Chernobyl thirty years later: Invisible people of Belarus.
Presenter: 25 years ago, on April 26, 1986, at approximately 1:24 a.m., an explosion occurred at the 4th power unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, which completely destroyed the reactor. As a result of the accident, there was a release into environment radioactive substances, including isotopes of uranium, plutonium, iodine, etc.
The Chernobyl nuclear power plant is located on the territory of Ukraine near the city of Pripyat, 18 kilometers from the city of Chernobyl, 16 kilometers from the border with Belarus and 110 kilometers from Kyiv.
Let us consider the line dedicated to the memory of the victims of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant open.
Dedicated to the memory of the victims of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
(Montage - About Chernobyl...)
1.Twenty-sixth of April
The whole country was sleeping peacefully.
Atom went crazy
He rushed up into the sky
And the war began with him. (Vladimirov Zhenya)
2. People played with death
And without sparing the belly
They fulfilled their duty and shortened their lives.
This was the reality. (Andrey Mikhailov)
3. Many died in agony,
Much still suffers
Many are waiting for their fate,
But no one will remember them.
Well, thank you for that.
What do you do to our hearts?
Chernobyl victims, live longer.
Health and joy to you. (Demchuk Alexander)
Presenter: Guys, I invite you to get acquainted with some of the events that took place on that distant terrible morning of April 26, 1986. So, the first message will be made by Victoria Chernyshova.
First message: Chronology of events
On April 25, 1986, the shutdown of the 4th power unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant was planned for the next scheduled maintenance. During such shutdowns, various equipment tests are usually carried out according to separate programs. These were already the fourth regime tests carried out at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The first attempt in 1982 was not entirely successful, subsequent tests carried out in 1983, 1984 and 1985 also, according to various reasons, ended unsuccessfully.
However, during almost the entire duration of the experiment, the power behavior was not alarming.
At 1:23 a.m., an emergency protection signal was registered. In the next few seconds, the systems failed.
According to various testimonies, there were from one to several powerful impacts (most witnesses indicated two powerful explosions) 1:25 the reactor was completely destroyed.
Presenter: “I’M GOING THE CHERNOBYL ROAD AGAIN”
Read by Pletnikova Galina.
Who among us could forget ourselves in silence?
Whoever's heart hasn't trembled with anxiety,
When the cold wind at night
A whiff of black reality from Chernobyl?!
That night, rows of Kyiv chestnuts,
Barely sticking out its inflorescences in the foliage,
Under the falling cloud of trouble
We thought about the town on Pripyat.
Kyiv has never known anything like this,
Marked by centuries of scars with dates.
An unexpected disaster broke out,
Mysteriously accumulated in the atom.
Presenter: The second report on the causes of the accident will be made by Anna Kramicheva.
Causes of the accident and investigation
The State Commission formed in the USSR to investigate the causes of the disaster placed primary responsibility for the disaster on the operating personnel and management of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. An advisory group was created to investigate the causes of the accident. In its 1986 report, it was stated that the accident was the result of an unlikely coincidence of a number of violations of rules and regulations by operating personnel; the accident acquired catastrophic consequences due to the fact that the reactor was brought into an unregulated state.
However, in 1991, the State Atomic Supervision Commission of the USSR reconsidered this issue and came to the conclusion that “which began due to the actions of operational personnel The Chernobyl accident acquired catastrophic proportions that were inappropriate for them due to the unsatisfactory design of the reactor.” In addition, the commission analyzed the regulations in force at the time of the accident. regulations and did not confirm some of the accusations previously made against station personnel.
The reactor did not meet safety standards;
. low quality operating regulations regarding safety;
. ineffectiveness of the regulatory and safety oversight regime in nuclear energy;
. there was no effective exchange of safety information both between operators and between operators and designers;
. the personnel made a number of mistakes and violated existing instructions and the testing program.
Presenter: Svetlana Chizhikova reads a poem about Chernobyl.
Chernobyl... One word is enough -
And my heart is like a painful lump,
It will shrink, waiting for new news,
And the breeze smells of bitter dust.
And pain did not fall from the stars of heaven,
And not on the firmament of insensitive stones -
And it penetrated into the chest of the earth with an evil fuse
And treacherously settled in her.
Presenter: Third message about the consequences of the accident.
Sarina Elizoveta will read
Consequences of the accident
Directly during the explosion at the fourth power unit, only one person died (Valery Khodemchuk), another died in the morning from his injuries (Vladimir Shashenok). Subsequently, 134 Chernobyl employees and rescue teams present at the plant during the explosion developed radiation sickness, and 28 of them died over the next few months.
At 1:24 a.m., a signal about a fire was received at the control panel of the HRC-2 duty officer for the protection of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The duty guard of the fire department left for the station. The guard of the 6th city fire department left Pripyat to help. Lieutenant Pravik took over the leadership of extinguishing the fire. His competent actions prevented the spread of the fire. Additional reinforcements were called from Kyiv and surrounding areas. The firefighters had only canvas overalls, mittens, and a helmet as protective equipment. By 4 o'clock in the morning the fire was localized on the roof of the turbine room, and by 6 o'clock in the morning it was extinguished. In total, 69 personnel and 14 pieces of equipment took part in extinguishing the fire. Availability high level radiation was reliably established only by 3:30, since of the two available devices for 1000 roentgens per hour, one was out of order, and the other was inaccessible due to the rubble that had arisen. Therefore, in the first hours of the accident, the real levels of radiation in the premises of the block and around it were unknown. The state of the reactor was also unclear.
In the first hours after the accident, many apparently did not realize how badly damaged the reactor was, so the mistaken decision was made to supply water to the reactor core to cool it. This required work in areas with high radiation. These efforts were useless, as both the pipelines and the core itself were destroyed. Other actions of the station personnel, such as extinguishing fires in the station premises and measures aimed at preventing a possible explosion, on the contrary, were necessary. They may have prevented even more serious consequences. While performing this work, many station employees received large doses of radiation, some even fatal.
Presenter: Another poem about Chernobyl is read by Katerina Fedoseeva
The sun's disk fell below the horizon,
The night spilled its ink,
The light of death is as elusive as a dream,
A blanket of death covered us.
Yellowed forest and yellow sign -
It's not worth going to the side of the road,
May Day burnt out flag.
Maybe they'll write us down as heroes.
Pears and apples are ripening in the garden,
To fall into the rising weeds,
Beauty, but you feel trouble,
And locks, locks on all the doors.
The hum of engines through the copacs,
Here it is, here is the final turn.
Ahead the fire burns in the night...
Who's alive? Nobody will understand.
Nothing can change now,
There are no seconds for a short smoke break,
We will be able to tame the atom -
It's a pity that there is a lot of grief forever.
What is twenty-five roentgen?
What is strontium, cesium, iodine?
We will find out all this later,
And now the order is to go forward!
Information and evacuation of the population
Presenter: These are the terrible events that unfolded 25 years ago at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. But the first official announcement was made on television on April 27. A rather dry message reported the fact of the accident and two deaths; the true scale of the disaster began to be reported later.
After assessing the scale of radioactive contamination, it became clear that the evacuation of the city of Pripyat would be required, which was carried out on April 27. In the first days after the accident, the population of the 10-kilometer zone was evacuated. In the following days, the population of other settlements within the 30-kilometer zone was evacuated. It was forbidden to take things with you; many were evacuated in home clothes. To avoid fanning panic, it was reported that the evacuees would return home in three days. Pets were not allowed.
To coordinate the work, republican commissions were also created in the Byelorussian, Ukrainian SSR and in the RSFSR, various departmental commissions and headquarters. Specialists sent to carry out work on the emergency unit and around it, as well as military units, both regular and made up of urgently called up reservists, began to arrive in the 30-kilometer zone around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The bulk of the work was carried out in 1986-1987, involving approximately 240,000 people. The total number of liquidators (including subsequent years) was approximately 600,000.
“Account 904” was opened in all savings banks in the country for donations from citizens, which received 520 million rubles in six months. Among the donors was Alla Pugacheva, who gave a charity concert at the Olympic Stadium and a solo concert in Chernobyl for liquidators.
As a result of the accident, about 5 million hectares of land were withdrawn from agricultural use.
A 30-kilometer exclusion zone was created around the nuclear power plant, hundreds of small settlements were destroyed and buried (buried with heavy equipment).
More than 200,000 km² were polluted - this is approximately 70% in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. Radioactive substances spread in the form of aerosols, which gradually settled on the surface of the earth.
The highest doses were received by approximately 1,000 people who were near the reactor at the time of the explosion and who took part in emergency work in the first days after it. These doses ranged from 2 to 20 grays (Gy) and were fatal in some cases.
In many cases, radiation sickness was complicated by radiation skin burns caused by β-radiation. During 1986, 28 people died from radiation sickness. Two more people died during the accident for reasons unrelated to radiation. During 1987–2004, another 19 people died.
Observation of a large group of liquidators conducted in Russia revealed an increase in mortality by several percent. Among the 600,000 people exposed to the highest doses of radiation, the mortality rate from cancer is approximately four thousand.
Various public organizations report very high rates of congenital abnormalities and high infant mortality in contaminated areas.
Some of the most heavily contaminated areas in Belarus and Ukraine have seen an increase in mortality.
Liquidators and residents of contaminated areas are at increased risk of various diseases, such as radiation sickness, oncology, cataracts, cardiovascular diseases, decreased immunity, Down syndrome in children, etc.
Dear teachers and children, you need to know and remember this.
I propose to honor with a minute of silence all those who died from the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
NVP and FC teacher: Anna Sergeevna Kabakova
Chemistry and biology teacher: Lapa Natalya Vladimirovna
Scenario for an extracurricular environmental event
"Chernobyl: 30 years later"
Purpose: - to show the significance of an environmental tragedy using the example of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident;
- develop a sense of responsibility towards surrounding nature and patriotism;
- develop thinking, the ability to use literature to find facts, the ability to conduct a monologue speech in front of an audience.
- formation of civic responsibility and patriotic education of students using the example of studying the causes and consequences of the Chernobyl accident.
Pedagogical tasks:
-contribute to the education of tolerance, spiritual and moral feelings: feelings of compassion, caring attitude towards the environment, love for nature;
-develop a positive active life position;
-promote the formation of environmental knowledge and its use in educational and practical activities.
Equipment: projector, exhibition of books, magazines, drawings on this topic, photographs of Chernobyl firefighters who became the first victims of the accident, presentation, flowers, lit candles.
(Slide No. 1 is in the background. A melody is playing. Presenters exit.)
Vedas 1: Good afternoon, Dear friends, teachers, masters, guys!
Ved 2: Good afternoon, dear guests!
Vedas 1: A special occasion has brought us together in this hall.
Vedas 2: 30 years ago, on April 26, 1986 at 1 am 23 minutes at the 4th power unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the largest event in the history of the world occurred. nuclear energy accident, a modern catastrophe, resulting in numerous casualties, radioactive contamination of the territory of Ukraine, Belarus, Russia.
Vedas 1: The measure of horror for us is war. Chernobyl is worse. This is a war with an invisible enemy. War without shooting and bullets.
(slide No. 2 in the background)
Vedas 1: Chernobyl is a small, cute provincial Ukrainian place, surrounded by greenery. In the summer, Kyivians, Muscovites, and Leningraders loved to relax here. They prepared pickles and preserves for the winter, picked mushrooms, sunbathed on the dazzling clean sandy shores of the Kyiv Sea, and fished. It seemed that the beauty of nature and the four blocks of the nuclear power plant hidden in concrete coexisted here surprisingly harmoniously and inseparably.
(slide No. 3 in the background)
Vedas 2: The word “Chernobyl” in Ukrainian means “wormwood”. Ancient Chernobyl gave its bitter name to a powerful nuclear power plant, the construction of which began in 1973. In 1983, four power units with a capacity of 4 million kW were operating. The main capital of power engineers was the young, rapidly developing city of Pripyat, located 18 km to the northwest from Chernobyl. The city owes its appearance to the construction of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant named after V.I. Lenin.
(slide No. 4 in the background)
Vedas 1: The initial pages of the chronicle of the labor biography of Pripyat were written on February 4, 1970, when builders hammered in the first peg and removed the first bucket of earth. Average age residents were 26 years old. But the life of this city turned out to be too short. He died on the terrible night of April 25-26, 1986. And now all attention is on the screen
Video: “Chernobyl a second before the disaster” from the beginning to 3 min. 47 s.
Reader:
Destroyed and killed by misfortune,
He wasn't ready for her.
Still not believing, he stands there,
Without crying and without words.
Not yet knowing what is there
Then it will happen
And what replaces all the words
Fate will bring it.
(slide No. 7, 8,)
Ved 2: At the Chernobyl nuclear power plant they were preparing to shut down the fourth power unit due to scheduled maintenance. During the shutdown, it was planned to conduct a test with the reactor protections turned off in full support of the nuclear power plant equipment. They began to shut down the power unit, gradually reducing the reactor power. The emergency cooling system of the reactor was turned off - this became one of the gravest fatal mistakes. There was an explosion.
(slide No. 9)
Ved 1: The reactor of the fourth power unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant released 50 tons of evaporated fuel into the atomosphere. As a result, the air, soil, water, vegetation and animals were contaminated, and people received a very strong dose of radiation, which turned out to be fatal for many.
Video: “Chernobyl a second before the disaster” from 6 min. 16 sec. up to 10 min. 40 s
(slide No. 10)
1. The fourth reactor - it shook devilishly with a roar.
Freeze, peoples! Goodbye friends and family...
Who stepped into the inferno - as if on a pillbox, fell on an atom,
May the Earth live forever and breathe freely.
(slide No. 11)
2.Whoever stepped into the inferno did not think about death and glory,
He thought about life - and only about it.
Therefore, cherries bloom with elation in the State,
And the children play under the sunny canopy of days.
(slide No. 12)
3. The silence presses, the springs look lonely,
The deserted fields are all real, not a dream.
The fourth reactor - holy fearless faces,
We bow to them who protected us, living and dead.
4. People's pain is not included in scientific acts.
We were able to overcome an atom in that battle today.
Let humanity remember the fourth reactor.
But if he forgets!..
(slides No. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 are flipped alternately against the background)
Ved 2: Thousands of people took part in eliminating the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster. The liquidators worked in a zone of increased reaction, regardless of the risk to health. Of these, 100 thousand became disabled, more than 50 thousand died.
Video: “Chernobyl a second before the disaster” from 12 min. to 14 min. 10 s.
Vedas 1: A huge territory inhabited by 17 million people fell into the infection zone. Currently, about 1 million people live in the zone of strict radiation control. To a large number people had to leave their homes as a result of this accident and settlements. In total, more than 100 thousand people were evacuated.
Video: “Chernobyl a second before the disaster” from 15 min. 30 sec. to 16 min.
(Slide No. 22, 23 in the background)
Ved 2: A thorough investigation into the causes of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, carried out by specialists, showed that what led to the accident were the actions of operators who grossly violated the operating instructions and rules for managing the power unit. In November 1986, the emergency block was isolated.
Vedas 1: Man and nature are one whole. By destroying nature, man kills himself. Nature does not forgive negligence. Does not forgive mistakes and mistakes. Our Earth is terminally ill. Many researchers and scientists believe that we only have 30 years to change our attitude towards nature.
Video: “Technique” from the beginning to 1 minute
Vedas 2: Earth...In this a short word- history, work, destinies of millions of people of past, present and future generations of our planet. All the power of man lies in the earth. No one could defeat the legendary Antaeus while he touched the ground, which poured new strength into him, but as soon as he was torn away from it, he died. This myth is a testament to descendants - to maintain a connection with the earth and protect it.
Video: “Chernobyl 30 years later” 5 min.
Slide depicting accident liquidators from No. 25 - 30
Vedas 1: The fourth reactor - holy fearless faces. To them, who defended us, living and dead, we bow to them. Let humanity remember those who died in the most terrible catastrophe of the 20th century.
Reader 1:
Forgive me, earth, forgive me, forgive me, forgive me...
We people have offended you so much,
We have to bear the burden of conscience for this:
They looked at a lot...and didn’t see.
Reader 2:
We thought then that it was necessary:
We zealously burned, dried and chopped,
And now we are rewarded for this:
Blooming gardens, the fields were replaced by rot and dust.
Reader 3:
For friendship, for smiles and meetings
We inherited the planet.
We are bequeathed to protect this world
And this amazing land.
Reader 4:
It is bequeathed to us to protect this world -
So unique at dawn.
He has been very dear and dear to us since childhood,
We are responsible for the future of the world.
Vedas 2: This day is not much like a holiday, this date rather puts us in turmoil Everyday life stop and think...
Vedas 1: In essence, you need to know and remember little about Chernobyl: live in such a way as not to leave ruins and dead cities behind.
Vedas 2: And if at some point we forget about those who pushed aside what did not happen, fate is unlikely to forgive us for this forgetfulness.
Vedas 1: After all, Chernobyl became a universal warning. And I want, I really want us to remember... In memory of those who died in radiation accidents and disasters, a minute of silence is declared.
(slide No. 31)
(Minute of silence.)
Literature:
1. Valery Ubiennykh “Poems about Chernobyl.”
2. Article “About the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.”
3. Lyubov Sirota “Poetry album “To the Angel of Pripyat”.
4. Poetry collection “Chernobyl story”.
5. Poems of the children of Chernobyl.
6. Great encyclopedia Cyril and Methodius. Cyril and Methodius, 2002.
Internet resources:
1. http://ru.wikipedia.org
2. http://www.krasnogorsk.ru
3. http://falangel.narod.ru
4. http://www.chornobyl.ru
5. http://www.chnpp.gov.ua
6. http://old.izvestia.com.ua
7. http://goroda-prizraki.narod.ru
8. htt://www.souzchernobyl.ru
Daria Dubinina
Scenario open class V preparatory group dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the Chernobyl tragedy
Target classes: to instill in children a sense of patriotism and pride in the people who showed courage and bravery in eliminating the disaster in Chernobyl nuclear power plant, respect for the environment.
Tasks:
1. Generalize and expand children’s concepts of nature and ecology in general.
2. Introduce children to the concept of disaster and tell them what they are like.
3. Talk about the disaster on Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
Preliminary work:
1. Working with parents: conversation about Chernobyl tragedy.
2. Working with children:
Conversation about natural disasters and disasters;
- drawings on the topic: “What disasters do you know?”;
Reading poems and stories about Chernobyl;
Making invitations and thank you letters.
Event participants: Pupils preparatory school group No. 7, teachers, music director.
Invited guests: liquidators Chernobyl disaster: Kurnosov Nikolay Petrovich and Porokhnyavyy Petr Andreevich, teacher primary classes Secondary school No. 107, parents of students.
Progress of the lesson:
Children enter the hall to the music and take their seats. (slide No. 1)
Children performing a dance "Awakening"
An explosion sounds (slide No. 2)
Children go out into a semicircle (slide No. 3)
1st child:
We are talking about
That the whole Earth is our common home -
Our good home, spacious home,
We all live in it from birth.
2nd child:
We are also talking about this,
That we must take care of our home.
Let's prove that it's not in vain
The Earth hopes for us.
3rd child:
On our globe on the earth,
Where we were born and live,
Where is the summer dew in the grass,
And blue skies
Where is the sea, mountains, steppes, forest -
Full of mysterious miracles.
Don't destroy this world
Girls and boys
Otherwise these miracles
They will remain only in the book.
A song is being performed "Request" 1 verse
Presenter 1: (slide 3) How beautiful our planet is and how fragile. Today we will talk about what threatens our planet and how to help it?
Presenter 2: All our dreams are about a good future, a beautiful Earth, about friendship between man and nature. It is this desire for a bright, kind, wonderful future that unites us here.
What is nature guys?
Children answer
Presenter 1: And now the guys will tell us about nature. Come out...
Scene:
1st child:
Not what you think nature:
Not a cast, not a soulless face -
She has a soul, she has freedom,
It has love, it has language.
2nd child: So you can talk to nature, and she will answer?
1st child: He will answer if he can... So we will observe nature.
2nd child: What to observe?
1st child: How a person treats nature. There is such a science - ecology.
2nd child: What kind of science is this?
1st child: Ecology is a science that examines the relationship between man and the environment.
Presenter 1: So let's talk about this today... Our planet is in danger. We are not yet aware of this danger and we live on this planet, but will future generations be able to live on it?
Presenter 2: How can we save our land and prevent disasters? What is a disaster?
Children answer
Presenter 1: Now the children will tell us about various disasters, cataclysms and the unfavorable attitude of man towards nature.
Child: A disaster is an event with the unfortunate, tragic consequences. An environmental disaster is the destructive impact of humans on nature.
Child: (slide No. 4) All life on earth cannot live without air. Every day there is less and less oxygen on Earth, and there are more and more emissions from chemical factories, factories, and exhaust gases from transport.
Child: (slide No. 5) We need water as much as we need air. Pollution of seas and oceans. Occurs from various industrial and household wastes that enter the water and make it dirty. A lot of oil enters the world's oceans; a large surface of the oceans is covered with an oily film
Child: (slide No. 6) The earth also suffers from human actions. Spills and leaks of fuels and lubricants, household and industrial waste, all of this pollutes the earth and leads to disasters.
Child: (slide No. 7) The forest is also in danger. Deforestation is intensifying. So, over the past 20 years, man has cut down as much forest as was destroyed during his entire previous existence.
Child: (slide No. 8) Forest fires are a disaster for the entire planet; most of the fires are caused by humans. For many animals, the forest is their home. And there are fewer and fewer forests on Earth. This means that the animals lose their home and are doomed to death.
Presenter 1: (slide No. 10) Guys, look what a terrible fire caused by man occurred in the Petropavlovsky and Mikhailovsky districts. In this fire, many trees, bushes, and even some buildings were damaged.
Child: (slide No. 11) People disturb river beds, which leads to disasters such as flooding.
Presenter 2: (slide No. 12) Here, guys, pay attention to the slide. This flood occurred that year in the Biysk region. Many homes were damaged, many people were left homeless. But people who cared about this helped each other, rescue operations were organized to save people from this terrible disaster.
Presenter 1: (slide No. 13) Another very terrible disaster caused by man occurred more than 30 years ago in Chernobyl, in the city of Pripyat. There was a terrible accident at the Nuclear Power Plant, an explosion and fire, and a lot of harmful substances which the wind carried over a wide area (slide No. 14).
Presenter 2: (slide No. 15) The 22 firefighters who responded to the fire that night accomplished a real feat - they averted the disaster and saved thousands of lives. Six of them - at the cost of their lives (slide No. 16). Thousands of people took part in eliminating the consequences of the accident; a monument was erected in their honor in this city (slide No. 17).
Presenter 1: (slide No. 18) Pripyat was fenced off barbed wire and assigned the name "ghost town" (slide No. 19). The houses here are almost intact; children's toys and some furniture can be found in the grass. wide open apartments. You can't just find people here.
Presenter 1: (slide number 20) More long years the world will hear echoes Chernobyl tragedy. Now Chernobyl represents, the so-called abandoned zone. The scary thing is that people are still suffering from the consequences of the disaster.
Presenter 2: And now I want to give the floor to a participant in these events, one of the many liquidators of the accident in this country (full name of liquidator participant).
Children go out and read poetry:
(slide No. 21)
Child:
Nobody lives in this city anymore.
There are no birds or animals in this city.
Only the wind in broken windows sings
Under the creaking and knocking ajar doors.
Child:
He is abandoned by the residents to certain death.
But he won’t understand why he was punished.
He managed to survive in the smoke and fires.
But why? Nobody lives in it anyway...
Child:
The rain swings on broken swings,
And the skeleton of the Wheel soared over the park.
Presenter 2: Not even a dozen years will pass, but the accident will remain a sore point for us, an unhealed wound in the soul and a never-ending anxiety... After all, because after a century it will be impossible to say about Chernobyl disaster that this is already in the past, and now everything is fine.
Presenter 1: Let the memory of those tragic days so that it never happens again on our land Chernobyl! Low bow and eternal memory to the heroes of the liquidators Chernobyl accident... To everyone who saved the world from a nuclear disaster. I ask you to honor the memory of the victims Chernobyl Minute of Silence(slide No. 22).
Presenter 2: (slide No. 23) This photo was taken from space. On it is a piece of our beautiful planet Earth. Once upon a time, travelers spent years and years to cross the ocean, discover new lands, explore unknown islands. The world seemed huge, and the planet almost endless.
Presenter 1: Today in a matter of hours spaceship makes a revolution around it. The speed and technology of the 21st century have compressed space. The world has become so small, and our common planet Earth is so fragile. “Our generation understands that it is not Earth belongs to us, and we belong to him, and we need to pass on a clean planet to future generations.” So that this conclusion is forever learned by everyone, a lesson should serve Chernobyl.
Children go out into a semicircle
1st child:
Take care of the earth. Take care
Lark at the blue zenith,
Butterfly on dodder leaves,
There are sun glares on the paths.
2nd child:
A crab playing on the stones,
Over the desert the shadow of the baobab tree,
A hawk soaring over a field
A clear month over the river calm.
A swallow flickering in life,
Take care of the earth! Take care!
Song "Sunny Circle"
(slide No. 24)
Presenter 2: Let's take care of our Earth! Everywhere, at every step, all together and each individual. We will not have another planet!
The Earth is the greatest miracle, we have only one!
April 26 marks the 30th anniversary of the worst nuclear disaster in history at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Photographer Jadwiga Brontë traveled to Belarus to meet the invisible people still feeling the effects of the disaster.
The disaster occurred about 30 years ago, but its consequences are still felt to this day. When the reactor in Pripyat in northern Ukraine began to collapse, it became the worst nuclear accident in history, both in terms of casualties and financial costs. But this was not the end.
Photographer Jadwiga Bronte was born in Poland, just a week before the terrible tragedy. The proximity of the place and time of her birth to Chernobyl still determines the importance of this event for her.
Her latest project, “Invisible People of Belarus,” documentsthe lives of crippled victims of Chernobyl living in Belarusian government buildingsinstitutions – “boarding schools” – that act as “shelters, orphanages and almshouses rolled into one.” Although the disaster occurred in Ukraine, it was Belarus that bore the brunt of the blow.
The living faces of boarding school residents give us a rare opportunity to see how Chernobyl survivors live. Decades later, they were too easily forgotten.
– Why did you decide to photograph these people?
– I was one of more than 18 million Poles who were given"Lugol" – iodine solution for protection against radioactive fallout after the Chernobyl accident. Unfortunately, not all affected countries did the same. Belarus is closest to Chernobyl and people here suffered more than others. The consequences of the accident affect public health to this day.
However, my project is not only about the victims of the Chernobyl accident. It's about all the disabled people that society doesn't notice. Unfortunately, the topic of disability is still taboo in Belarus. Perhaps this is due to the post-Soviet mentality, religion, or simply a lack of information and general knowledge about disability.
– 30 years have passed since the disaster - what is life like for those people you met?
– When I say “victims of the Chernobyl disaster,” I do not mean people who were direct victims, such as power plant workers or liquidators of the accident. I mean people who were born after April 1986 with physical or mental disabilities. Some of the Chernobyl children are now 30 years old, others were born recently, and many more will be born in the future. A mutated gene - a direct consequence of radiation - can be passed on through generations.
Most Chernobyl victims and disabled people live in Belarusian boarding schools These are government institutions - something between orphanages, shelters and hospices. To be honest, the people living in them are simply eking out an existence - they are not provided with any education, and their activity is minimal. They simply support their existence by cooking, cleaning and working in the fields.Very often they make strong friendships with each other and live for each other.
– What difficulties did you encounter while filming?
– These were difficulties of a personal nature rather than technical ones. Working in such places, it is impossible not to feel strong emotions - not only while filming, but spending time with the residents of boarding schools, listening to their stories and trying to understand how the system in which they live works.What you see is depressing.
– What do you hope to show or achieve with your photographs?
– I want these invisible people to become visible. I want people to learn more about their lives and hear their stories that no one else knows. I want the Belarusian people to take better care of them, because the future of these people is truly in the hands of the Belarusian people.
There are places like these in many other countries throughout Europe and beyond. People must understand that it is wrong to separate those who have mental or physical disabilities,from the rest of society.
I hope that parents will become stronger when deciding to care for disabled children and see how beautiful they really are. Government agencies- Not the best place for them. I saw this with my own eyes.
Scenario class hour“Chernobyl 30 years later. Let's remember the heroes."
Goal and tasks:
1.Tell students about the Chernobyl tragedy;
contribute to the formation of environmental knowledge and its use in educational and practical activities.
2.Develop a positive active life position;
3.Cultivate a sense of compassion.
Equipment: laptop, multimedia projector, screen.
Slide 2
“Belarus... For the world weterrAincoqnita- unknown, unexplored land. " White Russia" - this is approximately how the name of our country sounds in English language. Everyone knows about Chernobyl, but only in connection with Ukraine and Russia. We still have to tell you about ourselves..."
Progress of the event.
Leading.
Slide 3.
On April 26, 1986, at 1 hour 23 minutes 58 seconds, a series of explosions destroyed the reactor and the building of the 4th power unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, located near the Belarusian border. The Chernobyl disaster became the largest technological disasterXXcentury.
Slide 4-5.
Chernobyl (ukr.Chornobil derivative from the Chernobyl plant,wormwood) - city . Chernobyl is located on the river , not far from its confluence with . Before the accident, about 13 thousand people lived in the city.
The border states are clearly visible on the map. The closest territory of Belarus. For small Belarus (population 10 million), the explosion of a nuclear power plant was a national disaster, although the Belarusians themselves do not have a single nuclear power plant. It is still an agricultural country, with a predominantly rural population. During the Great Patriotic War German fascists destroyed 619 villages along with their inhabitants on Belarusian soil. After Chernobyl, the country lost 485 villages and towns: 70 of them are already buried forever in the ground. Every fourth Belarusian died during the war, today every fifth lives in contaminated territory. This is 2.1 million people, of which 700 thousand are children. Among the factors of demographic decline, radiation occupies the main place. In the Gomel and Mogilev regions (the most affected by the Chernobyl disaster), mortality exceeded the birth rate by 20%.
Reference.
As a result of the disaster, 50 ∙ 10 6 TO u radionuclides, of which 70% fell on Belarus: 23% of its territory is contaminated with radionuclides with a density of more than 1 K u /km² for cesium - 137. For comparison: in Ukraine 4.8% of the territory, in Russia - 0.5%. Area of farmland with pollution density of 1 or more Ku /km² is over 1.8 million hectares, strontium-90 with a density of 0.3 or more Ku / km² - about 0.5 hectares of land. Belarus is a country of forests. But 26% of forests and most of the meadows in the floodplains of the Pripyat, Dnieper, Sozh rivers belong to the zone of radioactive contamination...
As a consequence of constant exposure to low doses of radiation, the number of patients with cancer, neuropsychiatric disorders and genetic mutations increases every year in the country.
Slide 6 – 7.
It took less than a week for Chernobyl to become a worldwide problem. Radiation is ionizing radiation propagating in the form of a stream of quanta or elementary particles. It is measured with a dosimeter. In our lives, there is a safe level of radiation in everything that surrounds us. For example, in medicine - an X-ray machine. Each territory has its own natural radiation background, but a value equal to approximately 0.5 microsievert (µSv) per hour (up to 50 at one o'clock). With a normal radiation background, the most safe level external exposure of the human body is considered to be up to 0.2 (µSv) microsievert per hour (a value equal to 20 microroentgens per hour).
Mostupper limit permissible radiation level –0.5 µSv - or 50 µR/h .
Reference.
This radiation is called ionizing because radiation, penetrating into the blood through any tissue, ionizes their particles and molecules, which leads to the formation of free radicals, which lead to mass death tissue cells. The effect of radiation on the human body is called exposure.
Slide 8.
Sarcophagus is special design, which was developed by engineers from St. Petersburg, for the fourth reactor. Service life for 30 years of use. And if the reactor had not been hidden in a sarcophagus in 1986, the scale of the disaster would have been much greater...
Reference.
In Ukraine, the construction of a new sarcophagus “Arch” was being developed...
The fourth reactor, called the Shelter, still stores about 200 tons of nuclear materials in its lead and reinforced concrete belly. Moreover, the fuel is partially mixed with graphite and concrete.
Slide 9 – 10.
Ghost town - empty multi-story houses, theaters, hospitals, kindergartens, schools and all this with clothes, things, furniture that no one will ever be able to use.
Student 1.
In memory of the heroes of Chernobyl
Chernobyl is a city without people,
Like a ghost with a terrible memory.
The children's voices are not heard.
No, not marked with red blood,
But death lurks everywhere here...
Student 2.
Doors will slam in an empty entrance...
Only the wind carries the dust of death,
You can't hear the birds, you can't see the beast.
This is not a fairy tale – it’s real life.
Student 3.
That night... April, cruel,
A terrible disaster happened.
Suddenly the land here became dangerous,
Not for years, but for centuries.
Student 4.
Silence is quiet, night
Suddenly there was a thunder explosion
And death is a dumb monster
Enveloped in smoke and fire.
Student 5.
Line of fire engines
He rushes to the rescue, to war,
Fight with monstrous fire,
Cover the entire country.
Student 6.
There are so many of them: beloved sons,
Fathers, husbands in the same ranks.
And defenseless and vulnerable,
Standing right on the edge.
Student 7.
Standing right before death
Without feeling the terrible hour,
And behind the open door of death
They are there now.
Student 8.
We remember them all by name,
We remember their faces and pain.
We stand before them in bow.
Pain squeezes the heart of grief.
Slide 11.
The city of Chernobyl (founded in 1193) - became an "administrative center" in 1986, due to high levels of radiation in the surrounding areas. The decision to alienate the land was caused by significant radioactive contamination of the territories adjacent to the nuclear power plant. Three zones were introduced:
Special zone (directly the industrial site of the nuclear power plant);
10 km zone;
30 km zone (Chernobyl is 9.5 km from the station).
Reference.
They organized strict radiation control of transport. At the borders of the zones, transplantation facilities are organized for workers when moving from one vehicle to another to reduce exposure to radioactive substances.
The city is home to the main enterprises engaged in work to maintain the zones in environmentally safe conditions, including enterprises that manage the radiation conditions of the 30-kilometer exclusion zone.
Personnel from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine are stationed in Chernobyl to protect the territory of the 30-kilometer zone and control illegal entry.
More than 30 years after the Chernobyl accident, the constant influence of low doses of radiation continues to negatively affect the nature of the 30-kilometer exclusion zone. There are fewer birds and insects around the nuclear power plant (the higher the radiation level, the fewer insects).
According to many scientists, it is thriving wild nature in a special zone, since the effects of radiation do not allow for adjustments from outside human factor. Radiation levels in the area were life-threatening only in the first two years, and within ten years they had dropped by a factor of 1,000 to 10,000 in different areas.
As you can see, the history of the city of Chernobyl is diverse. This ancient city with its customs and foundations, which have survived to this day. After all, now Chernobyl is a dead city.
Slide 11 – 15.
Leading.
Who saved the people of the entire planet from the invisible killer - radiation? Two hundred and ten were deployed to eliminate the consequences of the accident. military units, about three hundred forty thousand military personnel. Those who cleaned the roof got the worst of it... For the first time in days, hundreds of young soldiers worked on the very roof of the reactor. In the future, mountain rescuers were miners from Moscow, Kyiv, Dnepropetrovsk, and Shakhty. Among the liquidators are helicopter pilots.
For the first time, the top contaminated layer of earth was removed and buried, and dolomite sand was poured in its place.
The soldiers were given lead aprons, but the background came from below, and there the man was uncovered. They are wearing ordinary tarpaulin boots... One and a half to two minutes a day on the roof... Fuel and reactor graphite, fragments of concrete and reinforcement were rowed on the roof... Twenty - thirty seconds to load the stretcher, and the same amount to throw “garbage” off the roof. These special stretchers alone weighed forty kilograms. So imagine: a lead apron, masks, these stretchers and breakneck speed... Can you imagine? In a museum in Kiev there is a replica of graphite the size of a cap; they say, if it were real, it would weigh sixteen kilograms. Radio-controlled manipulators often refused to carry out commands or did something completely wrong because they electronic circuits in high fields were destroyed. The most reliable “robots” were soldiers. They were dubbed “green robots” (based on the color of their military uniforms). Three thousand six hundred soldiers passed through the roof of the destroyed reactor.
There was a moment when there was a danger of a nuclear explosion, and it was necessary to lower it from under the reactor groundwater so that the melt of uranium and graphite does not get there, together with water they would give a critical mass. The explosion is three to five megatons. Not only in Kyiv and Minsk, but also ina huge part of Europe would be uninhabitable. Can you imagine?! European disaster: They set a task: who will dive into this water and open the drain valve there? They were looking for volunteers. And they were found! The guys dived, dived many times and opened this valve.
Helicopter pilots in the ranks of rescuers... Four to five flights during the day, at an altitude of three hundred meters above the reactor, the temperature in the cabin is up to sixty degrees. What was going on below when the sandbags were dropped? Imagine... It was inferno... Activity reached one thousand eight hundred roentgens per hour. The pilots felt sick in the air. To throw accurately, to hit the target - a fiery crater, they stuck their heads out of the cabin... They looked down... There was no other way...
Young guys... They are also dying now, but they understand that if it weren’t for them... These are also people of a special culture. Cultures of achievement. Victims.
The grandson of one of the first liquidators, Alexander Usachev, is studying in our class. His grandfather returned with a high dose of radiation. After a long illness he passed away.
Leading.
Let's honor the memory of the heroes with a minute of silence.
Student 9.
To the liquidators of the Chernobyl accident
You are famous for your bad reputation,
But it would be better not to know her.
Over the irradiated power
The crows are circling again...
Student 10.
And electronic dosimeters
We went crazy
But it grew around the perimeter
A prison for radiation.
Student 11.
Tricky jokes with the peaceful atom,
He's on the loose like a bandit
And pioneer liquidators
Bombs with its cannonballs...
Student 12.
Set up souls for locators
On a wave of mercy...
We, veteran liquidators,
We passed Chernobyl like a war.