Heating system schedule 95 70 table. How does the coolant temperature depend on the outside temperature? Coolant requirements

Looking through the statistics of visits to our blog, I noticed that search phrases such as, for example, “what should be the coolant temperature at minus 5 outside?” appear very often. I decided to post the old schedule for the quality regulation of heat supply based on the average daily outside air temperature. I would like to warn those who, based on these figures, will try to figure out their relationship with housing departments or heating networks: heating schedules different for each individual locality (I wrote about this in the article regulating the temperature of the coolant). Heating networks in Ufa (Bashkiria) operate according to this schedule.

I would also like to draw your attention to the fact that regulation occurs based on the average daily outside air temperature, so if, for example, it is minus 15 degrees outside at night and minus 5 during the day, then the coolant temperature will be maintained in accordance with the schedule at minus 10 oC.

Typically, the following temperature schedules are used: 150/70, 130/70, 115/70, 105/70, 95/70. The schedule is selected depending on specific local conditions. House heating systems operate according to schedules 105/70 and 95/70. Main heating networks operate according to schedules 150, 130 and 115/70.

Let's look at an example of how to use a chart. Let's say the temperature outside is minus 10 degrees. Heating networks operate according to a temperature schedule of 130/70, which means that at -10 °C the temperature of the coolant in the supply pipeline of the heating network should be 85.6 degrees, in the supply pipeline of the heating system - 70.8 °C with a schedule of 105/70 or 65.3 °C with schedule 95/70. The water temperature after the heating system should be 51.7 °C.

As a rule, the temperature values ​​in the supply pipeline of heating networks are rounded when assigned to a heat source. For example, according to the schedule it should be 85.6 °C, but at a thermal power plant or boiler house it is set to 87 degrees.

Outdoor temperature

Temperature of network water in the supply pipeline T1, °C Temperature of water in the supply pipeline of the heating system T3, °C Temperature of water after the heating system T2, °C

150 130 115 105 95 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -21 -22 -23 -24 -25 -26 -27 -28 -29 -30 -31 -32 -33 -34 -35

53,2	50,2	46,4	43,4	41,2	35,8
55,7	52,3	48,2	45,0	42,7	36,8
58,1	54,4	50,0	46,6	44,1	37,7
60,5	56,5	51,8	48,2	45,5	38,7
62,9	58,5	53,5	49,8	46,9	39,6
65,3	60,5	55,3	51,4	48,3	40,6
67,7	62,6	57,0	52,9	49,7	41,5
70,0	64,5	58,8	54,5	51,0	42,4
72,4	66,5	60,5	56,0	52,4	43,3
74,7	68,5	62,2	57,5	53,7	44,2
77,0	70,4	63,8	59,0	55,0	45,0
79,3	72,4	65,5	60,5	56,3	45,9
81,6	74,3	67,2	62,0	57,6	46,7
83,9	76,2	68,8	63,5	58,9	47,6
86,2	78,1	70,4	65,0	60,2	48,4
88,5	80,0	72,1	66,4	61,5	49,2
90,8	81,9	73,7	67,9	62,8	50,1
93,0	83,8	75,3	69,3	64,0	50,9
95,3	85,6	76,9	70,8	65,3	51,7
97,6	87,5	78,5	72,2	66,6	52,5
99,8	89,3	80,1	73,6	67,8	53,3
102,0	91,2	81,7	75,0	69,0	54,0
104,3	93,0	83,3	76,4	70,3	54,8
106,5	94,8	84,8	77,9	71,5	55,6
108,7	96,6	86,4	79,3	72,7	56,3
110,9	98,4	87,9	80,7	73,9	57,1
113,1	100,2	89,5	82,0	75,1	57,9
115,3	102,0	91,0	83,4	76,3	58,6
117,5	103,8	92,6	84,8	77,5	59,4
119,7	105,6	94,1	86,2	78,7	60,1
121,9	107,4	95,6	87,6	79,9	60,8
124,1	109,2	97,1	88,9	81,1	61,6
126,3	110,9	98,6	90,3	82,3	62,3
128,5	112,7	100,2	91,6	83,5	63,0
130,6	114,4	101,7	93,0	84,6	63,7
132,8	116,2	103,2	94,3	85,8	64,4
135,0	117,9	104,7	95,7	87,0	65,1
137,1	119,7	106,1	97,0	88,1	65,8
139,3	121,4	107,6	98,4	89,3	66,5
141,4	123,1	109,1	99,7	90,4	67,2
143,6	124,9	110,6	101,0	94,6	67,9
145,7	126,6	112,1	102,4	92,7	68,6
147,9	128,3	113,5	103,7	93,9	69,3
150,0	130,0	115,0	105,0	95,0	70,0

Please do not rely on the diagram at the beginning of the post - it does not correspond to the data from the table.

Temperature graph calculation

The method for calculating the temperature graph is described in the reference book “Adjustment and operation of water heating networks” (Chapter 4, paragraph 4.4, p. 153).

This is a rather labor-intensive and time-consuming process, since for each outdoor temperature you need to count several values: T1, T3, T2, etc.

To our joy, we have a computer and a spreadsheet processor MS Excel. A work colleague shared with me ready-made table to calculate the temperature graph. It was made at one time by his wife, who worked as an engineer for a group of modes in thermal networks.

Temperature chart calculation table in MS Excel

In order for Excel to calculate and build a graph, you just need to enter a few initial values:

• design temperature in the supply pipeline of the heating network T1
• design temperature in the return pipeline of the heating network T2
• design temperature in the supply pipe of the heating system T3
• Outside air temperature Тн.в.
• Indoor temperature Tv.p.
• coefficient “n” (as a rule, it is not changed and is equal to 0.25)
• Minimum and maximum slice of the temperature graph Slice min, Slice max.

Entering initial data into the temperature chart calculation table

All. nothing more is required from you. The calculation results will be in the first table of the sheet. It is highlighted with a bold frame.

The charts will also adjust to the new values.

Graphic representation of the temperature graph

The table also calculates the temperature of direct network water taking into account wind speed.

Download temperature chart calculation

energoworld.ru

Appendix e Temperature chart (95 – 70) °С

Design temperature outdoor	Water temperature in server pipeline	Water temperature in return pipeline	Estimated outside air temperature	Supply water temperature	Water temperature in return pipeline

Appendix e

CLOSED HEAT SUPPLY SYSTEM

TV1: G1 = 1V1; G2 =G1; Q = G1(h2 –h3)

OPEN HEATING SYSTEM

WITH WATER DISCHARGE INTO THE DEAD-END DHW SYSTEM

TV1: G1 = 1V1; G2 = 1V2; G3 = G1 – G2;

Q1 = G1(h2 – h3) + G3(h3 –hх)

References

1. Gershunsky B.S. Basics of Electronics. Kyiv, Vishcha school, 1977.

2. Meerson A.M. Radio measuring equipment. – Leningrad: Energy, 1978. – 408 p.

3. Murin G.A. Thermal measurements. –M.: Energy, 1979. –424 p.

4. Spektor S.A. Electrical measurements physical quantities. Study guide. – Leningrad: Energoatomizdat, 1987. –320s.

5. Tartakovsky D.F., Yastrebov A.S. Metrology, standardization and technical measuring instruments. – M.: Higher School, 2001.

6. Heat meters TSK7. Operation manual. – St. Petersburg: ZAO TEPLOKOM, 2002.

7. Calculator for the amount of heat VKT-7. Operation manual. – St. Petersburg: ZAO TEPLOKOM, 2002.

Zuev Alexander Vladimirovich

Adjacent files in the folder Technological measurements and instruments

studfiles.net

Heating temperature chart

The task of organizations servicing houses and buildings is to maintain standard temperatures. Temperature chart heating directly depends on the temperature outside.

There are three heat supply systems

Graph of the dependence of external and internal temperatures

1. District heating a large boiler house (CHP), located at a considerable distance from the city. In this case, the heat supply organization, taking into account heat losses in the networks, selects a system with a temperature schedule: 150/70, 130/70 or 105/70. The first number is the temperature of the water in the supply pipe, the second number is the temperature of the water in the return heat pipe.
2. Small boiler houses located near residential buildings. In this case, the temperature schedule 105/70, 95/70 is selected.
3. Individual boiler installed in a private house. The most acceptable schedule is 95/70. Although it is possible to reduce the supply temperature even further, since there will be practically no heat loss. Modern boilers operate automatically and maintain a constant temperature in the heating supply pipe. The temperature chart of 95/70 speaks for itself. The temperature at the entrance to the house should be 95 °C, and at the exit - 70 °C.

IN Soviet times, when everything was state-owned, all parameters of temperature schedules were maintained. If according to the schedule the supply temperature should be 100 degrees, then that’s what it will be. This temperature cannot be supplied to residents, which is why elevator units were designed. Water from the return pipeline, cooled, was mixed into the supply system, thereby lowering the supply temperature to the standard one. In our times of general economy, the need for elevator units disappears. All heat supply organizations have switched to a 95/70 heating system temperature schedule. According to this graph, the coolant temperature will be 95 °C when the outside temperature is -35 °C. As a rule, the temperature at the entrance to the house no longer requires dilution. Therefore, all elevator units must be eliminated or reconstructed. Instead of conical sections, which reduce both the speed and volume of flow, install straight pipes. Plug the supply pipe from the return pipeline with a steel plug. This is one of the heat saving measures. It is also necessary to insulate the facades of houses and windows. Replace old pipes and batteries with new - modern ones. These measures will increase the air temperature in homes, which means you can save on heating temperatures. A drop in outside temperature is immediately reflected in residents' receipts.

heating temperature chart

Most Soviet cities were built with an “open” heat supply system. This is when water from the boiler room reaches consumers in their homes and is used for personal needs and heating. When reconstructing systems and constructing new heat supply systems, a “closed” system is used. Water from the boiler room reaches a heating point in the microdistrict, where it heats the water to 95 °C, which goes to the house. This results in two closed rings. This system allows heat supply organizations to significantly save resources for heating water. After all, the volume of heated water leaving the boiler room will be almost the same at the entrance to the boiler room. There is no need to add cold water to the system.

Temperature charts are:

• optimal. The heat resource of the boiler room is used exclusively for heating houses. Temperature regulation occurs in the boiler room. Supply temperature – 95 °C.
• elevated. The heat resource of the boiler room is used for heating houses and hot water supply. A two-pipe system enters the house. One pipe is heating, the other pipe is hot water supply. Supply temperature 80 – 95 °C.
• adjusted. The heat resource of the boiler room is used for heating houses and hot water supply. A single pipe system fits into the house. The heat resource for heating and hot water for residents is taken from one pipe in the house. Supply temperature – 95 – 105 °C.

How to perform a heating temperature schedule. There are three ways:

1. high-quality (coolant temperature regulation).
2. quantitative (regulating the volume of coolant by turning on additional pumps on the return pipeline, or installing elevators and washers).
3. qualitative and quantitative (to regulate both the temperature and volume of the coolant).

The quantitative method predominates, which is not always able to withstand the heating temperature schedule.

Fight against heat supply organizations. This fight is being waged by management companies. According to the law, the management company is obliged to enter into an agreement with the heat supply organization. Whether it will be a contract for the supply of heat resources or simply an agreement on interaction is decided by the management company. An appendix to this agreement will be a heating temperature schedule. The heat supply organization is required to approve temperature schemes with the city administration. The heat supply organization supplies the heat resource to the wall of the house, that is, to the metering units. By the way, the law establishes that heat engineers are required to install metering units in houses at their own expense with installment payments for residents. So, having metering devices at the entrance and exit of the house, you can control the heating temperature daily. We take the temperature table, look at the air temperature on the weather website and find in the table the indicators that should be there. If there are deviations you need to complain. Even if deviations in big side, residents will pay more. At the same time, the windows will be opened and the rooms will be ventilated. You should complain about insufficient temperature to the heat supply organization. If there is no response, we write to the city administration and Rospotrebnadzor.

Until recently, there was an increasing coefficient on the cost of heat for residents of houses that were not equipped with communal metering meters. Due to the sluggishness of management organizations and heating workers, ordinary residents suffered.

Important indicator in the heating temperature chart is an indicator of the temperature of the return pipeline of the network. In all graphs this is 70 °C. In severe frosts, when heat loss increases, heat supply organizations are forced to turn on additional pumps on the return pipeline. This measure increases the speed of water movement through the pipes, and, therefore, heat transfer increases and the temperature in the network is maintained.

Again, during a period of general savings, it is very problematic to force heat generators to turn on additional pumps, which means increasing energy costs.

The heating temperature schedule is calculated based on the following indicators:

• ambient temperature;
• supply pipeline temperature;
• return temperature;
• the amount of thermal energy consumed at home;
• required amount of thermal energy.

The temperature schedule is different for different rooms. For children's institutions (schools, kindergartens, art palaces, hospitals), the room temperature should be between +18 and +23 degrees according to sanitary and epidemiological standards.

• For sports premises – 18 °C.
• For residential premises - in apartments not lower than +18 °C, in corner rooms + 20 °C.
• For non-residential premises– 16-18 °C. Based on these parameters, heating schedules are constructed.

It is easier to calculate the temperature schedule for a private home, since the equipment is installed directly in the house. A thrifty owner will provide heating to the garage, bathhouse, and outbuildings. The load on the boiler will increase. We calculate the heat load depending on the lowest possible air temperatures of previous periods. We select equipment by power in kW. The most cost-effective and environmentally friendly boiler is natural gas. If you have gas turned on, half the job is already done. You can also use gas in cylinders. At home, you don’t have to adhere to the standard temperature schedules of 105/70 or 95/70, and it doesn’t matter if the temperature in the return pipe is not 70 °C. Adjust the network temperature to your liking.

By the way, many city residents would like to install individual heat meters and control the temperature schedule themselves. Contact heat supply organizations. And there they hear such answers. Most houses in the country are built using a vertical heating system. Water is supplied from below - up, less often: from top to bottom. With such a system, the installation of heat meters is prohibited by law. Even if a specialized organization installs these meters for you, the heat supply organization simply will not accept these meters into operation. That is, there will be no savings. Installation of meters is possible only with horizontal heating distribution.

In other words, when the heating pipe comes into your home not from above, not from below, but from the entrance corridor - horizontally. Individual heat meters can be installed at the entry and exit points of heating pipes. The installation of such meters pays for itself in two years. All houses are now built with just such a wiring system. Heating devices are equipped with control knobs (taps). If you think the temperature in the apartment is high, you can save money and reduce the heating supply. We can only save ourselves from freezing.

myaquahouse.ru

Temperature chart of the heating system: variations, application, shortcomings

The temperature graph of the heating system is 95 -70 degrees Celsius - this is the most popular temperature graph. By and large, we can say with confidence that all systems central heating work in this mode. The only exceptions are buildings with autonomous heating.

But also in autonomous systems There may be exceptions when using condensing boilers.

When using boilers operating on the condensation principle, heating temperature curves tend to be lower.

Temperature in pipelines depending on outside air temperature

Application of condensing boilers

For example, at maximum load for a condensing boiler, there will be a mode of 35-15 degrees. This is explained by the fact that the boiler extracts heat from the flue gases. In a word, with other parameters, for example, the same 90-70, it will not be able to work effectively.

Distinctive properties of condensing boilers are:

• high efficiency;
• efficiency;
• optimal efficiency at minimum load;
• quality of materials;
• high price.

You have heard many times that the efficiency of a condensing boiler is about 108%. Indeed, the instructions say the same thing.

Valliant condensing boiler

But how can this be, since we were taught from school that there is no such thing as more than 100%.

1. The thing is that when calculating the efficiency of conventional boilers, 100% is taken as the maximum. But ordinary gas boilers To heat a private house, flue gases are simply released into the atmosphere, and condensation gases utilize part of the wasted heat. The latter will later be used for heating.
2. The heat that will be recovered and used in the second round is added to the boiler efficiency. Typically, a condensing boiler utilizes up to 15% of flue gases; it is this figure that is adjusted to the efficiency of the boiler (approximately 93%). The result is a number of 108%.
3. Undoubtedly, heat recovery is necessary thing, but the boiler itself costs a lot of money for such work. The high price of the boiler is due to stainless heat exchange equipment, which utilizes heat in the last chimney tract.
4. If instead of such stainless steel equipment you install ordinary iron equipment, it will become unusable in a very short period of time. Since the moisture contained in the exhaust gases has aggressive properties.
5. Main feature condensing boilers is that they achieve maximum efficiency with minimal loads. Conventional boilers ( gas heaters) on the contrary, they reach their peak efficiency at maximum load.
6. The beauty of this useful property is that during the entire heating period, the heating load is not at its maximum all the time. For 5-6 days at most, a regular boiler works at maximum. Therefore, a conventional boiler cannot compare in performance with a condensing boiler, which has maximum performance at minimum loads.

You can see a photo of such a boiler just above, and a video of its operation can be easily found on the Internet.

Operating principle

Conventional heating system

It is safe to say that the heating temperature schedule of 95 - 70 is the most in demand.

This is explained by the fact that all houses that receive heat supply from central heat sources are designed to operate in this mode. And we have more than 90% of such houses.

District boiler house

The operating principle of this heat generation occurs in several stages:

• heat source (district boiler house) produces water heating;
• heated water moves through main and distribution networks to consumers;
• in the consumer’s home, most often in the basement, through the elevator unit, hot water is mixed with water from the heating system, the so-called return water, the temperature of which is no more than 70 degrees, and is then heated to a temperature of 95 degrees;
• Then the heated water (the one that is 95 degrees) passes through the heating devices of the heating system, heats the rooms and again returns to the elevator.

Advice. If you have a cooperative house or a society of co-owners of houses, then you can set up the elevator yourself, but this requires strictly following the instructions and correctly calculating the throttle washer.

Poor heating of the heating system

Very often we hear that people’s heating does not work well and their rooms are cold.

There can be many reasons for this, the most common are:

• the temperature schedule of the heating system is not followed, perhaps the elevator is calculated incorrectly;
• house system the heating system is heavily contaminated, which greatly impairs the passage of water through the risers;
• cloudy heating radiators;
• unauthorized change of the heating system;
• poor thermal insulation of walls and windows.

A common mistake is an incorrectly designed elevator nozzle. As a result, the function of mixing water and the operation of the entire elevator as a whole is disrupted.

This could happen for several reasons:

• negligence and lack of training of operating personnel;
• incorrectly performed calculations in the technical department.

Over the years of operating heating systems, people rarely think about the need to clean their heating systems. By and large, this applies to buildings that were built during the Soviet Union.

All heating systems must undergo hydropneumatic flushing before each heating season. But this is observed only on paper, since Housing Offices and other organizations carry out this work only on paper.

As a result, the walls of the risers become clogged, and the latter become smaller in diameter, which disrupts the hydraulics of the entire heating system as a whole. The amount of heat passed through decreases, that is, someone simply does not have enough of it.

You can perform hydropneumatic blowing with your own hands, all you need is a compressor and the desire.

The same applies to cleaning radiators. Over many years of operation, radiators accumulate a lot of dirt, silt and other defects inside. Periodically, at least once every three years, you need to disconnect them and wash them.

Dirty radiators greatly reduce the heat output in your room.

The most common issue is unauthorized changes and redevelopment of heating systems. When replacing old metal pipes with metal-plastic ones, the diameters are not respected. Or even various bends are added, which increases local resistance and worsens the quality of heating.

Metal-plastic pipe

Very often, with such unauthorized reconstruction and replacement of heating batteries with gas welding, the number of radiator sections also changes. And really, why not give yourself more sections? But in the end, your housemate who lives after you will receive less of the heat he needs for heating. And the last neighbor who will suffer the most is the one who will lose the most warmth.

An important role is played by the thermal resistance of enclosing structures, windows and doors. Statistics show that up to 60% of the heat can escape through them.

Elevator unit

As we said above, all water-jet elevators are designed to mix water from the supply line of heating networks into the return of the heating system. Thanks to this process, system circulation and pressure are created.

As for the material used for their manufacture, both cast iron and steel are used.

Let's look at the principle of operation of the elevator using the photo below.

The principle of operation of the elevator

Through pipe 1, water from the heating networks passes through the ejector nozzle and at high speed enters mixing chamber 3. There, water from the return pipe of the building's heating system is mixed with it, the latter is supplied through pipe 5.

The resulting water is sent to the heating system supply through diffuser 4.

In order for the elevator to function correctly, its neck must be correctly selected. To do this, calculations are made using the formula below:

Where ΔРs is the calculated circulation pressure in the heating system, Pa;

Gcm - water consumption in the heating system kg/h.

For your information! True, for such a calculation you will need a heating scheme for the building.

External view of the elevator unit

Have a warm winter!

Page 2

In the article we will find out how the average daily temperature is calculated when designing heating systems, how the temperature of the coolant at the exit of the elevator unit depends on the outside temperature, and what the temperature of the heating radiators can be in winter.

We will also touch on the topic of independently combating the cold in the apartment.

Cold in winter is a sore subject for many residents of city apartments.

General information

Here we present the main provisions and excerpts from the current SNiP.

Outdoor temperature

The calculated temperature of the heating period, which is included in the design of heating systems, is no less than the average temperature of the coldest five-day periods over the eight coldest winters of the last 50 years.

This approach allows, on the one hand, to be prepared for severe frosts, which occur only once every few years, and, on the other hand, not to invest excessive funds in the project. On a mass development scale we're talking about about very significant amounts.

Target room temperature

It is worth mentioning right away that the temperature in the room is affected not only by the temperature of the coolant in the heating system.

Several factors operate in parallel:

• Outside air temperature. The lower it is, the greater the heat leakage through walls, windows and roofs.
• Presence or absence of wind. Strong winds increase heat loss in buildings by blowing through unsealed doors and windows into entrances, basements and apartments.
• The degree of insulation of the facade, windows and doors in the room. It is clear that in the case of a hermetically sealed metal-plastic window with a double-glazed unit, heat loss will be much lower than with a dried-out wooden window and glazing in two threads.

It’s interesting: now there is a trend towards construction apartment buildings With maximum degree thermal insulation. In Crimea, where the author lives, new houses are built immediately with facade insulation mineral wool or foam plastic and with hermetically sealed doors of entrances and apartments.

The external façade is covered with basalt fiber slabs.

• And, finally, the actual temperature of the heating radiators in the apartment.

So, what are the current indoor temperature standards? for various purposes?

• In the apartment: corner rooms - not lower than 20C, other living rooms - not lower than 18C, bathroom - not lower than 25C. Nuance: when the estimated air temperature is below -31C, higher values ​​are taken for corner and other living rooms, +22 and +20C (source - Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 23, 2006 “Rules for the provision of utility services to citizens”).
• In kindergarten: 18-23 degrees depending on the purpose of the room for toilets, bedrooms and playrooms; 12 degrees for walking verandas; 30 degrees for indoor swimming pools.
• In educational institutions: from 16C for bedrooms of boarding schools to +21 in classrooms.
• In theaters, clubs, and other entertainment venues: 16-20 degrees for the auditorium and +22C for the stage.
• For libraries (reading rooms and book depositories) the norm is 18 degrees.
• In grocery stores, the normal winter temperature is 12, and in non-food stores - 15 degrees.
• The temperature in the gyms is maintained at 15-18 degrees.

For obvious reasons, there is no need for heat in the gym.

• In hospitals, the temperature maintained depends on the purpose of the room. For example, the recommended temperature after otoplasty or childbirth is +22 degrees, in the wards for premature babies it is maintained at +25, and for patients with thyrotoxicosis (excessive secretion of thyroid hormones) - 15C. In surgical wards the norm is +26C.

Temperature chart

What should be the temperature of the water in the heating pipes?

It is determined by four factors:

1. Air temperature outside.
2. Type of heating system. For a single-pipe system, the maximum water temperature in the heating system according to current standards- 105 degrees, for a two-pipe - 95. The maximum temperature difference between supply and return is 105/70 and 95/70C, respectively.
3. The direction of water supply to the radiators. For upper filling houses (with supply in the attic) and lower filling houses (with a pairwise loop of risers and the location of both lines in the basement), the temperatures differ by 2 - 3 degrees.
4. Type of heating appliances in the house. Radiators and gas convectors heating systems have different heat output; Accordingly, to ensure the same temperature in the room, the heating temperature regime must be different.

The convector is somewhat inferior to the radiator in thermal efficiency.

So, what should be the heating temperature - the water in the supply and return pipes - at different outside temperatures?

We present only a small part of the temperature table for the estimated ambient temperature of -40 degrees.

• At zero degrees, the temperature of the supply pipe for radiators with different wiring is 40-45C, the return pipe is 35-38. For convectors 41-49 supply and 36-40 return.
• At -20 for radiators, the supply and return should have a temperature of 67-77/53-55C. For convectors 68-79/55-57.
• At -40C outside, for all heating devices the temperature reaches the maximum permissible: 95/105 depending on the type of heating system in the supply and 70C in the return pipeline.

Useful additions

To understand the operating principle of the heating system of an apartment building and the division of areas of responsibility, you need to know a few more facts.

The temperature of the heating main at the exit from the thermal power plant and the temperature of the heating system in your home are completely different things. At the same -40, the thermal power plant or boiler house will produce about 140 degrees in the supply. Water does not evaporate only due to pressure.

At your home's elevator unit, some of the return water from your heating system is mixed into the supply. The nozzle injects a stream of hot water with high pressure into the so-called elevator and draws masses of cooled water into repeated circulation.

Schematic diagram of the elevator.

Why is this necessary?

To provide:

1. Reasonable mixture temperature. Let us remind you: the heating temperature in the apartment cannot exceed 95-105 degrees.

Attention: for kindergartens there is a different temperature standard: no higher than 37C. The low temperature of heating devices has to be compensated by a large heat exchange area. That is why in kindergartens the walls are decorated with such long radiators.

1. Large volume of water involved in circulation. If you remove the nozzle and release water from the supply directly, the return temperature will differ little from the supply, which will sharply increase heat loss along the route and disrupt the operation of the thermal power plant.

If you turn off the water suction from the return, the circulation will become so slow that the return pipeline may simply freeze in winter.

Areas of responsibility are divided as follows:

• The temperature of the water pumped into the heating mains is the responsibility of the heat producer - the local thermal power plant or boiler house;
• For transportation of the coolant with minimal losses - the organization servicing the heating networks (KTS - communal heating networks).

This condition of the heating mains, as in the photo, means huge heat losses. This is the area of ​​responsibility of the CTS.

• For maintenance and adjustment of the elevator unit - Housing Department. In this case, however, the diameter of the elevator nozzle - what the temperature of the radiators depends on - is agreed upon with the CTS.

If your home is cold and all the heating appliances are those installed by the builders, you will resolve this issue with the homeowners. They are required to provide temperatures recommended by sanitary standards.

If you undertake any modification of the heating system, for example, replacing radiators with gas welding, you thereby assume full responsibility for the temperature in your home.

How to deal with the cold

Let's be realistic, however: most often you have to solve the problem of cold in an apartment yourself, with your own hands. It is not always possible for a housing organization to provide you with heat within a reasonable time, and sanitary standards will not satisfy everyone: you want your home to be warm.

What will the instructions for combating the cold look like? apartment building?

Jumpers in front of radiators

In most apartments there are jumpers in front of the heating appliances, which are designed to ensure water circulation in the riser no matter the condition of the radiator. For a long time they were equipped with three-way valves, then they began to be installed without any shut-off valves.

In any case, the jumper reduces the circulation of coolant through the heating device. In the case when its diameter is equal to the diameter of the eyeliner, the effect is especially pronounced.

The simplest way to make your apartment warmer is to embed chokes into the jumper itself and the liner between it and the radiator.

Here the same function is performed by ball valves. This is not entirely correct, but it will work.

With their help, it is possible to conveniently regulate the temperature of the heating batteries: with the jumper closed and the throttle to the radiator fully open, the temperature is maximum, as soon as you open the jumper and close the second throttle, the heat in the room goes away.

The great advantage of this modification is the minimal cost of the solution. The price of the throttle does not exceed 250 rubles; Squeegees, couplings and locknuts cost pennies.

Important: if the throttle leading to the radiator is even slightly closed, the throttle on the jumper opens completely. Otherwise, adjusting the heating temperature will result in the neighbors’ radiators and convectors cooling down.

Another useful change. With such an insert, the radiator will always be uniformly hot along its entire length.

Warm floors

Even if the radiator in the room hangs on the return riser with a temperature of about 40 degrees, with the help of modification heating system you can make the room warm.

The solution is low-temperature heating systems.

In a city apartment, it is difficult to use in-floor heating convectors due to the limited height of the room: raising the floor level by 15-20 centimeters will mean completely low ceilings.

Much more real option- warm floor. Due to a much larger heat transfer area and a more rational distribution of heat throughout the room, low-temperature heating will warm the room better than a hot radiator.

What does the implementation look like?

1. Chokes are installed on the jumper and liner in the same way as in the previous case.
2. The outlet from the riser to the heating device is connected to metal-plastic pipe, which fits into the screed on the floor.

So that communications are not spoiled appearance rooms, they are put away in a box. As an option, the insert into the riser is moved closer to the floor level.

It’s not a problem to move the valves and chokes to any convenient place.

Conclusion

You can find additional information about the operation of centralized heating systems in the video at the end of the article. Warm winters!

Page 3

The heating system of a building is the heart of all engineering mechanisms of the entire house. It will depend on which components are selected:

• Efficiency;
• Cost-effective;
• Quality.

Selection of sections for the room

All of the above qualities directly depend on:

• Heating boiler;
• Pipelines;
• Method of connecting the heating system to the boiler;
• Heating radiators;
• Coolant;
• Adjustment mechanisms (sensors, valves and other components).

One of the main points is the selection and calculation of heating radiator sections. In most cases, the number of sections is calculated by design organizations that develop full project building a house.

This calculation is influenced by:

• Materials of enclosing structures;
• Availability of windows, doors, balconies;
• Dimensions of premises;
• Type of room (living room, warehouse, corridor);
• Location;
• Orientation to cardinal directions;
• Location of the room being calculated in the building (corner or in the middle, on the first floor or last).

Data for calculations are taken from SNiP “Building Climatology”. Calculation of the number of sections of heating radiators according to SNiP is very accurate, thanks to it you can ideally calculate the heating system.

When autumn confidently strides across the country, snow is flying above the Arctic Circle, and in the Urals night temperatures stay below 8 degrees, then the word form “heating season” sounds appropriate. People remember past winters and try to understand the normal temperature of the coolant in the heating system.

Prudent owners of individual buildings carefully inspect the valves and nozzles of boilers. By October 1, residents of an apartment building are waiting like Santa Claus for a plumber from the management company. The Lord of valves and valves brings warmth, and with it joy, fun and confidence in the future.

The Gigacalorie Path

Megacities sparkle high-rise buildings. A cloud of renovation hangs over the capital. The outback prays to five-story buildings. Until demolished, the house operates a calorie supply system.

Heating of an economy class apartment building is carried out through a centralized heat supply system. The pipes enter the basement of the building. The supply of coolant is regulated by inlet valves, after which the water enters the mud traps, and from there it is distributed through the risers, and from them it is supplied to the radiators and radiators that heat the home.

The number of valves correlates with the number of risers. When executing repair work in a separate apartment, it is possible to turn off one vertical, and not the entire house.

The waste liquid is partially discharged through the return pipe, and partially supplied to the hot water supply network.

Degrees here and there

Water for the heating configuration is prepared at a thermal power plant or in a boiler room. The norms for water temperature in the heating system are specified in building regulations ah: the component must be heated to 130-150 °C.

The supply is calculated taking into account the parameters of the outside air. Thus, for the Southern Urals region, minus 32 degrees is taken into account.

To prevent the liquid from boiling, it must be supplied to the network under a pressure of 6-10 kgf. But this is a theory. In fact, most networks operate at 95-110 °C, since the network pipes in most populated areas are worn out and high pressure will burst them like a hot water bottle.

An elastic concept is a norm. The temperature in the apartment is never equal to the primary indicator of the coolant. Here, the elevator unit - a jumper between the forward and return pipes - performs an energy-saving function. The temperature standards for the coolant in the return heating system in winter allow heat to be maintained at a level of 60 °C.

The liquid from the direct pipe enters the elevator nozzle, mixes with return water and again goes into the house network for heating. The temperature of the carrier is reduced by mixing the return fluid. What affects the calculation of the amount of heat consumed by residential and utility rooms.

The hot one went

Hot water temperature sanitary rules at analysis points should be in the range of 60-75 °C.

In the network, the coolant is supplied from the pipe:

• in winter - with reverse, so as not to scald users with boiling water;
• in summer - from a straight line, since in summer time The carrier is heated no higher than 75 °C.

A temperature chart is drawn up. The average daily return water temperature should not exceed the schedule by more than 5% at night and 3% during the day.

Parameters of distributing elements

One of the details of warming a home is the riser through which the coolant enters the battery or radiator from the Coolant temperature standards in the heating system require heating in the riser in winter in the range of 70-90 °C. In fact, the degrees depend on the output parameters of the thermal power plant or boiler house. In the summer, when hot water is needed only for washing and showering, the range moves to 40-60 °C.

Observant people may notice that the heating elements in the neighboring apartment are hotter or colder than in his own.

The reason for the temperature difference in the heating riser lies in the method of hot water distribution.

In a single-pipe design, the coolant can be distributed:

• above; then the temperature on the upper floors is higher than on the lower ones;
• from below, then the picture changes to the opposite - it is hotter from below.

In a two-pipe system, the degree is the same throughout, theoretically 90 °C in the forward direction and 70 °C in the reverse direction.

Warm like a battery

Let’s assume that the central network structures are reliably insulated along the entire route, the wind does not blow through attics, staircases and basements, and conscientious owners have insulated the doors and windows in the apartments.

Let's assume that the coolant in the riser complies with building code standards. It remains to find out what the normal temperature of the heating radiators in the apartment is. The indicator takes into account:

• outdoor air parameters and time of day;
• location of the apartment in the house plan;
• residential or utility room in the apartment.

Therefore, attention: it is important not what the temperature of the heater is, but what the temperature of the air in the room is.

During the day, in corner rooms the thermometer should show at least 20 °C, and in centrally located rooms 18 °C is allowed.

At night, air in the home is allowed to be 17 °C and 15 °C, respectively.

Theory of linguistics

The name “battery” is a common one, meaning a number of identical objects. In relation to home heating, this is a series of heating sections.

Temperature standards for heating radiators allow heating no higher than 90 °C. According to the rules, parts heated above 75 °C are protected. This does not mean that they need to be covered with plywood or bricked. Usually a lattice fence is installed that does not impede air circulation.

Cast iron, aluminum and bimetallic devices are common.

Consumer choice: cast iron or aluminum

Aesthetics cast iron radiators- the talk of the town. They require periodic painting, since the rules require that the working surface have a smooth surface and allow dust and dirt to be easily removed.

A dirty coating forms on the rough inner surface of the sections, which reduces the heat transfer of the device. But the technical parameters of cast iron products are excellent:

• are slightly susceptible to water corrosion and can be used for more than 45 years;
• have high thermal power per section, therefore they are compact;
• are inert in heat transfer, so they smooth out temperature changes in the room well.

Another type of radiator is made of aluminum. Lightweight, factory-painted design, does not require painting, and is easy to maintain.

But there is a drawback that overshadows the advantages - corrosion in an aquatic environment. Of course, the inner surface of the heater is insulated with plastic to avoid contact of aluminum with water. But the film may be damaged, then it will start chemical reaction with the release of hydrogen, when excess gas pressure is created, the aluminum device may burst.

The temperature standards for heating radiators are subject to the same rules as radiators: it is not so much the heating of a metal object that is important, but the heating of the air in the room.

In order for the air to warm up well, there must be sufficient heat removal from the working surface of the heating structure. Therefore, it is strictly not recommended to increase the aesthetics of the room with shields in front of the heating device.

Staircase heating

Since we are talking about an apartment building, we should mention staircases. The coolant temperature standards in the heating system state: the degree measure at the sites should not fall below 12 °C.

Of course, the discipline of residents requires closing the entrance doors tightly, not leaving the transoms of the staircase windows open, keeping the glass intact and promptly reporting any problems to the management company. If the management company does not take timely measures to insulate points of probable heat loss and maintain temperature conditions in the house, an application for recalculation of the cost of services will help.

Changes in heating design

Replacement of existing heating devices in an apartment is carried out with the obligatory approval of management company. Unauthorized changes in the elements of warming radiation can disrupt the thermal and hydraulic balance of the structure.

When the heating season begins, changes in temperature conditions in other apartments and areas will be recorded. A technical inspection of the premises will reveal unauthorized changes in the types of heating devices, their quantity and size. The chain is inevitable: conflict - court - fine.

Therefore, the situation is resolved like this:

• if non-old ones are replaced with new radiators of the same size, then this is done without additional approvals; the only thing you need to contact the management company for is to turn off the riser during repairs;
• if new products differ significantly from those installed during construction, then it is useful to interact with the management company.

Heat meters

Let us remember once again that the heat supply network of an apartment building is equipped with thermal energy metering units, which record both the gigacalories consumed and the cubic capacity of water passed through the intra-house line.

In order not to be surprised by bills containing unrealistic amounts for heat when the degrees in the apartment are below normal, before the start of the heating season, check with the management company whether the meter is in working condition and whether the verification schedule has been violated.

Each management company strives to achieve economical costs for heating an apartment building. In addition, residents of private houses are trying to come. This can be achieved by drawing up a temperature graph that reflects the dependence of the heat produced by the carriers on the weather conditions outside. Proper Use This data allows you to optimally distribute hot water and heating to consumers.

What is a temperature graph

The coolant should not maintain the same operating mode, because outside the apartment the temperature changes. This is what you need to be guided by and, depending on it, change the temperature of the water in heating objects. The dependence of the coolant temperature on the outside air temperature is compiled by technologists. To compile it, the values ​​​​available for the coolant and the outside air temperature are taken into account.

During the design of any building, the size of the heat-providing equipment installed in it, the dimensions of the building itself and the cross-sections available in the pipes must be taken into account. In a high-rise building, residents cannot independently increase or decrease the temperature, since it is supplied from the boiler room. Adjustment of the operating mode is always carried out taking into account the temperature curve of the coolant. The temperature scheme itself is also taken into account - if the return pipe supplies water with a temperature above 70°C, then the coolant flow will be excessive, but if it is significantly lower, there will be a deficiency.

Important! The temperature schedule is drawn up in such a way that at any outside air temperature in the apartments a stable optimal heating level is maintained at 22 °C. Thanks to it, even the most severe frosts are not scary, because the heating systems will be ready for them. If it is -15 °C outside, then it is enough to track the value of the indicator to find out what the temperature of the water in the heating system will be at that moment. The harsher the weather outside, the hotter the water inside the system should be.

But the level of heating maintained indoors depends not only on the coolant:

• Outside temperature;
• The presence and strength of wind - its strong gusts significantly affect heat loss;
• Thermal insulation - high-quality structural parts of the building help to retain heat in the building. This is done not only during the construction of the house, but also separately at the request of the owners.

Table of coolant temperature versus outside air temperature

In order to calculate the optimal temperature regime, you need to take into account the characteristics of heating devices - batteries and radiators. The most important thing is to calculate their specific power; it will be expressed in W/cm2. This will most directly affect the transfer of heat from the heated water to the heated air in the room. It is important to take into account their surface power and the drag coefficient available window openings and external walls.

After all the values ​​have been taken into account, you need to calculate the difference between the temperature in two pipes - at the entrance to the house and at the exit from it. The higher the value in the input pipe, the higher the value in the return pipe. Accordingly, indoor heating will increase under these values.

Weather outside, C	at the entrance to the building, C	Return pipe, C
+10	30	25
+5	44	37
0	57	46
-5	70	54
-10	83	62
-15	95	70

Proper use of coolant involves attempts by house residents to reduce the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet pipes. This could be construction work to insulate a wall from the outside or thermal insulation of external heat supply pipes, insulation of floors above a cold garage or basement, insulation of the inside of a house, or several works performed simultaneously.

Heating in the radiator must also comply with standards. In central heating systems it usually varies from 70 C to 90 C depending on the outside air temperature. It is important to consider that in corner rooms the temperature cannot be less than 20 C, although in other rooms of the apartment a decrease to 18 C is allowed. If the temperature outside drops to -30 C, then the heating in the rooms should rise by 2 C. In other rooms it should also the temperature increases, provided that it can be different in rooms for different purposes. If there is a child in the room, then it can vary from 18 C to 23 C. In storerooms and corridors, heating can vary from 12 C to 18 C.

Important to note! The average daily temperature is taken into account - if the temperature at night is about -15 C, and during the day - -5 C, then it will be calculated according to the value of -10 C. If at night it was about -5 C, and in the daytime it rose to +5 C, then heating is taken into account at the value of 0 C.

Hot water supply schedule to the apartment

In order to deliver optimal hot water to the consumer, CHP plants must send it as hot as possible. Heating lines are always so long that their length can be measured in kilometers, and the length of apartments is measured in thousands. square meters. Whatever the insulation of the pipes, heat is lost on the way to the user. Therefore, it is necessary to heat the water as much as possible.


However, water cannot be heated above its boiling point. Therefore, a solution was found - to increase the pressure.

Important to know! As it increases, the boiling point of water shifts upward. As a result, it reaches the consumer really hot. When the pressure increases, risers, mixers and taps are not affected, and all apartments up to the 16th floor can be provided with hot water supply without additional pumps. In a heating main, water usually contains 7-8 atmospheres, the upper limit is usually 150 with a margin.

It looks like this:

Boiling point	Pressure
100	1
110	1,5
119	2
127	2,5
132	3
142	4
151	5
158	6
164	7
169	8

The supply of hot water in the winter season must be continuous. Exceptions to this rule include heat supply accidents. Hot water supply can only be turned off in summer period For preventative work. Such work is carried out both in closed-type and open-type heat supply systems.

Temperature graph of coolant supply to the heating system

Each management company strives to achieve economical costs for heating an apartment building. In addition, residents of private houses are trying to come.

This can be achieved by drawing up a temperature graph that reflects the dependence of the heat produced by the carriers on the weather conditions outside.

Correct use of this data allows optimal distribution of hot water and heating to consumers.

What is a temperature graph

The coolant should not maintain the same operating mode, because outside the apartment the temperature changes. This is what you need to be guided by and, depending on it, change the temperature of the water in heating objects. The dependence of the coolant temperature on the outside air temperature is compiled by technologists.

To compile it, the values ​​​​available for the coolant and the outside air temperature are taken into account.

During the design of any building, the size of the heat-providing equipment installed in it, the dimensions of the building itself and the cross-sections available in the pipes must be taken into account.

In a high-rise building, residents cannot independently increase or decrease the temperature, since it is supplied from the boiler room. Adjustment of the operating mode is always carried out taking into account the temperature curve of the coolant.

Please note

The temperature scheme itself is also taken into account - if the return pipe supplies water with a temperature above 70°C, then the coolant flow will be excessive, but if it is significantly lower, there will be a deficiency.

But the level of heating maintained indoors depends not only on the coolant:

• Outside temperature;
• The presence and strength of wind - its strong gusts significantly affect heat loss;
• Thermal insulation - high-quality structural parts of the building help to retain heat in the building. This is done not only during the construction of the house, but also separately at the request of the owners.

The temperature curve of the heat supply refers to the schedules of the heating-carrying pipelines, which are regulated by a centralized system and share the heating load. The system can be either closed or open.

In the case when the system is closed, it goes only to heating objects connected to the heating network. When the system is open, it is also used to supply hot water to consumers.

If an open system is used, adjustments must be made due to constant heat consumption.

How to make a temperature chart

In accordance with SNIP, indoor heating should be maintained at a level of 18 to 25 °C.

SNIP for preschool and school educational institutions usually tougher, since the temperature must be constant and not drop below 22°C.

In educational institutions, they strictly monitor the implementation of sanitary standards- pipes cannot be covered with mold. To calculate a temperature graph, you need to know the values ​​of several indicators:

• Outside air temperature;
• In living rooms;
• In the supply part of the pipeline;
• In the back part of the pipeline;
• In the pipeline at the exit from the building.

In addition to this data, you need to know what the nominal heat load is. For residential buildings, a similar heating schedule is 105/70 and 95/70. The first indicator reflects the temperature that should be at the water supply to the heating system, the second - at the outlet or return pipe.

The results obtained from the measurements must be entered into the table. The main indicator for compiling the table is the outside temperature. It must be compiled in such a way that the maximum data of heating devices - 95/70 - ensures heating of the premises.

The temperature regime that must be maintained in apartments is enshrined in the article of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation and the Resolution of the State Standard.

A similar calculation of temperatures maintained in residential premises is made by the management company for each high-rise or two-story house separately. All indicators, thermal insulation of external heating parts and other significant points are taken into account.

A heating schedule built according to all the rules will help not only determine the operating parameters of the system at each moment in time, but also evaluate the efficiency of the coolant.

The construction of such a graph also allows you to determine the amount of load on the heating system.

Table of coolant temperature versus outside air temperature

It is important to take into account their surface thickness and the resistance coefficient available at window openings and external walls.

After all the values ​​have been taken into account, you need to calculate the difference between the temperature in two pipes - at the entrance to the house and at the exit from it. The higher the value in the input pipe, the higher the value in the return pipe. Accordingly, indoor heating will increase under these values.

Weather outside, C
at the entrance to the building, C
Return pipe, C

10
30
25

5
44
37

5
70
54

10
83
62

15
95
70

Proper use of coolant involves attempts by house residents to reduce the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet pipes. This could be construction work to insulate a wall from the outside or thermal insulation of external heat supply pipes, insulation of floors above a cold garage or basement, insulation of the inside of a house, or several works performed simultaneously.

Heating in the radiator must also comply with standards. In central heating systems it usually varies from 70 C to 90 C depending on the outside air temperature. It is important to consider that in corner rooms the temperature cannot be less than 20 C, although in other rooms of the apartment a decrease to 18 C is allowed.

If the temperature outside drops to -30 C, then the heating in the rooms should rise by 2 C. The temperature in the remaining rooms should also increase, provided that it may be different in rooms for different purposes. If there is a child in the room, then it can fluctuate from 18 C to 23 C.

In storerooms and corridors, heating can vary from 12 C to 18 C.

Hot water supply schedule to the apartment

In order to deliver optimal hot water to the consumer, CHP plants must send it as hot as possible.

Heating lines are always so long that their length can be measured in kilometers, and the length of apartments is measured in thousands of square meters. Whatever the insulation of the pipes, heat is lost on the way to the user.

Therefore, it is necessary to heat the water as much as possible.

However, water cannot be heated above its boiling point. Therefore, a solution was found - to increase the pressure.

It looks like this:

Boiling point
Pressure

The supply of hot water in the winter season must be continuous. Exceptions to this rule include heat supply accidents. The hot water supply can only be turned off in the summer for preventive maintenance. Such work is carried out both in closed-type and open-type heat supply systems.

Heating schedule for qualitative regulation of heat supply based on average daily outside air temperature

Looking through the statistics of visits to our blog, I noticed that search phrases such as, for example, “what should be the coolant temperature at minus 5 outside?” appear very often.

I decided to post the old one schedule for qualitative regulation of heat supply based on average daily outside air temperature.

I would like to warn those who, based on these figures, will try to figure out the relationship with housing departments or heating networks: heating schedules for each individual locality are different (I wrote about this in the article regulating the temperature of the coolant). Heating networks in Ufa (Bashkiria) operate according to this schedule.

I also want to draw attention to the fact that regulation occurs according to average daily outside air temperature, so if, for example, outside at night minus 15 degrees, and during the day minus 5, then the coolant temperature will be maintained in accordance with the schedule at minus 10 оС.

Typically, the following temperature charts are used: 150/70 , 130/70 , 115/70 , 105/70 , 95/70 . The schedule is selected depending on specific local conditions. House heating systems operate according to schedules 105/70 and 95/70. Main heating networks operate according to schedules 150, 130 and 115/70.

Let's look at an example of how to use a chart. Let's say the temperature outside is minus 10 degrees.

Heating networks operate according to a temperature schedule 130/70 , which means when -10 °C temperature of the coolant in the supply pipeline of the heating network should be 85,6 degrees, in the supply pipe of the heating system - 70.8 oC with a schedule of 105/70 or 65.3 oC with a 95/70 schedule. The water temperature after the heating system should be 51,7 oS.

As a rule, the temperature values ​​in the supply pipeline of heating networks are rounded when assigned to a heat source. For example, according to the schedule it should be 85.6 °C, but at a thermal power plant or boiler house it is set to 87 degrees.

Outdoor air temperature Тнв, оС Temperature of network water in the supply pipeline Т1, оС Temperature of water in the supply pipeline of the heating system Т3, оС Temperature of water after the heating system Т2, оС
15013011510595
8

53,2
50,2
46,4
43,4
41,2
35,8

55,7
52,3
48,2
45,0
42,7
36,8

58,1
54,4
50,0
46,6
44,1
37,7

60,5
56,5
51,8
48,2
45,5
38,7

62,9
58,5
53,5
49,8
46,9
39,6

65,3
60,5
55,3
51,4
48,3
40,6

67,7
62,6
57,0
52,9
49,7
41,5

70,0
64,5
58,8
54,5
51,0
42,4

72,4
66,5
60,5
56,0
52,4
43,3

74,7
68,5
62,2
57,5
53,7
44,2

77,0
70,4
63,8
59,0
55,0
45,0

79,3
72,4
65,5
60,5
56,3
45,9

81,6
74,3
67,2
62,0
57,6
46,7

83,9
76,2
68,8
63,5
58,9
47,6

86,2
78,1
70,4
65,0
60,2
48,4

88,5
80,0
72,1
66,4
61,5
49,2

90,8
81,9
73,7
67,9
62,8
50,1

93,0
83,8
75,3
69,3
64,0
50,9

95,3
85,6
76,9
70,8
65,3
51,7

97,6
87,5
78,5
72,2
66,6
52,5

99,8
89,3
80,1
73,6
67,8
53,3

102,0
91,2
81,7
75,0
69,0
54,0

104,3
93,0
83,3
76,4
70,3
54,8

106,5
94,8
84,8
77,9
71,5
55,6

108,7
96,6
86,4
79,3
72,7
56,3

110,9
98,4
87,9
80,7
73,9
57,1

113,1
100,2
89,5
82,0
75,1
57,9

115,3
102,0
91,0
83,4
76,3
58,6

117,5
103,8
92,6
84,8
77,5
59,4

119,7
105,6
94,1
86,2
78,7
60,1

121,9
107,4
95,6
87,6
79,9
60,8

124,1
109,2
97,1
88,9
81,1
61,6

126,3
110,9
98,6
90,3
82,3
62,3

128,5
112,7
100,2
91,6
83,5
63,0

130,6
114,4
101,7
93,0
84,6
63,7

132,8
116,2
103,2
94,3
85,8
64,4

135,0
117,9
104,7
95,7
87,0
65,1

137,1
119,7
106,1
97,0
88,1
65,8

139,3
121,4
107,6
98,4
89,3
66,5

141,4
123,1
109,1
99,7
90,4
67,2

143,6
124,9
110,6
101,0
94,6
67,9

145,7
126,6
112,1
102,4
92,7
68,6

147,9
128,3
113,5
103,7
93,9
69,3

150,0
130,0
115,0
105,0
95,0
70,0

Temperature graph calculation

The method for calculating the temperature graph is described in the reference book “Adjustment and operation of water heating networks” (Chapter 4, paragraph 4.4, p. 153).

This is a rather labor-intensive and time-consuming process, since for each outdoor temperature you need to count several values: T1, T3, T2, etc.

To our joy, we have a computer and a spreadsheet processor MS Excel. A work colleague shared with me a ready-made table for calculating the temperature graph. It was made at one time by his wife, who worked as an engineer for a group of modes in thermal networks.

Temperature chart calculation table in MS Excel

In order for Excel to calculate and build a graph, you just need to enter a few initial values:

• design temperature in the supply pipeline of the heating network T1
• design temperature in the return pipeline of the heating network T2
• design temperature in the heating system supply pipe T3
• Outdoor temperature Tn.v.
• Indoor temperature Tv.p.
• coefficient " n"(it is, as a rule, unchanged and equal to 0.25)
• Minimum and maximum cut of the temperature graph Cut min, Cut max.

Entering initial data into the temperature chart calculation table

All. nothing more is required from you. The calculation results will be in the first table of the sheet. It is highlighted with a bold frame.

The charts will also adjust to the new values.

Graphic representation of the temperature graph

The table also calculates the temperature of direct network water taking into account wind speed.

Download temperature chart calculation

Coolant temperature depending on outside temperature

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The coolant temperature directly depends on the outside temperature. You should pay attention to this fact. Weather conditions are directly taken into account when determining the required heating parameters.

In Russia, heating systems that operate on a water basis are most often used. However, the temperature of the water that flows through the batteries directly depends on weather conditions. Therefore, when it is cold outside, heat supply companies are obliged to increase the temperature regime, and when it is warm, on the contrary, to reduce it.

The schedule according to which the temperature of water supplied to the house is calculated is approved at the legislative level. It directly reflects the indicators at which the resource should be heated more intensely or weakly.

The schedule was developed based on approved standards for normal room temperature. Therefore, if it’s cold at home and the radiators don’t heat up, it’s the service provider’s fault. You can safely measure heat and draw up a report.

Thermal power plants do not calculate anything on their own. They do not have the right to assert their own norms. All indicators were approved by the Government of the Russian Federation in agreement with SanPiN. The basis is statistical data for the past ten years. When drawing up the graph, the highest and lowest thermometer marks for this period were taken into account.

However, such rules allow heat supply companies to save money on heating, since the highest temperature readings do not occur so often.

ATTENTION! Look at the completed sample application to the Criminal Code for measuring the temperature in the apartment:

The thermal level of water supplied for space heating must be at the level approved by the government. To calculate indicators, you do not need to resort to technical services. At the legislative level, everything has been calculated for a long time.

All that remains is to maintain the required temperature conditions at the inlet, outlet and in the heating system itself. However, to maintain balance, you need to have special knowledge that will help determine the intensity of water heating to increase or decrease its temperature.

Please note! In each region, heat supply companies are required to independently configure the equipment so that it produces water at the required temperature. This is due to the unique climatic conditions in different settlements.

For example, in the south of the country, external indicators never exceed -30 C, so they do not need to introduce increased equipment operation.

In accordance with the approved rules, the temperature in the room should not be lower than +20C ... +22C. Such standards are considered optimal for living and spending time in an apartment.

The approved schedule contains information about the permitted water temperature:

• when leaving the heat supply station (boiler room);
• when in the heating system;
• when leaving the heating system, for example, when drawing from a tap directly into a heated apartment.

Each heat supply station must be equipped by special means, which help maintain maximum and minimum performance.

However, depending on the installation volume:

• large thermal power plants are required to equip the station with devices that produce water with a maximum temperature of 105°C to 130°C. The minimum indicator is at 70°C;
• small stations and boiler houses are equipped with devices that produce water with a maximum temperature of 95°C to 105°C. The minimum indicator remains unchanged.

However, in some regions, maximum values ​​are increasing due to a decrease in the average daily air temperature outside.

Previously, until 1991, the responsibility for drawing up the schedule rested with the local administration. Every year in the autumn-winter period they were engaged in calculations. Based on them, heating companies supplied heat to the house.

It cannot be said that such a method helped to find the optimal result. Some houses were cold in winter. However, this made it possible to optimize the temperature regime in many rooms. The majority of the population received the maximum comfortable conditions residence.

Please note

Unfortunately, such calculation methods have been abolished. The rules have been introduced to simplify the payment system. However, this has resulted in poor service delivery. It seems that the heating company is not violating the law, but the house is still cold all winter.

The introduction of new rules led to a reduction in the costs of thermal power plants, rather than providing the population with sufficient heat.

Numerous complaints about public utilities from ordinary people did not go unnoticed. In 2010, the schedule of thermal indicators was again introduced. It is regulated by Federal Law No. 190 of July 27, 2010 “On Heat Supply”. Now the heat in the house has been restored again.

The new graph is based on average temperatures over the past ten years. The following are taken into account: the highest and lowest temperature of the thermometer in winter.

Attention!Our qualified lawyers will assist you free of charge and around the clock on any issues.Find out more here.

Outdoor temperature, °C
Water temperature at the heating system inlet, °C
Water temperature in the heating system, °C
Water temperature at the outlet of the heating system, in °C

8
+51…+52
+42…+45
+34…+40

7
+51…+55
+44…+47
+35…+41

6
+53…+57
+45…+49
+36…+46

5
+55…+59
+47…+50
+37…+44

4
+57…+61
+48…+52
+38…+45

3
+59…+64
+50…+54
+39…+47

2
+61…+66
+51…+56
+40…+48

1
+63…+69
+53…+57
+41…+50

65…+71
+55…+59
+42…+51

1
+67…+73
+56…+61
+43…+52

2
+69…+76
+58…+62
+44…+54

3
+71…+78
+59-…+64
+45…+55

4
+73…+80
+61…+66
+46…+57

5
+75…+82
+62…+67
+47…+59

6
+77-…+85
+64…+-69
+48…+62

7
+79…+87
+65…+71
+49…+61

8
+80…+89
+66…+72
+49…+63

9
+82…+92
+69…+-75
+50…+64

10
+86…+94
+71…+77
+51…+65

11
+86…+96
+72…+79
+52…+66

12
+88…+98
+74…+-80
+53…+68

13
+90…+101
+75…+82
+54…+69

14
+92…+103
+76…+83
+54…+70

15
+93…+105
+79…+86
+56…+72

16
+95…+107
+79…+86
+56…+72

17
+97…+109
+81…+88
+56…+74

18
+99…+112
+82…+90
+57…+75

19
+101…+114
+83…+91
+58…+76

20
+102-…+116
+85…+-93
+59…+77

21
+104…+118
+88…+94
+59…+78

22
+106…+120
+87…+96
+60…+80

23
+108…+123
+89…+97
+61…+81

24
+109…+125
+90…+98
+62…+82

25
+112…+128
+91…+99
+62…+83

26
+114…+130
+92…+101
+63…+84

27
+116…+134
+94…+103
+64…+86

28
+118…+136
+96…+105
+64…+87

29
+120…+138
+97…+106
+67…+88

30
+122…+140
+98…+108
+66…+89

31
+123…+142
+100…+109
+66…+90

32
+125…+144
+101…+111
+67…+91

33
+127…+146
+102…+112
+68…+92

34
+129…+149
+104…+114
+69…+94

A special schedule is developed for the boiler room of a thermal power plant, on the basis of which it operates. They serve residential apartment buildings, cottages, apartments, administrative buildings, municipalities and other premises.

The schedule makes it possible for thermal stations to prepare for the heating season. With it, the decrease in temperature is not dangerous for the population. In addition, it allows you to save thermal energy when you can heat the room in a reduced mode.

Heating temperature chart

The supply of heat to a room is associated with a simple temperature schedule. The temperature values ​​of the water supplied from the boiler room do not change in the room. They have standard values ​​and range from +70ºС to +95ºС. This temperature schedule for the heating system is the most popular.

Adjusting the air temperature in the house

Not everywhere in the country there is central heating, so many residents install independent systems. Their temperature graph differs from the first option. In this case, temperature indicators are significantly reduced. They depend on the efficiency of modern heating boilers.

If the temperature reaches +35ºС, the boiler will operate at maximum power. It depends heating element, Where thermal energy can be picked up by exhaust gases. If the temperature values ​​are greater than + 70 ºС, then the boiler performance drops. In that case, in his technical specifications efficiency is indicated at 100%.

Temperature schedule and its calculation

What the graph will look like depends on the outside temperature. The more negative the outside temperature, the greater the heat loss. Many people do not know where to get this indicator. This temperature is prescribed in regulatory documents. The temperature of the coldest five-day period is taken as the calculated value, and the lowest value over the last 50 years is taken.

Graph of the dependence of external and internal temperatures

The graph shows the relationship between external and internal temperatures. Let's say the outside temperature is -17ºС. Drawing a line upward until it intersects with t2, we obtain a point characterizing the temperature of the water in the heating system.

Thanks to the temperature schedule, you can prepare the heating system even for the most severe conditions. It also reduces material costs for installing a heating system. If we consider this factor from the point of view of mass construction, the savings are significant.

Temperature inside premises depends from temperature coolant, A Also others factors:

• Outside air temperature. The smaller it is, the more negatively it affects heating;
• Wind. When strong wind occurs, heat loss increases;
• The temperature inside the room depends on the thermal insulation of the structural elements of the building.

Over the past 5 years, construction principles have changed. Builders increase the value of a home by insulating elements. As a rule, this applies to basements, roofs, and foundations. These expensive measures subsequently allow residents to save on the heating system.

Heating temperature chart

The graph shows the dependence of the temperature of external and internal air. The lower the outside air temperature, the higher the coolant temperature in the system will be.

A temperature schedule is developed for each city during the heating season. In small populated areas a temperature schedule is drawn up for the boiler room, which ensures required quantity coolant to the consumer.

Change temperature schedule Can several ways:

• quantitative - characterized by a change in the flow rate of coolant supplied to the heating system;
• qualitative - consists of regulating the temperature of the coolant before supplying it to the premises;
• temporary - a discrete method of supplying water to the system.

The temperature schedule is a schedule of heating pipes that distributes the heating load and is regulated using centralized systems.

There is also an increased schedule; it is created for a closed heating system, that is, to ensure the supply of hot coolant to connected objects.

When using an open system, it is necessary to adjust the temperature schedule, since the coolant is consumed not only for heating, but also for domestic water consumption.

The temperature graph is calculated using simple method. Hto build it, necessary initial temperature air data:

• external;
• indoors;
• in the supply and return pipelines;
• at the exit of the building.

In addition, you should know the rated thermal load. All other coefficients are standardized by reference documentation. The system is calculated for any temperature schedule, depending on the purpose of the room.

For example, for large industrial and civil facilities a schedule of 150/70, 130/70, 115/70 is drawn up. For residential buildings this figure is 105/70 and 95/70. The first indicator shows the supply temperature, and the second - the return temperature.

The calculation results are entered into a special table, which shows the temperature at certain points of the heating system, depending on the outside air temperature.

The main factor in calculating the temperature schedule is the outside air temperature. The calculation table must be drawn up so that the maximum values ​​of the coolant temperature in the heating system (graph 95/70) ensure heating of the room. Room temperatures are prescribed by regulatory documents.

Temperature heating devices

Heating device temperature

The main indicator is the temperature of heating devices. The ideal temperature schedule for heating is 90/70ºС. It is impossible to achieve such an indicator, since the temperature inside the room should not be the same. It is determined depending on the purpose of the room.

In accordance with the standards, the temperature in the corner living room is +20ºС, in the rest – +18ºС; in the bathroom – +25ºС. If the outside air temperature is -30ºС, then the indicators increase by 2ºС.

Except Togo, exists norms For others types premises:

• in rooms where children are located – +18ºС to +23ºС;
• children's educational institutions – +21ºС;
• in cultural institutions with mass attendance – +16ºС to +21ºС.

This range of temperature values ​​is compiled for all types of premises. It depends on the movements performed inside the room: the more there are, the lower the air temperature. For example, in sports facilities people move a lot, so the temperature is only +18ºС.

Room temperature

There are certain factors, from which depends temperature heating devices:

• Outside air temperature;
• Type of heating system and temperature difference: for a single-pipe system – +105ºС, and for a single-pipe system – +95ºС. Accordingly, the differences in for the first region are 105/70ºС, and for the second – 95/70ºС;
• Direction of coolant supply to heating devices. With the top feed, the difference should be 2 ºС, with the bottom – 3 ºС;
• Type of heating devices: heat transfer is different, so the temperature curve will be different.

First of all, the coolant temperature depends on the outside air. For example, the temperature outside is 0ºC. In this case, the temperature regime in the radiators should be 40-45ºC at the supply, and 38ºC at the return.

When the air temperature is below zero, for example -20ºС, these indicators change. In this case, the supply temperature becomes 77/55ºС.

If the temperature reaches -40ºС, then the indicators become standard, that is, +95/105ºС at the supply, and +70ºС at the return.

Additional parameters

In order for a certain temperature of the coolant to reach the consumer, it is necessary to monitor the condition of the outside air. For example, if it is -40ºС, the boiler room should supply hot water with an indicator of +130ºС.

Along the way, the coolant loses heat, but the temperature still remains high when it enters the apartments. The optimal value is +95ºС.

To do this, an elevator unit is installed in the basements, which serves to mix hot water from the boiler room and coolant from the return pipeline.

Several institutions are responsible for the heating main. The boiler room monitors the supply of hot coolant to the heating system, and the condition of the pipelines is monitored by city heating networks. The housing office is responsible for the elevator element. Therefore, to solve the problem of supplying coolant to a new house, you need to contact different offices.

Installation of heating devices is carried out in accordance with regulatory documents. If the owner himself replaces the battery, then he is responsible for the operation of the heating system and changes in temperature conditions.

Adjustment methods

Dismantling the elevator unit

If the boiler room is responsible for the parameters of the coolant leaving the warm point, then the housing office workers must be responsible for the temperature inside the room. Many residents complain about the cold in their apartments. This occurs due to a deviation in the temperature graph. In rare cases, it happens that the temperature rises by a certain value.

Heating parameters can be adjusted in three ways:

If the supply and return coolant temperatures are significantly underestimated, then it is necessary to increase the diameter of the elevator nozzle. This way, more liquid will pass through it.

How to do this? To begin with, shut-off valves are closed (house valves and taps at the elevator unit). Next, the elevator and nozzle are removed. Then it is drilled out by 0.5-2 mm, depending on how much it is necessary to increase the temperature of the coolant. After these procedures, the elevator is mounted in its original place and put into operation.

To ensure sufficient tightness flange connection, it is necessary to replace the paronite gaskets with rubber ones.

In severe cold weather, when the problem of freezing of the heating system in the apartment arises, the nozzle can be completely removed. In this case, the suction may become a jumper. To do this, you need to plug it with a steel pancake 1 mm thick. This process is only carried out in critical situations, since the temperature in pipelines and heating devices will reach 130ºС.

In the middle of the heating season, a significant increase in temperature may occur. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate it using a special valve on the elevator. To do this, the supply of hot coolant is switched to the supply pipeline. A pressure gauge is mounted on the return line. Adjustment occurs by closing the valve on the supply pipeline.

Next, the valve opens slightly, and the pressure should be monitored using a pressure gauge. If you simply open it, the cheeks will sag. That is, an increase in pressure drop occurs in the return pipeline. Every day the indicator increases by 0.2 atmospheres, and the temperature in the heating system must be constantly monitored.

Heat supply. Video

You can learn how the heat supply of private and apartment buildings works in the video below.

When drawing up a heating temperature schedule, various factors must be taken into account. This list includes not only the structural elements of the building, but the outside temperature, as well as the type of heating system.

Calculation of the temperature schedule for the supply of coolant to the heating system of residential buildings

The coolant is a special type of liquid or gaseous substance, and is used for the purpose of transferring thermal energy.

As a rule, water is used as a coolant.

The dependence of the temperature of the coolant in the heating system on the temperature indicators of the outside air is called a temperature graph.

The temperature of the coolant at the entrance to the heating system, under conditions of high-quality regulation of heat supply, is directly dependent on the atmospheric conditions outside the house.

The lower the values, the greater the temperature output must have a heating system coolant.

Temperature graph parameters are selected during the heating system design process and influence the choice of:

• heating appliance sizes;
• total coolant flow in the heating system;
• distribution pipeline sections(about compensators for polypropylene pipes heating is written here).

The temperature graph is indicated by two numbers that show the degree of heating of the coolant at the inlet and outlet.

Provided that this is enough to create an optimal, comfortable indoor microclimate.

The use of a graph is necessary in the process of setting up and analyzing the operating mode of heating systems.

Carrying out research allows us to determine the degree of heat consumption or, conversely, heat deficiency.

Basic parameters

The most significant parameter is the coolant temperature in the heating system, which determines the efficiency of heating the room.

It is also necessary to take into account the level of viscosity, the volume of thermal expansion and the optimal speed of the coolant, the minimum values ​​of which are 0.2 m/s.

When choosing a coolant, you need to pay attention for the following characteristics:

• the speed of the coolant in the heating system (indicated here) and the transfer of the maximum volume of heat during the minimum time period and with low losses along the entire perimeter of the heating system;
• the liquid must not cause corrosive changes in the pipeline;
• viscosity indicators that affect the coolant speed and efficiency should be insignificant;
• the composition must not contain toxic or harmful substances;
• lack of flammability at too high temperatures.

The coolant should be affordable, and purchasing it for refills should not be difficult.

Expensive coolants, as a rule, are operated more long time, and without replacement.

It should be noted that the temperature inside the room largely depends on the outside temperature and wind loads, as well as the degree of insulation and the sealing performance of the joints of the room.

Technical characteristics of radiators

In different rooms according to their purpose, the air temperature should be different.

Therefore, when determining the temperature schedule, it is necessary to focus on the following indicators:

• corner living space– 20оС;
• not a corner living space– 18oC;
• shower or bathroom– 25оС.

When the street temperature is minus 30°C and below, the indicators in the residential premises listed above should, accordingly, be increased to 22°C and 20°C.

In the following premises with large numbers of people, it is necessary to ensure:

• children's rooms– 18-23оС;
• children's pools– 30oC;
• walking verandas– 12оС;
• school premises– 21оС;
• bedrooms in a children's boarding school– 16oC;
• cultural institutions– 16-21оС;
• libraries– 18oC.

Temperature standards directly depend on the intensity of human movement indoors.

Therefore, in sports complexes the indicator should not exceed 18°C.

Outdoor temperature readings
The lower the street temperature, the greater the load the heating system in the room experiences. At zero street temperature, it is necessary to adhere to 40-45 ° C for supply and 35-40 ° C for outlet on radiator equipment. When using convectors, 41-49 ° C is supplied and 36-40 ° C is discharged

Timing of heating system
In single-pipe systems, the norm of temperature indicators is 105 ° C, and in the presence of a two-pipe system, the indicators are reduced to a level of 95 ° C. The difference in temperature indicators at the supply and outlet should be 105-70 ° C / 95-70 ° C

Supply of coolant to heating equipment
When using upper wiring for heating radiators, the difference should not exceed 2°C, and the presence of lower wiring requires a difference of 3°C

Type of heating device
Radiator equipment, compared to convectors, is different increased level heat transfer

It is necessary to regulate the supply and removal of coolant in the heating system of residential, utility and other types of premises, depending on the street temperature.

Outdoor temperature indicators
Supply coolant temperature
Return coolant temperature

Zero temperature
40–45оС radiator41–49оС convector
35–38°C radiator 36–40°C convector

Minus 20oC
67–77оС radiator68–79оС convector
53–55оС radiator 55–57оС convector

Minus 40oC
95–105°C radiator and convector
79°C radiator and convector

Dependence on the type of operating fluids

Most often, water is used as a coolant (how does it work? solenoid valve, written here) or antifreeze for heating.

Running water contains a significant amount of foreign impurities that negatively affect the performance and service life of the heating system.

Therefore, it is advisable to use completely purified water or distillate:

• mass density indicators 1000 kg per cubic meter at a temperature of 4°C, with a decrease in specific density during heating;
• heat capacity level is 4.2 kJ/kg*C;
• boiling point 100oC with an increase under the influence of increased pressure.

Water is non-toxic and harmless, does not change properties when overheated, is affordable, is not limited by service life and can be combined with a pipeline made of any material.

Antifreeze is characterized low temperatures freezing and contains ethylene glycol or propylene glycol.

Main advantage, compared to water, is represented by frost resistance:

• most species are characterized by toxicity;
• when overheated, foaming and the release of sediment are observed, settling on the walls of the heating equipment;
• high cost, compared to water, and the impossibility of use in some types of pipelines;
• limited service life not exceeding five years under standard conditions of use.

To achieve maximum efficient heating of the room and obtain a long-lasting heating system, it is necessary to correctly calculate the coolant (table of water volume in steel pipe published here).

Heating pipe section
Coolant volume in ml.

40 mm
1257

50 mm
2467

65 mm
3318

80 mm
5026

100 mm
7854

Standards for individual heating

In apartments equipped with autonomous heat supply, heating standards are represented by the heat transfer of heating devices to the area of ​​​​the room where this device is installed, and are determined by the formula:

• P = S x H x 41,
• S– area of ​​the room in square meters;
• N– height of the room in meters;
• 41 – coefficient of minimum thermal power.

The obtained value must be correlated with the indicators of the actual heat transfer of heating devices:

• cast iron radiator– 90-160 W;
• steel radiator– 60-170 W;
• aluminum and bimetallic radiator – 160-200 W.

Under conditions of lower connection, the standard thermal power of the radiator is reduced by 10%.

To connect a one-pipe system, Typically, such indicators decrease by 25-30%.

Heated floor system does not require heating the coolant to too high temperatures.

Therefore, return coolant can be used (approximate price for check valve for water).

Under standard conditions, the heating standards of an autonomous system are calculated taking into account the type of heating devices and the actual level of coolant pressure inside the system.

We invite you to watch a video dedicated to creating the simplest automation for adjusting the degree of heating of the coolant in the “Warm Floor” system.

Temperature graph of heating networks for heating houses

In cities, almost everything residential buildings connected to the central heating system. To ensure comfortable living conditions in winter, it is necessary to control the temperature of the coolant supplied by thermal power plants and boiler houses. For this purpose, heating network employees develop a temperature schedule depending on climatic conditions region and outside air temperature.

To make the premises comfortable, you need to develop a temperature schedule

Purpose and scope

The temperature graph of the heating network displays the required temperature of the coolant in accordance with the same indicator of the outside air. He used in central heating systems, allowing you to maintain the required temperature in the premises and save energy resources.

The graph can also be used in autonomous heating systems.

With its help, not only is it created desired temperature indoors, but also provided safe operation heating system.

It should be noted that the choice of all parameters of the equipment used to heat an apartment depends not only on the climatic characteristics of the region, but also on the temperature schedule.

Thus, it shows what the coolant temperature should be depending on the outside temperature.

Main types

There are several types of temperature graphs, each of which affects the standard temperature of heating radiators. The choice of a specific type depends on several factors. The most important among them are:

Climatic features of the region.

Equipment for thermal power plant or boiler room.

Technical and economic indicators of the heating system.

It is customary to distinguish graphs for two- and one-pipe heating systems, consisting of two numbers. For example, a temperature graph of 150-70 means that in order to maintain comfortable conditions in the apartment, the temperature of the coolant entering the system should be 150 degrees, and the return temperature should be 70 degrees.

Features of compilation

When developing schedule indicators, it is necessary to focus on the capabilities of the heating system, the characteristics of the heat generator, as well as temperature fluctuations outside. If there are sharp changes in temperature in the region, then it is necessary to choose the right pipe material and fuel.

When choosing the optimal temperature, several factors are most often taken into account:

Possibility of ensuring efficient coolant supply.

Achievements of stable and economical operation heating systems.

Providing comfortable living conditions.

Each room has its own level of comfortable temperature

Depending on the type of heated room, the standards provide for different temperature parameters. If for the housing stock this figure is 18 degrees, then for hospitals and children's institutions it is 3 degrees higher.

For rational use fuel this difference should be minimal. To solve the problem, you need to carry out additional work for insulation of not only heating mains, but also buildings. Any building radiates environment warm. This factor must be taken into account when designing heating systems.

Temperature regulation

Employees of heating networks and thermal power plants are responsible for the parameters of the heating main, and the temperature indicators inside the buildings are in the department of the housing office. To regulate the room temperature in heating season two methods can be used.

The first is called quantitative and involves a change in water flow at constant temperatures. If a qualitative method is used, then the volume of coolant consumed remains constant, but its thermal parameter changes.

It is the second option that is used most often, as it is the most economical. A high-quality method of heat regulation allows you to provide comfortable living conditions even with sudden changes in temperature outside.

For a heat energy consumer, knowledge of coolant supply standards can be useful.

Please note

This is due to the fact that if the schedule parameters are not observed, a recalculation for utilities may be required. To measure the thermal index of the coolant, it is not necessary to install complex heat metering devices in the apartment.

It is enough to drain a small amount of water from the radiator into a container and then take a measurement.