Creating a heating system in your own home or even in a city apartment is an extremely responsible task. It would be completely unreasonable to purchase boiler equipment, as they say, “by eye,” that is, without taking into account all the features of the housing. In this case, it is quite possible that you will end up in two extremes: either the boiler power will not be enough - the equipment will work “to the fullest”, without pauses, but still not give the expected result, or, on the contrary, an overly expensive device will be purchased, the capabilities of which will remain completely unchanged. unclaimed.

But that's not all. It is not enough to correctly purchase the necessary heating boiler - it is very important to optimally select and correctly arrange heat exchange devices in the premises - radiators, convectors or “warm floors”. And again, relying only on your intuition or the “good advice” of your neighbors is not the most reasonable option. In a word, it is impossible to do without certain calculations.

Of course, ideally, such thermal calculations should be carried out by appropriate specialists, but this often costs a lot of money. Isn't it fun to try to do it yourself? This publication will show in detail how heating is calculated based on the area of ​​the room, taking into account many important nuances. By analogy, it will be possible to perform, built into this page, it will help to perform the necessary calculations. The technique cannot be called completely “sinless”, however, it still allows you to obtain results with a completely acceptable degree of accuracy.

The simplest calculation methods

In order for the heating system to create during the cold season comfortable conditions residence, it must cope with two main tasks. These functions are closely related to each other, and their division is very conditional.

• The first is maintaining an optimal level of air temperature throughout the entire volume of the heated room. Of course, the temperature level may vary somewhat with altitude, but this difference should not be significant. An average of +20 °C is considered quite comfortable conditions - this is the temperature that is usually taken as the initial one in thermal calculations.

In other words, the heating system must be able to warm up a certain volume of air.

If we approach it with complete accuracy, then for individual rooms in residential buildings standards for the required microclimate have been established - they are defined by GOST 30494-96. An excerpt from this document is in the table below:

Purpose of the room	Air temperature, °C		Relative humidity, %		Air speed, m/s
	optimal	acceptable	optimal	permissible, max	optimal, max	permissible, max
For the cold season
Living room	20÷22	18÷24 (20÷24)	45÷30	60	0.15	0.2
The same, but for living rooms in regions with minimum temperatures from - 31 ° C and below	21÷23	20÷24 (22÷24)	45÷30	60	0.15	0.2
Kitchen	19÷21	18÷26	N/N	N/N	0.15	0.2
Toilet	19÷21	18÷26	N/N	N/N	0.15	0.2
Bathroom, combined toilet	24÷26	18÷26	N/N	N/N	0.15	0.2
Facilities for recreation and study sessions	20÷22	18÷24	45÷30	60	0.15	0.2
Inter-apartment corridor	18÷20	16÷22	45÷30	60	N/N	N/N
Lobby, staircase	16÷18	14÷20	N/N	N/N	N/N	N/N
Storerooms	16÷18	12÷22	N/N	N/N	N/N	N/N
For the warm season (Standard only for residential premises. For others - not standardized)
Living room	22÷25	20÷28	60÷30	65	0.2	0.3

• The second is compensation of heat losses through building structural elements.

The most important “enemy” of the heating system is heat loss through building structures

Alas, heat loss is the most serious “rival” of any heating system. They can be reduced to a certain minimum, but even with the highest quality thermal insulation it is not yet possible to completely get rid of them. Leaks thermal energy go in all directions - their approximate distribution is shown in the table:

Building structural element	Approximate value of heat loss
Foundation, floors on the ground or above unheated basement (basement) rooms	from 5 to 10%
“Cold bridges” through poorly insulated joints building structures	from 5 to 10%
Entry points for utilities (sewage, water supply, gas pipes, electrical cables, etc.)	up to 5%
External walls, depending on the degree of insulation	from 20 to 30%
Poor quality windows and external doors	about 20÷25%, of which about 10% - through unsealed joints between the boxes and the wall, and due to ventilation
Roof	up to 20%
Ventilation and chimney	up to 25 ÷30%

Naturally, in order to cope with such tasks, the heating system must have a certain thermal power, and this potential must not only meet the general needs of the building (apartment), but also be correctly distributed among the rooms, in accordance with their area and a number of other important factors.

Usually the calculation is carried out in the direction “from small to large”. Simply put, the required amount of thermal energy is calculated for each heated room, the obtained values ​​are summed up, approximately 10% of the reserve is added (so that the equipment does not work at the limit of its capabilities) - and the result will show how much power the heating boiler is needed. And the values ​​​​for each room will become the starting point for the calculation required quantity radiators.

The simplest and most frequently used method in a non-professional environment is to adopt a norm of 100 W of thermal energy for each square meter area:

The most primitive way of calculating is the ratio of 100 W/m²

Q = S× 100

Q– required heating power for the room;

S– room area (m²);

100 — specific power per unit area (W/m²).

For example, a room 3.2 × 5.5 m

S= 3.2 × 5.5 = 17.6 m²

Q= 17.6 × 100 = 1760 W ≈ 1.8 kW

The method is obviously very simple, but very imperfect. It is worth mentioning right away that it is conditionally applicable only when standard height ceilings - approximately 2.7 m (acceptable - in the range from 2.5 to 3.0 m). From this point of view, the calculation will be more accurate not from the area, but from the volume of the room.

It is clear that in this case the specific power value is calculated per cubic meter. It is taken equal to 41 W/m³ for reinforced concrete panel house, or 34 W/m³ - in brick or made of other materials.

Q = S × h× 41 (or 34)

h– ceiling height (m);

41 or 34 – specific power per unit volume (W/m³).

For example, the same room in panel house, with a ceiling height of 3.2 m:

Q= 17.6 × 3.2 × 41 = 2309 W ≈ 2.3 kW

The result is more accurate, since it takes into account not only everything linear dimensions premises, but even in to a certain extent, and features of the walls.

But still, it is still far from real accuracy - many nuances are “outside the brackets”. How to perform calculations that are closer to real conditions is in the next section of the publication.

You might be interested in information about what they are

Carrying out calculations of the required thermal power taking into account the characteristics of the premises

The calculation algorithms discussed above can be useful for an initial “estimate,” but you should still rely on them completely with great caution. Even to a person who does not understand anything about building heating engineering, the indicated average values ​​may certainly seem dubious - they cannot be equal, say, for the Krasnodar Territory and for the Arkhangelsk Region. In addition, the room is different: one is located on the corner of the house, that is, it has two external walls, and the other is protected from heat loss by other rooms on three sides. In addition, the room may have one or more windows, both small and very large, sometimes even panoramic. And the windows themselves may differ in the material of manufacture and other design features. And this is not a complete list - it’s just that such features are visible even to the naked eye.

In a word, there are quite a lot of nuances that affect the heat loss of each specific room, and it is better not to be lazy, but to carry out a more thorough calculation. Believe me, using the method proposed in the article, this will not be so difficult.

General principles and calculation formula

The calculations will be based on the same ratio: 100 W per 1 square meter. But the formula itself is “overgrown” with a considerable number of various correction factors.

Q = (S × 100) × a × b× c × d × e × f × g × h × i × j × k × l × m

The Latin letters denoting the coefficients are taken completely arbitrarily, in alphabetical order, and have no relation to any quantities standardly accepted in physics. The meaning of each coefficient will be discussed separately.

• “a” is a coefficient that takes into account the number of external walls in a particular room.

Obviously, the more external walls there are in a room, the larger the area through which heat losses. In addition, the presence of two or more external walls also means corners - extremely vulnerable places from the point of view of the formation of “cold bridges”. Coefficient “a” will correct for this specific feature of the room.

The coefficient is taken equal to:

— external walls No (interior space): a = 0.8;

- external wall one: a = 1.0;

— external walls two: a = 1.2;

— external walls three: a = 1.4.

• “b” is a coefficient that takes into account the location of the external walls of the room relative to the cardinal directions.

You might be interested in information about what types of

Even on the coldest winter days, solar energy still has an impact on the temperature balance in the building. It is quite natural that the side of the house that faces south receives some heat from the sun's rays, and heat loss through it is lower.

But walls and windows facing north “never see” the Sun. The eastern part of the house, although it “catches” the morning sun’s rays, still does not receive any effective heating from them.

Based on this, we introduce the coefficient “b”:

- the outer walls of the room face North or East: b = 1.1;

- the external walls of the room are oriented towards South or West: b = 1.0.

• “c” is a coefficient that takes into account the location of the room relative to the winter “wind rose”

Perhaps this amendment is not so mandatory for houses located on areas protected from winds. But sometimes the prevailing winter winds can make their own “hard adjustments” to the thermal balance of a building. Naturally, the windward side, that is, “exposed” to the wind, will lose significantly more body compared to the leeward, opposite side.

Based on the results of long-term weather observations in any region, a so-called “wind rose” is compiled - a graphic diagram showing the prevailing wind directions in winter and summer time of the year. This information can be obtained from your local weather service. However, many residents themselves, without meteorologists, know very well where the winds predominantly blow in winter, and from which side of the house the deepest snowdrifts usually sweep.

If you want to carry out calculations with more high accuracy, then we can include the correction factor “c” in the formula, taking it equal to:

- windward side of the house: c = 1.2;

- leeward walls of the house: c = 1.0;

- walls located parallel to the wind direction: c = 1.1.

• “d” is a correction factor taking into account the peculiarities climatic conditions region where the house was built

Naturally, the amount of heat loss through all building structures of the building will very much depend on the level winter temperatures. It is quite clear that during the winter the thermometer readings “dance” in a certain range, but for each region there is an average indicator of the most low temperatures, characteristic of the coldest five-day period of the year (usually this is characteristic of January). For example, below is a map diagram of the territory of Russia, on which approximate values ​​are shown in colors.

Usually this value is easy to clarify in the regional weather service, but you can, in principle, rely on your own observations.

So, the coefficient “d”, which takes into account the climate characteristics of the region, for our calculations is taken equal to:

— from – 35 °C and below: d = 1.5;

— from – 30 °С to – 34 °С: d = 1.3;

— from – 25 °С to – 29 °С: d = 1.2;

— from – 20 °С to – 24 °С: d = 1.1;

— from – 15 °С to – 19 °С: d = 1.0;

— from – 10 °С to – 14 °С: d = 0.9;

- no colder - 10 °C: d = 0.7.

• “e” is a coefficient that takes into account the degree of insulation of external walls.

The total value of heat losses of a building is directly related to the degree of insulation of all building structures. One of the “leaders” in heat loss are walls. Therefore, the value of thermal power required to maintain comfortable living conditions in a room depends on the quality of their thermal insulation.

The value of the coefficient for our calculations can be taken as follows:

— external walls do not have insulation: e = 1.27;

- average degree of insulation - walls made of two bricks or their surface thermal insulation is provided with other insulation materials: e = 1.0;

— insulation was carried out with high quality, based on thermal engineering calculations: e = 0.85.

Below in the course of this publication, recommendations will be given on how to determine the degree of insulation of walls and other building structures.

• coefficient "f" - correction for ceiling heights

Ceilings, especially in private homes, can have different heights. Therefore, the thermal power to warm up a particular room of the same area will also differ in this parameter.

It would not be a big mistake to accept the following values ​​for the correction factor “f”:

- ceiling heights up to 2.7 m: f = 1.0;

— flow height from 2.8 to 3.0 m: f = 1.05;

- ceiling heights from 3.1 to 3.5 m: f = 1.1;

— ceiling heights from 3.6 to 4.0 m: f = 1.15;

- ceiling height more than 4.1 m: f = 1.2.

• « g" is a coefficient that takes into account the type of floor or room located under the ceiling.

As shown above, the floor is one of the significant sources of heat loss. This means that it is necessary to make some adjustments to account for this feature of a particular room. The correction factor “g” can be taken equal to:

- cold floor on the ground or above an unheated room (for example, a basement or basement): g= 1,4 ;

- insulated floor on the ground or above an unheated room: g= 1,2 ;

— the heated room is located below: g= 1,0 .

• « h" is a coefficient that takes into account the type of room located above.

The air heated by the heating system always rises, and if the ceiling in the room is cold, then increased heat loss is inevitable, which will require an increase in the required thermal power. Let us introduce the coefficient “h”, which takes into account this feature of the calculated room:

— the “cold” attic is located on top: h = 1,0 ;

— there is an insulated attic or other insulated room on top: h = 0,9 ;

- any heated room is located on top: h = 0,8 .

• « i" - coefficient taking into account the design features of windows

Windows are one of the “main routes” for heat flow. Naturally, much in this matter depends on the quality of the window structure itself. Old wooden frames, which were previously universally installed in all houses, are significantly inferior in terms of their thermal insulation to modern multi-chamber systems with double-glazed windows.

Without words it is clear that the thermal insulation qualities of these windows differ significantly

But there is no complete uniformity between PVH windows. For example, a two-chamber double-glazed window (with three glasses) will be much “warmer” than a single-chamber one.

This means that it is necessary to enter a certain coefficient “i”, taking into account the type of windows installed in the room:

- standard wooden windows with conventional double glazing: i = 1,27 ;

- modern window systems with single-chamber double-glazed windows: i = 1,0 ;

— modern window systems with two-chamber or three-chamber double-glazed windows, including those with argon filling: i = 0,85 .

• « j" - correction factor for the total glazing area of ​​the room

No matter how high-quality the windows are, it will still not be possible to completely avoid heat loss through them. But it is quite clear that one cannot compare a small window with panoramic glazing almost the entire wall.

First you need to find the ratio of the areas of all the windows in the room and the room itself:

x = ∑SOK /SP

∑ SOK– total area of ​​windows in the room;

SP– area of ​​the room.

Depending on the obtained value, the correction factor “j” is determined:

— x = 0 ÷ 0.1 →j = 0,8 ;

— x = 0.11 ÷ 0.2 →j = 0,9 ;

— x = 0.21 ÷ 0.3 →j = 1,0 ;

— x = 0.31 ÷ 0.4 →j = 1,1 ;

— x = 0.41 ÷ 0.5 →j = 1,2 ;

• « k" - coefficient that corrects for the presence of an entrance door

A door to the street or to an unheated balcony is always an additional “loophole” for the cold

A door to the street or to an open balcony can make adjustments to the thermal balance of the room - each opening is accompanied by the penetration of a considerable volume of cold air into the room. Therefore, it makes sense to take into account its presence - for this we introduce the coefficient “k”, which we take equal to:

- no door: k = 1,0 ;

- one door to the street or to the balcony: k = 1,3 ;

- two doors to the street or balcony: k = 1,7 .

• « l" - possible amendments to the heating radiator connection diagram

Perhaps this may seem like an insignificant detail to some, but still, why not immediately take into account the planned connection diagram for the heating radiators. The fact is that their heat transfer, and therefore their participation in maintaining a certain temperature balance in the room, changes quite noticeably when different types insertion of supply and return pipes.

Illustration	Radiator insert type	The value of the coefficient "l"
	Diagonal connection: supply from above, return from below	l = 1.0
	Connection on one side: supply from above, return from below	l = 1.03
	Two-way connection: both supply and return from below	l = 1.13
	Diagonal connection: supply from below, return from above	l = 1.25
	Connection on one side: supply from below, return from above	l = 1.28
	One-way connection, both supply and return from below	l = 1.28

• « m" - correction factor for the peculiarities of the installation location of heating radiators

And finally, the last coefficient, which is also related to the peculiarities of connecting heating radiators. It is probably clear that if the battery is installed openly and is not blocked by anything from above or from the front, then it will give maximum heat transfer. However, such an installation is not always possible - more often the radiators are partially hidden by window sills. Other options are also possible. In addition, some owners, trying to fit heating elements into the created interior ensemble, hide them completely or partially with decorative screens - this also significantly affects the thermal output.

If there are certain “outlines” of how and where radiators will be mounted, this can also be taken into account when making calculations by introducing a special coefficient “m”:

Illustration	Features of installing radiators	The value of the coefficient "m"
	The radiator is located openly on the wall or is not covered by a window sill	m = 0.9
	The radiator is covered from above with a window sill or shelf	m = 1.0
	The radiator is covered from above by a protruding wall niche	m = 1.07
	The radiator is covered from above by a window sill (niche), and from the front part - by a decorative screen	m = 1.12
	The radiator is completely enclosed in a decorative casing	m = 1.2

So, the calculation formula is clear. Surely, some of the readers will immediately grab their head - they say, it’s too complicated and cumbersome. However, if you approach the matter systematically and in an orderly manner, then there is no trace of complexity.

Any good homeowner must have a detailed graphic plan of his “possessions” with dimensions indicated, and usually oriented to the cardinal points. The climatic features of the region are easy to clarify. All that remains is to walk through all the rooms with a tape measure and clarify some of the nuances for each room. Features of housing - “vertical proximity” above and below, the location of the entrance doors, the proposed or existing installation scheme for heating radiators - no one except the owners knows better.

It is recommended to immediately create a worksheet where you can enter all the necessary data for each room. The result of the calculations will also be entered into it. Well, the calculations themselves will be helped by the built-in calculator, which already contains all the coefficients and ratios mentioned above.

If some data could not be obtained, then you can, of course, not take them into account, but in this case the calculator “by default” will calculate the result taking into account the least favorable conditions.

Can be seen with an example. We have a house plan (taken completely arbitrary).

A region with minimum temperatures ranging from -20 ÷ 25 °C. Predominance of winter winds = northeast. The house is one-story, with an insulated attic. Insulated floors on the ground. The optimal diagonal connection of radiators that will be installed under the window sills has been selected.

Let's create a table something like this:

The room, its area, ceiling height. Floor insulation and “neighborhood” above and below	The number of external walls and their main location relative to the cardinal points and the “wind rose”. Degree of wall insulation	Number, type and size of windows	Availability of entrance doors (to the street or to the balcony)	Required thermal power (including 10% reserve)
Area 78.5 m²				10.87 kW ≈ 11 kW
1. Hallway. 3.18 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Floor laid on the ground. Above is an insulated attic.	One, South, average degree of insulation. Leeward side	No	One	0.52 kW
2. Hall. 6.2 m². Ceiling 2.9 m. Insulated floor on the ground. Above - insulated attic	No	No	No	0.62 kW
3. Kitchen-dining room. 14.9 m². Ceiling 2.9 m. Well-insulated floor on the ground. Upstairs - insulated attic	Two. South, west. Average degree of insulation. Leeward side	Two, single-chamber double-glazed windows, 1200 × 900 mm	No	2.22 kW
4. Children's room. 18.3 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Well-insulated floor on the ground. Above - insulated attic	Two, North - West. High degree of insulation. Windward	Two, double-glazed windows, 1400 × 1000 mm	No	2.6 kW
5. Bedroom. 13.8 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Well-insulated floor on the ground. Above - insulated attic	Two, North, East. High degree of insulation. Windward side	Single, double-glazed window, 1400 × 1000 mm	No	1.73 kW
6. Living room. 18.0 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Well-insulated floor. Above is an insulated attic	Two, East, South. High degree of insulation. Parallel to the wind direction	Four, double-glazed window, 1500 × 1200 mm	No	2.59 kW
7. Combined bathroom. 4.12 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Well-insulated floor. Above is an insulated attic.	One, North. High degree of insulation. Windward side	One. Wooden frame with double glazing. 400 × 500 mm	No	0.59 kW
TOTAL:

Then, using the calculator below, we make calculations for each room (already taking into account the 10% reserve). It won't take much time using the recommended app. After this, all that remains is to sum up the obtained values ​​for each room - this will be the required total power of the heating system.

The result for each room, by the way, will help you choose the right number of heating radiators - all that remains is to divide by the specific thermal power of one section and round up.

When calculating the thermal energy parameters of buildings according to section 12 for filling the heat energy passport(section 13) when determining areas and volumes, the following rules should be followed.

4.6.1 The heated area of ​​the building should be defined as the area of ​​the floors (including the attic, heated basement and basement) of the building, measured within the internal surfaces of the external walls, including the area occupied by partitions and internal walls. In this case the area staircases and elevator shafts are included in the floor area. The area of ​​mezzanines, galleries and balconies of auditoriums and other halls should be included in the heated area of ​​the building.

The heated area of ​​the building does not include the area of ​​technical floors, basement (underground), cold unheated verandas, as well as the attic or its parts not occupied by the attic.

4.6.2 When determining area attic floor an area with a height of 1.2 m to a sloping ceiling at an inclination of 30° to the horizon is taken into account; 0.8 m - at 45°-60°; at 60° or more, the area is measured to the baseboard (according to Appendix 2 of SNiP 2.08.01).

4.6.3 The area of ​​residential premises of the building is calculated as the sum of the areas of all common rooms (living rooms) and bedrooms.

4.6.4 The heated volume of a building is defined as the product of the floor area and the internal height, measured from the floor surface of the first floor to the ceiling surface of the last floor.

With complex forms of the internal volume of a building, the heated volume is defined as the volume of heated space limited by the internal surfaces of external enclosures (walls, roofing or attic floor, basement).

To determine the volume of air filling the building, the heated volume is multiplied by a factor of 0.85.

4.6.5 The area of ​​external enclosing structures is determined by the internal dimensions of the building. The total area of ​​external walls (including windows and doorways) is defined as the product of the perimeter of the external walls along the internal surface and the internal height of the building, measured from the floor surface of the first floor to the ceiling surface of the last floor, taking into account the area of ​​window and door slopes depth from the inner surface of the wall to the inner surface of the window or door block. The total area of ​​windows is determined by the size of the openings in the light. The area of ​​the external walls (opaque part) is determined as the difference total area external walls and area of ​​windows and external doors.

4.6.6 The area of ​​horizontal external fences (covering, attic and basement floors) is determined as the floor area of ​​the building (within the internal surfaces of the external walls).

With inclined surfaces of the ceilings of the last floor, the area of ​​the roof, attic floor is determined as the area of ​​the inner surface of the ceiling.

SELECTION OF CONSTRUCTION, SPACE PLAN AND ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS THAT PROVIDE THE NECESSARY THERMAL PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS

Wall materials	Structural solution of the wall
structural	thermal insulation	two-layer with external thermal insulation	three-layer with thermal insulation in the middle	with non-ventilated air gap	with ventilated air layer
Brickwork	Expanded polystyrene	5,2/10850	4,3/8300	4,5/8850	4,15/7850
Mineral wool	4,7/9430	3,9/7150	4,1/7700	3,75/6700
Reinforced concrete (flexible connections, dowels)	Expanded polystyrene	5,0/10300	3,75/6850	4,0/7430	3,6/6300
Mineral wool	4,5/8850	3,4/5700	3,6/6300	3,25/5300
Expanded clay concrete (flexible connections, dowels)	Expanded polystyrene	5,2/10850	4,0/7300	4,2/8000	3,85/7000
Mineral wool	4,7/9430	3,6/6300	3,8/6850	3,45/5850
Wood (timber)	Expanded polystyrene	5,7/12280	5,8/12570	-	5,7/12280
Mineral wool	5,2/10850	5,3/11140	-	5,2/10850
On wooden frame with thin sheet cladding	Expanded polystyrene	-	5,8/12570	5,5/11710	5,3/11140
Mineral wool	5,2/10850	4,9/10000	4,7/9430
Metal sheathing(sandwich)	Polyurethane foam	-	5,1/10570	-	-
Cellular concrete blocks with brick cladding	Cellular concrete	2,4/2850	--	2,6/3430	2,25/2430
Note - Before the line - approximate values ​​of the reduced heat transfer resistance outer wall, m 2 ×°С/W, beyond the line - the limit value of degree-days, °С×day, at which it can be applied this design walls.

Filling light openings	Regulatory Requirements by type of window ( , m 2 ×°С/W and D d , °C×day)
made of ordinary glass	with hard selective coating	with soft selective coating
Single-chamber double-glazed window in single sash	0,38/3067	0,51/4800	0,56/5467
Two glasses in paired bindings	0,4/3333	-	-
Two glasses in separate covers	0,44/3867	-	-
Single-glazed double-glazed window with interglazing distance, mm:	0,51/4800 0,54/5200	0,58/5733	0,68/7600
Three glasses in separate-paired bindings	0,55/5333	-	-
Glass and single-chamber double-glazed windows in separate frames	0,56/5467	0,65/7000	0,72/8800
Glass and double-glazed windows in separate frames	0,68/7600	0,74/9600	0,81/12400
Two single-chamber double-glazed windows in paired frames	0,7/8000	-	-
Two single-chamber double-glazed windows in separate frames	0,74/9600	-	-
Four glasses in two paired bindings	0,8/12000	-	-
Note - Before the line is the value of the reduced heat transfer resistance, behind the line is the maximum number of degree-days D d at which filling the light opening is applicable.

5.2 When designing thermal protection of buildings for various purposes, as a rule, one should use standard designs and products of full factory readiness, including complete delivery designs, with stable thermal insulation properties achieved by using effective thermal insulation materials with a minimum of heat-conducting inclusions and butt joints in combination with reliable waterproofing, which prevents the penetration of moisture in the liquid phase and minimizes the penetration of water vapor into the thickness of the thermal insulation.

5.3 For external fences, multi-layer structures should be provided. To ensure better performance characteristics in multi-layer building structures, layers of greater thermal conductivity and increased vapor permeation resistance should be placed on the warm side.

5.4 Thermal insulation External walls should be designed to be continuous in the plane of the building façade. When using combustible insulation, it is necessary to provide horizontal cuts from non-combustible materials at a height of no more than the height of the floor and no more than 6 m. Fencing elements such as internal partitions, columns, beams, ventilation ducts and others, should not violate the integrity of the thermal insulation layer. Air ducts, ventilation ducts and pipes that partially pass through the thickness of external fences should be buried to the surface of the thermal insulation on the warm side. It is necessary to ensure a tight connection of the thermal insulation to the through heat-conducting inclusions. In this case, the reduced heat transfer resistance of the structure with heat-conducting inclusions must be no less than the required values.

5.5 When designing three-layer concrete panels, the thickness of the insulation, as a rule, should be no more than 200 mm. In three-layer concrete panels, constructive or technological measures should be taken to prevent the solution from getting into the joints between the insulation boards, along the perimeter of the windows and the panels themselves.

5.6 If there are heat-conducting inclusions in the thermal protection design, the following must be taken into account:

It is advisable to locate non-through inclusions closer to warm side fencing;

In through, mainly metallic inclusions (profiles, rods, bolts, window frames) inserts (cold bridge breaks) made of materials with a thermal conductivity coefficient of no higher than 0.35 W/(m×°C) should be provided.

5.7 Thermal uniformity coefficient r taking into account thermal inhomogeneities, window slopes and adjacent internal fences of the designed structure for:

Industrially manufactured panels must be no less than the standard values ​​​​established in table 6a* SNiP II-3;

The walls of residential buildings made of brick with insulation should, as a rule, be at least 0.74 with a wall thickness of 510 mm, 0.69 with a wall thickness of 640 mm and 0.64 with a wall thickness of 780 mm.

5.8 To reduce the cost of thermal protection of external fences, it is advisable to introduce closed air layers into their design. When designing closed air spaces, it is recommended to be guided by the following provisions:

The size of the layer in height should not be greater than the height of the floor and no more than 6 m, the size in thickness should be no less than 60 mm and no more than 100 mm;

5.9 When designing walls with a ventilated air gap (walls with a ventilated facade), the following recommendations should be followed:

The air gap must be no less than 60 and no more than 150 mm thick and should be placed between the outer covering layer and the thermal insulation;

Allowed thickness air gap 40 mm in case of ensuring smooth surfaces inside the interlayer;

The surface of the thermal insulation facing the layer should be covered with fiberglass mesh or fiberglass;

The outer covering layer of the wall must have ventilation holes, the area of ​​which is determined at the rate of 75 cm 2 per 20 m 2 of wall area, including the area of ​​windows;

When used as the outer layer of slab cladding, horizontal joints must be opened (should not be filled with sealing material);

The lower (upper) ventilation openings, as a rule, should be combined with plinths (eaves), and for the lower openings it is preferable to combine the functions of ventilation and moisture removal.

Various options ventilated walls are given in recommendations for the design of buildings with ventilation devices, utilizing heat.

5.10 When designing new and reconstructing existing buildings, as a rule, thermal insulation from effective materials(with a thermal conductivity coefficient of no more than 0.1 W/(m×°C)), placing it on the outside of the enclosing structure. It is not recommended to use thermal insulation with inside due to the possible accumulation of moisture in the thermal insulation layer, however, if internal thermal insulation is used, its surface on the room side must have a continuous and reliable vapor barrier layer.

5.11 It is recommended to design the filling of gaps at the junctions of windows and balcony doors with external wall structures using foaming synthetic materials. All window and balcony doors must have sealing gaskets (at least two) made of silicone materials or frost-resistant rubber with a durability of at least 15 years (GOST 19177). It is recommended to install glass in windows and balcony doors using silicone mastics. The blind parts of balcony doors should be insulated with heat-insulating material.

It is allowed to use double-layer glazing instead of three-layer glazing for windows and balcony doors opening into glazed loggias.

5.12 Window frames in wooden or plastic frames, regardless of the number of layers of glazing, should be placed in the window opening to the depth of the framing “quarter” (50-120 mm) from the plane of the facade of a thermally homogeneous wall or in the middle of the heat-insulating layer in multi-layer wall structures, filling the space between the window frame and the inner surface of the “quarter”, usually a foaming thermal insulation material. Window blocks should be fixed to a more durable (outer or inner) layer of the wall. When choosing windows with plastic frames, preference should be given to designs with wider frames (at least 100 mm).

5.13 In order to organize the required air exchange, as a rule, special supply openings (valves) should be provided in the enclosing structures when using modern (air permeability of the vestibules according to certification tests - 1.5 kg/(m 2 × h) and below) window designs.

5.14 When designing buildings, it is necessary to provide for the protection of the internal and external surfaces of walls from moisture and precipitation by installing a covering layer: cladding or plaster, painting with waterproof compounds selected depending on the wall material and operating conditions.

Enclosing structures in contact with the ground should be protected from ground moisture by installing waterproofing in accordance with 1.4 SNiP II-3.

When installing roof windows, reliable waterproofing of the junction of the roof to the window block should be provided.

5.15 In order to reduce heat consumption for heating buildings in the cold and transition periods of the year, the following should be provided:

a) space-planning solutions that provide smallest area external enclosing structures for buildings of the same volume, placement of warmer and humid rooms near the internal walls of the building;

b) blocking buildings to ensure reliable connection of neighboring buildings;

c) arrangement of vestibule rooms behind the entrance doors;

d) meridional or close to it orientation of the longitudinal facade of the building;

e) rational choice of effective thermal insulation materials with preference for materials with lower thermal conductivity;

f) design solutions for enclosing structures that ensure their high thermal homogeneity (with a thermal homogeneity coefficient r equal to 0.7 or more);

g) operationally reliable, maintainable sealing of butt joints and seams of external enclosing structures and elements, as well as inter-apartment enclosing structures;

h) placement of heating devices, as a rule, under light openings and heat-reflective insulation between them and outer wall;

i) durability of thermal insulation structures and materials is more than 25 years; The durability of replaceable seals is more than 15 years.

5.16 When developing space-planning solutions, you should avoid placing windows on both external walls corner rooms. When connecting a load-bearing partition to the end walls, a seam should be provided to ensure independence of the deformation of the end wall and the partition.

Heated area of ​​the building

the total area of ​​the floors (including attic, heated basement and basement) of the building, measured within the internal surfaces of the external walls, including the area of ​​stairwells and elevator shafts; For public buildings The area of ​​mezzanines, galleries and balconies of auditoriums is included. (See: TSN 23-328-2001 of the Amur Region (TSN 23-301-2001 JSC). Standards for energy consumption and thermal protection.)

Source: "House: Construction terminology", M.: Buk-press, 2006.

Construction dictionary.

See what “heated area of ​​a building” is in other dictionaries:

Heated area of ​​the building- 1.8. Heated building area m2 Source...

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Errors During Design and Filling-in of Energy Passport as Part of the Design Documents

A. D. Zabegin, Head of the Building’s Energy Efficiency Sector of Mosgosexpertise

Keywords: design documents, energy passport, energy conservation, specific thermal energy consumption, heated building volume

The article discusses regulatory documents that govern the form and methods of filling-in of energy passport, and main mistakes that occur.

Description:

The article discusses the regulatory documents governing the form and methodology for filling out the energy passport, and the main mistakes made when filling it out.

Errors when designing and filling out a building’s energy passport

A. D. Zabegin, Head of the sector of energy efficiency of buildings of the Moscow State Expertise, otvet@site

Regulatory documents governing the form and methodology for filling out the energy passport

Federal Law of November 23, 2009 No. 261-FZ “On energy saving and increasing energy efficiency and on introducing amendments to certain legislative acts Russian Federation» established as one of the measures government regulation in the field of energy saving and increasing energy efficiency, requirements for an energy passport (Article 9, paragraph 6). Let's consider which objects are subject to the requirements for energy efficiency and the availability of an energy passport. According to clause 5, art. 11 of the law, these requirements apply to newly constructed, reconstructed and overhauled buildings, structures and structures, with the exception of religious buildings, buildings classified as objects cultural heritage, temporary buildings with a service life of less than two years, individual housing construction projects, auxiliary buildings, individual buildings and structures with an area of ​​less than 50 m2.

In accordance with clause 27 (1) of the provisions of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 16, 2008 No. 87 “On the composition of sections project documentation and requirements for their content”, the energy passport is included in the project documentation in section 10.1 “Measures to ensure compliance with energy efficiency requirements and requirements for equipping buildings, structures and structures with metering devices for energy resources used.”

What does an energy pass include and what form should I use to fill it out? In accordance with clause 10 of the “Rules for establishing energy efficiency requirements”, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 25, 2011 No. 18, the energy passport of a building includes indicators characterizing the fulfillment of energy efficiency requirements, such as annual specific values ​​of energy resource consumption.

The main document defining the composition and form of the energy passport of the designed facility today is SNiP 23-02–2003 “Thermal Protection of Buildings”, in which Appendix D provides the methodology for filling out the energy passport, and Appendix D contains the form of the passport itself.

I would like to emphasize that Order No. 182 of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation dated April 19, 2010 establishes the requirements for an energy passport based on the results of a mandatory energy audit. The form of Appendix No. 24 of this order takes place during an energy audit carried out on the basis of project documentation, and it should not be accepted as an energy passport as part of the project.

We have decided on the form and methodology for filling out the energy passport as part of the project documentation; now I would like to draw the reader’s attention to the main mistakes made by the designers and developers of the corresponding section of the project documentation.

Main mistakes when filling out an energy passport

The main and most common mistake is the incorrect determination of the heated volume and the heated shell limiting it. To eliminate this error, it is necessary to clearly understand which rooms are included in the heated volume. These are all rooms in which there are heating devices and the internal air temperature maintained by them is above 12 °C (SNiP 23-02–2003, Appendix B, clause 9). Premises with lower temperatures should be excluded from the heated volume, and the heated shell should be limited internal structures(walls or ceilings depending on the location of cold rooms) taking into account the corresponding coefficient - n(Note to Table 6, SNiP 23-02–2003), which allows you to calculate the heat flow through such a structure.

For an example of determining the heated volume, consider a 17-story residential building with a technical floor and an underground parking lot, designed in Moscow. The lower limit of the heated volume in this case will be the ceiling above the parking lot, due to the fact that in accordance with clause 6.3.1 of SP 113.13330.2012 “Car parking. Updated edition of SNiP 21-02–99*" the internal air temperature in the parking lot is maintained at +5 °C and the coefficient n in this case it will be equal n= (20 – 5) / (20 + 28). The lateral boundary of the volume will be external walls, windows, stained glass and entrance doors. In this case, summer rooms, such as loggias and balconies, are excluded from the heated volume, and walls and window blocks with balcony doors, adjacent to these summer premises. The temperature of the internal air on a loggia or balcony, when glazed, can either be taken equal to the temperature of the external air, or calculated using the heat balance (experience shows that in this case the temperature on the loggia will be 1.5–2 °C higher than the calculated one outside air temperature).

Also, one should not forget to include in the heated shell the structures of bay windows (the ceilings under them and the coverings above them), as well as the internal elements of cold entrance vestibules.

The upper limit of the heated volume can be the covering above the upper technical floor, if it has a heating system with heating devices, as well as the internal ceiling above the last residential floor (technical floor floor), if this space is cold or serves for the distribution of communications and collection warm air, removed from kitchens and bathrooms (the so-called warm attic). In this case, the temperature of the internal air of the technical floor is determined based on the results heat balance. You should also not forget that the space of staircase and elevator units is in most cases heated, and their walls and coverings extending above the roof level of the technical floor must also be included in the heated volume.

It should be noted that the roofing area of ​​the building must be equal to the sum of the lower floors, except in cases where the heated volume is divided into several volumes, for example in the case of built-in preschool children's institutions, to which, due to the peculiarities temperature regime a separate energy passport is drawn up.

The second mistake can be called the incorrect determination of indicators of usable area (area of ​​apartments in a residential building) and estimated area (area of ​​living rooms in a residential building). This indicator is fundamental, because Specific thermal energy consumption for residential buildings in particular refers to the area of ​​apartments. This indicator is determined on the basis of Appendix D, SNiP 23-02–2003. It should not include the area of ​​summer premises, parking lots, technical rooms and cold entrance vestibules. Incorrect determination of this indicator leads to an error in the value of specific heat energy consumption of up to 50–70%.

The third mistake is the incorrect calculation of the reduced resistance to heat transfer of external enclosing structures. Designers often make mistakes when calculating external walls: the thermal conductivity coefficient indicators for the operating conditions of the region are incorrectly accepted (indicators for the dry state are accepted), the thermal uniformity coefficient is not taken into account, which can be calculated from thermal fields according to the methodology given in clause 9.1 SP 23- 101–2004, or adopted in accordance with GOST R 54851–2011 “Heterogeneous building enclosing structures. Calculation of reduced heat transfer resistance”, types of insulation materials are accepted, the scope of which does not correspond to the designed structures, etc.

Based on clause 8 of SP 23-101–2004, when designing, materials and structures must be used that have been tested in practice and have certificates and technical certificates for the use of both the materials themselves and structures in general, for example, suspended facade systems.

Indicators of heat transfer resistance of translucent structures can be taken on the basis of SP 23-101–2004, Appendix L, or the corresponding GOST (such as GOST 21519–2003 “Window blocks made of aluminum alloys”, GOST 30674–99 “Window blocks made of polyvinyl chloride profiles” ), and according to the results of certification test reports, if available, or with the specific features of the designs used (clause 5.6 of SNiP 23-02–2003).

It is also necessary to emphasize the need to comply with the content of the section “Measures to ensure compliance with energy efficiency requirements and the requirements for equipping buildings, structures and structures with metering devices for energy resources used” with the requirements of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 16, 2008 No. 87, paragraph 27 (1), in which should contain a list of measures to ensure compliance with established energy efficiency requirements, as well as a graphic part with a diagram (s) of the placement of metering devices for the energy resources consumed by the designed facility.

Arithmetic errors, typos, inconsistencies with other sections of the design documentation and incorrectly selected coefficients when making calculations that occur in every project will be ignored in this article.

It should be taken into account that in accordance with clause 12.7 of SNiP 23-02–2003, the responsibility for reliable information in the energy passport lies with the organization that filled it out. And the indicators of specific heat energy consumption, calculated in the design documentation, are the basis for determining the energy efficiency class, which is assigned to the building when it is put into operation by construction supervision authorities in case of compliance with design solutions (Article 12, Federal Law of November 23, 2009 No. 261- Federal Law).

I hope this article will allow designers to avoid a number of mistakes when designing and filling out an energy passport as part of the design documentation.

Literature

1. Federal Law of November 23, 2009 No. 261-FZ “On energy saving and increasing energy efficiency and on introducing amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation.”
2. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 16, 2008 No. 87 “On the composition of sections of project documentation and requirements for their content.”
3. SNiP 23-02–2003 “Thermal protection of buildings”.

5.4.1 The heated area of ​​a building should be defined as the area of ​​the floors (including the attic, heated basement and basement) of the building, measured within the internal surfaces of the external walls, including the area occupied by partitions and internal walls. In this case, the area of ​​staircases and elevator shafts is included in the floor area.

The heated area of ​​the building does not include the area of ​​warm attics and basements, unheated technical floors, basement (underground), cold unheated verandas, unheated staircases, as well as a cold attic or part of it not occupied as an attic.

5.4.2 When determining the area of ​​the attic floor, the area with a height up to a sloping ceiling of 1.2 m with an inclination of 30° to the horizon is taken into account; 0.8 m - at 45° - 60°; at 60° or more - the area is measured up to the baseboard.

5.4.3 The area of ​​living quarters of a building is calculated as the sum of the areas of all common rooms (living rooms) and bedrooms.

5.4.4 The heated volume of a building is defined as the product of the heated floor area and the internal height, measured from the floor surface of the first floor to the ceiling surface of the last floor.

With complex shapes of the internal volume of a building, the heated volume is defined as the volume of space limited by the internal surfaces of external enclosures (walls, roofing or attic floor, basement).

To determine the volume of air filling the building, the heated volume is multiplied by a factor of 0.85.

5.4.5 The area of ​​external enclosing structures is determined by the internal dimensions of the building. The total area of ​​the external walls (including window and door openings) is determined as the product of the perimeter of the external walls along the internal surface and the internal height of the building, measured from the floor surface of the first floor to the ceiling surface of the last floor, taking into account the area of ​​window and door slopes with a depth from the internal surface of the wall to the inner surface of a window or door block. The total area of ​​windows is determined by the size of the openings in the light. The area of ​​the external walls (opaque part) is determined as the difference between the total area of ​​the external walls and the area of ​​windows and external doors.

5.4.6 The area of ​​horizontal external fences (covering, attic and basement floors) is determined as the floor area of ​​the building (within the internal surfaces of the external walls).

With inclined surfaces of the ceilings of the last floor, the area of ​​the roof, attic floor is determined as the area of ​​the inner surface of the ceiling.

PRINCIPLES FOR DETERMINING THE REGULAR LEVEL OF THERMAL PROTECTION

6.1 The main objective of SNiP 23-02 is to ensure the design of thermal protection of buildings at a given thermal energy consumption to maintain the established parameters of the microclimate of their premises. At the same time, the building must also provide sanitary and hygienic conditions.

6.2 SNiP 23-02 establishes three mandatory mutually linked standardized indicators for the thermal protection of a building, based on:

“a” - standardized values ​​of heat transfer resistance for individual building envelopes for thermal protection of the building;

“b” - standardized values ​​of the temperature difference between the temperatures of the internal air and on the surface of the enclosing structure and the temperature on the inner surface of the enclosing structure above the dew point temperature;

“c” - a standardized specific indicator of thermal energy consumption for heating, which allows you to vary the values ​​of the heat-protective properties of enclosing structures, taking into account the choice of systems for maintaining standardized microclimate parameters.

The requirements of SNiP 23-02 will be met if, when designing residential and public buildings, the requirements of indicators of groups “a” and “b” or “b” and “c” are met, and for industrial buildings - indicators of groups “a” and “b” " The choice of indicators by which the design will be carried out falls within the competence of the design organization or the customer. Methods and ways to achieve these standardized indicators are selected during design.

All types of enclosing structures must meet the requirements of indicators “b”: provide comfortable living conditions for people and prevent indoor surfaces from getting wet, wet and mold.

6.3 According to indicators “c”, the design of buildings is carried out by determining the complex value of energy saving from the use of architectural, construction, thermal and engineering solutions aimed at saving energy resources, and therefore, if necessary, in each specific case, it is possible to establish less normalized values ​​than according to indicators “a”. heat transfer resistance for individual species enclosing structures, for example, for walls (but not lower than the minimum values ​​​​established in 5.13 SNiP 23-02).

6.4 In the process of designing a building, the calculated indicator of specific heat energy consumption is determined, which depends on the heat-protective properties of the enclosing structures, space-planning solutions of the building, heat release and quantity solar energy, entering the premises of the building, the effectiveness of engineering systems for maintaining the required microclimate of the premises and heat supply systems. This calculated indicator should not exceed the standardized indicator.

6.5 Designing according to “B” indicators provides the following advantages:

There is no need for individual elements of enclosing structures to achieve the normalized heat transfer resistance values ​​specified in Table 4 of SNiP 23-02;

An energy-saving effect is ensured through the integrated design of the building’s thermal protection and taking into account the efficiency of heat supply systems;

Greater freedom in choosing design solutions during design.

Picture 1- Design scheme for thermal protection of buildings

6.6 The design diagram for thermal protection of buildings in accordance with SNiP 23-02 is presented in Figure 1. The selection of thermal protection properties of enclosing structures should be performed in the following sequence:

External climatic parameters are selected in accordance with SNiP 23-01 and the degree-days of the heating period are calculated;

The minimum values ​​of the optimal microclimate parameters inside the building are selected according to the purpose of the building in accordance with GOST 30494, SanPiN 2.1.2.1002 and GOST 12.1.005. Establish operating conditions for enclosing structures A or B;

A space-planning solution for the building is developed, the building compactness index is calculated and compared with the standardized value. If the calculated value is greater than the normalized value, then it is recommended to change the space-planning solution in order to achieve the normalized value;

Select the requirements of indicators “a” or “b”.

According to indicators "a"

6.7 The choice of heat-protective properties of enclosing structures according to the standardized values ​​of its elements is carried out in the following sequence:

Determine the standardized values ​​of heat transfer resistance Rreq enclosing structures (external walls, coverings, attics and basement floors, windows and lanterns, external doors and gates) by degree-day of the heating period; checked for the permissible value of the calculated temperature difference D t p;

The energy parameters for the energy passport are calculated, but the specific thermal energy consumption is not controlled.

According to indicators "in"

6.8 The selection of heat-protective properties of enclosing structures based on the standardized specific consumption of thermal energy for heating the building is carried out in the following sequence:

As a first approximation, element-by-element standards for heat transfer resistance are determined Rreq enclosing structures (external walls, coverings, attic and basement floors, windows and lanterns, external doors and gates) depending on the degree-day of the heating period;

Prescribe the required air exchange in accordance with SNiP 31-01, SNiP 31-02 and SNiP 2.08.02 and determine household heat generation;

A building class (A, B or C) is assigned for energy efficiency and, if class A or B is selected, the percentage of reduction in standardized unit costs is established within the limits of standardized deviation values;

Determine the normalized value of the specific heat energy consumption for heating the building depending on the class of the building, its type and number of floors and adjust this value in the case of assigning class A or B and connecting the building to a decentralized heat supply system or stationary electric heating;

Calculate the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating the building for heating season, fill out the energy passport and compare it with the standardized value. The calculation is completed if the calculated value does not exceed the standardized value.

If the calculated value is less than the normalized value, then the following options are searched so that the calculated value does not exceed the normalized value:

A decrease in comparison with the standardized values ​​of the level of thermal protection for individual building enclosures, primarily for walls;

Changing the space-planning solution of the building (size, shape and layout of sections);

Choice of more effective systems heat supply, heating and ventilation and methods of their regulation;

Combining the previous options.

As a result of enumerating the options, new values ​​of standardized heat transfer resistance are determined Rreq enclosing structures (external walls, coverings, attic and basement floors, windows, stained-glass windows and lanterns, external doors and gates), which may differ from those chosen as a first approximation, both smaller and larger. This value should not be lower than the minimum values ​​specified in 5.13 SNiP 23-02.

Check for the permissible value of the calculated temperature difference D t p.

6.9 Calculate thermal energy parameters in accordance with Section 7 and fill out an energy passport in accordance with Section 18 of this Code of Rules.