Types of political process. The characteristics of the political process are complemented by the definition and knowledge of their types
The development of any state is a process that can consist of a variety of components. It involves the authorities solving a variety of problems and the participation of a wide range of actors. The same can be said about one of the aspects of state building - the development of the political system. It also builds into a process. What might its characteristics be?
What is the political process?
Let's explore the process. What could be its definition? In Russian science, this is understood as a sequence of events, phenomena and actions that characterize the relationships of various subjects - people, organizations, authorities - in the sphere of politics.
The process in question can take place on different levels and in different areas life of society. So, for example, it can characterize communications between subjects within one government agency or the entire state system, take place at the municipal, regional or federal level.
The concept of a political process may imply a rather broad interpretation of the corresponding term. Moreover, each of its interpretations may mean the formation of independent categories within the framework of the phenomenon under consideration. Thus, they distinguish various types political processes, which may be characterized by significant dissimilarity from each other. Let's consider this feature more details.
Classification of political processes
In order to explore the types of political processes, it is necessary first of all to determine the possible grounds for classifying this phenomenon. What criteria might be applicable here?
In Russian science, there is a widespread approach according to which the political process can be divided into domestic political and foreign policy, depending on the nature of the key subjects directly influencing its course.
Another basis for classifying political processes is classifying them as voluntary or controlled. Here, the described phenomenon is considered in terms of the characteristics of the mechanisms of participation of subjects in relevant communications.
There are such forms of the political process as open and shadow. The key criterion here is the publicity of the subjects influencing the relevant phenomena.
There are revolutionary and evolutionary types of political processes. Key criterion in in this case- the time frame during which certain changes are implemented at the level of communication between subjects, and in many cases - the methods by which they are carried out.
Political processes are also divided into stable and volatile. In this case, what matters is how stable and predictable the behavior of the subjects influencing the course of the phenomenon under consideration can be.
Let us now study the specifics of the development of political processes within the framework of the noted classification in more detail.
Foreign policy and domestic political processes
So, the first basis for classifying the phenomenon under consideration is the classification of its varieties as foreign policy or domestic policy. The process classified as the first type involves the participation of subjects who are directly related to the institutions of government and society that function within a single state. These could be people holding positions in government, heads of enterprises, public structures, parties, or ordinary citizens. The foreign policy process assumes that its course is influenced by subjects of foreign origin - heads of state, foreign corporations and institutions.
Some researchers highlight communications carried out exclusively at the international level. Thus, a process is formed. Events and phenomena characteristic of it may also influence the state of affairs in individual states - for example, if we are talking about discussions regarding write-offs in relation to a country external debts, or imposing sanctions.
Voluntary and controlled processes
The next basis on which certain types of political processes are determined is the classification of the phenomena under consideration as voluntary or controlled. In the first case, it is assumed that subjects influencing the course of relevant events act on the basis of personal political will, guided by their beliefs and priorities. This can be expressed, for example, in the participation of people in the elections of the head of state. Attendance at them is voluntary, as is the choice of candidate. Controlled political processes assume that the subjects influencing them act on the basis of the requirements of the law or, for example, due to administrative influence from authorized structures. In practice, this can be expressed, for example, in the presence of visas required by one state for the entry of citizens of another: in this way the migration aspect of the international political process is controlled.
Public and shadow processes
The next basis for classifying the phenomenon under consideration is classifying its varieties as open or shadow. Political processes of the first type assume that the subjects influencing it conduct their activities publicly. This is what happens in most developed countries: in particular, people elect a president from among candidates who are known to everyone. The procedures for electing the head of state are fixed in laws and are available to everyone for review. The president, whom the people elected, has powers known to everyone and implements them. But there are countries in which senior officials are also elected, but real ones can be accepted by non-public entities, the essence of which is incomprehensible to ordinary citizens, and access to relevant information is closed. In the first case, the political process will be open, in the second - shadow.
Revolutionary and evolutionary political processes
Political processes may vary depending on the methods by which their subjects carry out certain activities, as well as the speed of changes that characterize certain aspects of communications. Regarding evolutionary processes: methods, as a rule, are based on the provisions of sources of law - laws, regulations, orders. Changing them involves quite time-consuming parliamentary and administrative procedures. But in case of instability in the state, the sources that predetermine the methods used by the subjects of the political process can become slogans, manifestos, demands that are not related to existing laws. As a result, events and phenomena that are not typical for the first scenario are possible. Thus, a revolutionary political process is formed. It often happens that significant changes affect the entire structure of government.
Stable and volatile processes
The political process - in society, in the international arena - can be characterized by stability or, conversely, volatility. In the first case, the subjects influencing the relevant events and phenomena will rely on norms and customs that do not change noticeably over a long period of time.
In the second scenario, it is possible to turn to sources containing provisions that can be interpreted or changed quite freely due to the preferences of the subjects of the political process.
Structural components of the political process
Let us now study the structural aspect of the phenomenon under consideration. What are the common theses of Russian researchers regarding this issue? The structure of the political process most often involves the inclusion of the following components:
Subject (authority, public, political structure or specific citizen capable of influencing the course of relevant events and phenomena);
Object (the area of activity of the subject, characterizing the purpose of his actions, priorities, preferences);
Methods on which the subject relies when solving his problems;
Resources at the disposal of the subject of the political process.
Let's study in more detail the specifics of each of the noted points.
The essence of the subjects of the political process
So, the structure of the political process presupposes the inclusion of subjects in it. These most often become government bodies as independent institutions or specific ones. The political process in Russia, as many researchers note, is characterized by the significant role of the individual in the relevant sphere of communications. On the scale of the entire state, the key role can be played by the president, in the region - by its head, in the city - by the mayor.
Objects of the political process
Their nature may be different. Thus, some researchers consider economic and political processes in a single context, considering the former to be a type of object for the latter. The development of the national economic system, business, solving problems of employment of citizens - these problems are relevant for any state.
Accordingly, the goal of the subjects of the political process, who are senior officials, may be to achieve positive results in relevant areas of work. That is, the economy in this case will be the object of the political process.
Methods of the political process
The nature of the methods in question can also vary significantly. A subject of power, called upon to solve problems of modernizing the economic system of the state and other problems, must first of all somehow obtain his position. In this case, we are talking about methods based on which a person can take power into his own hands.
The political process in Russia assumes that these will be elections - at the level of a municipality, region or country as a whole. In turn, the actual solution of problems, for example, in modernizing the economy, will be implemented on the basis of a different method - lawmaking. For example, it can initiate the adoption of certain legal acts aimed at stimulating the development of the country's economy.
Resources for the Political Process
A subject of power may have at his disposal the most effective methods solving the assigned tasks, however, if he does not have the necessary resources at his disposal, then he will not be able to implement his plans. How can the corresponding component of the political process be represented?
First of all, this is, of course, capital. If we talk about politics, these can be budget funds or borrowed funds. The term “resource” can also be interpreted in a slightly different way - as a certain source for maintaining the legitimacy of power. This will no longer necessarily be finance. Such a resource can be the expression of the will of people, citizens of the state. It is formed in this way, implying constant interaction between government and society. At the same time, by analogy with the financial sector, a resource in this case can be understood as a credit of trust on the part of citizens, which the subject public administration must justify.
So, the term “political process” we are considering can be understood, on the one hand, as a set of events and phenomena that are observed at one or another level of communication, and on the other hand, as a category with a complex structure, including rather dissimilar elements. In turn, the individual components of the political process will also be characterized by complexity, and their essence can be interpreted through a variety of approaches.
Political relations, their subjects and objects.
Types and stages of development of the political process.
The concept of the political process, its content and structure.
Plan.
TOPIC 12. Political processes and political relations.
Characteristics of politics as a process, i.e. the procedural approach allows us to see the special facets of interaction between subjects regarding state power. However, due to the fact that the scale of the political process coincides with the entire political sphere, some scientists identify it either with politics as a whole (R. Dawes), or with the entire set of behavioral actions of subjects of power, changes in their statuses and influences (C. Merriam). Proponents of the institutional approach associate the political process with the functioning and transformation of government institutions. (S. Huntington). D. Easton understands it as a set of reactions of the political system to challenges environment. R. Dahrendorf focuses on the dynamics of competition between groups for status and power resources, and J. Mannheim and R. Rich interpret it as a complex set of events that determines the nature of activity state institutions and their impact on society.
All these approaches, one way or another, characterize the most important sources, states and forms of the political process.
The political process is a set of all dynamic changes in the behavior and relationships of subjects, in the performance of their roles and the functioning of institutions, as well as in all other elements of the political space, carried out under the influence of external and internal factors.
The political process excludes any predetermination or predetermination in the development of events and places emphasis on practical modifications of phenomena. Thus, the political process reveals the movement, dynamics, evolution of political phenomena, specific changes in their states in time and space.
Due to this interpretation of the political process, its central characteristic is change, which means any modification of the structure and functions, institutions and forms, constant and variable features, rates of evolution and other parameters of political phenomena. Changes mean both a transformation of properties that do not affect the basic structures and mechanisms of power (for example, leaders, governments, individual institutions may change, but leading values, norms, methods of exercising power remain the same), and a modification of the supporting, basic elements that together they contribute to the achievement of a new qualitative state by the system.
Science has developed many ideas about the sources, mechanisms and forms of change. For example, Marx saw the main causes of political dynamics in the influence of economic relations, Pareto associated them with the circulation of elites, Weber with the activities of a charismatic leader, Parsons with the performance of various roles by people, etc. However, conflict is most often cited as the main source of political change.
Conflict is one of possible options interactions of political subjects. As a source of the political process, conflict is a type (and result) of competitive interaction between two or more parties (groups, states, individuals) challenging each other for the distribution of power or resources.
This concept emphasizes the objectivity, natural historical nature of development political events. It shows the real interaction of political subjects, includes the subjective intentions of political leaders, groups, elites, etc., but the result, as a rule, is something very far from the consciously proclaimed goals. In other words, the concept of “political process” is neutral in relation to any political doctrines. It excludes any bias or predetermination of the evolution of political life.
In general, the political process includes mechanisms for the formation and functioning of political relations and institutions, forms of interaction between numerous political subjects, technology for the exercise of political power, etc.
It is customary to distinguish at least four significant components in the structure of the political process:
1) subjects (actors) of the political process (institutionalized and non-institutionalized);
2) political interests of these subjects;
3) political activity of people (professional political activity and political participation of citizens);
4) political relations that develop as a result of the activities of subjects of the political process.
From the point of view of the significance for society of certain forms of political regulation of social relations, political processes can be divided into basic and peripheral. The first of them characterize those various changes in various areas of political life that concern the modification of its basic, systemic properties. These include political participation, which characterizes the ways in which broad social strata are included in relations with the state. In the same sense, we can talk about the process of public administration, which determines the main directions for the targeted use of the material power of the state. At the same time, peripheral political processes express changes in areas that are not so significant for society. For example, they reveal the dynamics of the formation of individual political associations (parties, pressure groups), and the development of local self-government.
Political processes can reflect changes that occur in overt or hidden forms. An explicit political process is characterized by the fact that the interests of groups and citizens are systematically identified in their public claims to state power, which in turn makes the phase of preparation and adoption of management decisions accessible to public control. The hidden process is based on the activities of political institutions and centers of power that are not publicly formalized, as well as the non-powerful claims of citizens that are not expressed in the form of an appeal to official government bodies.
Open and closed political processes. Closed processes are the type of changes that can be fairly unambiguously assessed within the criteria of best/worst, desirable/undesirable, etc. Open - changes that do not allow us to assume what kind of character - positive or negative for the subject - the existing transformations have or which of the possible strategies in the future is more preferable.
Stable and transitional political processes. Stable ones express a clearly defined direction of change, the predominance of a certain type of power relations, forms of organization of power that presuppose the stable reproduction of political relations even with the resistance of certain forces of trends. Outwardly, they can be characterized by the absence of wars, mass protests, etc. In transition processes there is no clear predominance of one or another basic properties organizations of power that exclude the possibility of qualitative identification of changes.
Science also presents attempts to typologize political processes on a civilized basis. Thus, L. Pai singled out the “non-Western” type of political process, attributing to its features the tendency of political parties to pretend to express a worldview and represent a way of life; greater freedom for political leaders in determining the strategy and tactics of structures and institutions, etc.
Within the cycle of the political process, one can distinguish several phases or stages of the implementation of the main functions of politics in it, as was done, for example, by G. Almond and G. Powell. They postulate the presence of systemic (socialization, recruitment and communication) and procedural functions of politics, which include the functions of articulating interests, their aggregation, as well as the development of specific political measures and their implementation. Each procedural function can be associated with a certain stage in the development of an integral political process.
At the first stage there is an “articulation of interests” of various social groups who realize that without influencing political power they cannot solve their problems. Their design and expression are undertaken by numerous interest groups (trade unions, associations of entrepreneurs, etc.).
The second stage is characterized by “aggregation of interests,” that is, the process of consolidation, the reduction of relatively small, partial interests into a certain generalized political interest, the spokesman of which is already large political parties, associations, movements, etc.
At the third stage of the political process, the consent of the main interested forces is achieved in one way or another and a certain policy is developed, which is the result of the activities of mainly representative (legislative) authorities. Although in many cases (as, for example, in today's Russia), the direction of the developed political course depends to a large extent on the executive branch.
Fourth stage normal cycle political processes lies in the implementation of collective political decisions, their “translation” into the language of specific practical activities of the state such as mobilization economic resources, budget execution, etc. This is already almost the exclusive prerogative of the executive power, whose actions should, in principle, be controlled by the legislative power. In practice, the nature and depth of such control each time depend on the current balance of political forces controlling the main branches of government.
Types and varieties of political process
Typology of political processes. Stages (phases) of the political process
In Western political science, there are several systems for typologizing political processes. The first of them was created within the framework comparative politics American political scientist L. Pye who, comparing political development Western and non-Western countries, connected their fundamental differences with the cultural “code” that determines the practical orientations of the population and its behavior. Summarizing empirical observations, L. Pai created a classic “ideal type” in the spirit of M. Weber, capable of expressing the originality of the West and the uniqueness of non-Western societies. The contrast between the “West” and the “non-West”, based on differences in cultures, allows us to understand why the ideas of democracy developed within the boundaries of the historical “West” and were alien to the existential foundations of the “non-Western world”.
L. Pai distinguished between political processes of Western and non-Western types. In the article “Non-Western Political Process” he formulates 17 points on which they differ political processes in Western and non-Western societies.
1. In non-Western societies there is no clear boundary between politics and the sphere of public and personal relations.
2. Political parties tend to claim to express a worldview and represent a way of life.
3. The political process is dominated by cliques.
4. The nature of political orientations suggests that the leadership of political groups has significant freedom in determining strategy and tactics.
5. Opposition parties and power-seeking elites often act as revolutionary movements.
6. The political process is characterized by a lack of integration among participants, which is a consequence of the lack of society of a unified communication system.
7. The political process is distinguished by a significant scale of recruitment of new elements for execution political roles.
8. The political process is characterized by sharp differences in the political orientations of generations.
9. Non-Western societies are characterized by little consensus regarding the legitimate ends and means of political action.
10. The intensity and breadth of political discussion have little to do with political decision-making.
11. Distinctive feature political process is a high degree of combination and interchangeability of roles.
12. In the political process, the influence of organized interest groups playing functionally specialized roles is weak.
13. National leadership forced to appeal to the people as a single whole, without distinguishing between social groups.
14. The unconstructive nature of the non-Western political process forces leaders to adhere to more definite views in foreign rather than domestic policy.
15. The emotional and symbolic aspects of politics overshadow the search for solutions to specific issues and general problems.
16. The role of charismatic leaders is great.
17. The political process proceeds mainly without the participation of “political brokers”.
In domestic political science, depending on the socio-cultural and socio-economic characteristics of the process, there are technocratic, ideocratic and charismatic political process.
The political process of the technocratic type is genetically characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon and Romano-Germanic states. It is distinguished by the presence of traditions of evolutionism, continuous and gradual adaptation of political institutions and mechanisms to changing environmental conditions, the priority of a technological (procedural) approach when making changes to the political system and role functions, and the exclusion from political practice of radical disruption of political structures that have developed over the centuries.
The political process of the ideocratic type is characteristic of most states experiencing the initial stages of modernization. It is distinguished by the dominance of one idea (ideology), in relation to which there is (achieved or declared) a national consensus. The political process of a charismatic type is characterized by the omnipotence of a charismatic leader, to whose political goals ideological doctrines and political institutions are adjusted. He largely determines the goals, content and direction of the political process.
Based on the scale of spatiotemporal parameters, political processes can be divided into global and local-regional. The former have an impact on the general course of world politics. The latter affect the interests of the local community and its constituent groups. But it should be borne in mind that often the result of one or another local process can have an impact on world politics. For example, the regional process of the collapse of the USSR at the turn of the 80-90s grew into a global political process of transformation of the entire system international relations.
According to the objects of political influence, political processes are divided into foreign policy and domestic policy . Foreign policy regulates the state's relations with other subjects of foreign policy activities. The content of internal political processes varies significantly in many countries. The foundation of the internal political process of any country is the relationship between socio-economic structures, the existing social structure of society, and the degree of satisfaction of the population with their situation.
You can talk about evolutionary and revolutionary political processes . During the revolutionary process, both peaceful and non-peaceful means, violence, are used. Transformations are carried out in a relatively short time, are often of a landslide nature and do not always achieve the results for which they were designed.
The basis of evolutionary development is the legitimacy of the authorities, common sociocultural values of the elite and the masses, the ethics of consent, the presence of constructive opposition.
From the point of view of the publicity of the ruling circles exercising their powers of power and decision-making, open and hidden (shadow) political processes.
In an open political process, the interests of groups and citizens are identified in the programs of parties and movements, in voting in elections, through discussion of problems in the means mass media, through contacts of citizens with government institutions, through accounting public opinion. Shadow, hidden political structures are located at the highest and middle levels of government. It's about 6 hidden actions government agencies, secret documents, orders, the existence of bodies with secret functions (security agencies) and completely secret institutions (intelligence, counterintelligence, etc.). Illegal activities and corruption of officials and authorities may occur. Under certain conditions, illegal (shadow) structures of a non-political nature are formed (parallel economy, black market, underworld organizations, mafias and mafia corporations of various kinds). They tend to merge with legal government structures and can have a serious influence on them, even to the point of hidden participation in the political life of individual regions. They promote their representatives to deputies, to positions in the state apparatus, etc.
From the point of view of the stability of the political system we can talk aboutstable and unstable political processes. Stable process is based on a stable social structure, an increasing standard of living of the population, and the legitimacy of the regime. Citizens support the rules of the game; trust the authorities. All participants in the political process are committed to cooperation, searching for compromise solutions, and are united by a commitment to democratic values. Unstable political process often arises in conditions of crisis of power, loss of its legitimacy. The reasons for instability can be very different: a decline in production, social conflicts, discrimination against certain social groups, their dissatisfaction with their social status, etc.
Political processes are systemic (global) and private. The systemic process involves the combined actions of political subjects that ensure the formation, functioning and development of the entire political system. Private processes represent the activities of political subjects, embodied in the development of individual elements and aspects of the political system: political-ideological, political-legal, etc.
Political processes can also be classified on the following grounds:
1. According to importance for society - basic and peripheral.
2. By type of political regimes - democratic and non-democratic.
3. According to the degree of involvement of the masses - engaged and non-engaged.
4. In terms of scale, in accordance with the levels of policy, processes can be distinguished from micro-level (interpersonal and intragroup) to mega-level (world-scale processes).
5. By specifics of the organization We can distinguish between vertically organized and horizontally organized political processes. Horizontally organized political processes form equal independent subjects. Vertically organized political processes take place within the framework of the “dominance-subordination” relationship.
6. By degree of control political processes, their participants can be distinguished managed And spontaneous (spontaneous) processes. The specificity of managed political processes is that they are controlled by political subjects and directed by them. Spontaneous political processes have their own logic of development, independent of the intentions of any individual subjects.
7. By place in the political system we can distinguish:
1. Login processes:
a) articulation of interests - expression and discussion of the needs of citizens and their demands on the government;
b) aggregation of interests - activities during which interests are transformed into political programs.
2. Conversion processes- making political decisions.
3. Exit processes- management, control.
An integral part of the political process is activity as a specifically human form of active relationship to the world around us, associated with its purposeful change.
On a scale of everything life cycle social system, the political process can be divided into four stages (phases):
1. Stage of constitution- the most important in the political process. The political forces that come to power create a system that meets their interests. Public agreement is achieved on fundamental values in society, a constitution is adopted.
2. Operating stage coincides with the stable period social development. The activities of political subjects do not reproduce the established order.
3. Stage of development accompanied by a regrouping of political forces, changes in the structure and powers of government bodies, reforms in various spheres of society.
4. Decline stage characterized by the predominance of centrifugal tendencies over centripetal ones. Officials they use power primarily in their own interests, without caring about the public good, and the central government is not able to fight this, as a result of which its legitimacy is weakened. Conditions arise for radical changes in society, which can lead to the constitution of a new political system.
Also, the political process can be divided into the following 5 stages:
b formation (maturation) of political priorities;
b bringing political priorities to the forefront (agenda) of the political process;
b formulation of political problems requiring government decisions and political decisions;
b activation of the mechanism for implementing decisions made (political instrumentalization);
b assessment of the results of political decisions.
The modern political process is characterized by a number of common tasks that manifest themselves differently in different historical conditions and countries, as well as at certain stages of the activities of its own subjects.
The development of political processes demonstrates the growing role of politics as a powerful factor and instrument of action of social forces, a system-forming link in all social movements, as well as the most essential element in politics - political power.
In our opinion, four main types of political processes can be distinguished:
1. Economic and political;
2. Structure-forming - a consequence of the formation of certain institutions and systems of norms that model the way the life expectancy of basic social structures;
3. Ideological-political – a consequence of the creation and support of ideological systems;
4. Formation of public opinion.
Domestic political scientist L. S. Mamut identifies the following types of political processes:
· Formation of bodies of the political system (institutionalization);
· Reproduction of components and features of the political system in the process of its functioning:
· Making and implementing political decisions.
Typology of political processes:
According to the scale of distribution, they are distinguished:
global
regional
local
macroscale (general)
microscale (private)
By objects of political influence:
foreign policy (bilateral and multilateral)
internal political (basic and local)
According to the nature of the relationship between society and power structures:
stable
unstable
In terms of scope:
economic-political
structure-forming
ideological-political
public opinion formation processes
According to the flow form:
explicit (open) processes
shadow processes
From the point of view of the systemic organization of political power:
democratic processes
undemocratic processes
26.World community and modern international relations. Principles of world policies, trends and problems of its implementation.
The world community (international community) is a political term often used in works on political science, speeches by government officials and in the media to refer to the interconnected system of states of the world. Depending on the context, it may indicate different groups of countries, united according to different economic, political and ideological characteristics. Sometimes it means existing international organizations, primarily the UN, as an organization that unites almost all countries of the globe.
International relations are a set of economic, political, legal, ideological, diplomatic, military, cultural and other connections and relationships between entities operating on the world stage.
Concepts and information about world politics
As history progresses, international politics has increasingly influenced the lives of individual citizens and states as a whole. This is primarily due to the strengthening interdependence of countries and peoples, the expansion of economic, scientific, technical, full and other cooperation between them, the development of interpersonal contacts, the creation of powerful media that do not know national borders and global, worldwide information systems.
In the modern world, various levels of politics: macro-, micro- and mega-levels are closely interconnected and have a great influence on each other.
Politics that goes beyond the boundaries of nation states is characterized by a number of categories:
ü Foreign policy is the external action of one nation, one state. It characterizes the activity or, much less often, the deliberate inactivity of the state in relation to other countries;
ü International politics is the total activity of states in the international arena.
ü Interstate policy – reflects the system of relations between states, their bodies, services and representatives (president, government, parliament, ministry of foreign affairs, etc.);
ü Supranational politics is a relatively new concept in the political lexicon, which has not yet become widespread in Russian political science. It denotes the sphere of politics formed as a result of the transfer by individual states of part of their sovereign rights to supranational bodies that make decisions in this area;
ü Multinational politics is the joint activities of united political entities from several or many states that influence international relations, for example (OSCE, OAU). The subjects of this policy are nation states;
ü Transnational politics is the sphere of international activity of non-state acts or entities: parties, trade unions, international non-governmental organizations, as well as transnational corporations;
ü Transgovernmental policy.
World politics is the result of a profound transformation international relations and interactions, the emergence of common problems, the solution of which can no longer be found within the framework of national-state borders. As a result of the ongoing changes, the international system is acquiring a global, worldwide character. The solution to global problems of world politics is largely determined by the dynamics of economic development, promising integration processes that lead to increased interconnection and interdependence within the world economy and the world market and thereby create an economic basis for the progress of world political relations.
World politics differs from the politics of its constituent elements: it is not just a set or even the resultant of the foreign policies of states and other participants in international relations. Including these components and having its own qualitative characteristics, it has an independent influence on the behavior of subjects of international relations. All the main elements of world politics are closely interconnected and interact as parts of a single whole. Its effectiveness depends on many factors, including the effectiveness of the political decisions and recommendations made, compliance foreign policy states in the actual situation.
What distinguishes world politics from domestic politics is the absence of a central authority that ensures compliance with rules of conduct that are mandatory for each subject. Therefore, world politics is a high-risk zone in which each participant in interaction is forced to proceed from the often unpredictable behavior of others. Unlike foreign policy, it develops largely spontaneously and is not limited to the activities of states. By its nature and goals, world politics is a special kind of politics, based on the creation and maintenance of a stable international environment in which the interests of all participants could be realized.
However, it would be a mistake to absolutize the features of world politics. Like any politics, it is - albeit a unique - sphere of power relations, it represents competition and coordination of values, goals and interests of states and other international actors. As in any policy, its objects are the distribution of resources and organization public life. This means that world politics acts not only as a special sphere or field of activity of international actors, but also as a process.
World politics should increasingly become a humanistic strategy to unite people regardless of their nationality, state or social class. This is its purpose and purpose. The most immediate task of world politics: to create a system of international security that would be based on trust and peace, free from nuclear weapons, violence, fear, suspicion and hatred.
The next task is to ensure human safety and security. The point is that the principles and norms of international law become guidelines for every subject of international relations. Increasing specific gravity First of all, such values as social and economic well-being, personal well-being and security, the inalienability of fundamental human rights and freedoms, increasingly lead to the fact that the state must give them priority over the traditional values of its foreign policy.
The use of force in world politics in the rivalry of states in the international arena is dangerous. This threatens the destruction of humanity. Modern world rich in new elements that contribute to the redistribution of centers of economic and political activity. Thus, major changes are being observed in world politics, in the structure and content of international relations.
Question 1. Concept and types of political process
Lecture 7. Political process
Lecture questions:
1. Concept and types of political process.
2. Political change and political development.
3. Theories of political modernization.
1.1. Political process - is a collection consistent actions various political subjects aimed at gaining, retaining, strengthening and using political power in society.
The term ʼʼprocessʼʼ ( from lat. "processus"- promotion) usually characterize a certain movement that has its own direction; sequential change of states, stages, evolution; a set of sequential actions to achieve a result.
Main types of political processes:
a) formation of bodies of the political system;
b) reproduction of the components and features of the political system in the process of its functioning:
c) adoption and execution of political decisions.
The interconnection of these processes gives rise to a complex combination of actions aimed at ensuring the constancy, inviolability of political relations and their changes, at giving them dynamics and renewal.
Special emphasis is placed on extreme types of political process:
a) rebellion;
Anyone uprising There is a certain level of organization, and managers play a big role here, putting forward certain goals. These goals are justified in a simple program and slogans.
By the presence of a certain degree of organization and purposefulness, an uprising differs from riot - a mass action, which is even more limited by the time of its occurrence, as well as by the problem, the cause that caused it.
A riot is almost always a response to any extraordinary actions of representatives of dominant political groups or government bodies, without outgrowing the limited tasks of resistance to individual government actions.
Mutiny in terms of intensity, emotional tension, it is close to a riot, but unlike it, it has a more limited number of participants. A rebellion arises as a result of thoughtful, purposeful preparation of a certain group of people. It is armed in nature, the emphasis is on military force, and the main core of the rebels is usually the army.
With the addition of a wider range of participants to its initiators, the rebellion quickly loses the quality of an organized, purposeful action. A person here is subject to emotions, and his actions increasingly lose touch with the real conditions and capabilities of society. This logic of development quickly gives the rebellion the quality of rebellion; it exhausts its transformative potential and fades away.
If the masses do not join the rebels, then the rebellion becomes putsch , that is, it is expressed in armed actions that are not based either on broad support, or on taking into account the situation, or on a well-thought-out program.
According to the methods of achieving dynamic equilibrium of the political system during its transformations, which presuppose a certain sequence of political changes, we can distinguish three types of political processes:
a) technocratic;
b) ideocratic;
c) charismatic.
This classification is the result of a theoretical assumption, the identification of certain ideal types, which in political practice are closely interrelated and intertwined.
The political process is of a technocratic type. Participants strictly adhere to those political roles and functions that are prescribed to them by law and political traditions.
This type developed in countries with a relatively high homogeneity of the cultural environment - in Anglo-Saxon countries. The adherence of the majority of the population to traditions ensures the stability of the political system and the preservation of the high efficiency of its political institutions, since leaders act as bearers of the interests of those institutions that they directly represent.
Political process of ideocratic type characteristic of traditional societies where there is no autonomous personality, developed differentiation of political roles and functions located at initial stage modernization. It is possible to integrate an ethnoculturally and socioeconomically diverse society on the basis of a national idea.
Political process of charismatic type. This type is characteristic of the Eastern cultural tradition, within which the role and status of the political leader are absolutized, and often he is simply deified. But a political leader is not always a leader by position. He should also be an informal leader.
The charismatic type of political change can be effective if it is complemented by technocratic and ideocratic political processes. A leader's charisma can be based either on his official status or on his ability to express the aspirations of the vast majority of members of society, using discontent, protest and promising to change the situation for the better.
Question 1. Concept and types of political process - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Question 1. Concept and types of political process" 2017, 2018.