What science studies the diversity of living organisms? School Olympiad in Biology.
Morphology studies external structure organisms.
Anatomy studies internal structure organisms.
Physiology studies the functioning of the body and its organs.
Histology studies fabrics.
Cytology(molecular biology) studies the structure and function of cell organelles.
Biochemistry studies chemical composition living organisms and chemical reactions metabolism.
Hygiene creates the conditions necessary to preserve and strengthen health.
Genetics studies the patterns of heredity and variability.
Selection is engaged in the development of new plant varieties, animal breeds and strains of microorganisms.
Paleontology studies fossil remains of organisms.
Evolutionary theory studies the patterns of adaptation of organisms to their environment
Systematics (classification, taxonomy) studies the diversity of living organisms and distributes them into groups based on evolutionary relatedness.
Ecology studies the interactions of living organisms with each other and with their environment.Tests
1) Science studies fossil remains of extinct organisms
A) taxonomy
B) ecology
B) physiology
D) paleontology
2. Science studies the influence of environmental conditions on the formation of the characteristics of an organism.
A) taxonomy
B) genetics
B) selection
D) anatomy
3. Science is involved in breeding new highly productive strains of microorganisms
A) anatomy
B) biochemistry
B) cytology
D) selection
4. Science that studies the role of mitochondria in metabolism
A) genetics
B) selection
IN) organic chemistry
D) molecular biology
5. Science studies the structure and functions of cell organelles
A) genetics
B) cytology
B) selection
D) biochemistry
6. Genetics is the science that studies patterns
A) heredity and variability of organisms
B) relationships between organisms and the environment
IN) historical development organic world
G) individual development organisms
7. Science studies the structure and distribution of ancient ferns
A) physiology
B) genetics
B) paleontology
D) selection
8. Study the structure of the body and its organs
A) anatomy
B) physiology
B) genetics
D) cytology
9. Explores the patterns of adaptation in organisms to their environment
A) cytology
B) evolutionary doctrine
B) ecology
D) taxonomy
10) Science deals with the study of the diversity of organisms and their classification
A) genetics
B) taxonomy
B) physiology
D) ecology
11) The causes of variability are studied
A) ecologists
B) paleontologists
B) genetics
D) physiologists
12. Science is involved in improving existing animal breeds and plant varieties
A) ecology
B) selection
B) genetics
D) molecular biology
13. What science studies intraspecific relationships between organisms?
A) taxonomy
B) ecology
B) selection
D) morphology
C) toadstool D) strawberry leaf.
3. Osteons are located perpendicular to the vertical axis in the bones:
A) flat B) spongy C) tubular D) tubular and spongy.
4. Bacteria have a spiral shape:
A) vibrios B) cocci C) bacilli D) spirochetes.
5. The largest representatives of algae are found among:
A) green B) brown C) red D) diatoms.
6. In which cell organelles are proteins synthesized?
A) in mitochondria B) in ribosomes C) in lysosomes D) in the Golgi apparatus.
7. The tadpole's heart resembles a heart in structure:
A) fish B) mollusk C) reptile D) adult amphibian.
8 .The supporting function in the human body is performed by tissue:
A) nervous B) epithelial C) connective D) smooth muscle.
A) reproduction by seeds B) autotrophic nutrition
C) the presence of vegetative organs D) the absence of fruit membranes around the seeds.
10. In the process of historical development of the animal world of the Earth, the appearance of amphibians was preceded by:
A) ichthyosaurs B) reptiles C) lobe-finned fishes D) wild-toothed lizards.
11. during famine or during hibernation, reserves of energy substrates are consumed in the following order:
A) fats-proteins-carbohydrates B) fats-carbohydrates-proteins C) carbohydrates-fats-proteins D) proteins-carbohydrates-fats.
12. The conditioned reflex is:
A) grasping reflex in baby chimpanzees B) licking fur by a cat
C) bird flights D) birds’ reaction to the bright colors of poisonous insects.
13. Mesoderm does not develop in an animal such as:
A) freshwater hydra B) bovine tapeworm C) earthworm D) honey bee.
14. When burdock develops, the egg stage is followed by:
A) pupa stage B) caterpillar stage
C) tadpole stage D) adult insect stage.
15. The fish's swim bladder is filled with gas. Gas enters the swim bladder:
A) directly from atmospheric air
B) penetrates from the intestine through the walls of capillary vessels
B) from the blood through the walls of capillary vessels
D) directly from water.
16. Not breathing:
A) housefly B) bracken C) virus D) hydra.
17. Nutrients in wheat seed are found in:
A) root B) cotyledon C) seed integument D) endosperm.
18. In the human skeleton, the bones are motionlessly connected to each other:
A) shoulder and elbow B) thoracic spine
C) cerebral part of the skull D) thigh and lower leg.
19. They do not have a rigid cell wall:
A) yeast B) bone tissue C) birch leaf D) tuberculosis bacillus.
20. Migratory fish include:
A) chum salmon B) shark C) river perch D) tuna.
Part 2. Choose three correct answers out of six. In your answer, write down the corresponding sequence of numbers)
1.Which insects develop with complete transformation:
1) dung beetle 2) bed bug 3) house fly
4) Asian locust 5) black cockroach 6) cabbage white.
2.What adaptations to life in water were formed in the process of evolution in cetaceans:
1) variable temperature gill breathing 3) streamlined body shape
4) forelimbs in the form of flippers 5) a thick layer of subcutaneous fat
6) four-chamber heart.
3.What characteristics characterize plants of the Monocot class:
1) fibrous root system 2) reticulate venation of leaves
3) intercalary growth 4) tap root system
5) seeds with one cotyledon 6) seeds with two cotyledons.
4.What are the features of smooth muscle tissue:
3) are part of the internal organs 4) contract voluntarily, quickly
5) form skeletal muscles 6) contract involuntarily, slowly.
5. Select characteristics that relate only to the simplest animals:
1) a cell is a part of a whole organism 2) organelles of movement are temporary or permanent
3) eukaryotic single-celled organisms 4) prokaryotic single-celled organisms
5) the method of sexual reproduction of some representatives is conjugation (exchange of nuclei).
6) are heterotrophs.
Part 3. Choose the correct statements.(10 points)
1.The variety of body colors of algae is caused by adaptation to photosynthesis.
2.Lump coniferous trees is a fruit.
3. The capsule on the stalk in bryophytes is a sporophyte.
4.The bones of a cow's skull and its horns are formed by a type of connective tissue - bone tissue.
5. Picking and chasing cause the growth of lateral roots and branching of the shoot.
6. A sitting frog does not see stationary objects.
7. All mammals are viviparous animals.
8. All mammals have seven cervical vertebrae, regardless of neck length.
9. Spiders, like lice and fleas, are wingless insects.
10. All living organisms, except viruses, are built from cells.
Part 4. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the tables.
1. Establish a correspondence between the body and the type of nutrition.
2. Correlate the characteristics of arachnids and insects with the classes to which they belong
And at the hour when the grain is ripe,
They will return - whoever can.
And whoever returns will wait -
Will the Lord come to reap the field?
Who will be the mother and who will be the father,
And who will take the crown?
Thorny, prickly... -
Ergot
It lies at the core of existence.
(Irina Fedorova)
Having conquered most of Europe, ergot and rye, along with Christianity, reached Russia.
In their patriarchal simplicity, our ancestors were content with very little: half-raw food, meat, roots and skins of wild or domestic animals satisfied their needs. Our ancestors did not know luxury for a long time; in the 11th century they still ate millet, buckwheat and milk, then they learned to prepare dishes and so on, but even in the old days they were distinguished by their hospitality.
Having experienced the benefits of a civilian settled life, the Russians began to engage in agriculture to obtain grain grain, and at the same time they began to bake bread and prepare kvass.
With the beginning of the spread of rye (and, accordingly, epidemics of ergotism) and Christianity in Russia, the same thing happens, although on a smaller scale, that previously took place in Europe: mass insanity and mental epidemics, demon possession, burning of witches and heretics, the spread of destructive Christian sects, which often go as far as cannibalism. Only the names differed: if in Europe there were self-flagellant flagellants, Witt or Guy dances and convulsionists, then in Russia there were klikushis, whips (Christs) and their varieties - the sects of “shaking”, “Molokan-jumpers”, “jumpers”, eunuchs and etc.
In Russia, the disease ergotism was first mentioned in the Trinity Chronicle in 1408. Naturally, it was not known then that the culprit of the epidemics of ergotism was ergot. Therefore, as in Europe, demons were blamed for everything. It was not until the 19th century that the dangers of ergot became known, although not to the general public. In “The End of the World”, published in 1895 in St. Petersburg, by the famous French astronomer Flammarion, which describes the medieval epidemics of “firefly”, not a word is said about the causes of the disaster:
The end of the tenth century and the beginning of the eleventh mark a truly strange and ominous era. From 980 to 1040, the formidable ghost of Death seemed to spread its gloomy wings over the unfortunate Earth. Famine and pestilence reigned throughout Europe. At first, some kind of “fire” raged, burning entire members of the body, which then completely fell off. The body of the sick seemed to be burned by fire, separated from the bones as if scalded, and began to rot. The unfortunate sufferers lay along the roads leading to various holy places, besieged churches, crowding into them and contaminating the air with an unbearable stench; here they finally died around the sacred relics. This terrible pestilence claimed more than forty thousand victims in Aquitaine and devastated the entire south of France. Then came the years of famine, from which first one or the other part of the Christian world suffered. Over the course of seventy-three years, from 987 to 1060, there were forty-eight famines and epidemics.
But since by the end of the 18th century in Europe a connection between epidemics of ergotism and ergot was established, then in Russia XIX centuries, doctors already knew the causes of “evil writhing”:
“Ergot caused panic in the Middle Ages with its mysterious epidemics.” the masses. From eating bread with a large admixture of uterine horns, a special suffering develops, known under the name of evil cramps (ergotismus), of which two forms were distinguished. With gastric disorders, a characteristic feeling of crawling and numbness of the fingers and toes, some subsequently developed dry gangrene of the extremities - ergotismus gangraenosus; for others, all kinds of convulsions came to the fore, especially painful contractures of the flexor muscles, and sometimes it even reached the point of psychosis - ergotismus convulsivus, an angry writhing. Death during an evil cramp occurs due to symptoms of general paralysis. The gangrenous form was also called Antonov’s fire, since in the Middle Ages they believed in its healing with the relics of St. Antonia. With this form, even the loss of entire parts of the body is observed.
*2) Dogel I. Guide to pharmacology (formulation). - St. Petersburg: Publishing house K.L. Rickera, 1889.- 324 p.
*6) Shapiro B. Pharmacology. - “T-vo A.S. Suvorin - New Time", 1911.- 284 p.3
Russia took over the baton from Europe, where by this time they are already beginning to forget about ergot, and black bread has not been the main food for a long time. The last significant epidemic in Europe occurred in Lorraine and Burgundy in 1816 (Britannica, 1911), and since then, although local outbreaks of the disease, contrary to the opinion of the encyclopedia, will periodically flare up in some areas of Europe and even in New York, interest in research epidemics of ergotism practically disappear. Ergot, as before, is used in obstetrics, and in 1868, British surgeon Edward Woakes suggests using it as a remedy for migraines. From a poison, ergot gradually turns into a medicine. In Russia, the epidemic of ergotism is not decreasing. But, at least at this time, they are already well documented by doctors. In this sense, Russia's experience is unique. But, unfortunately, there is no practical result from the doctors’ research. “Ergot alkaloids are passed directly through the milk of a nursing mother. Thus, a century ago, Russia had the highest infant mortality rates in Europe,” says Matosyan. This is true, but the problem is that due to ergot, the milk itself disappears from women in labor. And babies die simply from hunger. Doctors were also concerned with this issue, and as a result of their research, two dissertations appeared on the effect of ergot on milk, both from 1870, by doctors Pogrebinsky and Asotsky. Overall, for the second half of XIX century and the very beginning of the 20th century, several dozen dissertations, works and scientific articles about ergot appeared in Russia. For clarity, you can look at the “Catalogue of Russian books of the library of the Imperial Yuryev University” from 1910. In this catalog alone, before 1908, there are more than ten dissertations on the topic:
Pelican E. Research on ergot (secale cornutum), on methods of discovering it in flour and on precautionary measures to eliminate the harmful consequences of eating bread containing this impurity. St. Petersburg 1864.
Kadatsky, N. On the issue of the effect of ergot on the animal organism. St. Petersburg 1866.
Asotsky, N. About the influence of ergot on the quantity and composition of milk. St. Petersburg 1870.
Pogrebinsky, M. On the pharmacology of ergot, its effect on milk. St. Petersburg 1870.
Kaplanovsky, R. On the question of methods for discovering ergot in rye flour. and bread. St. Petersburg 1881.
Konorin, O. On the issue of changes in the tissues of the animal body during chronic diseases. ergot poisoning. St. Petersburg 1884.
Reformatsky N. Mental disorder due to ergot poisoning (Disease “evil cramp”). M. 1893.
Avduevsky, A. Comparative assessment of the most common methods for determining ergot in rye flour. St. Petersburg 1894.
Vinogradov, N. About pathological-anatomical. changes in organs and tissues in people with chronic ergot poisoning. Kaz. 1897.
Kolotinskiy, S. Chronic ergot poisoning and observed changes in the central nervous system in animals. St. Petersburg 1902.
Orlov. K. X. On the study of changes in the eye during chronic poisoning with ergot and its preparations. Kaz. 1903.
And here there are no known works by A.V. Pelya, R.S. Chetyrkina, V.A. Tikhomirov, as well as I.O. Kalenichenko, who apparently wrote the first dissertation in Russia on ergot, “Tractatus de Spermoideae clavi: phytonomia, chemia, historia ususque therapeutics” in 1837.
But dissertations alone cannot overcome the disease if people cannot refuse black bread. Or he doesn't want to. What potatoes succeeded in Europe - displacing rye - cannot be achieved in Russia.
* * *It’s better not to eat bread at all than to eat bread with ergot, which will probably kill you.
(Leo Tolstoy. About science and art)
TO end of the 19th century centuries, not only doctors in Russia know about the dangers of ergot and what caused the medieval “mysterious epidemics” - at that time, even the authorities were concerned about the issue of rye being infected with ergot. In the notes of our famous scientist D.I. Mendeleev “What kind of academy is needed in Russia?” there are the following lines: “For example, right now the issue of grinding grain for the entire Russian army is being considered, because when buying flour, ergot was often encountered, and now it is necessary to gather, one might say, all departments ... members to discuss an issue of extreme importance. Without special words, we can say that emergency officials must resolve issues of enormous economic and hygienic importance. This matter obviously should belong to the Academy as the central institution. It must have the means to resolve these types of issues positively.”
The only surprising thing is that the same doctor Dogel turns to Western medieval experience, describing ergot poisoning. Maybe Rus' didn’t have its own epidemics? Unfortunately, as we know, this is not the case. Although Christianity, unlike Europe, in this case contributed little to the aggravation of the situation. In Rus' they didn’t really burn witches, they didn’t destroy cats, they didn’t organize crusades. However, this situation is quite typical for countries where both rye and Christianity reached later than the 10th century. In Russia the situation was the better, that the Orthodox did not recognize Catholic demonology, and they were never able to completely defeat paganism. Ergot itself, as such, had an even greater influence on Rus' than on Europe. For the Russian people for centuries, ergot was not a weed or poison, but a synonym and personification of happiness and good luck. And even today in various collections of “magic conspiracies” you can read folk conspiracy for a successful trade: “Be in my barn treasure and harmony and ergot in everything.” But now no one understands the meaning of the word “ergot”. But once upon a time it was used very widely, and not at all in the sense that we discussed above.
This is visible in any standard description holidays according to the folk calendar. For example, January 3 is “Peter Polukorm. On the morning of January 3, they went to cut the bottom of the tree, to push the grain... The grain reserves are not in need. Entering the house on this day, they said: “Ergot in the kneading bowl!” After all, ergot lives in the household from order and care.” Or the Nativity of Christ, January 7 - “the threshers tried to scoop up heaps of porridge too. With the top. To keep ergot in the house. So that the pot would not be empty, the stove would not cool down, and the master’s bins would not become scarce.” What kind of “ergot” are we talking about here? we're talking about?
Previously, peasants believed that these large horns were an addition to bread; they were called spore bread. However, this was a big misconception - ergot is poisonous. Eating flour contaminated with ergot can cause a serious disease, ergotism (“Antonov fire”), which is accompanied by convulsions, gangrene (death of the ends of the fingers, ears), and mental disorders. Acute poisoning possible when consuming large doses of ergot.
Let's look at Dahl's dictionary, where all the above calendar phrases are:
* Ergot w. and sporina, sporidity, success, luck, benefit, profit, use, growth.
* Ergot is more valuable than wealth.
* When the bread is baking, do not sweep the hut: you will sweep it with ergot.
* Sporina (Ergot) in the kneader! (Hello to the woman who kneads bread).
* Ergot in the sauerkraut! (Answer: one hundred rubles per purse!)
* From order and care, ergot lives on the farm.
* Without God's blessing, don't expect ergot in anything.
* Even the poor will live with spor, but non-spor (non-spor) destroys the rich. There is no difference between sporina and sporina: rye is ten measures per tithe, and poppy seeds are a man’s hat. Thicker and faster. Whoever takes salt from a stranger for bread will not have ergot in his house.
* Ergot, south. zap. ergot cf. and spore, knotweed m. sporina, perm. debatable, psk. ugly, sickly black grain in rye, with grayish, sugary-tasting floury pulp; hooks, horns; ergot is harmful in food (although not as much as wheat horns), but the grain grows three times, and besides, it makes the sauerkraut rise well, which is why the name ergot.
* Korzhava novg. - Ergot in bread.
* Porinye cf. Vologda ergot, meaning health, body strength.
So, the problem turns out to be that rye, although it appeared in Rus' later, brought with it something that was even more common among the Russian people than in Europe. Now in Rus' “ergot is more valuable than wealth,” ergot and happiness are synonymous. The consumption of ergot has become part of the national culture.
Ergot will help more quickly than God, because ergot “makes the kneading plant rise well, hence the name ergot” (Dahl), but “you can’t dissolve the kneading plant with prayer.” (ibid.)
Ergot into the mash!Spring ergot!(folk song in the Smolensk region)
Go home from the field
From delivery home,
To our village Koshcheno,
There is a threshing floor in Petrovskovo!
And from the threshing floor ergot
I went into the barn...
In such songs we no longer see abstract “ergot happiness,” but completely physical spring ergot. The very one from which a completely material dough will rise. Afterwards, the peasants will taste bread made from such dough and “Goodbye, kvashnya, I’m off for a walk!” (the same Dahl). Good folk sign there is a search in the field for “ergot” or “reindeer”. Since past centuries, it has already been forgotten what was considered the “mother of rye” in Rus' and everyone is trying to explain it in their own way. For some it is greatest number spikelets on a stem: “During the harvest, the reapers tried to find the largest number of grains on one stem. Such a spike is called a “wheat uterus” or “ergot”. They are protected all year until the new sowing; sowing begins with these grains, with the hope of receiving from them big harvest" Others believe that there must have been twelve such spikelets, as Christian apostles: “On the same day we were looking for “ergot” in the field - there was the largest number of spikelets on one stem. If there are twelve of them, then this is a “wheat uterus”, “ergot”. Such ears of corn were stored for a year like the apple of an eye, saved for sowing: mixed with seed grain or sown first in the field. Believed in bountiful harvest, into a well-fed life. In the Smolensk region they sang: (see epigraph).”
Still others believe that to add two “grains of ergot” to the grain consecrated in the church: “The grain was blessed: in the church everywhere on the day of the “grain” Savior, on Easter, along with Easter cakes and eggs (Yenisei); in houses or in the village square during the priest's rounds with Easter prayers. Grains were added to it, which, according to popular beliefs, were endowed with special power and capable of bringing a rich harvest: grains of a harvest sheaf, as well as grains of “knotweed”/“ergot” (from the word “sporty”) - a stalk of wheat or rye with two or more ears of grain, also called “wheat womb” in Western Russian provinces. In Samara province. the grains of “ergot” were sewn into an amulet, which the sower, going to sow, put on pectoral cross».
And for a 19th-century priest, ergot is fused ears of grain: “Finally, a search in the fields for “ergot,” that is, two ears of grain grown together, which, according to the peasants, will ensure a wonderful harvest next year.”
It can be seen that “wheat uterus” or “ergot” is understood differently by everyone. To remove these discrepancies, you just need to remove the quotation marks from the word “ergot”. That's what they were looking for - ergot. Without any symbolism. The same one that, although “harmful in food,” but from it “the grain grows three times,” and “the mash rises” (Dahl).
At first, Christian priests in some sermons denounced superstitious pagan customs, for example, driving the herd to stop the death of animals through “living fire”, “curling the beard of the prophet Elijah” and the same search in the fields for two fused ears of grain - “ergot”, which provides future harvest. But ergot itself had nothing to do with it - the priests did not like the word “ergot” itself, in which they (not without reason) saw a pagan meaning. And this was not even the name of a pagan spirit (among the many house spirits, in addition to the house spirit, the Kutny god, grandfathers and spehs - spirits that contribute to human affairs, ergot was also present). The reason was more serious: the ancient Slavic worship of heavenly fire - the Sun, which creates ergot(fertility). The sun was represented as a rational and perfect being, which either itself is a deity or carries out God's will. Christians did not like “such concepts in language as rain - “seven”, the heat of the sun - “ergot”. However, soon the meaning of the word “ergot” no longer had anything to do with the sun. Ergot from the sky moved into bins and into kettles.
The transition of a mythological image into the term R.G. Akhmetyanov explains as a consequence of the fact that fungal disease seemed to be traces, marks that the mother of the rye left. According to pagan beliefs, the patroness of the fields leaves marks of wealth and abundance on her ears. It is from here that the second meaning, existing in some other languages, arose - ergot. M. Vasmer connects this word with the Old Russian words spor “wealth, abundance”, spory “adding, arriving, abundant”, and its transition to modern meaning calls it a case of euphemism, i.e. when the disease is not directly named.
Vasmer, of course, is right about “wealth and abundance,” but it is hardly worth agreeing with the transition of meaning as a euphemism for a disease, since there is no evidence that people ever associated the problems of poisoning in Rus' with ergot, the harmfulness of which would gradually become clear only in the 19th century century. Rather, a confusion of meanings could occur with the Dutch or German sporen - spurs, with which ergot was often associated because of its appearance of protruding “horns”; in French and today ergot means spur (cock spur, etc.) and ergot. And even more likely, “mother of rye” was originally called that precisely because of the old meaning of “abundance of harvest.” Speaking about diseases, here we can speculate about the etymology of the Russian expression “to throw off the hooves.” Its origin is unknown to linguists; in Ozhegov’s dictionary it is considered colloquial. But we know that the hooves of animals falling off from ergot were not at all illusory. Livestock during epidemics she died, throwing her hooves completely in physical sense. So you can quite realistically imagine a dialogue between peasants of past centuries: - What happened to your cattle, Kuzma? - Yes, she died all over, threw off her hooves...
But the physical harm of ergot is not the whole problem. Much worse is that the Russian people, just like the Germans and French earlier, became hooked on ergot. Russian folklore: songs, fairy tales, so-called “spiritual poems”, proverbs and sayings clearly show what the peasant considered important in his life: in the household, in everyday life, in the family. In ancient times there arose ritual songs: calendar (New Year, spring, Kupala, stubble, etc.) and family (maternity, wedding, funeral). Any genre has its own characteristics, both in poetic content and in artistic form. The spell of a rich harvest and health runs through many calendar songs. And all this is usually associated with ergot. This can be seen in songs, fairy tales, folklore, and “spiritual poems.”
Maslenitsa song- God bless you
There is growth on the field,
On the threshing floor - threshed,
There is thick stuff on the table,
There is ergot in the bins
Koleda (Christmas time and the holiday of the Nativity of Christ until Epiphany, Christmas Eve; carol - a song for caroling)
There are still growths in the field,
There's threshing on the threshing floor,
There is ergot on the table,
Christmas is the gate,
Koleda, Koleda!
Afanasyev retells a village fairy tale typical of that time, a kind of reminiscence of Job: “Once Ilya and Nikolai were walking. - “Wait! - said Elijah the prophet, - I will take all the ergot from the bread“No matter how many sheaves a man lays down, he won’t thresh more than four sheaves at a time.” - “This is bad!” - thinks Nikola the saint..." As a result, the most revered saint in Rus', St. Nicholas the Saint (he is also Santa Claus, now decanonized by Catholics), still deceived and outwitted Elijah the Prophet, and the man was left with the harvest (that is, with ergot): “The sun warmed up, and the rye ripened - as if the golden one is standing in the field. The man pressed a lot of sheaves... the man's field began to get better; new fresh shoots sprang from the old roots... I filled all the bins, all the cages with rye...”
Over time, ergot even finds its way into, for example, the coat of arms of the city of Nizhnedevitsk. “At the top of the shield is the coat of arms of Voronezh. At the bottom there is a rye epic, on which there are many ears of corn, called ergot in a green field, meaning a great abundance of bread.”
As an obstetric aid, ergot in the mystical, mythologized consciousness of the ordinary Russian person could help not only people. Its healing and sacred power was even projected... onto rivers:
“The spring this year has been uncertain and cold. Even in the last days of May the ice on Lake Baikal did not break. “Mother is suffering from childbirth,” the townspeople said, looking from the shore at the swollen, but powerless to throw off the ice, Angara, and in order to help the river, according to a superstitious custom, they threw loaves of bread with ergot baked in them into the coastal wormwood. The ice was also strong on the Lena, as visitors from Yakutsk reported.”
Spiritual verses about the Last JudgmentThey ate up Sunday mass,
I, Christ, have been angered;
They took away the milk from the cows,
They took ergot from the kneading pot, -
There is no salvation for this darling.
In general, according to the people, without “ergot in the kneader” even the soul cannot be saved. “Happiness and luck” - ergot - was filled with sacred meaning.
Now it becomes clear what the researcher of social destruction, culturologist A. Troshin, spoke about at the seminar, and what was the cause of mass psychopathy and the huge spread of various Christian sects:
There is another very important fact. Russian society based on drug addiction. Ergot culture was widespread. There are three active ingredients. One of them is an adrenaline antagonist, leading to hysteroid menopause in women. Work with ergot was difficult; ergot was considered the main advantage of bread. It was impossible to fight this. N.N. Reformatsky describes cases where residents were completely affected by ergot. There were seven forms of psychopathy associated with ergot poisoning. None healthy person there wasn't. That is, there are many factors that cause psychopathy, including lesions nervous system caused by ergot. It happened that in two or three years the village died out completely. Men migrated, leaving their families, women and children died of hunger or became beggars. But cliques are constantly present in Russian society.
According to psychopathy specialist P.I. Jacobi, the only one who tried to write an anthropological history of Russia, every year more than half of the population was covered by one form or another of mass psychopathy. And when we try to explain the incredible prevalence of sectarianism in Russia, it is quite easy to prove that sectarianism was a consequence of mass psychopathy.
The mass scale of mental epidemics in Russia began to increase sharply in the 17th century. The time of schism in Orthodoxy was marked by mass self-immolations (burnings) among schismatics. Only in the Poshekhonsky district of the Moscow province, ten years after the council of 1666, in the parish of the Church of Holy Friday, protesting against new faith, 1920 people burned themselves. Orthodox Church there was no need to create an Inquisition to burn heretics - Russian heretics switched to self-service. Let us note, however, that now there are several well-documented works showing that many “self-immolations” of Old Believers and schismatics were in fact burnings, which were carried out by the Orthodox State Inquisition (see, for example, Evgeniy Anisimov. Rack and Whip, 1999). However, in our context, it does not have of great importance, whether some fanatics burned themselves, or other fanatics burned these - in any case, there was one reason - the planting of Christianity in Rus', and in the fields - rye and ergot.
Due to frequent cases of “burnings” among schismatics, the government began to take measures to search for them. The schismatics were forced to leave their homes and go to the northern and Siberian regions. The current situation served as one of the reasons for the spread of mental epidemics of self-destruction from the center of Russia to its outskirts. As a result of psychic contagions of this kind, tens of thousands of people died. The matter was not limited to “burning areas”, and, especially in Siberian regions In Russia, the analogue of self-immolations was self-destruction in the form of mental epidemics through “starvation and self-drowning,” as well as self- and mutual harm - as a manifestation of skoptism. Many Christian sects proliferated. More and more psychopathic sects will appear over the centuries until the 20th century. Here, for example, Malevanshchina is a typical analogue of European dancers and convulsors as described by Bekhterev:
Malevanny considers himself Jesus Christ, the Savior of the world, but the Gospel Christ, in his opinion, was not historical figure, and all the legends about the Evangelical Christ are only prophecies about him - Malevanny.... Already in 1890, Malevanny's hands began to tremble during prayer and raising his hands, and then the trembling and convulsions spread to other parts of the body.... Malevanny explained this by entering the Holy Spirit into him, since, according to him, he was completely uninvolved in these movements that occurred against his will. Malevanny's trembling and shaking, which was often rhythmic, had a great influence on the simple-minded fans surrounding Malevanny. During general prayers, at the time when Malevanny began to tremble (“shake,” in the local expression), some of those present, especially women, also began to shudder and convulse. From that time on, trembling became an almost inevitable part of prayer meetings that took place in the presence of Malevanny, and partly without him.
The mentally ill Malevanny, according to the Malevans, is the true God and Savior of the world, who will establish new order structure of the universe, due to which Malevanny became an object of worship. At the same time, a sharp painful feature of the Malevans is deception of the senses and convulsive movements.
According to prof. I. A. Sikorsky, “the extent to which Malevans are susceptible to hallucinations can be called exceptional.” ...According to prof. I. A. Sikorsky, “the Malevans themselves attach importance to convulsive manifestations, considering them an undoubted action of the Divine principle in man.”
All the same “deceptions of the senses”, “convulsive manifestations”, “exceptional dimensions of hallucinations”. Bekhterev wrote: “Our modern clique among the Russian people is not also a reflection of medieval demonopathic painful forms? In this regard, authors who have studied the manifestations of hysteria, not without reason, compare or even identify this state with demonomania of the Middle Ages or demon possession.” I believe, not even a reflection, but absolutely the same thing, only bearing the imprints of a certain society in which it developed.
While photographing a snail in an aquarium (photo later), I wondered what the name of the science that studies snails is. And this is what turned out. malacology - the science that studies mollusks - a branch of zoology devoted to the study of soft-bodied mollusks, or mollusks (Mollusca). The name comes from the Greek word malakion - mollusk. Scientists who study mollusks are called malacologists. Malacology examines issues of systematics and phylogeny, zoogeography, biology and ecology of mollusks, etc. One of the branches of malacology is conchology(conchiology) - dedicated to the study of mollusk shells. Conchology - a section of malacology that studies mollusk shells. In a broad sense, it is a scientific, semi-scientific, or amateur study of the shells of soft-bodied animals such as Mollusks. Hippology- the science of horses, studies anatomy, physiology, reproduction biology, breed formation. Until the 30s. XX century hippology was taught in cavalry, artillery schools and other special educational institutions. In Russian it will sound like horse breeding, but probably still more in-depth. I immediately remembered entomology– childhood hobby, studying insects and its subsections arachnology, studying spiders and acarology- a science that studies ticks, and a number of others that study small taxa of arachnids (scorpions, harvestmen, pseudoscorpions, phalanges and others). Well, since there was such a booze... Apiology- the science that studies bees (honeybees) Helminthology– studies parasitic worms and diseases caused by them. Herpetology- a branch of zoology that studies amphibians and reptiles. Its subsection serpentology- studying snakes. Sometimes the science of amphibians is called batrachology(from Greek - frog). Carcinology– studies crustaceans. Sections of carcinology also deal with large or practically significant groups. So, copepod studies copepodology, cladoceran - cladocerology, decapod - decapodology Ketology– studies cetaceans (dolphins, killer whales and naturally whales) Myrmecology- a subsection of entomology that studies ants. Nematology(Nematology, nematodology) - a branch of zoology that studies roundworms type Nematoda, which is one of the largest in the animal kingdom in terms of the number of species (80,000 species have been described, up to 500,000 are estimated) Oology- a department of zoology devoted to the study of animal eggs, mainly birds. Oology is also sometimes understood as collecting bird eggs. Ornithology– the term is well known; this science studies birds. Planktology– it’s pretty clear here – studies plankton Theriology, also known as mammology, studies mammals; its subsections are ketology and primatology Chiropterology– studies bats, such as bats. Ethology– studies animal behavior, closely related to animal psychology.
A. A group of cells that perform different functions
B. A group of cells that form tissues that perform various functions
B. A group of cells that form tissues and organs that perform only one specific function
D. Coordinated interaction of cells, tissues and organs that make up this organism
2. Population is:
A. Individuals of the same species
B. Individuals of the same species living in the same territory
B. All living organisms living in the same area
D. Individuals of one species living in one territory and partially or completely isolated from individuals of other similar groups
3. The shell of the earth populated by living organisms is:
A. Atmosphere
B. Lithosphere
B. Biosphere
G. Biocenosis
4. The taxonomy is based on:
A. Study of the diversity of living organisms
B. Study of the structure of living organisms
B. Distribution of living organisms into groups based on similarity and kinship
D. Study of fossil species of living organisms
5. The founder of taxonomy is:
A. Carl Linnaeus
B. Charles Darwin
V. Aristotle
G. Theophrastus
6. Select correct sequence systematic categories.
A. Species, family, genus, order, class, type, subtype, kingdom
B. Species, genus, family, order, class, subtype, type, subkingdom, kingdom
B. Genus, species, family, class, order, type, subtype, kingdom
G. Species, subspecies, genus, family, order, class, subtype, type, subkingdom, kingdom
7. Method of movement of bacteria:
A. With the help of flagella
B. “Reactive” - throwing out mucus
B. Using wings
D. All statements are true
8. Bacterial spores are...
A. Sex cell
B. Propagation form
B. Form for the survival of bacteria in adverse conditions
D. Name of bacteria
9. To obtain energy, bacteria use:
A. Organic compounds
B. Inorganic compounds
B. Sunlight
D. All statements are true
10. Science studies mushrooms:
A. Mycology
B. Ecology
B. Microbiology
G. Biology
11. Mushrooms reproduce:
A. Vegetatively
B. Disputes
B. Seeds
G. Sexually
12. In mushrooms, spores develop in:
A. Gifakh
B. sporangia
B. Kidneys
G. Mykorize
13. Mycorrhiza is:
A. Name of the mushroom
B. Mushroom root
B. A variety of mycelium
G. Dispute
14. The survival of the fungus in unfavorable conditions is ensured by:
A. Stock nutrients deposited in the cells of the thickened parts of the mycelium
B. A spore is formed
B. A large amount of water is stored
D. Metabolic processes slow down
15. The class Basidiomycetes includes:
A. Russula
B. Tinder
B. Zvezdovik
G. Potato mushroom
16. What fungus affects cereal crops and can cause human poisoning if it gets into flour?
A. Ergot
B. Penicill
B. Late blight
G. Yeast
17. Forms mold on food products:
A. Mukor
B. Penicill
B. Ergot
G. Phytophthora
18. Lichens are organisms that feed on:
A. Heterotrophic
B. Autotrophic
B. Autoheterotrophic
G. Chemotrophic
19. In the body of a lichen algae there are:
A. Along the lower cortical layer
B. At the core
B. Between the core and the lower cortex
D. Between the core and the upper cortical layer
plants to interbreed and produce fertile offspring is the main feature of: 1) the genus; 2) department; 3) class; 4) type. If only archegonia develop on the gametophyte, then it is called: 1) bisexual; 2) male; 3) female; 4) sporophyte. What does it represent? mature plant in gymnosperms: 1) sporophyte; 2) gametophyte; 3) thallus; 4) archegonium. Name structural components green algae cells in which photosynthesis occurs: 1) vacuoles; 2) chloroplasts; 3) chromotaphores; ; 4) kernels. Name a green alga that has a red “eye” for light perception: 1) chlorella; 2) chlamydomonas; 3) spirogyra; 4) ulotrix. What can be said about the presence of flagella in Chlamydomonas: 1) absent; 2) there are 2 flagella; 3) there are 4 flagella; 4) there are eyelashes. What is the body of kelp called: 1) body; 2) chromatophore; 3) thallus; 4) endosperm. Name the method of reproduction of Chlamydomonas, in which a zygote is formed: 1) asexual; 2) sexual. Which of the following is characteristic of cuckoo flax: 1) has roots; 2) perennial; 3) monoecious plant; 4) refers to angiosperms. Name a feature characteristic of sphagnum: 1) each leaf consists of cells of two different types– green living and colorless dead; 2) rhizoids are well developed; 3) large wide leaves; 4) no disputes are formed. What is formed from a germinated spore in cuckoo flax: 1) zygote; 2) embryo; 3) protonema; 4) mature plant. Which plants are classified as seed plants: 1) bryophytes; 2) lycophytes; 3) horsetails; 4) fern-like; 5) conifers. Name the stage of fern development from which the prothallus is formed: 1) spore; 2) zygote; 3) embryo; 4) egg. Name the plant that develops spring spore-bearing and summer photosynthetic shoots: 1) male shield fern; 2) club moss; 3) horsetail; 4) cuckoo flax. What is the name of the organ in which sperm develop in ferns: 1) archegonium; 2) antheridium; 3) sporangium; 4) testis. Where does photosynthesis mainly occur in horsetail: 1) in the stems; 2) in leaves; 3) in the rhizome; 4) in spore-bearing spikelets. Name the peculiarity of the arrangement of Scots pine needles: 1) they arise directly from young branches; 2) arise from small scaly brown leaves; 3) depart from shortened shoots; 4) come off in a large bunch. Where in pine trees eggs and nutritious tissue - endosperm - are formed: 1) on the scales of male cones; 2) in sporangia; 3) in the ovules; 4) on the outgrowth. How many years do larch needles live: 1) less than 1 year; 2) 2-3 years; 3) 4-5 years; 4) 5-7 years. What is the significance of pine needles: 1) they increase the photosynthetic surface; 2) protect from being eaten by animals; 3) allow you to save water and easily tolerate drought; 4) do not shade the nearest needles. Name the structure of Scots pine, the shell of which forms two bubbles filled with air: 1) ovule; 2) speck of dust; 3) scales of female cones; 4) seed.