Schemes for arranging ventilation systems in an apartment building. Features of ventilation in an apartment building Design of ventilation ducts in multi-storey buildings

home

Information Security

According to sanitary standards, every residential building is required to have a ventilation system, the purpose of which is to remove dirty, “waste” air from non-residential premises(toilet, bathroom, kitchen). From not proper operation ventilation, windows sweat, dampness appears, mold appears on the walls. If it functions correctly, such unpleasant phenomena should not occur. The consequences of malfunctioning ventilation can be very disastrous: If you have a growing baby, he may develop asthma or other dangerous diseases.

To measure the efficiency of the ventilation system, take a medium sheet of paper (10x10 cm), open a window in the room and hold the piece of paper to the ventilation grille. If there is a swaying of the leaf, everything is fine. Otherwise there is a malfunction.

Purpose

The purpose of the ventilation system in a multi-storey building is to exchange atmospheric masses with removing excess moisture, dust, generated heat and harmful substances to create a favorable microclimate in rooms and purify the air. In panel, brick, and modern low-budget residential buildings, a natural ventilation system is used.

System design in multi-storey buildings

There are 2 types ventilation systems in multi-apartment buildings:

natural;
forced.

The natural ventilation system is different in that the exchange of air in apartments occurs due to changes in temperature and pressure. The principle of operation is that polluted air exits through ventilation ducts and shafts to the street. And the clean one gets inside through the vents, doors, windows on external wall, sometimes this requires the installation of special supply valves.

It is possible to lay separate ventilation shafts for each of the apartments located in the house, but this option is cost-effective only for low-rise buildings. IN high-rise buildings such a design is unrealistic. During the construction of multi-storey residential and non-residential residential buildings two common schemes are used.

The exits of all shafts are located in the attic, and a common horizontal channel is installed there. This channel has one exit, laid in the most convenient place.
From individual apartments, polluted air is discharged through horizontal channels into common (for entrances) vertical shafts (risers), which deliver it through the roof to the street.

The differences are clear from the description. The second type is characterized by the idea of a private straight shaft for the upper floors, since the height of the horizontal channel of at least 2 m is required to generate draft.

All ventilation ducts and shafts must have high-quality thermal insulation, otherwise condensation will inevitably form in the attic, followed by mold and undue destruction of materials.

The horizontal box in the attic has its own requirements: its cross-section must be of sufficient size to prevent the formation of backdraft.

The houses of the old construction plan are equipped with natural system ventilation. It has a significant advantage - it does not require electrical power. But there are also disadvantages - its effectiveness depends on the cleanliness and absence of obstacles in the mines and canals.

More and more often instead wooden frames plastic and metal are installed everywhere plastic windows. Their undoubted advantages - tightness and sound insulation - work as a minus for ventilation systems, since the natural ventilation system provides for the exhaust of air through cracks in windows and vents. In such situations, a second type is designed - a forced ventilation system.

It is characterized by the use various devices For artificial creation air flow. It is installed in cases of lack of natural ventilation or unfavorable environmental conditions.

Flaw compulsory system in its high cost, which is the cost additional equipment, electricity consumption and required maintenance. Pros - high efficiency of air mass exchange, the ability to heat or cool the air, clean it from dust, etc. Typically its design includes a fan in the basement and exhaust unit on the roof of the house.

They also use recuperators – energy-saving equipment. Their job is to transfer heat (cold) from exhaust air to fresh air.

Mechanical ventilation systems are divided into 3 types:

supply;
exhaust;
mixed.

The first type is characterized by an artificial influx clean air, and the waste is removed through windows and doors (in a natural way). This system consists of a supply system, a heater, a cooler, and filters. The power of these systems varies widely; depending on it, they are divided into household, semi-industrial and industrial. According to the type of design, supply systems can be monoblock or stacked. Each type has its own pros and cons.

Monoblock systems are mounted in soundproofed compartments, making them less noisy and more suitable for installation in residential areas. Prefabricated structures consist of individual elements and can serve various objects - trading floors, offices, apartments. But their installation requires precise calculations, and they are large in size.

For an exhaust system, the situation is the opposite: the influx of fresh air occurs naturally, and the emission of contaminated air occurs mechanically. This requires installation of an exhaust system.

With a mixed ventilation system, both inflow and outflow are produced by electrical appliances. It is considered the most effective design, as it combines the advantages of the two previous types. Supply- exhaust systems In addition to air exchange, they also provide air purification and maintain the required temperature and moisture content. The efficiency of the system is not affected by weather conditions or seasons. The main thing is to design a balanced system, where the influx of clean air is balanced by the outflow of exhaust air.

The advantage of mixed ventilation is its efficiency, which is ensured by heating fresh air and recovering heat from the outgoing contaminated flow. For weather-sensitive people and hypertensive people, an important advantage is the ability of the system to regulate the level in the room atmospheric pressure.

When choosing a ventilation system, the following factors are taken into account:

height and number of floors of the building;
location of the building;
environmental noise level;
degree of street air pollution.

Ventilation of basement rooms is one of the factors ensuring the proper operation of the entire ventilation system. For natural circulation of air masses in the basement, special holes are made in its walls. This achieves not only a reduction in humidity at the bottom of the house, but also the creation of draft in the mines.

Sewer ventilation is important compound element systems for providing premises with fresh air. There are several design solutions for sewer ventilation.

Direct, in which the sewer risers on the top floor are brought up and do not remain closed. A clean flow of air flows through the upper parts of the risers, simultaneously preventing suction in the siphons.
Parallel, when the ventilation riser is constructed parallel to the sewer riser, they are connected to each other by bends along their entire length. It is considered more effective compared to the first type.
In the case of building buildings of 9 or more floors, the best option is a system using mixers.

What to do with reverse draft in apartments?

The effect of “reverse draft” is that the air in the apartment is not cleaned, but, on the contrary, becomes clogged with pollutants from the street or neighbors.

There may be several reasons for this situation.

The outlet pipe of the ventilation system, located on the roof, is incorrectly oriented relative to the air flows, which prevents their circulation.
Accumulation of steam or cooled air in the ventilation ducts.
Mechanical barriers - debris, soot, snow or ice plugs, sometimes bird nests.
Large rooms may have their own flows and drafts, which poses a risk of disrupting the flow of polluted air.
Operation of fans, air conditioners, split systems, even kitchen hoods interferes with natural ventilation.

Responsible specialists are required to diagnose the system to determine the causes of reverse thrust.

First of all, technical documentation is examined. Based on this study, conclusions are drawn about the literacy of the design development according to the accepted standards, and then the operating conditions of the system are checked.
It is necessary to check the correct installation of ventilation ducts and their compliance with sanitary and technical standards.
Inspect the ventilation system for clogging, permeability, operability of the channels, and eliminate any damage found.
Then the specialists begin to inspect the system for blockages in the ventilation channels. The volumes of passing air are calculated to compare them with the design values.

The appearance of reverse draft may be due to a drop in atmospheric pressure or a change in the wind vector. In such cases they will help open windows. If the reason bad work the ventilation system has not been identified, a deflector is being installed.

It is necessary to regularly clean the ventilation shafts, this must be done because they are often clogged. If the cause of the reverse draft is drafts in the apartment, it is advised to redesign the premises and install tight doors.

What regulatory documents are needed during inspection?

Ventilation systems must meet all requirements established in accordance with SNiP 41-01-2003. “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning” and SNiP 2.04.05-91 “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning”. When checking the operation of the ventilation system, you also need project documentation home, indicating all elements of the ventilation system - it is examined for compliance with the above standards.

Frequency of examination

Diagnostics of the condition of chimneys and ventilation ductsproduced in the following situations:

input apartment building into operation before gasification and heating connection;
redevelopment of apartments or repair of ventilation ducts;
prevention, it should be carried out every quarter and 7 days before and after the drinking season;
identifying poor traction or lack thereof;
in all cases related to gas equipment, when called through the emergency dispatch service.

A study of the suitability for use of chimneys, according to the standards, must be carried out:

for those made of brick - quarterly;
for those constructed from asbestos cement, clay, heat-resistant concrete - annually;
heating and cooking stoves - in the spring, before and during the heating season;
heating boilers and furnaces – annually.

For ventilation ducts and rooms with gas installations and instruments, the frequency of such checks is set at least twice a year.

Who is responsible?

Behind normal work and the condition of ventilation of an apartment building are the responsibility of management companies. Maintenance of housing and communal services (this includes ventilation systems) is included in their responsibilities.

Problems during operation and their elimination

Often in old buildings equipped with a natural ventilation system, a situation arises when the vector of movement of air masses in the exhaust ducts changes (overturning). As a consequence, in warm apartments cold street air blows, the walls of the channels cool, condensation and frost appear, and then icing is possible.

The reason is an imbalance between the influx of fresh air and the exhaust of exhaust air due to improper design of the ventilation system, redevelopment of premises or installation of airtight window frames. Installing supply valves is not enough to solve this problem. But it is possible to eliminate it.

Pollution in the apartment includes sources of dust in living rooms, increased humidity in kitchens, bathrooms, and odors from the toilet and kitchen. A healthy, comfortable environment requires highly efficient air exchange in every room of the building. The most common ventilation system in apartment building.

Its scheme is built according to the natural passive principle and includes:

air supply to rooms through slightly open windows and vents in summer;
air flow through the cracks of old wooden windows or microcirculation devices modern windows made of plastic in winter;
use of increasingly popular inflow valves;
creating traction in vertical channels leading outside the roof;
, bathrooms, toilets connected via satellite channels to vertical shafts;
movement of air from living quarters to kitchens, toilets through gaps under door leaf and flow grilles in the doors.

Passive air exchange is the simplest, cheapest, and cost-free solution.

Causes of ventilation problems

The degree of draft depends on the temperature difference between the air parameters in the room and outside and clearly decreases in the summer. If the ventilation in an apartment building does not work, then the main reasons may be:

clogging of air exchange channels;
blocking of channels during illegal redevelopment and reconstruction of apartments;
insufficient draft of short exhaust air ducts on the top floors.

You can control the attraction of a piece of paper to the exhaust grille. When the draft decreases, it is necessary to check and clean the air ducts.

Basic diagrams of air exchange devices for apartment buildings

Let's take a closer look at how effective ventilation is arranged in an apartment building, depending on its number of floors. For buildings up to four floors high, vertical shafts are usually installed on the roof from each apartment. Despite the reliability of this system, it takes too much internal space building.

How does effective ventilation work in an apartment building with nine storeys and above? Individual apartments are connected to the vertical shaft through channels called satellites. The ventilation ducts of various entrances in the attic are united by a horizontal duct, from which a vertical air duct is then led outside the roof.

Tilting ventilation problems

With such a scheme, it becomes possible that the ventilation in an apartment building will overturn, in to a certain extent, caused by the reflection of air during the transition to a horizontal channel, as well as the increased resistance of clogged air ducts. But the key reason for capsizing is insufficient air flow. This phenomenon can be observed even on vertical ducts directly leading to the roof.

For most old buildings, effective ventilation of an apartment building involves air flow through leaky wooden windows. Massive conversion to plastic causes a significant reduction in air flow in cold weather. closed windows. In this case, cold air creates a reverse flow in the vertical shafts, starting to flow from the roof into the apartments.

The main principle of air exchange in an apartment building necessarily involves a balance between the supply and output and the creation of draft in high vertical shafts. Therefore, the main way to combat flow overturning is to install a sufficient number of supply valves. An effective measure is the use of adjustable grilles at the entrance to the exhaust ducts, which allow you to balance the air flow.

In addition, ventilation repairs in an old apartment building usually include expanding the cross-section of the horizontal air duct in the attic, installing special flow dividers in it, and periodically removing blockages in the air ducts.

Features of modern ventilation

Modern ventilation of an apartment building is based on the following solutions:

use of plastic windows with micro-ventilation systems;
installation of a sufficient number of inflow valves, for the placement of which a gap is usually selected from the window sill to the battery for heating the incoming air;
installation modern models inflow valves with heating and filters, which are located in the lower zone of the walls;
use of hood grilles with check valves or models with adjustable flow.

New ventilation schemes apartment buildings often include:

connecting apartments to exhaust shafts through vertical accelerating air ducts a couple of floors high;
exit of exhaust shafts into an insulated common attic space with complete exclusion of return flows.

Ventilation of the last 2 floors of an apartment building is solved by installing separate vertical exhaust ducts more than two meters high and using exhaust fans at the entrances to the shafts.

Often, ejectors or duct fans hoods turned on in unfavorable conditions.

Active ventilation type

An effective ventilation system is increasingly being used in active-type apartment buildings. It is usually a combination of an air supply unit with an exhaust fan installed in the attic.

In addition to the fan, the supply part can be equipped with filters, devices for air humidification, heating or cooling units. Air intake is usually carried out at the level of the second or third floors. The prepared air is distributed to apartments through a network of channels.

The exhaust network is activated by the exhaust unit in the attic.

Such a ventilation project for an apartment building provides increased comfort, does not depend on the weather, and allows you to regulate climatic parameters. But active ventilation is much more expensive and more complex than passive air exchange, both at the stage of arrangement and during operation.

The ventilation system is one of the most important communications of a building. Proper operation of the system ensures air exchange, which helps remove moisture, unnecessary heat, hazardous substances contained inside buildings, houses and structures.

The ventilation system, both in apartment buildings and in industrial buildings, is installed during the construction of the facility, respectively, after long-term operation of the building, data engineering systems begin to require repairs and appropriate maintenance.

JSC "SU Elektrozhilremont" performs work on maintenance and, as well as in administrative buildings, etc.

Work performed.

Checking and cleaning ventilation ducts and chimneys. All ventilation systems of multi-apartment residential buildings are subject to mandatory periodic inspection and cleaning. The implementation of such work, as a rule, is entrusted to a specialized organization with which it enters into an agreement Management Company. The timing of the work can vary from once a quarter to once every two years, depending on what material the ventilation shaft is made of.
Video inspection of ventilation ducts for the presence of illegal alterations. Unauthorized alterations of apartments of residents of houses quite often contribute to the occurrence of malfunctions in the operation of ventilation systems and chimneys. Using modern video equipment, employees of SU Elektrozhilremont JSC will find a problem that impedes air exchange in the system and, if necessary, will carry out work to eliminate the identified problem.
Checking the presence of draft and ventilation microclimate parameters.

When carrying out such a check, the following parameters are examined: air flow speed, reverse draft, air temperature and humidity are measured, as well as the level of gas contamination in the ventilation system of a residential building.

Visual inspection and repair of the heads of natural ventilation exhaust shafts.

Impact environment, in the form of precipitation, or, for example, condensation, contributes to the destruction of the material from which chimney and ventilation shafts are made. Such destruction is the cause of blockages and blockages in natural ventilation shafts. When blockages form, traction deteriorates. In this regard, the only way to eliminate this problem is to repair the shaft heads.

You can get more detailed advice by leaving a request on our website or by contacting us by phone.

Ventilation of residential buildings is one of the key points in providing a comfortable air environment for people. Poor air circulation in a home can not only negatively affect the health of residents, but also require spending on additional exhaust systems. Existing air ducts are also one of the main points of ensuring fire safety. In this material we will explain how ventilation works in an apartment building and what measures can increase its efficiency.

Purpose of general house ventilation

The air in a residential apartment is always susceptible to pollution. Smoke from cooking, fumes from the bathroom, unpleasant odors and dust - all this ends up in the air and creates unfavorable living conditions for people. Stagnant air can even lead to the development of diseases such as asthma and allergies. That is why every apartment building must be equipped common system ventilation.

Functions of ventilation in a residential area:

ensure the penetration of clean air into apartments;
remove dust and other impurities harmful to health along with the exhaust air;
regulate humidity in residential and utility rooms.

Most of the urban population of our country lives in panel houses, built back in Soviet time, others are moving to new buildings. Ensuring ventilation of residential buildings is a mandatory requirement during the construction of houses. However, the level of ventilation in multi-apartment residential buildings remains quite low. It is customary to save on air duct systems during construction.

At the moment, you can find the following types of ventilation in residential buildings:

with natural inflow and exhaust;
with forced air movement through ventilation units.

IN modern houses Elite class heating and ventilation systems comply with the latest standards and are created using special equipment and materials. For ventilation of multi-storey panel-type residential buildings, natural air exchange is used. The same applies to brick residential buildings Soviet era, as well as modern buildings budget class. Air must flow through the openings between the doors and the floor, as well as special valves on plastic windows.

Ventilation in a panel house works in the following way. Air is discharged upward through vertical ventilation shafts, thanks to natural draft. It is pulled outside the house through a pipe located in the roof or attic. When air enters an apartment through open windows or doors, it rushes to those located in the kitchen and bathroom - where purification from smoke and moisture is most needed. Thus, stagnant air is discharged into the pipe, and clean air enters the room through the windows.

If you stop the flow of fresh air, ventilation will not work effectively. Residents of apartments in apartment buildings often forget about natural ventilation of the room when installing additional exhaust systems. Here is the list typical mistakes during repairs that stop air circulation:

installation of blind double-glazed windows made of metal-plastic;
eliminating the gap between the door leaf and the floors when replacing interior doors;
installation of axial fans in the toilet (affects the ventilation of neighboring apartments).

When decorating living rooms, it is worth remembering to create natural paths for ventilation. You can install plastic windows with special valves that will automatically supply air from the street.

Interior doors should be selected in size so that they do not stand close to the floor. When installing additional fans, you can configure them for supply.

Ventilation schemes for residential buildings

Depending on the construction plans, ventilation can be completely different designs. In this section we will try to figure out how ventilation works in a panel house using diagrams and talk about the degree of effectiveness of one or another type of ventilation.

The most successful ventilation scheme in a panel house is individual, when each apartment has a separate duct with access to the roof.

In this case, the ventilation shafts are not connected to each other, the air quality improves, and polluted air from neighboring apartments does not enter the house. Another variation of this ventilation scheme in a Khrushchev building is that from each apartment separate channels lead to the roof, where they are connected into a single pipe that carries air masses to the street.

Unfortunately, quite often the simplest, but ineffective method of ventilation is used, in which air from all apartments enters a single large shaft - the same way ventilation is arranged in a Khrushchev-era building. This allows you to save space and costs during the construction of a building, but has a lot of unpleasant consequences:

influx of dust and unpleasant odors from other apartments - residents of the upper floors, where the air rises naturally, are especially susceptible to this;
rapid pollution common pipe ventilation;
lack of sound insulation.

There are several other ways to exhaust air through ventilation shafts - with horizontal ducts in the attic and pipe outlets into the attic without a chimney. In the first case, horizontal air ducts reduce air draft, and in the second, the attic becomes dirty due to the lack of outlet to the street. The ventilation scheme in Khrushchev and other Soviet-type buildings, although budget-friendly, is inconvenient for residents.

Schematic diagrams of some natural ventilation systems in residential buildings: (a) - without prefabricated ducts; (b) - with vertical collecting channels; (c) - with horizontal prefabricated channels in the attic; (d) - with a warm attic

Fortunately, there is modern system ventilation, which automatically extracts and supplies air. Its design includes a fan that forces air into the shaft. It is usually located in ground floor building. Placed on the roof of the house exhaust ventilation the same power, which forcefully removes contaminated air masses from the air duct. This is the most simple circuit ventilation in an apartment building. It can also be arranged using energy-saving equipment - recuperators. The task of the recuperator is to remove heat (or cold) from the exhaust air and transfer it to the supply air.

Ventilation shafts, as a rule, come from the basement of a multi-story building, additionally providing its protection from dampness and fumes. Ventilation of the basement is provided using natural draft, and in modern houses air supply units are also installed here. For lead damp air From the basement, common ventilation shafts are used, exiting through openings on each floor and in each apartment.

Ventilation of the basement, the place where the natural ventilation system begins, is one of the main conditions for its proper operation. To do this, vent holes are made in the basement walls, through which fresh air enters the basement. It not only reduces humidity at the base of the house, but also creates draft in the common house shaft.

The shape of the holes can be simple - round or square. They must be placed at a sufficient distance above the ground so that water and dirt from the street do not get inside. Optimal distance from the ground - at least 20 cm. The holes should be placed evenly around the perimeter of the basement; if there are several rooms in it, it is necessary to organize several vents in each. The vents must not be closed, otherwise the entire principle of operation of the ventilation of an apartment building will be disrupted. To prevent animals from entering the basement, the openings are covered with a metal mesh.

Calculation of apartment ventilation

Natural or artificial ventilation of a residential building is calculated by specialists during the construction of the building, and the residents of the building receive apartments with a “default” ventilation system. It will not be possible to change the design of the ventilation system in a Khrushchev-era building; this will require serious intervention in the structure of the building. However, using various devices you can improve air circulation in your apartment. For this it is necessary.

If you are not satisfied with the ventilation in your apartment, you can install additional hoods in the kitchen and fans on grilles in the bathroom. In this case, you should remember the basic rule - the amount of air exhausted should not exceed the amount entering the apartment. In this case, the ventilation systems will work as efficiently as possible. Some models of hoods and fans can operate on air flow - they are worth installing if the room is not sufficiently ventilated through windows and doors.

Particular attention should be paid to power exhaust devices, For small apartments A capacity of 50 to 100 m³ of air per hour will be sufficient. To accurately determine what load will be optimal for the device, you can measure the amount of air mass in the room. To do this, the area of the apartment is summed up and multiplied three times. The resulting volumes of air must completely pass through the fans within an hour.

You can organize additional air flow using air conditioners, hoods and fans. Together, these devices will perform the main tasks of room ventilation:

a kitchen hood will cleanse the room of unpleasant odors, grease and smoke, filling it with clean air;
fan in the bathroom - remove moist air;
air conditioner - cools and dehumidifies the air in the room.

These devices will ensure good circulation of air masses in different rooms and regulate their cleanliness - they are simply irreplaceable in the bathroom and kitchen.

Quantity supply air may exceed output volumes by 15–20%, but not vice versa.

Home ventilation care

Often, ventilation does not work due to a clogged air duct or outlet grille. You can do it yourself within your apartment by removing the grate and cleaning the pipe walls with a brush, broom or vacuum cleaner. Particular attention must be paid to the mesh that covers the entrance to the mine - it acts as a filter on which all contaminants remain.

Complete is carried out by a special service at the request of residents.

First, the performance of the exhaust ducts is diagnosed and a work plan is drawn up. To check the cleanliness of mines, a video camera on a cable is often used - it allows you to determine where dirt accumulates and where the pipe is deformed.

After this, the air duct cleaning begins. Professionals use weights, pneumatic brushes, weighted brushes and other tools. Ordinary residents should not engage in such work - this can damage the integrity of the pipe.

Natural ventilation in a multi-storey building is not very effective compared to mechanical ventilation, but it requires cleaning less often. A team of specialists should be called once every few years if there are clear signs of air duct contamination. Automatic systems ventilation systems are subject to greater loads and require more thorough cleaning. The maintenance of such systems is often carried out by the companies that install them.

Monitoring the performance and increasing the efficiency of home ventilation is one of the key points in creating a healthy microclimate in your home. By taking a number of measures to improve the ventilation of your home, you will rid yourself of dust, unpleasant odors, and kitchen or bathroom products in the air.

The quality of the indoor air environment, and therefore the health of the people living there, depends on how effectively the ventilation functions in an apartment building. Many residents, without realizing it, disrupt air exchange, although in fact they strive to improve the conditions and increase the comfort of their stay. The purpose of our article is to explain how they work various schemes ventilation of apartment buildings and point out the nuances that disrupt their operation. We will also touch on the issue of maintenance and periodic cleaning of air supply and removal systems.

How is ventilation arranged in panel houses?

Most citizens of the CIS countries live in multi-storey buildings built during Soviet Union, although for last years some of the population moved to apartments in new buildings. But most new buildings are not much better than Soviet ones in terms of comfort. Accordingly, the air exchange in them is organized according to the budgetary principle.

In more expensive new buildings, heating and ventilation are arranged according to modern standards and taking into account the use of new materials and structures. At the moment, you can find the following types of ventilation in residential buildings:

with natural inflow and exhaust;
with forced air movement through ventilation units.

Note. There are also combined systems where natural forced ventilation and mechanical exhaust.

If we are talking about panel-type housing, then it uses only natural air exchange. The same applies to Soviet-era brick residential buildings, as well as modern low-budget buildings. The influx into the premises should be carried out through the leaks of the vestibules wooden windows or special channels and valves made in metal-plastic double-glazed windows.

Accordingly, the exhaust occurs due to natural draft that occurs inside a vertical shaft that goes above the roof or into the attic. Fresh air, entering rooms through windows, under the influence of draft in the shaft it rushes to its exit or in the bathroom. Thus, it passes through the entire apartment, gradually becoming contaminated, after which it is removed outside through the ventilation ducts. How this happens is well illustrated by the diagram of the apartment ventilation system:

If you block the path of this flow anywhere, the renewal of air in the apartment will stop. This is what many residents do in the process repair work, mistakenly believing that the hood can work without inflow. Here is a list of typical mistakes that lead to disruption of air exchange:

installation of blind double-glazed windows made of metal-plastic;
eliminating the gap between the door leaf and the floors when replacing interior doors;
installation of periodically operating axial fans in the toilet.

To prevent the operation of natural ventilation from being disrupted, the path of supply air must not be blocked. It is necessary to install special valves in new windows or organize a separate supply from the street. Transfer grilles are installed in the interior door leaves, and the fan should not block the cross-section of the entire exhaust duct.

System diagrams

It is very good when ventilation in a panel house is arranged with individual exhaust ducts. That is, a separate shaft leads to the roof from the kitchen, toilet and bathroom on each floor. Then there is no flow of odors from neighbors, the draft is more stable and not prone to tipping over. Another option is that vertical ducts from all apartments are collected into one horizontal collector located in the attic, and from it the air flows into the street. The picture below shows different ways how the ventilation scheme of a panel house can be organized:

The most unsuccessful method is shown in option “b”, where a small channel emerges from each apartment - a satellite, which enters higher into a common vertical shaft. This method allows you to save useful space in rooms and is cheap to implement, but during operation it creates a lot of problems for people living in the house. The most common of them is the flow of odors from apartment to apartment. A similar ventilation device is shown more clearly in the picture:

Methods “c” and “d” are found in low-rise panel houses with an attic. They also cannot be called flawless, since in the first case the collector creates additional resistance to draft, and in the second, all the odors from the apartments are collected in the attic. That's why best options- This modern circuits ventilation with mechanical air supply and removal. These are used in new houses, an example is illustrated below:

There is Supply unit, located in the basement and supplies purified and heated (or cooled) air to all rooms. Placed on the roof of the building exhaust fan the same performance, regularly removing contaminated air mixture from apartments. This is the simplest scheme; ventilation in a multi-storey building can be arranged using energy-saving equipment - recuperators. Their task is to remove heat (or cold) from the exhaust air and transfer it to the supply air.

Calculation of ventilation of a residential building

It should be noted that forced and natural ventilation of a multi-storey building is calculated by serious design organizations. Residents receive it ready-made and can change anything in it without intervention. building construction the building will fail. However, with the help of various additional equipment, air exchange can be improved, which requires a simple calculation.

For example, ventilation in a panel house does not work well, but you want to have an air environment favorable to health within your home. Then you should remember one rule: the amount of supply air should be no less than that removed by all hoods. This means that to increase traction, the mine exits are already equipped with axial fans. So that they do not thresh the air in place and the exhaust ventilation functions normally, units of the same capacity should be installed on the supply side.

Advice. Do not install in the kitchen and bathroom too powerful fans. For studio apartment A capacity of 50 m3/h is enough for each, two - or three-room apartments - up to 100 m3/h.

You can organize a forced inflow with cleaning and heating using small installations built into the wall. Typically, the ventilation system of a residential building consists of several similar units located in different rooms. Through their work, they ensure the balance of the indoor air and its cleanliness. By the way, the amount of inflow can even prevail over the exhaust within 15%; there will be no harm from this.

How to clean ventilation in an apartment building?

It often happens that the cause of poor exhaust hood is clogging of the ventilation shaft in general and the grilles in the apartment in particular. A simple ventilation check will help you detect this: you need to light a match or candle and bring the flame to the grate. If there is traction, it should confidently deviate in the direction of the flow, otherwise the grille must be removed and the test repeated. If even now the flame does not deflect, you should try to clean the shaft.

Advice. There is also a test method using a sheet of paper, but it is inaccurate, since the ventilation draft is often not able to hold the paper on the grille. It is better to do a flame test.

Typically, in panel houses, complete cleaning of the channels is carried out by professionals using various means and equipment. These include special weights, weighted brushes and other devices. It is not recommended for ordinary residents to do this, so as not to unknowingly cause harm instead of benefit. By removing the grille, you can clean the walls of the ventilation shaft within the reach of your hand with a broom or other tool.

Conclusion

It should be noted that the natural ventilation of apartment buildings is not very effective, but it also does not become clogged very often. True, sometimes the channels became clogged with construction waste even at the stage of building construction, and this created big problem subsequently. IN normal conditions The mine is cleaned of plaque and cobwebs once every few years.

Ventilation systems in the apartment: natural and forced How to clean ventilation and air conditioning systems

Sections