Electrical wiring in a wooden bathhouse diagram. Electrical wiring in a bathhouse: basic requirements, installation process and analysis of basic errors

Bath – functional structure With special conditions operation, which requires reliable and safe power supply. For this reason, the wiring in the bathhouse is laid in accordance with the basic requirements of the Electrical Installation Rules developed for wet areas. Any violation of established standards can have dire consequences for the owner of the building.

Electrical wiring safety requirements

Installation of electrical wiring in a bathhouse must comply with the following safety requirements:

1. Organization of a power supply circuit from a distribution unit with an automatic input device and installation of an individual grounding loop. All protective devices are installed in the electrical panel.
2. Use of indoor wires that can withstand heating temperatures up to 165 degrees.
3. The organization of wiring in the steam room of a bath made of brick and cinder block is carried out in a closed way. An open installation method is possible in a wooden structure.
4. The installation diagram must provide for the mandatory use of protective electrical equipment - automatic circuit breakers and RCDs from 5 to 10 mA.
5. The wires are connected using terminal blocks.
6. Electrical cables require additional insulation from wooden surfaces and elements. Optimal solution– closed cable channel or heat-resistant route.
7. All main electrical fittings are installed outside the steam room and washing room. In the bathhouse it is allowed to use sockets, switches and dimmers with a maximum load of up to 16A in a splash-proof housing with protection class IP44.
8. Electrical wiring in the steam room should not pass over heating equipment.
9. Lighting devices must have a protective housing and ceramic sockets, auxiliary elements made of metal require additional grounding.

Electrical wiring diagram for the bathhouse

You can prepare a working diagram of the electrics in the bathhouse yourself, taking into account the total number and power of energy consumers, as well as the type of connection - single-phase or three-phase.

• Connecting to one phase requires the presence of two wires at the input: phase - supplying electricity to end consumers - devices, equipment and electrical accessories; zero – current return. The maximum permissible power threshold is 15 kW.
• Connection for three phases: four wires at the input - three per phase and zero. The electricity supply chain is similar to the previous diagram. The maximum permissible power is 43 kW.

As a rule, a single-phase connection is used for a standard bath; three-phase is important if powerful electrical appliances and equipment are installed in the premises.

It is better to schematically determine the installation locations and the number of electrical appliances, calculate the maximum load on the electrical wiring, select the type and number of wires, and also take into account other technical parameters.

When organizing electrical wiring in a private bath, it is important to remember that the main equipment for a bath uses voltage in the range from 12 to 36 volts. To ensure safe supply and distribution of electricity, it is recommended to install a step-down transformer.

A finished project for the electrification of a bathhouse must contain data on installation locations protective devices– automatic devices and RCDs.

Selection of wires and electrical appliances for the bath

When choosing wires for electrical wiring The cross-sectional size and material of the conductor should be taken into account.

Important! In the bathhouse it is allowed to install wires only with copper conductors.

Steam room and washing room

For these premises, cables or wires are intended, the insulation of which can withstand maximum heating temperatures of up to 200 degrees. Only heat-resistant wire with a copper core can be used here:

• Stranded (flexible) – up to 185 degrees.
• Single and multi-wire (flexible) - up to 205 degrees.
• Imported (flexible) – up to 200 degrees.

Dressing room, locker room, rest room

In others functional areas baths, the use of non-flammable power cables VVGng is allowed.

Important! For organization internal wiring V bath rooms Universal flat wires (PUNP) are not used, which can become the main cause of a fire hazard.

When choosing circuit breakers for protection against power surges in the network, first of all it is worth determining their operating power. The main machine must have maximum power, auxiliary devices this figure has been significantly reduced.

To set the limit value of the machine for disconnecting from the network, the current strength in the circuit and in its specific section is taken into account. For example, if the current strength in a section of the circuit is 18A, then the maximum permissible threshold of the main circuit breaker is 20A.

No less important for the protection of electrical appliances is a residual current device (RCD). According to the PUE, the RCD response threshold should be from 25 to 30 mA.

Methods of conducting electricity into the bathhouse

To conduct electricity to the bathhouse building, it is necessary to ensure its delivery from the central switchboard through the incoming power cable. You can lay the cable to the bathhouse in one of two ways: underground or over the air.

Underground installation method

The safest and most labor-intensive method of laying power cables, requiring preliminary preparation an earthen trench - from the source of electricity to the bathhouse.

For underground input, a VBBShV cable with copper conductors with a cross-section of 10 to 16 kV is used. mm. It has increased strength, safety and durability. Protection from mechanical damage and biological effects is provided by heat-resistant insulation and steel braiding.

For underground cable laying they are used polypropylene pipes, resistant to corrosion and freezing, metal pipes can be used when installing cables on poles or wall structures with a height of no more than 180 cm.

The technology for laying cables underground is as follows:

1. Preparing an earthen trench up to 70 cm deep. Filling the bottom (10 cm) with a sand layer. Cable laying and re-filling with sand.
2. The introduction of the cable into the building through a metal input sleeve, which is used to protect against damage to the insulation during shrinkage of the walls of the bathhouse.
3. The cable is stripped of insulation before connecting to the machine in the input panel. Next, grounding and protection against lightning strikes are performed.

Important! Wavy laying of the cable in the trench will prevent its mechanical damage as a result of soil movements or shrinkage of the building.

Air installation method

Installation by air is more accessible and cheaper in terms of labor and financial costs, but it is not durable due to susceptibility to damage and deformation.

If you need to connect a wire from a house to a bathhouse, then you need to correctly calculate the maximum permissible distance between objects. When buildings are located at a significant distance from each other, aerial laying is irrational, since the risk of cable damage increases under unfavorable climatic conditions.

It is also important to observe the regulated height of cable laying: above the road - at a height of up to 6 meters, above pedestrian paths - up to 3.5 meters, on the site - up to 2.75 meters.

If the distance between buildings does not exceed 21 meters, then cable entry by air is carried out according to the following scheme:

1. Entrance holes are made in the walls in accordance with the diameter of the cable. Plastic or metal adapters are installed in the holes to protect the cable from damage.
2. Brackets are installed near the holes for fixing the insulators.
3. A metal cable is stretched between the insulators.
4. The cable is fixed to the cable with plastic clamps, after which it is inserted into the holes and connected in the panel to the input machine.

All cable entry points through the walls are carefully sealed, and the space in the adapters is filled with foam or mineral wool. Metal cable should have slight sagging to ensure reliable cable fixation.

The best option for overhead installation is insulated self-supporting heat-resistant wire (SIP).

Step-by-step instructions for installing internal wiring

The wiring in the bathhouse and steam room will be powered from the input distribution panel. The main thing in this matter is to comply with the installation technology and requirements in accordance with the PUE.

Internal wiring

To correctly route indoor wiring, use general scheme electrification of the bathhouse.

When installing cables, the following requirements must be observed:

1. The cable is led from the shield in one piece.
2. On wooden surfaces The wiring is laid in an open way, the so-called. retro wiring. The use of plastic and other materials as insulation is prohibited. metal pipes.
3. On brick and cinder block surfaces, wiring is carried out in a hidden way with the application of a plaster layer.
4. The wires are fixed in horizontal and vertical lines, without bending or twisting.
5. The wires should not be located opposite entrance doors, heating equipment and electrical appliances.
6. To connect current-carrying conductors, a welding or soldering connection is used.

Connecting electrical accessories

Sauna and bathhouse – buildings with special temperature conditions, therefore, sockets and switches are optimally located in the dressing room, rest room and locker room at a height of up to 95 cm from the floor level.

The use of electrical accessories and mounting boxes in wet rooms is prohibited. This is because over time, excess moisture condenses on the surface of the device and can cause a short circuit.

Features of installation of the distribution panel and calculations of working loads

All electrics in the bathhouse are carried out from the entrance panel. When deciding where to install it, you must adhere to some rules:

• Availability of free access to the switchboard.
• Ensuring sufficient lighting and regular ventilation in the room with a shield.
• The panel is equipped with an incoming circuit breaker, RCD and outgoing circuit breakers for each energy consumer.

To calculate the power of the introductory machine, it is necessary to take into account the maximum load that is created by the electrical appliances, equipment and lighting devices installed in the bathhouse. The total power of consumers is divided by the voltage indicator.

For example, the total power was 4000 VA, the network voltage was 220V. Power of the input machine: 4000/220 = 18.18 A. For maximum protection, you should choose a device with a small power reserve, for example, 20 A. Using a similar scheme, the power for each outgoing machine is calculated.

Choosing lighting equipment for a bath

To organize safely and practically, it is recommended to use reliable lighting with protection class IP44.

High demands are placed on lamps installed in the steam room and washing room. These are rooms with special operating conditions, which are characterized by high humidity and temperature changes. The best option for them is a waterproof lamp for wall mounting.

A good option for a steam room is fiber optic lighting equipment, which is resistant to negative influences and provides soft, diffused light.

Since the main material for wall cladding is lining, it is recommended to use special built-in lamps that can be easily sewn into a wooden surface.

Important! According to the regulations, the body of the lamps can be metal, and the lampshade can be glass. Equipment with a plastic base is susceptible to overheating and deformation, so it is not suitable for a bathhouse.

In the remaining rooms of the bathhouse, you can use halogen light bulbs or LED lamps.

Features of connecting an electric furnace

The electric furnace is connected using a three-phase machine and a magnetic starter. The circuit breaker provides protection against short circuits and voltage surges in the network, the starter – automatic control heating circuit.

You will also need heat-resistant cables of the PVKV, PMTK, PRKS, RKGM brands with copper conductors with a cross-section of 3×2.5 mm, capable of withstanding loads up to 4 kW.

To connect the cable, a junction box is used, installed in the neutral zone, followed by entry into the distribution panel. Thus, the electric oven is not connected to a regular outlet, but directly to the panel.

If the operating power of the furnace is less than 4 kW, then it is sufficient to organize a single-phase connection.

Common mistakes when organizing wiring

Often, novice craftsmen, when electrifying a bathhouse, make serious mistakes that are associated with violation technical requirements or incorrect calculations.

Common mistakes:

• Incorrect choice of electrical wire type and incorrectly calculated cross-section.
• Wrong choice of protective equipment - automatic machines and RCDs.
• Poor insulation of wires in fire hazardous areas.
• Violation of safety rules when laying electrical wiring.

Electrification of a bathhouse is a complex and responsible process that requires wise choice. Supplies, compliance with the technology and installation diagram, proper commissioning of the system. This is the key to a safe and comfortable stay in the bathhouse throughout the entire period of operation.

Proper sauna wiring is considered a key safety measure. To conduct communications in a wet room, it is necessary to comply with the requirements of the PUE and state standards. Below we talk about how to properly install electrical wiring in a bathhouse with your own hands.

General view of the electrical wiring in a DIY sauna

If you decide to do all the work yourself, then you need to familiarize yourself with the technical and practical minimum for a high-quality result. Do-it-yourself electrical wiring in a bathhouse will save a decent amount of money.

Requirements for work and checkpoints

• a separate line from the main panel is laid to the sauna;
• the path to the end points (luminaires) is minimal;
• wiring is laid openly (with appropriate protective measures);
• It is mandatory to install an RCD or automatic circuit breaker at the input;
• It is prohibited to install sockets and household switches directly in the steam room;
• lines are prohibited from being laid above heating equipment;
• class of lamps, sockets and switches is not lower than IP54;
• lightning protection and grounding must be installed on the line;
• You cannot use metal insulation for gearboxes (cable and wire products);
• The wires are connected in junction boxes using the terminal method;
• For the organization of electrical wiring, flame retardant copper cables of the VVG-ng type are used.

Laying methods

For steam rooms, as for conventional power supply facilities, two types of cable routing can be used: overhead and underground. The first, simpler one, is used everywhere due to the absence of the need to carry out earthworks.

According to the type of power supply, single-phase and three-phase inputs to saunas and steam rooms are distinguished.

The method is the least expensive. If the metering device and the panel are located on a support or on a fence, then the checkpoint wire follows the route of entry into the building. Before entering the waiting room in external wall building, a through sleeve is installed and circuit breaker, if necessary, the transition of the SIP into the cable and reduction of the cross-section will be carried out in the junction box.

Example of air inlet into a sauna

Laying cables underground

The method is expensive and requires more time for construction and installation work. The main advantage of laying underground is the complete concealment of the power supply route - such a laying will not damage appearance plot.

For work, armored cables with copper conductors are used. They have the longest service life and excellent technical characteristics.

Single-phase 220 V connections will fully cover the needs standard house. On average, 10 kW is consumed for general needs for a bathhouse, which is 45 A taking into account the installation of a separate stove and lighting.

Three-phase wiring is used to connect high-power facilities in large cottages with many additional electrical appliances. If the heating device is three-phase, then the network to the steam room should be made with a five-wire cable or a four-wire cable connected to the general circuit of the building.

This method has a number of advantages:

• constant access for inspection and repair;
• use of smaller cross-section gearboxes;
• Possibility of use in fire hazardous and damp areas.

General view of open wiring

Requirements for electrical appliances

Requirements apply to the distribution panel, sockets and household switches, lamps and cables.

Cable and wire products (CPP)

According to SNIPs and PUE, heat-resistant conductors are used for wet rooms. The cable must be heat-resistant and insensitive to humidity. Cable lines are laid strictly horizontally and vertically. Diagonal sections are prohibited to avoid future emergencies associated with insulation breakdowns.

Peculiarities:

• The posting will be done openly.
• Corrugated pipes are selected from self-extinguishing plastics.
• The pipes are fastened with plastic clamps along the entire length of the line with a frequency of 0.7 m.

From the input and metering device, the line is laid to the distribution panel (with automatic devices and RCD), which is the communications control center in the bathhouse. Installation is permissible in a dry room (for example, a locker room). The equipment must be well lit and also resistant to mechanical stress. After the panel, step-down transformers are used to organize the lighting network, which make it possible to obtain a voltage of 12 V.

An example of installing an electrical panel in a recreation room with your own hands

Requirements for the installation location of the shield:

• open access;
• good lighting (as a rule, the installation location is chosen near a window);
• lack of excess moisture in the room;
• A separate automatic machine is installed on the electric furnace.

The rest room and locker room use the same lighting fixtures as in the living rooms. In the steam room and dressing room there are special requirements for them:

• The installation of ceiling lights is prohibited - during operation they are subject to particularly heavy steam loads and also accumulate condensation, which can lead to a short circuit.
• It is preferable to install lamps at foot level or at a height of 1.6 m.
• The protection class of lamps must be at least IP
• Preferred use LED lamps– with great strength and resistance to high temperatures.

An example of installing a lamp in a bathhouse

Sockets, household switches, junction boxes

Installed in dressing rooms and rest rooms. The installation of any devices other than lamps in steam rooms is prohibited.

Peculiarities:

• One junction box is installed per element.
• All elements are installed at a height of 160 cm.
• Sockets are installed at a level of up to 80 cm from the floor.

Installation

Stages of work:

• Wiring the electrical network from the panel to individual points.
• Installation of the distribution panel. Carried out in accordance with the norms and requirements of the PUE and relevant GOSTs. The modular cabinet must be purchased taking into account the installation of additional equipment (relays, additional RCD and automatic circuit breaker), i.e. the bar should contain 3-4 empty cells.
• Entry device into the building. Can be done open or closed. The choice of subsequent equipment and gearbox does not depend on external power supply.
• Selection of equipment and gearbox. Cables are selected based on the total load. For example, for a total load of 6 kW, a 3 mm 2 gearbox will be quite sufficient. For internal networks use copper cables VVG-ng (flame retardant) and copper wires with a rubber waterproof shell (APV, PPV, PRN, PRKA, RKGM, etc.). According to safety rules, the gearbox must be installed in corrugated tubes and fire-resistant cable channels - flexible PVC, etc. The pipes must be equipped with a probe (wire) - to allow cables to be tightened into the cavity.
• Calculation of power of electrical appliances, lighting. At this stage, it is necessary to estimate the total electricity consumption in the bathhouse. To do this, the preliminary power of electrical appliances is calculated and added to the total lighting load. In addition, the line must withstand a reserve of 3 kV to the total power (for the prospect of installing newer or more powerful electrical equipment).
• Individual branches of electrical wiring are made exclusively in single pieces of cables. The route selection is aimed at reducing conductor connections.
• To connect electrical appliances to the steam room, the supply is carried out through insulated through holes made in the immediate vicinity of them.
• Grounding must be carried out to all elements of the electrical network.
• Channels from holes and pipes are sealed with moisture-proofing mastics or bitumen to prevent condensate from entering and accumulating inside the cavities.
• Lamps must be made of glass and ceramics and not contain exposed metal elements.

DIY socket installation

When performing all work, you must follow the instructions. This will help avoid negative consequences and rapid failure of the internal power supply network of the bathhouse.

The practical part contains several stages:

• creation of a power supply diagram indicating the exact location of main lines, branches, installation of switches, sockets, panel and lamps;
• purchase of selected equipment and gearboxes;
• organization of external power supply;
• installation of a distribution panel indoors;
• laying of cable and wire products;
• installation of electrical equipment;
• connecting individual elements into a single system;
• checking grounding and serviceability of electrical wiring;
• measurements of resistance circuits and measures to adjust parameters (installation of additional electrodes in the grounding circuit);
• checking RCDs and automatic devices (TEST button);
• checking the input machine.

Upon successful completion last stage work, electrical wiring in the bathhouse is considered completed.

Electrical installation. Video

The video below will demonstrate the installation of wiring in a bathhouse.

• insulation of materials for steam rooms and saunas must be heat-resistant;
• for main sections of the line, a checkpoint with a cross-section of at least 16 m² is used;
• sockets and household switches are installed on metal plates;
• an insulating fireproof material such as asbestos is placed under sections of the lines;
• pipes choose flexible corrugated ones made of self-extinguishing PVC plastic;
• Wood is treated with an antiseptic to improve water-repellent properties.

Today everyone can afford to have their own steam room on their plot or dacha. But, in addition to the pleasant prospects provided by the bathhouse, a number of questions arise about how to organize the wiring in the bathhouse with your own hands. The main stumbling block in this matter is the high humidity and temperature in the room, classifying it as particularly dangerous according to clause 1.113 of the PUE.

Under such unfavorable conditions, electrical appliances and other elements of the electrical network very quickly break down and fail, and dielectric materials become covered with a layer of conductive moisture. This creates a significant risk of electric shock in emergency situations. Therefore, in order to carry out electrical wiring and other electrical work in the bathhouse in accordance with current standards it is necessary to study the requirements of the PUE.

Requirements according to PUE 7

According to clause 2.1.4 of the PUE, installation of electrical wiring can be carried out in an open or hidden way. This separation of the wiring in the bathhouse is relevant for various types of walls, when it is possible to develop grooves or in the absence of them.

Due to the fact that some rooms are fire hazardous, and wet rooms contain a large number of condensation, when laying wires in an open or hidden way, all lines must be protected from non-flammable material in accordance with clause 2.1.42 and from moisture in clause 2.1.43 of the PUE.

When wires are placed openly, for example, on wooden walls, the non-combustible lining under them should protrude 10 mm in each direction. It is also necessary to maintain a 10 mm gap from the wire to flammable materials in accordance with clause 2.1.37 of the PUE. For hidden wiring the fireproof coating is located along the entire length in accordance with clause 2.1.38 of the PUE. But placing wiring in a metal pipe or corrugation is strictly prohibited in accordance with the requirements of 7.1.40 PUE.

In order to maintain safety, all metal constructions– housings of lamps, heating stoves, household appliances, etc. must be connected to the protective grounding in the bathhouse wiring, the conductors must be double insulated, the circuit elements must be inaccessible. To protect a person from electric shock, an RCD must be installed in the electrical panel. These measures are stipulated by the requirements of clauses 1.7.50 and 1.7.51 of the PUE. It should be noted that when powering lighting fixtures and other devices low voltage in accordance with clause 1.7.53, the PUE can be carried out without arrangement.

What mains voltage should I choose?

Due to the different needs for providing the required level of power, the wiring in the bathhouse can power both lighting fixtures, and then in small rooms, and powerful equipment. Because of this, the type and level of voltage used differs:

• Single-phase network e - used at an average level of load on the wiring in the bath from 1 to 14 kW. In this case, the entire bathhouse is powered from single-phase networks with a voltage of 220 V.
• Three-phase network– used for a wiring load in a bathhouse from 20 to 40 kW, when an electric stove, heated floor and other powerful electrical appliances (water heating boilers, pumps, etc.) are connected to the bathhouse.
• Single-phase reduced– allows you to power the sauna with a safe voltage of 12 V or 36 V, which can be used to illuminate the steam room in the sauna without threatening a person. Relevant for small baths With low ceilings, in which the only consumer for the leash is the lighting system.

After selecting the voltage level, a wiring diagram is drawn up taking into account the locations of all consumers.

Circuit design

To draw up a wiring diagram for a bathhouse, you need to decide on the number of connection points to it - lighting devices, sockets for specific equipment, switches, etc. It should be noted that switches, like distribution boxes It is strictly forbidden to install them in a steam room; they must be located in the locker room or dressing room. Washing is also not suitable for this due to the presence of moisture. The wiring in the steam room cannot be closer to the stove or chimney than 80 cm; these requirements must be taken into account at the design stage.

Picture 1: simple circuit wiring in the bathhouse

Look at the picture, here is one of the simple examples of electrifying a bathhouse. The wiring is connected to two independent terminals, each powering its own socket and a group of lighting lamps. This option will help you calmly leave the room if a short circuit occurs in one of the sections, since there are often no sources of natural light.

If you plan to install specific equipment, for example, a water heating boiler or washing machine, you should provide a separate line for them in the wiring diagram with a larger cross-section than for a lamp. The washing machine and boiler must be installed in dry conditions. In this case, they should also be shown separately on the wiring diagram.

Selection of wires, switches, lamps

For the completed wiring diagram in the bathhouse, all its components are selected: wires, sockets, switches and lamps. The cable brand is selected in accordance with the conditions in each of the bathhouse rooms (high temperature and humidity).

According to the material of the current-carrying core, the wiring in the bathhouse can be copper or aluminum, but due to the much better mechanical and electrical parameters, the choice should be made in favor copper wires. The main parameter for any cable brand is the wire cross-section. The cross-sectional area is selected based on the load connected to the corresponding section of the wiring.

How to choose wires and sockets based on load?

For example, you are going to connect two 100 W light bulbs, plug in a 1 kW electric kettle and a 4 kW electric heated floor. Thus, to calculate the cross-section, add up the power consumption of all consumers P = 0.1 + 0.1 + 1 + 4 = 5.2 kW. To the resulting power value it is necessary to add a 20 - 30% safety margin, for our example we get 6.24 kW. To select a specific cross-sectional value for wiring based on the consumer’s power or the amount of electric current, you must use our data or the table data:

Table 1: selection of wire cross-section

Look at the table; for a power of 6.24 kW, copper wiring with a core cross-section of 4 mm 2 or aluminum wiring of 6 mm 2 is suitable. If you have drawn up a power supply diagram with separation of wiring for different consumers, then it is advisable to perform the procedure for calculating the cross-section for each individual section, but the material of the conductor for the wiring must be the same.

The socket, like the wiring, has a certain current carrying capacity. Therefore, the selection of connection points to the mains voltage should be made in accordance with the devices being connected. For example, for a refrigerator it is enough to install a 10 A socket, but for a boiler, depending on the power, you will need 16 or 24 A.

For the steam room

The requirements of GOST R 50571.12-96 establish the following division of the steam room into zones:

Look at the picture, all zones are built in accordance with the location of the stove, be it electric or solid fuel. In relation to laying wiring cables and installing other equipment, these areas have the following requirements:

• The first is intended exclusively for the stove, if it is an electric heater, then the wiring for connecting it;
• The second is considered the most loyal in terms of wiring requirements; no standards are provided for it;
• For the third zone, there are requirements for equipment that must normally withstand temperatures of 125°C or more, and wiring of 170°C or more;
• Only lamps, sensors and regulators can be installed in the fourth zone, but their wiring is selected as for the previous bath zone.

For internal electrical wiring in the steam room, heat-resistant cables should be used, for example, PVKV, PRKS or PMTK.

Lamps in the steam room must have a metal body to which grounding is connected, a sealed glass shade with at least IP24. You should not choose models with a plastic body or parts to connect lamps, as they can melt and deform, causing moisture to penetrate inside.

For dressing room, locker room, rest room

These premises are characterized by much less stringent requirements for location and wiring characteristics. But they must also comply with all the requirements of the PUE for saunas.

It is also better to use lighting devices that are sealed with a degree of protection of at least IP24, but you can also use models with a polymer body or made of plexiglass, since the temperature in these rooms is much lower. They are quite suitable for wiring. Sockets must have a protective locking device that prevents the free penetration of moisture from the environment.

Wiring entry into the bathhouse: overhead or underground?

Depending on the method of introducing the cable into a stone or wooden sauna, a distinction is made between overhead and underground installation.

The first option has a number of advantages - installation by air is carried out quite quickly and at lower cost, except in cases where you need to install supports before wooden building. For overhead installation, it is most important to use self-insulating wire (SIP), the number of cores in which is determined by the choice of three-phase or single-phase electrical wiring. The following distances must be observed:

• Between supports no more than 25 m;
• The height of the SIP cable entry into the building is at least 2.75 m;
• The sag distance of the boom to the ground is not less than 3.5 m.

Due to the fact that underground entry requires the development of a trench for laying the cable, this procedure takes much longer than aerial installation. But when underground installation cable entry, the line itself is much less exposed to atmospheric factors and wind loads, and therefore lasts much longer.

When laying an underground input, the following requirements must be met:

In addition to the lengthy installation process, underground cable placement also requires additional measures to protect against accidental damage during excavation work near its route.

Wiring method: open or hidden?

To the benefits open wiring in the bathhouse include simplicity and speed of installation, the absence of labor-intensive preparatory work, and accessibility for repairs. To the disadvantages open method Wiring installation should take into account its damage and interference with the interior of the bathhouse.

The advantages of hidden wiring include much higher reliability and security of the wires along their entire length. Disadvantages of internal wiring include lengthy preparatory work and wall gating, which is not always possible.

Installation and connection step by step

The entire process of installing wiring in a bathhouse can be divided into three main stages. Compliance with the given sequence will allow you to complete the work efficiently and without unnecessary loss of time. Get started with installation:

Distribution panel

Sockets and switches

Lighting devices

Before starting operation, be sure to check the functionality of all devices in dry conditions. Make sure that the automatic protection system is in working order, this will protect you from the consequences of mistakes even before you start using both the bathhouse itself and the wiring in it.

Video tutorials

Electrical wiring to the bathhouse is carried out according to special rules - in accordance with the requirements of the PUE, which are specially designed for wet rooms, like a bathhouse. The main rules are as follows: all the fittings are located in the dressing room or rest room, there are no sockets in the washing room or steam room, and the lamp shades are completely sealed - special for high humidity.

A modern bathhouse is not just a couple of lamps, but much more functional and a complex system. Which, naturally, requires high-quality power supply. Those. In addition to standard lighting, the steam room today is already equipped with:

• Electric heater;
• Warm electric floor;
• Electric temperature and humidity meters;
• Infrared heaters;
• Electric kettle and hair dryer;
• Mini fridge for beer;
• Plasma TV;
• SPA equipment;
• Internal lighting in the pool;
• Water heater;
• Washing machine;
• Pumping station;
• Heat gun for drying all rooms.

What are the dangers of improper electrical wiring in a bathhouse? The thing is that steam is an excellent conductor of electricity. Therefore, sockets can be installed only in those rooms that are well protected from moisture - only there condensation will not penetrate into the socket and its current-conducting part. But plug sockets for a steam room are generally taboo.

The ideal option is to initially invite an experienced, proven specialist who will carry out all the calculations and install all the equipment himself. If this is not possible, you can figure it out yourself, but it is important to fully study all the nuances. And then invite a specialist at least for a control viewing, for which he will not charge much. The specialist needs to be given a rough plan for the placement of bath sockets, switches and lamps - and which devices will be placed where. And subtract in advance the planned total power of all the equipment that will be - this is how the electrician will determine the required cross-section for the cables.

So, how to conduct electrical wiring in a bathhouse - from theory to practice.

General provisions for proper electrification

So, how to make electrical wiring in a bathhouse? Here's how: electricity is supplied to it from the main distribution panel through a separate power line - and the bathhouse has a separate circuit protective grounding. Moreover, the wiring in the bathhouse is carried out in those places where it will be least noticeable - but at a distance of at least one and a half meters from the radiators and pipes. And not in corners or opposite doors and passages. And here there are several rules:

• The supply voltage must be passed through an RCD and an AV, as well as a step-down transformer for lighting the steam room and washing room.
• The best cable that can be used for electrical wiring in a bathhouse is, according to experienced bath attendants, a VVGngLS 3x2.5 cable. It is copper, in a special shell that does not spread combustion.

• shield, general switch and distribution boxes need to be installed in the waiting room.
• To run wires through the walls in a bathhouse, you need to drill holes right in the center of the log and insert it there steel pipe at ½ inch. The wiring itself in the bathhouse can be done in metal, corrugated flexible and special plastic pipe. This one will not light up even if the wiring itself catches fire - it will only melt.

• If we're talking about exactly wooden bath, then all wiring should be exclusively open - but preferably, not along the baseboards, but through the attic. The connection of the wires must be made using a terminal connection - and nothing else. And under no circumstances should they be twisted - all cables must be solid. But what you should definitely avoid when installing electrical wiring in a bathhouse is rubber and vinyl braided wires. Corrugated wire brand H07RN-F is well suited for baths.

Electrical wiring diagram in the bathhouse: the main thing is safety!

By the way, the fact that all devices and the switchboard should be located only in a room ideally protected from moisture is dictated not only by fire safety - in conditions of high humidity, all this quickly fails due to corrosion. And even plastic products- after all, there are still metal parts inside them. But as for the modern shower cabin, which is equipped with built-in water heating, there is no need to worry. Due to the fact that the manufacturer initially cares about protection, it can also be installed in a washing room.

As for lamps, their body should be metal, and the lampshade should be made of glass. It is advisable to install them only on walls, because... All the heat goes to the ceiling, and the temperature there is not low.

So, the transformer to which the supply voltage must be supplied must be rated at 220 volts and installed in a completely dry place. Only 12 volts can be carried through the wall into the steam room and washing room - and there cannot be any sockets there. Although officially allowed requirements of the PUE(for dangerous premises, like a bathhouse) in a steam room and a voltage of 42 volts - when 36 volt light bulbs are installed.

If you plan to be in the bathhouse washing machine, then you will definitely need to install it only in a dry room - as well as make an outlet for it there. A separate wire should be made into the heating tank - this is important.

It is highly advisable to lay a grounding loop around the bathhouse itself, and install a differential circuit breaker or RCD in the panel for leakage of no more than 30 mA. If for some reason all this cannot be done in your steam room, then a T-220/12 must be installed in the dressing room panel.

Both the RCD and the machines should eventually end up in a waterproof box.

If you need to install sensors for an electric heater, then only low-voltage ones, at a distance of 1 meter from the floor - and on the wall farthest from the heater. The control panel must be mounted outside the steam room. The electric heater itself, by the way, is always installed without sockets - with a direct cable to the switchboard, which hangs outside the steam room.

Wires in the steam room and analysis of the main mistakes

And now about the most delicate part - the most complex electrical wiring in the bathhouse, namely in the steam room. The most important rule is that it should not be closer than 0.8 m from the chimney and heater.

In shower and steam rooms, lamps must be installed with a degree of protection IP44 and higher. And the safest option is 12-volt halogen light bulbs. But for the steam room and furnace room it is better to take a particularly heat-resistant wire that can withstand heating up to 180˚ - brand SILFLEX Sif S = 0.25-185 sq. mm, single-core, with silicone insulation.

For safety reasons, many bathhouse attendants organize the lighting of the steam room from below - closer to the cool floor. This is most often spot lighting that can be placed under shelves, making the lighting design mysterious and unusual. Moreover, the wiring itself must be done with a special heat-resistant wire in a metal pipe.

An important point: like any equipment, sauna electrics must be inspected at least once every four years - this is a guarantee of safety. And for reference: aluminum wiring has a shelf life of 15 years, copper wiring - 20, and therefore after this period it must be replaced - if we are talking about an ordinary house, and in a bathhouse it even works in a rather aggressive environment.

Another important nuance: if you hire professional electricians, it is still advisable to understand at least some of the intricacies of electrical wiring in the bathhouse. After all, it is known that today there are many who pretend to be specialists, and if their favorite steam room burns down, they will not be found even with fire.

This is how you do the electrical wiring of a bathhouse yourself - it’s complicated, but it’s all real. And once you figure it out, everything can be done much better and safer than hiring a team of local “electricians” with experience.

Electrical wiring in a bathhouse has a number of features. And this is mainly due to the high temperatures and humidity in this room, which negatively affect the condition of the wires, as well as the specific nature of the flammable wood material that makes up the walls of the steam room. Properly running the cable to the bathhouse and installing the wiring inside is vitally important.

The ideal option would be if it is possible to supply electricity to the bathhouse from the central distribution panel through a power supply line specially dedicated for this purpose. You can lay a power cable and bring it directly to the bathhouse in 2 ways: “earth”, when the wire is laid underground, and “aerial”, when it is carried through the air. The methods must be provided for by the designs of the baths themselves.

"Earth" installation method

This is the most reliable way, but it is not always suitable. First, all agricultural work should be completed on the plot and the fact must be confirmed that the wire will not have to be routed through the neighbor’s territory. A so-called “armored cable” of the VBBShV brand with 4 copper conductors, the cross-section of which is 10 sq. mm, is laid underground. This cable is quite expensive, costs about 200 rubles/lm. But it is extremely reliable and durable thanks to the steel braid sandwiched between its plastic shells. Accordingly, moles, mice and other rodents will not be able to gnaw it. The cable is not afraid of earth shrinkage.

It is not recommended to use metal pipes for laying cables, since they are collectors of condensate, which reduces the service life of the wire. They can only be used in places where the cable runs along a pole or along a wall. In this case, a pipe is used in height not< 1,8 метров.

Laying cables underground: connecting to the bathhouse using the “earth” method

The sequence of actions when installing a cable underground is as follows:

1. A trench is dug to a depth of not< 0,7 метров, на дно которой засыпают песок слоем примерно 10 см. Сверху провода засыпаются таким же слоем песка.

2. The cable is inserted into the building through a steel bushing. It is necessary to protect the wire during movement and complete shrinkage of the wooden wall. Electrical wiring to the bathhouse should be carried out especially carefully and carefully.

3. The cable is freed from its “armor” immediately before insertion into the shield. Only after this the cable cores are connected to the machine, providing grounding and lightning protection.

Important! During installation underground cable eliminate the possibility of dangerous tensions and mechanical damage in the event of soil displacement: create a reserve by placing the cable in the trench in a wave-like manner.

Cable laying in the “aerial” way

If you choose a more economical method, deciding to run the cable through the air, then consider the following points:

1. If the distance to the bathhouse is more than 25 meters, it is necessary to place a support between the gaps. Air gasket wires are made using the so-called stretch, or on porcelain insulators.

2. The cable must be located at a certain, regulated height. Above the roadway it cannot be placed below 6 m above ground level, above pedestrian paths— 3.5 m (not lower). The wire is attached to the bathhouse at a height of 2.75 m above the ground.

Summing up power cable to the bathhouse using the “air” method

3. Usually SIP is used - self-supporting insulated cable. Its warranty period is 25 years. SIP cables (SIP-4, SIP-3, SIP-2A) have a special weather-resistant polyethylene coating and special load-bearing elements, resistant to overloads. Its cross section should not be< 16 кв. мм с пропускной способностью — до 63 ампер. Если подключение однофазное, то мощность будет равна 14 кВт, а если трехфазное – 42 кВт. Главный недостаток СИП состоит в их проблематичном вводе в автомат защиты из-за низкой пластичности, они трудно изгибаются.

4. SIP is introduced into the bathhouse (but not into the steam room itself, since there aluminum wires cannot be placed) through a metal sleeve. And completely different wires are introduced into the steam room - NYM, NG or VVG. Well established cable VVGng-LS section 3x1.5 (it is used to connect lighting), VVGng-LS section 3x2.5 (used to connect sockets). VVG insulation does not support combustion, the level of smoke in the event of smoldering is very low. For the transition, sealed copper-aluminum connectors should be used; SIPs should be attached to anchor clamps, the so-called tensioners.

Installation of electrical wiring in a bathhouse: main stages

In the process of installing electrical wiring directly in the bathhouse, the following stages are distinguished:

1. Installation of the shield;
2. Wiring from the shield;
3. Connecting lamps;
4. Connecting sockets;
5. Connecting an electric furnace.

Electrical panel installation rules

The power supply system of the bathhouse will be powered from the distribution panel. It is important to choose the optimal location for its installation, observing the following requirements:

1. Access to the shield must be free;

2. The place should be well ventilated;

3. The shield must not be placed in a steam room or other fire-hazardous premises;

4. Good lighting of the room with a shield.

Electrical panel in the bathhouse (located in the relaxation room)

Usually the shield is installed in the rest room. It consists of a residual current device, an input circuit breaker, and output circuit breakers. His top part should be 1.4 m - 1.8 m above the floor, no less.

If the electrical wiring in a wooden bath is single-phase, the power cable must contain at least 3 cores. In accordance with the new GOST, the color of the phase conductor must be gray, but you may come across wires from old stocks with a white or brown phase conductor. This core is placed on the upper terminal of the input circuit breaker. From the lower terminal, the phase conductor is partially moved using jumpers to the upper terminals of the outgoing machines, or routed through distribution busbars to the machines. Zero core (blue or of blue color) is placed on the zero block, the protective core (yellow-green) is placed on the protective block, or on the welded bolt of the shield. The phase conductors of the cables going to the load are connected to the lower contacts of the machines. The outgoing and input cables are laid very carefully in the shield, then they are taken out of the shield through a corrugated pipe. RCDs and circuit breakers must be installed taking into account the level of load on the cable.

We calculate the load on the cable, select the required cross-section

It is necessary to know the load in order to select the correct cable cross-section. There are special tables for selecting wire cross-sections, where its dependence on the expected power of the devices is calculated. Electrical appliances usually indicate their power consumption, so you should pay special attention to this.

1. If only lighting fixtures are intended to be placed in the bathhouse, the total power will be approximately 1-2 kW.

2. If you do not use an electric furnace, the total power will be around 5-6 kW.

It is advisable to take into account a 20% power reserve. For example, if the total power in the bathhouse is 5 kW, then it is better to calculate the wiring according to the value of 6 kW. With this power, a VVGng-LS cable with a cross-section of 3x4, that is, 4 sq. mm, is suitable. It is advisable to choose cables going out to lighting with a cross-section of 1.5 square meters. mm (3x1.5), for sockets - with a cross section of 2.5 sq. mm (3x2.5).

Selecting the input machine

To do this, you need to know the total power. Then we calculate the current by dividing the total load by the voltage. For example, 6000 / 220 will be 27 A. But the machine should be selected with a margin - approximately 32 A. The selection of outgoing machines in groups is carried out based on the same principle. It is advisable to sign each machine on the dashboard, indicating which group of electrical appliances it is responsible for.

Also next to the panel there should be a wiring diagram for the bathhouse. Be sure to connect residual current devices that shut off power supplies if they come into contact with water. This will help save people's lives in case of an emergency. An RCD with a cut-off current will protect from fire. Make sure that the conductors in the terminal block clamps are well secured to avoid heating the area due to loose clamping.

Wiring the electrical cable from the panel

Initially, a wiring diagram for the bathhouse must be drawn. When drawing up a diagram and in the further practical implementation of the wiring plan, the following must be taken into account:

1. It is recommended to route the cables coming from the panel in one piece.

2. If the bathhouse has wooden walls, then the electrical wiring can be open, running on top wooden walls. It is prohibited to place wires in PVC pipes.

3. If the walls are brick, the electrical wiring for the bathhouse will be hidden, hidden behind a layer of plaster.

4. All cables should be installed in a strictly vertical and horizontal position. There should be no kinks or twisting, as indicated in the latest edition of the PUE instructions. It is allowed to lay wires from junction boxes only at right angles.

5. Try to place wires in the least visible places. They should not be laid opposite doors, closer than 50 cm from metal pipes and radiators.

6. Switches, sockets, as well as installation boxes are prohibited from being used in rooms with high temperatures and humidity. Over time, moisture will accumulate in them, and a short circuit will inevitably follow. This applies, first of all, to the steam room. Therefore, they must be located in dressing rooms or rest rooms.

7. Wire cores should be connected by welding or soldering.

8. Use protective grounding.

10. Wires are prohibited from being placed in metal sheaths and pipes.

Installation and connection of lamps

The protection class of bath lamps should not be< IP-44 и мощностью не >75 W. Only glass lamps should be used, and the body should be metal, connected to the protective conductor of the wire. Plastic case may become deformed. Lamps should not be placed on the ceiling, but only on the walls, since the temperature is usually highest near the ceiling. In the steam room, low-voltage voltage (12V) is usually used. For this purpose, step-down transformers, which are located outside the steam room, are useful. It is also prohibited to install fluorescent lamps in the steam room.

Connecting sockets

Sockets can only be installed on the walls in the dressing room or rest room at a height of 90 cm. Their protection class should not be< IP-44. Желательно использовать розетки с крышками.

Electric furnace connection standards

To connect an electric furnace, you will need wires that can withstand high temperatures (up to about 170 degrees) and high power consumption, which is 4 kW on average). For these purposes, wiring in a cable channel with single wires of the PRKA, PMTK, PRKS or RKGM brands is suitable. A copper cable with a cross-section of 3*2.5 mm can withstand approximately 5 kW of load. It is acceptable to stretch wires of the PMTC type to the installation box, which is located outside the area high temperature and humidity, and run a regular cable from the box to the panel (VVG 3x2.5).

Video: electrics in the bathhouse and sauna

During installation electrical wires remember that proper electrical wiring in the bathhouse is the key to your comfortable and safe stay in this room. Before installation, carefully study the PUE (Electrical Installation Rules) in the latest edition - the electrician’s desktop “Bible”. Try to approach the issue as responsibly as possible by installing the wiring yourself, or contact a specialist.