Verbal paraphasia causes. Speech disorders - paraphasia: features and forms, verbal paraphasia

Verbal memory 1. Preliminary criticisms. Since the time of Ebbinthouse, it has been customary to demand that in the experimental study of memory the material to be memorized should be such that all subjects would be in equal conditions. These are

Verbal paraphasias

Speech rate

Pronunciation of speech sounds

Naming

There is practically no naming, hints and context are almost of no help 3

It is possible to name a limited number of real objects, their images and actions. The hint does not always help, lengthy word searches, distortions, literal paraphasias 2

Naming objects and actions is possible, the search for the first letters of a word is noted, the hint helps, the time for recalling words increases. Difficulty naming more rarely used objects and actions 1

The naming is practically preserved.

Lack of sound production. Impossibility of wearing isolated articles even in conjunction with 3

Gross articulatory distortions in the process of speech, making it difficult to understand. Deformation in the pronunciation of isolated articles 2

Deformation of individual articles, often

giving speech a “foreign” accent 1

No violations O

9. Effort, tension in speech, hesitation, disautomation of speech

Rough tension of the entire speech apparatus. Words are pronounced slowly, with effort. The tone of the facial, cervical muscles, tongue and lips increases at the moment of speech 3

Moderate muscle tension. Efforts and hesitations are noted in speech 2

No violations O

Excessive acceleration of speech, non-stop, difficult to slow down flow of speech; speech is slow, frequent and long pauses 3

Tendency to verbosity in verbal communication; the patient’s speech is difficult to limit to the boundaries of the statement. Speech slow 2

The tendency to logorrhea-acceleration (slowness) is revealed only in the process of an extended conversation 1

No violations O

11. Prosody (intonation, rhythm of utterance, stress, melody of speech)

Speech is monotonous, the rhythm of utterance and melody of Russian speech are disturbed. It is impossible to identify individual emotional categories (surprise, joy, sadness, resentment, demand, etc.) 3

There is intonation in the speech, but it does not correspond to the meaning of the statement; there is an incorrect placement of emphasis in sentences 2

The same disorders, but mildly expressed 1

No violations O

The predominance of verbal paraphasia in speech,

belonging to different conceptual groups, to

Verbal paraphasias reflect an essential feature of a given situation; often verbal substitutions belong to the same conceptual group 2Verbal paraphasias are rare 1Absent O

Predominance of rough non-standard literal paraphasias 3

Literal paraphasias (standard and non-standard), which are characterized by the replacement of some sounds with others, rearrangements of sounds within a word, omission of sounds, addition of extra sounds. Occurs in naming, repetition and spontaneous speech 2

The same signs, but mildly expressed 1

Missing O

14. Understanding situational speech and verbal meanings

Complete or almost complete inability to understand situational speech, simple commands and gestures 3

Impaired understanding of situational speech, mainly in relation to topics of little significance for the patient and impaired understanding of some simple commands, especially when transitioning to a new task 2

Difficulty in understanding situational speech and simple commands appears only in special conditions: with rapid speech, distraction of the patient’s attention 1

Violations None O

The predominance of verbal paraphasia in speech,

belonging to different conceptual groups, to

Verbal paraphasias reflect significant
a sign of this situation; often verbal
exchanges belong to the same conceptual group 2
Verbal paraphasias are rare 1
Missing O

Literal paraphasias

The predominance of crude non-standard literal
paraphasia 3

Literal paraphasias (standard and non-standard)
dartnye), which are characterized by replacement of some
sounds by others, rearrangements of sounds within a word,
skipping sounds, adding extra sounds.
Occurs during naming, repetition and in spontaneous
Tanya speech 2

The same signs, but mildly expressed 1

Missing O

14. Understanding situational speech and verbal
meaning

Complete or almost complete impossibility of lowering
mania for situational speech, simple commands and gestures 3

Impaired understanding of situational speech, mainly
in a different way, in relation to insignificant
for the patient topics and impaired understanding of cha-
number of simple commands, especially when moving
for a new task 2

Difficulty understanding situational speech and pro-
This team performs only in special conditions:
with rapid speech, distraction of the patient’s attention 1

Violations None O

Attitude to speech impediment

Lack of awareness of speech disorders - completely not
mistakes in speech are noticed and surprise is expressed
laziness, irritation if speech is not understood
weaponizing 3

Underestimation of speech disorders - not noticed
paraphasia, even verbal, but the general
understanding that speech is violated 2

Occasionally individual Literals are not noticed
or, to a lesser extent, verbal paraphasias in
own speech 1

A fully conscious attitude towards the defect of re-
chi, its individual manifestations O

16. Reading(aloud)

Reading words and text aloud is not possible. Sometimes
reading of individual ideograms is preserved or
several simple words 3

Can still read simple words
individual words from a sentence. The text is practically
It's not really readable. Frequent literals are possible
or verbal paralexias 2

Saved limited opportunity reading
simple texts, but at the same time they meet from
separate literal and verbal paraphasias.
Reading pace is slow 1

Violations are practically absent O

Reading (to yourself)

Placing labels-names on the pre-
it is impossible to mark pictures or to one or two
out of 6-10 presented 3

It is possible to add signatures - names -
to object pictures and short sentences
interest in subject pictures is approximately 50%
cases. Written assignments are practically impossible
are filled 2

Written assignments are completed, although
there are inaccuracies in understanding more complex
commands and structures. Partial is also possible
comprehension of texts read silently 1

No violations O

Reading letters

Reading letters is impossible or only one or two can be read
letters written in simple fonts 3

It is possible to read 50% of the letters presented.
Errors (substitutions) are unstable. Almost no
secretly written letters and letters are hidden
against the background of masking noise 2

Errors occur occasionally, mainly
when reading letters depicted in an unusual way
font or in difficult to read conditions

viahs (superimposed on each other, against the background of one

native noise, etc.) 1

No violations O

Cheating

Copying even a simple phrase is not possible,
Only individual letters are copied
or syllables, while the letters may be rough
distorted 3

A short phrase is copied (or “slavishly” co-
feasted), but with omissions, with gross errors,
who “often distort words beyond recognition”
Bridges 2

Individual errors, mainly when sleeping
syvaniya, rare and polysyllabic
words 1

No violations O

Paraphasia (from Greek para - near, about + phasis - speech)- replacing the required sounds (letters) of speech or words with others; incorrect use of individual sounds (letters) or words in oral and written speech. There are 2 types of Paraphasia: literal and verbal. With local lesions of the speech zones of the cortex of the left hemisphere (in right-handed people), Paraphasia is a manifestation various forms aphasia.

Literal Paraphasia is expressed in the form of erroneous replacement of individual sounds (or syllables) in words, which is based on sensory or motor speech disorders (see. Literal paraphasia).

Literal and verbal speech disorders in children are observed with alalia and represent a manifestation of general speech underdevelopment.

Dictionary of psychiatric terms. V.M. Bleikher, I.V. Crook

Paraphasia (pair + Greek phasis - speech) - distortion of individual elements of speech - replacement of words in oral speech with others that are similar in meaning or sound (verbal paraphasia) and omissions, replacements, rearrangement of individual sounds in words, leading to their distortion (literal paraphasia). Single episodic P. are also observed outside the framework of aphasia in diffuse organic lesions of the brain, for example, in the non-stroke course of cerebral atherosclerosis.

Paraphasia is most often observed as part of aphasic syndromes. In motor aphasia, these are disturbances in the structure of the word; in sensory aphasia, verbal aphasia is found in lighter, transcortical forms, and with significant severity of the lesion, literal aphasia appears - replacement of sounds while maintaining the pattern of the word [Bein E.S., 1964].

Neurology. Complete explanatory dictionary. Nikiforov A.S.

Paraphasia- distortion of speech during aphasia, reproduction of its inadequate elements, which is caused by omissions, rearrangements, replacement, repetition of sounds or words. In this regard, paraphasias can be literal or verbal. Usually manifested in sensory aphasia.

Oxford Dictionary of Psychology

Paraphasia is a general term used to refer to any habitual incorrect use of words in speech.

subject area of ​​the term

VERBAL PARAPHASIA- a painful phenomenon most often found in acoustic-mnestic aphasia. It is characterized by replacing the desired word with another that is included with it in the same associative field (for example, instead of the word “table”, “chair” is used).

PARAPHASIA LITERAL- replacing a sound or letter in a word with others. It occurs in aphasia and manifests itself in both oral and written speech. With different localization of lesions, paraphasia literal acquires character traits. Thus, with sensory aphasia, replacement occurs with phonemically similar sounds or letters (s - z, b - p); with motor afferent aphasia, replacement occurs with elements that are similar in pronunciation (l - n, m - b).

Violation expressive speech(motor aphasia). Speech fluency is determined by the speed, quality and ease of speech production.

In the case of speech fluency disorder, verbal performance is limited (> 50 words/min), phrase length is reduced (one to four words per phrase), speech production is difficult, articulation is often poor, and speech melody (prosody) is impaired. When fluency is impaired, the speaker often prefers to use nouns and verbs, omitting small connecting words (“telegraphic” speaking style).

On the contrary, with fluent speech, verbal productivity is significant (and sometimes can be even more abundant than usual), the length of phrases is normal, speech production is not difficult and the melody of speech is not impaired.

Anatomical relationships. Impaired speech fluency indicates damage to the speech center in the frontal lobe anterior to the Rolandic fissure. Fluent speech indicates the intactness of this center. B. Impaired speech understanding (sensory aphasia).

Impairments in the ability to understand spoken language range from complete failure to understand simple one-word expressions to subtle impairments in the ability to perceive the full meaning of complex expressions. During an informal conversation, a patient with aphasia often uses gestures, speech intonation, and environment to complement the understanding of the content of their expressions. The clinician may underestimate the extent of speech comprehension impairment if he is unable to determine the extent of the patient's speech comprehension impairment without nonverbal cues.

Anatomical relationships. Impaired comprehension reflects damage to the temporoparietal speech areas behind the Rolandic fissure. The preservation of understanding indicates the intactness of these zones. (Understanding grammatical structures is an important exception to this rule. Agrammatism is associated with damage to language areas in the inferior frontal gyrus.)

Repetition disorder.

Repetition in oral speech is linguistically and anatomically a special function. In most patients, violation of repetition occurs in parallel with the disorder of other speech functions. However, a relatively isolated repetition disorder can sometimes be dominant clinical symptom(conductive aphasia). In other patients, repetition may be maintained despite severe impairment of spontaneous speech (transcortical aphasia). Sometimes such patients exhibit echolalia - a clear tendency to repeat all heard phrases.

Anatomical relationships. Impaired repetition indicates damage to the speech area around the Sylvian fissure. The preservation of the repetition indicates the intactness of this zone.

Paraphasia.

Replacing the right word with the wrong one is called paraphasia.
Literal or phonemic paraphasia is characterized by distortion of only part of a word, for example, when instead of “handle” the patient pronounces “cloud” or “kuchka”.

With verbal or global paraphasia, a word that is necessary in meaning is entirely replaced by an incorrect one, for example, when “apple” becomes “orange” or “bicycle.” In semantic paraphasia, the word that is necessary in meaning and its replacement belong to the same semantic group (“orange” and “apple”). Fluent speech clogged with a large number of verbal paraphasias is called “jargon.”

Paraphasia-neologism is observed when a completely new word, not included in the speaker’s vocabulary, replaces what is necessary in meaning.

Anatomical relationships. Paraphasias can appear when lesions are localized in any part of the speech zone and do not have important topical diagnostic significance. Phonemic paraphasias are most typical for damage to the frontal speech areas, while global paraphasias are most characteristic for the temporoparietal.

Difficulty finding words (anomia).

Selection necessary word from vocabulary almost always suffers from aphasia. Patients may quite often experience stuttering during spontaneous speech while selecting words.

Verbosity is detected when patients talk “around and around” words that they cannot find, giving these words long definitions or descriptions.

Anatomical relationships. Difficulties in finding words appear when lesions are localized in all speech zones dominant hemisphere and have insignificant topical and diagnostic significance.

Reading and writing.

In most cases of aphasia, reading (alexia) and writing (agraphia) impairments are observed in parallel with disorders of speech perception and production. Sometimes an isolated disorder of reading, writing, or both functions may occur with intact speech.

Anatomical relationships. The cortical centers of reading and writing are located both in the speech zones around the Sylvian fissure, and in additional functionally specialized zones. To perform the reading function you need high level processes visual perception in the occipital and inferior parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex. Writing depends on the visual support of the lower parietal lobe and frontal lobe motor performance.