• find out the features external structure, beneficial features medicinal plants of the swamp community;
• learn to recognize medicinal plants in herbarium specimens and photographs;
• develop cognitive interest in medicinal plants of your area;
• cultivate a caring attitude towards plants.

Lesson format: lesson - expedition.

Teaching methods:

• reproductive,
• partially search,
• research.

Equipment:

• herbal notebook of the expedition participant (Appendix 1),
• information card and blanks for filling out the table (Appendix 2),
• multimedia projector, presentation disc (Appendix 3),
• herbariums and postcards of medicinal plants from the swamp community,
• epigraph on the board,
• glue sticks,
• to demonstrate dry experience sphagnum moss,
• glass of water,
• tokens with the names of medicinal plants of the swamp.

During the classes

1. Org. moment (greeting, getting ready to work).
2. Goal setting and motivation (explanation of how the lesson will proceed, goal setting).

Teacher: Today our lesson is on the topic “ Medicinal plants” will be unusual. I invite you to become participants in a scientific expedition. To find out where it will take place, guess the riddle:

Everyone goes around this place:
Here is the land.
It's like dough;
There are sedges, hummocks, and mosses.
No leg support.

Students: this is a swamp.

Teacher: So, the route of our expedition will pass through the swamp.

People have long created legends about the swamp. What pictures do you imagine when it comes to a swamp? (In this word one hears something frightening, ominous. Others see in it something mysterious, fabulous, etc.)

Appeal to the epigraph

The swamp is a special world, living its own special life, having permanent inhabitants and temporary guests, its own voices, its own noises and, most importantly, its own secret... (Guy De Maupassant)

There are many unsolved secrets of the swamps; they are studied by swamp scientists. We will also try to reveal the secrets of some plants - their external biological features, healing properties. The expedition route will pass along the eastern edge of the swamp in the vicinity of our native village Novobureysky. Until 1900, this territory was a continuous swamp. As a result of construction and land drainage, only small areas. (Appendix 3. Slides).

1. Updating knowledge

Teacher: To check the readiness of the expedition members for research work, let's remember what is called a swamp? (Students give their definition, then turn to the dictionary in their notebook).

A swamp is an area of ​​excess moisture where moisture-loving plants grow and peat accumulates.

What plants are found in the swamp? (Sedge, marigold, iris, sundew, wild rosemary, wild rosemary).

Teacher: Right. A swamp is characterized by a small species diversity plants. What is this connected with? (Not all plants can grow in conditions high humidity). Let's get acquainted with medicinal plants - typical representatives swamp communities.

1. Learning new material

Teacher: For its unusual trifoliate leaves, this plant is popularly called “three-leafed”. This is a three-leaf watch ( slide).

And this is a primrose plant. As soon as the sun warms up, yellow, inconspicuous flowers appear, which are located in a kind of plate of bright greenish-yellow leaves. The plant received its name due to its use in folk medicine in the treatment of spleen diseases. This is the spleen ( slide).

This plant is known in science as a predator. Its entire aerial part is used for dry coughs, as an antipyretic. This... (Slide of sundew rotundifolia).

Famous berry plant- Blueberries also grow in the swamp. Unfortunately, you won’t see it on our route. Why? (Students express their guesses).

Due to annual fires and grass mowing, this plant disappeared from the swamp community in the vicinity of our village.

Sphagnum moss is an amazing plant with unique properties. (Experiment demonstration: place dry sphagnum moss in a glass of water).

What happened to the dry moss? (Sphagnum absorbed water like a sponge). This happens due to empty dead cells. During the Great Patriotic War sphagnum moss was used instead of cotton wool as a dressing material. Not only does it absorb water, but it also has antibacterial properties.

In addition to the listed medicinal plants, in our swamp there are also: valerian officinalis, swamp whiteweed, knotweed, marsh cinquefoil, marsh chickweed, marsh cudweed, loosestrife.

Please note that many plants have the specific name “swamp”, which indicates their typical habitat. (Slides).

And now our expedition group faces important work in processing the collected information. In your herbal notebook, fill out the table “Medicinal plants of the swamp.” Use information cards and ready-made blanks for this. (paste them into the required column of the table). Be careful, pay attention to the screen where the medicinal plants of the swamp are depicted.

Medicinal plants of the swamp

1. Consolidation and application of knowledge

Didactic game “Guess it!”

Students take turns drawing tokens with the names of the medicinal plants of the swamp, without showing them to anyone. Give a brief morphological (external) description of the plant. The rest of the guys must guess what medicinal plant we are talking about, find and show it on the herbarium or on postcards.

1. Self-control

Solving the crossword puzzle (work in a phytotebook).

1. Summing up the expedition

Our correspondence expedition through the swamp in the vicinity of the village of Novobureysky has ended. We have revealed to you the healing secrets of the plants living in this amazing community. Currently, in our swamp, in the vicinity of the village of Novobureysky, more than 30 species of different plants grow. Such a large species diversity is due to the fact that environmental conditions and the appearance of the swamp change over time. Increasingly, in the swamp you can find various weeds, meadows, and forest plants.

In the future, we will go out into the swamp more than once, and in practice we will identify medicinal plants and expand our knowledge about them.

If you have to collect medicinal plants, do not forget the rules for collecting them. Remember, some medicinal plants used in large doses are poisonous. For example, wild rosemary causes dizziness, and sundew causes paralysis of the nervous system.

And, of course, when visiting the swamp, do not allow such a picture to happen.... (Appendix 3. Slides of fire, pollution of the swamp with household waste).

1. Reflection

Expressing judgments about one's own achievements. For example,

• I liked the lesson...
• During the lesson I remember...
• I was surprised when...
• I learned in class...etc.

1. Homework:

§ 41 (textbook of natural history 5th grade. V.M. Pakulova, N.V. Ivanova).

I invite you to take part in the competition of traditional healers. Create your own or find a ready-made recipe for treating various diseases using medicinal plants from the swamp. We will send the best recipes to the Aibolit newspaper.

Thanks everyone for your work. Good health to you!

Literature:

1. Ryzhkova N.P. Medicinal plants of the Far East. - Blagoveshchensk, - 1994. - 216 p.
2. Russkikh R.D. Forest Robinsons. -Izhevsk, “Udmurtia”, 1973. - 168 p.
3. Sokolov S.Ya., Zamotaev I.P. Medicinal plants. - M.: “Vita”, 1993. - 512 p.

Common reed

The established opinion that almost nothing grows in a swamp has no basis in reality. In terms of the diversity of its plant species composition, the swamp is in no way inferior to a forest or meadow, and in some places even surpasses it.

Most marsh plants are hygrophilic (moisture-loving) plants.

Almost all of them are immersed in water, as a result of which they lack stomata that retain water. The leaves of swamp plants are better than others at retaining oxygen, which is so rare in swamp water.

All marsh plants are classified into 5 groups:

• microphytes These are plants that inhabit the bottom of the swamp.

  Here, at a depth of about 6 meters, it grows a large number of seaweed Among them are blue-green algae, diatoms and filamentous green algae.

• macrophytes These are plants that inhabit the water column of the swamp (3-6 meters from the shore). Among them there are also flowering plants. Here you can find green algae such as chara and nitella, and many mosses, among which sphagnum (peat) predominate.

  Flowering plants include angustifolia pondweed and hornwort.

• swamp plants level 1 These are plants that inhabit the immediate water area of ​​the swamp (1.5-3 meters from the shore).

  They are the ones who make up the usual idea of ​​a swamp. Among the growing specimens there are numerous broad-leaved pondweeds, white water lilies (water lilies), yellow egg capsules, floating pondweed, etc.

• swamp plants level 11 These are plants that inhabit the coastal area of ​​the swamp (less than 1.5 meters from the shore). Among them are reeds, reeds, horsetails, many sedges, arrowhead, susak, hedgehog, chastukha, sitnyag, buttercup, Scheuchzeria, rhynchospora, marsh iris, etc.
• coastal marsh vegetation These are plants growing along the banks of the swamp.

  Among them are watchwort, cinquefoil, whitewing, and many green mosses (drepanocladus, calliergon). Small trees often grow: alder, birch and willow; among the shrubs - cranberry, cassandra, heather, cotton grass.

  There are also very rare predator plants - sundew and butterwort.

Marsh marigold

River gravity

Cuckoo color

Calamus marsh

Buttercup caustic

Swamp whitewing

Forget-me-not swamp

Common loosestrife

All organisms need water; life without it is impossible.

But everything is good in moderation. When there is too much water, plants suffer from a lack of oxygen for breathing, because water has displaced it from the soil. Life in humid places is not for everyone, but there are plants that have adapted to such life.

A swamp is a community of perennial plants that can grow in conditions of abundant moisture from flowing or standing water. Swamp soil contains little oxygen, and often nutrients(mineral salts) that plants need.

Exist different types swamps

There are sphagnum swamps (they are also called peat bogs). Among the plants there, sphagnum moss predominates - you will read about it in the book. Only here you can find the well-known cranberry and the amazing sundew plant. We will also talk about them later.

There are swamps where sedges predominate. Other herbs also grow with them.

These swamps are called grassy (or lowland). Swamps, where you can find not only perennial grasses and mosses, but also many trees and shrubs, are called forest swamps.

In a meadow, in a forest, along the banks of rivers and lakes, along the road, there are often areas with a high water content in the soil. Plants adapted to life in waterlogged conditions also settle here.

1. Underline the swamp producers with a green pencil, consumers with a red pencil, and destroyers with a brown pencil.

Ptarmigan, sandpiper, cranberry, rosemary, crane, microbes, frog, blueberry, sedge, elk, mosquito, cloudberry, sphagnum.

What did the artist get wrong? Place the arrows correctly.

Swap pike and eagle, partridge and carp.

Guess and write what it's called natural wealth swamps, from which jelly and jam are made.

4. Solve the crossword puzzle, and then you will be able to read the name of the “profession” of organisms that have a hard time in the swamp.

1. Mosquito larvae living at the bottom of the lake. — Bloodworm

2. A chatty bird with long legs. — Crane

The most important plant of swamps. — Sphagnum

4. A coastal plant that is often incorrectly called reed. — Rogoz

5. Fuel formed from dead plant residues. — Peat

6. Predatory lake fish. — Pike

7. Long-nosed wading bird. — Sandpiper

8. An insect that “feeds” on moose.

— Mosquito

Garbage man

Learning to understand text

Read the text “How peat is formed” on page 52 of the textbook. Complete the tasks.

1. What is peat formed from? Choose the correct answer and mark it.

From the dead remains of sphagnum moss.

From the dead remains of swamp animals.

Why does peat form in swamps? Choose only one answer and mark it.

Because there is no oxygen in wet swamp soil and destroyers cannot live.

3. Why are there so few destroyers in the swamp? Choose only one answer and mark it.

Sphagnum kills microbes.

How do people use peat? Choose only one answer and mark it.

As fuel.

5. Write down from the dead remains of which living organisms peat is formed.

From the dead remains of marsh plants and animals.

Which sentence best helps you understand the main idea of ​​the text? Choose only one answer and mark it.

Therefore, the dead remains are not destroyed, but are gradually compacted and turned into peat.

On the peculiarities of peat formation.

8. If the text had one more paragraph, what would it talk about?

About what kind of ecosystem formed in place of the swamps.

Which heading more accurately reflects the content of the text? Choose only one answer and mark it.

Where does sphagnum live?

10. What did you find most interesting in this text? Why are you interested in this?

It's interesting how people use sphagnum moss.

Swamp plants

All organisms need water; life without it is impossible. But everything is good in moderation. When there is too much water, plants suffer from a lack of oxygen for breathing, because water has displaced it from the soil. Life in humid places is not for everyone, but there are plants that have adapted to such life.

A swamp is a community of perennial plants that can grow in conditions of abundant moisture from flowing or standing water.

Swamp soil contains little oxygen and often nutrients (mineral salts) that plants need.

There are different types of swamps. There are sphagnum swamps (they are also called peat bogs). Among the plants there, sphagnum moss predominates - you will read about it in the book. Only here you can find the well-known cranberry and the amazing sundew plant.

We will also talk about them later.
There are swamps where sedges predominate. Other herbs also grow with them. These swamps are called grassy (or lowland). Swamps, where you can find not only perennial grasses and mosses, but also many trees and shrubs, are called forest swamps.
In a meadow, in a forest, along the banks of rivers and lakes, along the road, there are often areas with a high water content in the soil.

Plants adapted to life in waterlogged conditions also settle here.

The most famous of the marsh shrubs is cranberry. It grows on ridges and in hollows, and in some places forms a continuous cover. Everyone has seen cranberries, but some townspeople don’t know how beautifully they bloom. The common swamp cranberry grows throughout the swamp; its berries differ in size and shape (round, pear-shaped, large, and smaller), and sometimes small-fruited cranberries are found on high hummocks.

It has very small berries and smaller flowers. It has no economic significance, but it is by its presence that one can judge that the “swamp is untouched” and is worth protecting.

There is also a bush with berries - black crowberry. It grows on ridges and in swampy pine forests on the outskirts of the swamp. It is also called crowberry - the berries are tasteless, but quench thirst well. And the name “crowberry,” of course, comes from the fact that the berries look like bird’s eyes.
Two other amazing swamp shrubs, the common myrtle and the marsh myrtle, or Cassandra, do not produce tasty berries. Their flowers have a similar shape - they resemble a ball, and, probably, this shape is not accidental...

Podbel is called podbel for the leaves that are white below, and the leaves of the swamp myrtle resemble true myrtle, which grows much further south. These plants are found only in swamps.

And here are a couple more shrubs - heather and wild rosemary They grow not only in swamps, but also in pine forests on sand and in swampy pine forests.

Marsh rosemary has a wonderfully strong and intoxicating smell. They say that if you breathe it for a long time, you may get a headache, but, like any medicine in small doses, it is, of course, useful and is used in medicine. Heather is also used in medicine. In addition, he is a good honey planter. Heather flowers are pink, it is very decorative.

Swamp plants.

The treeless swamps of the taiga zone are dominated by plants from the family of sedges (downy grass, cotton grass, reeds, and moth grass), rush grasses (Scheuchzeria, triosperium), and grasses (reed grass, reed grass, molinia).

Water lily pure white large snow-white water lily flower. It grows in quiet river backwaters and deep hollows of swamps. The flowers reach 12 cm in diameter, and the rounded leaves are 30 cm. The pure white water lily is a living clock. In the evening, at 6-7 o'clock, its flowers close and are immersed in water, and in the morning, also at 6-7 o'clock, they appear above the water and open again.

But if the flowers don’t appear in the morning, wait for the rain. The rhizomes of water lilies contain up to 20% starch; they are readily eaten by muskrats, water rats and even pigs. The water lily is used in medicine. The alkaloid nymphein, extracted from the plant, is used for diseases Bladder and gastritis.

Common reed. The ubiquitous reed is found from the forest-tundra to the tropics. It forms floodplains at river mouths, thickets in shallow lakes and on saline sea coasts, and phytocenoses in open and forested lowland and transitional swamps.

On the swamps in optimal conditions it reaches a height of 2m, and in the extremes it is only 50-70cm. Actually, he likes reeds running water; therefore, it also settles in swamps where water moves along the surface or in the depths of a peat deposit. And the better the flow and the richer the nutrition, the more green mass the reed forms annually. From 1 hectare of reed beds you can get from 8 to 60 quintals of hay, and the earlier it is cut, the richer it is in carotene (provitamin A).

Water flowing through reed floodplains is purified as if by a filter: reed extracts many harmful substances(sodium, sulfur), retains oil film, clay, suspended matter. But the significance of the reed is not limited to this: the fate of many species of birds and animals that live in its thickets is connected with it. Since ancient times, the leaves and stems of reeds have been used to weave baskets, shields, and mats.

It is used for fuel, to cover roofs, and for fences. Paper is made from reed: its yield from dry raw materials is up to 50%.

Sedges. The most common bog plants are sedges: about 40 species are found in peat bogs, along the banks of rivers and lakes, in swampy forests and meadows. The height of the sedges varies: from 10 cm to 1 m, and the spikelets are either very small (about 0.5 cm) or large (up to 10 cm).

There is either one spikelet or several of them, collected in a panicle; they can be erect or pendulous. Due to their morphological diversity and biological plasticity, sedges occupy different habitats in swamps: from oligotrophic to eutrophic.

Sedges have and practical significance. They are primarily used as hay. When cut before flowering or heading, but not later, they contain twice the amount of digestible protein. Some sedges are even higher in protein content than many cereals.

Some sedges are well eaten in hay, others are used in the production of silage. Large sedges are suitable for coarse fiber and even paper.

Valerian officinalis. Valerian is becoming increasingly rare in natural habitats. And yet it can still be found in low-lying swamps, swampy meadows, and wet forest edges. Large pinkish-lilac fragrant inflorescences decorate this plant in summer.

Its rhizome is 2-3 cm long and thick, biennial, with many cord-like roots, with a strong, peculiar odor.

Yellow egg capsule. This is the water lily's constant neighbor. Their leaves are similar, but the flowers of the egg capsule are different: yellow, small.

Common hellebore. It is an inhabitant of damp meadows, isolated lowland swamps and wet thickets of bushes. Folk names hellebores - green anchar, top.
Hellebore is very poisonous!

Already 2g of fresh hellebore roots can kill a horse. Livestock usually does not touch hellebore, but young animals often die after eating it, and even their meat becomes poisonous. Hellebore is also dangerous in hay, since its poisons are not destroyed when dried. Hellebore poisons penetrate the blood even through the skin. If its juice gets on the skin, then first a burning sensation is felt, then coldness and sensitivity is completely lost.

Veh poisonous. This perennial with a thick rhizome and large leaves, dissected into narrow lobes. It is found in low-lying swamps, marshy meadows, along the banks of rivers and lakes (the Latin name Cicuta comes from the Greek word meaning “empty”).

The rhizome of the vekha is especially poisonous, pink on the inside, empty, divided by partitions. It tastes like rutabaga or radish, and smells like carrots. 100-200g of raw rhizome already kills a cow, and 50-100g kills a sheep. Children, attracted by the juicy and appetizing-looking rhizome, and domestic animals are often poisoned by it. The poison strikes and depresses nervous system, reduces physical activity and blood pressure.

Progressive poisoning can be avoided by giving milk, eggs, and anticonvulsants.

And yet the poisonous milestone also has a certain practical significance.

Its roots and rhizomes in folk medicine are used externally in the treatment of rheumatism, gout, and some skin diseases. An infusion of Vekha herb is considered anticonvulsant and diaphoretic, expectorant and sedative. It is used to treat whooping cough, epilepsy, hysteria, stuttering, and psychosis.

Veh is also used in gardening. Infusion of his herbs - good remedy against leaf-eating caterpillars and sawfly larvae.

Swamp whitewing.

This plant forms dense thickets along the marshy banks of rivers and lakes; It is found in lowland forests (spruce, black alder) and swampy swamps.

The plant is named after the whitewing white sheet, covering the inflorescence.

Marsh marigold. It often grows directly in the shallow water of rivers and lakes. It is noted that during the flowering period the plant is poisonous, but very large doses are needed for poisoning. Livestock does not eat it, but people eat marigold buds, preparing them in a special way and using them instead of capers as a seasoning for meat dishes.

All swamps are formed when there is an excess of stagnant water. They are most widespread in the northern part of the forest zone, since cold summers and high humidity promote their development.

Swamps are especially well developed in Western Siberia, which is facilitated by its flat terrain; There are few peat bogs in mountainous Eastern Siberia. Peat bogs are significantly developed in Kamchatka.

Raised peat, or sphagnum, bogs are formed in place of spruce or pine forests, sometimes in forest meadows, usually in depressions and hollows with stagnant moisture that prevents the penetration of air oxygen. Here, dying plants do not rot, as was the case in dry soils, but turn into peat. The peat layer can be very thick—several meters. Peat bogs are typical for the forest zone; their southern border in the European part runs approximately from the Baltic states through the south of the Minsk region, the north of the Chernigov region, through Smolensk to Moscow-Gorky. Peat moss is found in isolated small areas further south, but does not enter the steppe zone.

To the north of the taiga zone, in the tundra, peat bogs are very common.

In peat bogs, plants are placed in special conditions existence. Sphagnum moss grows with its tops by several millimeters every year, and thus the level of the entire swamp gradually rises, which is why it received the name raised. Plants have adapted to this in different ways: shrubs grow roots higher up the stem, grasses, stretching out, bring their wintering buds to the surface of the moss cushions in the spring. Groundwater is located under a layer of peat and is often inaccessible to plants. Therefore, plants absorb water from moss cushions, which absorb atmospheric moisture - rain and dew, absorbed by the moss like a sponge. In this regard, these swamps are wet only in rain and cloudy weather, and dry out in drought. On a continuous carpet of peat, or sphagnum, moss (from the Greek “sphagnos” - sponge) grow a few low bushes- wild rosemary, berry bushes - blueberries, blueberries, lingonberries, cloudberries, cranberries, crowberries; herbaceous plants very little. The sundew is a peculiarly insectivorous plant. On some peat bogs, low, stunted and crooked pines and dwarf birch grow; spruce does not survive here.

Grassy, ​​or lowland, swamps look completely different, wet and in drought. Here plants have access to groundwater. Lowland swamps are usually formed by the overgrowing of more or less large river oxbow lakes and drainless lakes, and are also found around river mouths or along their banks. This process can occur from the bottom, through the gradual deposition of dying underwater and coastal plants. Reservoirs are inhabited by plants that float, such as duckweed, or, at shallow depths, take root at the bottom. Some species grow under water, others bear leaves and flowers on long petioles that float on the water - white water lilies and yellow capsules. In the shallow coastal zone, reeds and reeds form a belt, or marsh calamus, cattails and other plants settle here. The marshy land is inhabited by sedges, cotton grass, buttercups, iris, cinquefoil, water pepper, etc. All this vegetation gradually moves onto the reservoir and reduces or completely covers the water surface. Along the mouths of large rivers, reeds and reeds sometimes occupy a large area. In other swamps, sedges and cotton grass predominate.

Reservoirs can also become overgrown from the surface by forming a floating carpet along its edges, and in the center - floating islands that gradually grow together (rafts). Rhizomes and turf are intertwined in this carpet aquatic plants, its thickness gradually increases and unsteady swamps appear - bogs.

There are many grass swamps in the northern forest zone and tundra; they are often found in more southern forests and in the steppe zone. In some forests, black alder swamps develop, which are flooded with water in the spring. Sometimes meadows become swamped, and then, under the influence of unfavorable environmental conditions, meadow grasses are replaced by marsh grasses.

Many medicinal plants are collected in the swamps. Peat moss, cranberries, blueberries, cloudberries, lingonberry leaves, wild rosemary branches, and sundews are harvested in the high bogs. In lowland swamps and reservoirs - trefoil watch, marsh calamus; in wet meadows and along rivers - water pepper and succession.

Lesson-expedition on the topic "Medicinal plants of the swamp community." Natural history, 5th grade

Target: introduce students to the diversity of medicinal plants in the swamp community.

Tasks:

• find out the features of the external structure, beneficial properties of medicinal plants of the swamp community;
• learn to recognize medicinal plants in herbarium specimens and photographs;
• develop cognitive interest in medicinal plants of your area;
• cultivate a caring attitude towards plants.

Lesson format: lesson - expedition.

Teaching methods:

• reproductive,
• partially search,
• research.

Equipment:

• expedition participant's herbal notebook(Annex 1) ,
• information card and blanks for filling out the table(Appendix 2) ,
• multimedia projector, presentation disc(Appendix 3) ,
• herbariums and postcards of medicinal plants from the swamp community,
• epigraph on the board,
• glue sticks,
• to demonstrate the experiment, dry sphagnum moss,
• glass of water,
• tokens with the names of medicinal plants of the swamp.

During the classes

1. Org. moment (greeting, getting ready to work).
2. Goal setting and motivation (explanation of how the lesson will proceed, goal setting).

Teacher: Today our lesson on the topic “Medicinal Plants” will be unusual. I invite you to become participants in a scientific expedition. To find out where it will take place, guess the riddle:

Everyone goes around this place:
Here is the land.
It's like dough;
There are sedges, hummocks, and mosses.
No leg support.

Students: this is a swamp.

Teacher: So, the route of our expedition will pass through the swamp.

People have long created legends about the swamp. What pictures do you imagine when it comes to a swamp? (In this word one hears something frightening, ominous. Others see in it something mysterious, fabulous, etc.)

Appeal to the epigraph

The swamp is a special world, living its own special life, having permanent inhabitants and temporary guests, its own voices, its own noises and, most importantly, its own secret... (Guy De Maupassant)

There are many unsolved secrets of the swamps; they are studied by swamp scientists. We will also try to reveal the secrets of some plants - their external biological characteristics, healing properties. The expedition route will pass along the eastern edge of the swamp in the vicinity of our native village of Novobureysky. Until 1900, this territory was a continuous swamp. As a result of construction and land drainage, only small areas remained of it. ( Appendix 3 . Slides).

1. Updating knowledge

Teacher: To check the readiness of expedition participants for research work, let's remember what is called a swamp? (Students give their definition, then turn to the dictionary in their notebook).

A swamp is an area of ​​excess moisture where moisture-loving plants grow and peat accumulates.

What plants are found in the swamp? (Sedge, marigold, iris, sundew, wild rosemary, wild rosemary).

Teacher: Right. The swamp is characterized by low plant species diversity. What is this connected with? (Not all plants can grow in high humidity conditions.) Let's get acquainted with medicinal plants - typical representatives of the swamp community.

1. Learning new material

Teacher: For its unusual trifoliate leaves, this plant is popularly called “three-leafed”. This is a three-leaf watch ( slide).

And this is a primrose plant. As soon as the sun warms up, yellow, inconspicuous flowers appear, which are located in a kind of plate of bright greenish-yellow leaves. The plant got its name due to its use in folk medicine in the treatment of spleen diseases. This is the spleen ( slide).

This plant is known in science as a predator. Its entire aerial part is used for dry coughs, as an antipyretic. This... (Slide of sundew rotundifolia).

The famous berry plant, blueberry, also grows in the swamp. Unfortunately, you won’t see it on our route. Why? (Students express their guesses).

Due to annual fires and grass mowing, this plant disappeared from the swamp community in the vicinity of our village.

Sphagnum moss is an amazing plant with unique properties. (Experiment demonstration: place dry sphagnum moss in a glass of water).

What happened to the dry moss? (Sphagnum absorbed water like a sponge). This happens due to empty dead cells. During the Great Patriotic War, sphagnum moss was used instead of cotton wool as a dressing material. Not only does it absorb water, but it also has antibacterial properties.

In addition to the listed medicinal plants, in our swamp there are also: valerian officinalis, swamp whiteweed, knotweed, marsh cinquefoil, marsh chickweed, marsh cudweed, loosestrife.

Please note that many plants have the specific name “swamp”, which indicates their typical habitat. (Slides).

And now our expedition group faces important work in processing the collected information. In your herbal notebook, fill out the table “Medicinal plants of the swamp.” Use information cards and ready-made blanks for this. (paste them into the required column of the table). Be careful, pay attention to the screen where the medicinal plants of the swamp are depicted.

Medicinal plants of the swamp

1. Consolidation and application of knowledge

Didactic game “Guess it!”

Students take turns drawing tokens with the names of the medicinal plants of the swamp, without showing them to anyone. Give a brief morphological (external) description of the plant. The rest of the guys must guess what medicinal plant we are talking about, find and show it on the herbarium or on postcards.

1. Self-control

Solving the crossword puzzle (work in a phytotebook).

1. Summing up the expedition

Our correspondence expedition through the swamp in the vicinity of the village of Novobureysky has ended. We have revealed to you the healing secrets of the plants living in this amazing community. Currently, in our swamp, in the vicinity of the village of Novobureysky, more than 30 species of different plants grow. Such a large species diversity is due to the fact that environmental conditions and the appearance of the swamp change over time. Increasingly, in the swamp you can find various weeds, meadows, and forest plants.

In the future, we will go out into the swamp more than once, and in practice we will identify medicinal plants and expand our knowledge about them.

If you have to collect medicinal plants, do not forget the rules for collecting them. Remember, some medicinal plants used in large doses are poisonous. For example, wild rosemary causes dizziness, sundew causes paralysis of the nervous system.

And, of course, when visiting the swamp, do not allow such a picture to happen.... ( Appendix 3. Slides of a fire, pollution of a swamp with household waste).

1. Reflection

Expressing judgments about one's own achievements. For example,

• I liked the lesson...
• During the lesson I remember...
• I was surprised when...
• I learned in class...etc.

1. Homework:

§ 41 (textbook of natural history 5th grade. V.M. Pakulova, N.V. Ivanova).

I invite you to take part in the competition of traditional healers. Create your own or find a ready-made recipe for treating various diseases using medicinal plants from the swamp. Best Recipes we will send it to the newspaper “Aibolit”.

Thanks everyone for your work. Good health to you!

Literature:

1. Ryzhkova N.P. Medicinal plants Far East. - Blagoveshchensk, - 1994. - 216 p.
2. Russkikh R.D. Forest Robinsons. -Izhevsk, “Udmurtia”, 1973. - 168 p.
3. Sokolov S.Ya., Zamotaev I.P. Medicinal plants. - M.: “Vita”, 1993. - 512 p.

Center of Western Siberia. There are sphagnum bogs all around, interspersed with sphagnum forests, ordinary forests, green moss forests, and mixed forests. In the swamps, in addition to sphagnum moss (from which peat is formed), pine trees, wild rosemary, dwarf birch, and sundew grow along the outskirts. Far from the edge, in addition to the same moss, cranberries grow. But the mass of moss is hundreds of times greater than all other plants combined. And such swamps stretch to the horizon.

... cloudberries for me, cloudberries... call your wife, let her spoon feed me...

When I found out that Pushkin’s last words were these (not counting the fact that he began to argue with the family doctor about whether life was over), she did everything to definitely try the berry. Delicious! And according to experts, it grows only in swamps.

Well, firstly, such tasty and healthy berries grow in the swamp as cloudberries, blueberries, blueberries, lingonberries, and cranberries. There is also moss and wild rosemary growing there.

I myself often go to the swamp in the summer for the above-mentioned berries and I can say that the only trees that grow there are pine trees (they are very tall), there are also shrubs and small birch trees, but they die very quickly.

Hummocks grow in the swamp) And on the hummocks cranberries, cloudberries, and blueberries grow.

Herbal plants include sedge. Small shrubs such as wild rosemary and heather. And there is also moss growing in the swamp.

Trees also grow in the swamp, but they are somehow small and clumsy (birch trees, aspens, pines)

On the hummocks of drier swamps, mushrooms grow - boletus mushrooms. And the birches in such swamps are not so clumsy and small.

Very tasty and healthy berries grow in the swamps: blueberries, cloudberries, cranberries. Among the plants are moss, sedge, wild rosemary, calamus. This is what it is - a swamp, not so swampy, it also has benefits

Various very tasty and healthy berries grow in the swamp: cranberries, cloudberries, crowberries (crowberries), blueberries, and princesses.

Moss grows in the swamp.

Among the shrubs in the swamp you can find wild rosemary, bog myrtle, and podbel (grows in raised bogs). The photo below shows wild rosemary.

Trees grow poorly in swampy areas, so only small pine trees can be found in the swamp.

As far as I know, various marsh herbs and berries grow in swamps. In particular, marsh herbs include calamus, rosemary, moss, and sedge, and marsh berries include lingonberries, blueberries, cranberries, and cloudberries.

The vegetation of the swamps is very unique. First of all, there is a lot of moss and sedge. You can often see cattails in swamps, which many call reeds.

They grow in swamps the healthiest berries: cranberry, cloudberry, blueberry, crowberry.

• I will answer only for the Belarusian swamps (Polesie). Since childhood, I have been walking through the swamps in the summer to pick mushrooms, and in the fall to pick blueberries, cranberries and lingonberries, sometimes meeting vipers and grass snakes. There are a lot of mosses in the swamps, you walk and it seems like there is a nice island, you step on it and your boot goes into the water. The following plants can be distinguished:

  • cloudberry:

  

  • sundew:

All swamps are formed when there is an excess of stagnant water. They are most widespread in the northern part of the forest zone, since cold summers and high humidity promote their development.

Swamps are especially well developed in Western Siberia, which is facilitated by its flat terrain; There are few peat bogs in mountainous Eastern Siberia. Peat bogs are significantly developed in Kamchatka.

Raised peat, or sphagnum, bogs are formed in place of spruce or pine forests, sometimes in forest meadows, usually in depressions and basins with stagnant moisture, which prevents the penetration of air oxygen. Here, dying plants do not rot, as was the case in dry soils, but turn into peat. The peat layer can be very thick—several meters. Peat bogs are typical for the forest zone; their southern border in the European part runs approximately from the Baltic states through the south of the Minsk region, the north of the Chernigov region, through Smolensk to Moscow-Gorky. Peat moss is found in isolated small areas further south, but does not enter the steppe zone.

To the north of the taiga zone, in the tundra, peat bogs are very common.

In peat bogs, plants are placed in special living conditions. Sphagnum moss grows with its tops by several millimeters every year, and thus the level of the entire swamp gradually rises, which is why it received the name raised. Plants have adapted to this in different ways: shrubs grow roots higher up the stem, grasses, stretching out, bring their wintering buds to the surface of the moss cushions in the spring. Groundwater is located under a layer of peat and is often inaccessible to plants. Therefore, plants absorb water from moss cushions, which absorb atmospheric moisture - rain and dew, absorbed by the moss like a sponge. In this regard, these swamps are wet only in rain and cloudy weather, and dry out in drought. On a continuous carpet of peat, or sphagnum, moss (from the Greek “sphagnos” - sponge) grow a few low shrubs - wild rosemary, berry bushes - blueberries, blueberries, lingonberries, cloudberries, cranberries, crowberries; There are very few herbaceous plants. The sundew is a peculiarly insectivorous plant. On some peat bogs, low, stunted and crooked pines and dwarf birch grow; spruce does not survive here.

Grassy, ​​or lowland, swamps look completely different, wet and in drought. Here, groundwater is available to plants. Lowland swamps are usually formed by the overgrowing of more or less large river oxbow lakes and drainless lakes, and are also found around river mouths or along their banks. This process can occur from the bottom, through the gradual deposition of dying underwater and coastal plants. Reservoirs are inhabited by plants that float, such as duckweed, or, at shallow depths, take root at the bottom. Some species grow under water, others bear leaves and flowers on long petioles that float on the water - white water lilies and yellow capsules. In the shallow coastal zone, reeds and reeds form a belt, or marsh calamus, cattails and other plants settle here. The marshy land is inhabited by sedges, cotton grass, buttercups, iris, cinquefoil, water pepper, etc. All this vegetation gradually moves onto the reservoir and reduces or completely covers the water surface. Along the mouths of large rivers, reeds and reeds sometimes occupy a large area. In other swamps, sedges and cotton grass predominate.

Reservoirs can also become overgrown from the surface by forming a floating carpet along its edges, and in the center - floating islands that gradually grow together (rafts). In this carpet, rhizomes and turf of aquatic plants are intertwined, its thickness gradually increases and unsteady swamps - bogs - appear.

There are many grass swamps in the northern forest zone and tundra; they are often found in more southern forests and in the steppe zone. In some forests, black alder swamps develop, which are flooded with water in the spring. Sometimes meadows become swamped, and then, under the influence of unfavorable environmental conditions, meadow grasses are replaced by marsh grasses.

Many medicinal plants are collected in the swamps. Peat moss, cranberries, blueberries, cloudberries, lingonberry leaves, wild rosemary branches, and sundews are harvested in the high bogs. In lowland swamps and reservoirs - trefoil watch, marsh calamus; in wet meadows and along rivers - water pepper and succession.

Lesson-expedition on the topic "Medicinal plants of the swamp community." Natural history, 5th grade

Target: introduce students to the diversity of medicinal plants in the swamp community.

Tasks:

• find out the features of the external structure, beneficial properties of medicinal plants of the swamp community;
• learn to recognize medicinal plants in herbarium specimens and photographs;
• develop cognitive interest in medicinal plants of your area;
• cultivate a caring attitude towards plants.

Lesson format: lesson - expedition.

Teaching methods:

• reproductive,
• partially search,
• research.

Equipment:

• expedition participant's herbal notebook ,
• information card and blanks for filling out the table ,
• multimedia projector, presentation disc ,
• herbariums and postcards of medicinal plants from the swamp community,
• epigraph on the board,
• glue sticks,
• to demonstrate the experiment, dry sphagnum moss,
• glass of water,
• tokens with the names of medicinal plants of the swamp.

During the classes

1. Org. moment (greeting, getting ready to work).
2. Goal setting and motivation (explanation of how the lesson will proceed, goal setting).

Teacher: Today our lesson on the topic “Medicinal Plants” will be unusual. I invite you to become participants in a scientific expedition. To find out where it will take place, guess the riddle:

Everyone goes around this place:
Here is the land.
It's like dough;
There are sedges, hummocks, and mosses.
No leg support.

Students: this is a swamp.

Teacher: So, the route of our expedition will pass through the swamp.

People have long created legends about the swamp. What pictures do you imagine when it comes to a swamp? (In this word one hears something frightening, ominous. Others see in it something mysterious, fabulous, etc.)

Appeal to the epigraph

The swamp is a special world, living its own special life, having permanent inhabitants and temporary guests, its own voices, its own noises and, most importantly, its own secret... (Guy De Maupassant)

There are many unsolved secrets of the swamps; they are studied by swamp scientists. We will also try to reveal the secrets of some plants - their external biological characteristics, healing properties. The expedition route will pass along the eastern edge of the swamp in the vicinity of our native village of Novobureysky. Until 1900, this territory was a continuous swamp. As a result of construction and land drainage, only small areas remained of it. ( . Slides).

1. Updating knowledge

Teacher: To check the readiness of the expedition members for research work, let's remember what is called a swamp? (Students give their definition, then turn to the dictionary in their notebook).

A swamp is an area of ​​excess moisture where moisture-loving plants grow and peat accumulates.

What plants are found in the swamp? (Sedge, marigold, iris, sundew, wild rosemary, wild rosemary).

Teacher: Right. The swamp is characterized by low plant species diversity. What is this connected with? (Not all plants can grow in high humidity conditions.) Let's get acquainted with medicinal plants - typical representatives of the swamp community.

1. Learning new material

Teacher: For its unusual trifoliate leaves, this plant is popularly called “three-leafed”. This is a three-leaf watch ( slide).

And this is a primrose plant. As soon as the sun warms up, yellow, inconspicuous flowers appear, which are located in a kind of plate of bright greenish-yellow leaves. The plant got its name due to its use in folk medicine in the treatment of spleen diseases. This is the spleen ( slide).

This plant is known in science as a predator. Its entire aerial part is used for dry coughs, as an antipyretic. This... (Slide of sundew rotundifolia).

The famous berry plant, blueberry, also grows in the swamp. Unfortunately, you won’t see it on our route. Why? (Students express their guesses).

Due to annual fires and grass mowing, this plant disappeared from the swamp community in the vicinity of our village.

Sphagnum moss is an amazing plant with unique properties. (Experiment demonstration: place dry sphagnum moss in a glass of water).

What happened to the dry moss? (Sphagnum absorbed water like a sponge). This happens due to empty dead cells. During the Great Patriotic War, sphagnum moss was used instead of cotton wool as a dressing material. Not only does it absorb water, but it also has antibacterial properties.

In addition to the listed medicinal plants, in our swamp there are also: valerian officinalis, swamp whiteweed, knotweed, marsh cinquefoil, marsh chickweed, marsh cudweed, loosestrife.

Please note that many plants have the specific name “swamp”, which indicates their typical habitat. (Slides).

And now our expedition group faces important work in processing the collected information. In your herbal notebook, fill out the table “Medicinal plants of the swamp.” Use information cards and ready-made blanks for this. (paste them into the required column of the table). Be careful, pay attention to the screen where the medicinal plants of the swamp are depicted.

Medicinal plants of the swamp

1. Consolidation and application of knowledge

Didactic game “Guess it!”

Students take turns drawing tokens with the names of the medicinal plants of the swamp, without showing them to anyone. Give a brief morphological (external) description of the plant. The rest of the guys must guess what medicinal plant we are talking about, find and show it on the herbarium or on postcards.

1. Self-control

Solving the crossword puzzle (work in a phytotebook).

1. Summing up the expedition

Our correspondence expedition through the swamp in the vicinity of the village of Novobureysky has ended. We have revealed to you the healing secrets of the plants living in this amazing community. Currently, in our swamp, in the vicinity of the village of Novobureysky, more than 30 species of different plants grow. Such a large species diversity is due to the fact that environmental conditions and the appearance of the swamp change over time. Increasingly, in the swamp you can find various weeds, meadows, and forest plants.

In the future, we will go out into the swamp more than once, and in practice we will identify medicinal plants and expand our knowledge about them.

If you have to collect medicinal plants, do not forget the rules for collecting them. Remember, some medicinal plants used in large doses are poisonous. For example, wild rosemary causes dizziness, sundew causes paralysis of the nervous system.

And, of course, when visiting the swamp, do not allow such a picture to happen.... ( Slides of a fire, pollution of a swamp with household waste).

1. Reflection

Expressing judgments about one's own achievements. For example,

• I liked the lesson...
• During the lesson I remember...
• I was surprised when...
• I learned in class...etc.

1. Homework:

§ 41 (textbook of natural history 5th grade. V.M. Pakulova, N.V. Ivanova).

I invite you to take part in the competition of traditional healers. Create your own or find a ready-made recipe for treating various diseases using medicinal plants from the swamp. We will send the best recipes to the Aibolit newspaper.

Thanks everyone for your work. Good health to you!

Literature:

1. Ryzhkova N.P. Medicinal plants of the Far East. - Blagoveshchensk, - 1994. - 216 p.
2. Russkikh R.D. Forest Robinsons. -Izhevsk, “Udmurtia”, 1973. - 168 p.
3. Sokolov S.Ya., Zamotaev I.P. Medicinal plants. - M.: “Vita”, 1993. - 512 p.