Sensations that reflect the internal state of the body are called. What are the feelings, emotions and sensations a person has?

Sensation is a reflection of specific, individual properties, qualities, aspects of objects and phenomena of material reality affecting the senses at a given moment.
The physiological basis of sensations is the complex activity of the sense organs.
An anatomical and physiological apparatus specialized for receiving the effects of certain stimuli from the external and internal environment and processing them into sensations is called an analyzer. Each analyzer consists of three parts:

1. Receptor is a sensory organ that converts the energy of external influence into nerve signals. Each receptor is adapted to receive only certain types of influence (light, sound), i.e. has a specific excitability to certain physical and chemical agents.
2. Nerve pathways - along them nerve signals are transmitted to the brain.
3. Brain center in the cerebral cortex.

Sensations are objective, since they always reflect an external stimulus, and on the other hand, they are subjective, since they depend on the state of the nervous system and individual characteristics.

The English physiologist I. Sherrington identified three main classes of sensations:
1. Exteroceptive sensations reflect the properties of objects and phenomena external environment("five senses"). These include visual, auditory, taste, temperature and tactile sensations. Receptors are located on the surface of the body.
2. Interoreceptive sensations reflect the state of the internal organs. These include sensations of pain, hunger, thirst, nausea, suffocation, etc. Painful sensations signal damage and irritation of human organs and are a unique manifestation protective functions body.
3. Proprioceptive sensations (muscular-motor). These are sensations that reflect the position and movements of our body. With the help of muscle-motor sensations, a person receives information about the position of the body in space, the relative position of all its parts, the movement of the body and its parts, the contraction, stretching and relaxation of muscles, the condition of joints and ligaments, etc.
Group I - distant sensations:
1. Vision - electromagnetic vibrations, reflection of light from objects.
2. Hearing - sound vibrations.
3. Smell - odorous particles, chemical analysis.
Group II - contact sensations:
4. Tactile - sensations of touch and pressure. Even a slight decrease in tactile sensitivity negatively affects the psyche. Most sensitive:
a) tongue
b) lips,
c) fingertips.
5. Temperature - separate receptors for cold and heat. Body temperature is taken as 0.
6. Taste - receptors in the papillae of the tongue that respond to chemical composition food.
7. Vibration sensitivity - reaction to low-frequency environmental vibrations. The most ancient sensitivity. The progenitor of hearing and tactile sensations. There are no special receptors; all body tissues are involved in transmitting information.
8. Pain sensitivity - serves the instinct of self-preservation. People without pain sensitivity do not live past 10 years.
Group III - sensations related to the body itself:
Sensations about events inside the body.
9. Vestibular - determine how the body is positioned in relation to gravity. Needed to understand where is up and where is down. Receptors in the inner ear.
10. Muscular – kinesthetic, dynamic, musculoskeletal, proprioception. Special sensors in all muscles, tendon attachments and joints. React to tension and relaxation. Thanks to them we eyes closed we can tell what our body is doing. All types of skeletal movements are regulated by the psyche with the participation of muscle sensations.
11. Introceptive sensations - interoreception - the combined result of the work of several types of sensors inside the body (chemoreceptors - chemical events inside the body, baroreceptors - react to changes in pressure, pain, etc.). Often they do not reach the psyche, to awareness. Controlled by subcortical structures. What comes to consciousness (Sechenov): “the dark gross feeling of the body” is poorly understood, undifferentiated. Events within the body influence types of sensory sensitivities externally.

Properties of sensations:
1. Adaptation is the adaptation of sensitivity to constantly acting stimuli.
2. Contrast - a change in the intensity and quality of sensations under the influence of a previous or accompanying stimulus.
3. Sensitization - increased sensitivity under the influence of the interaction of sensations and exercises.
4. Synesthesia manifests itself in the fact that sensations of one modality can be accompanied by sensations of another modality.
Not every stimulus that affects the receptor endings of one or another analyzer is capable of causing a sensation. To do this, it is necessary that the stimulus has a certain magnitude or strength.
The lower absolute threshold of sensation is the minimum value, or strength, of the stimulus at which it is capable of causing in the analyzer nervous excitement, sufficient to produce sensation.
The absolute sensitivity of one or another sense organ is characterized by the value of the lower threshold of sensation. The lower the value of this threshold, the higher the sensitivity of this analyzer. Most analyzers have very high sensitivity. For example, absolute lower threshold auditory sensation, measured in units of air pressure sound waves on the eardrum, equals on average 0.001 boron in humans. How great this sensitivity is can be judged by the fact that one boron is equal to one millionth of the normal atmospheric pressure. Even higher sensitivity visual analyzer. The absolute lower threshold for the sensation of light is 2.5-10" erg/sec. With such sensitivity, the human eye can detect light at a distance of one kilometer, the intensity of which is only a few thousandths of a normal candle.
The upper absolute threshold of sensation corresponds to the maximum value of the stimulus, above which this stimulus ceases to be felt. Thus, the absolute upper threshold of audibility of tones in humans is on average 20,000 vibrations of sound waves per second.

They are closely related to each other. Both one and the other are the so-called sensory reflection of objective reality, existing independently of consciousness and due to its influence on the senses: this is their unity. But perception- awareness of the sensual of this subject or phenomena; in perception, a world of people, things, and phenomena are usually spread out before us, filled with a certain meaning for us and involved in diverse relationships. These relationships create meaningful situations, of which we are witnesses and participants. Feeling same - a reflection of a separate sensory quality or undifferentiated and non-objectified impressions of the environment. In this last case, sensations and perceptions differ as two different shapes or two different relations of consciousness to objective reality. Sensations and perceptions are thus one and different. They make up: the sensory-perceptual level of mental reflection. At the sensory-perceptual level we're talking about about those images that arise from the direct impact of objects and phenomena on the senses.

The concept of sensations

The main source of our knowledge about the outside world and about own body are sensations. They constitute the main channels through which information about the phenomena of the external world and the states of the body reaches the brain, giving a person the opportunity to navigate in environment and in your body. If these channels were closed and the senses did not bring the necessary information, no conscious life would be possible. There are known facts that indicate that a person deprived of a constant source of information falls into a sleepy state. Such cases: occur when a person suddenly loses sight, hearing, smell, and when his conscious sensations are limited by some pathological process. A result close to this is achieved when a person is placed for some time in a light and soundproof chamber, isolating him from external influences. This state first induces sleep and then becomes difficult for the subjects to bear.

Numerous observations have shown that disruption of the flow of information into early childhood associated with deafness and blindness, causes severe delays in mental development. If children born blind-deaf or deprived of hearing and vision in early age, do not teach special techniques that compensate for these defects through the sense of touch, their mental development will become impossible and they will not develop independently.

As will be described below, the high specialization of the various sense organs is based not only on the structural features of the peripheral part of the analyzer - the “receptors”, but also on the highest specialization of the neurons that make up the central nervous apparatus, which receive signals perceived by the peripheral sense organs.

Reflex nature of sensations

So, sensations are the initial source of all our knowledge about the world. Objects and phenomena of reality that affect our senses are called stimuli, and the impact of stimuli on the senses is called irritation. Irritation, in turn, causes nerve tissue excitation. The sensation arises as a reaction of the nervous system to a particular stimulus and, like any mental phenomenon, has a reflex nature.

The physiological mechanism of sensations is the activity of special nervous apparatus called.

1. a peripheral section called the receptor (the receptor is the perceiving part of the analyzer, its main function is the transformation of external energy into a nervous process);
2. afferent or sensory nerves (centripetal), conducting excitation in nerve centers(central section of the analyzer);
3. the cortical sections of the analyzer, in which the processing of nerve impulses coming from the peripheral sections occurs.

The cortical part of each analyzer includes an area that represents a projection of the periphery in the cerebral cortex, since certain cells of the periphery (receptors) correspond to certain areas of the cortical cells. For sensation to arise, the entire analyzer as a whole must work. The analyzer is not a passive receiver of energy. This is an organ that reflexively rearranges itself under the influence of stimuli.

Physiological studies show that sensation is not at all a passive process; it always includes motor components. Thus, observations using a microscope of an area of ​​skin carried out by the American psychologist D. Neff made it possible to verify that when it is irritated by a needle, the moment the sensation occurs is accompanied by reflexive motor reactions of this area of ​​the skin. Subsequently, numerous studies have established that each sensation includes movement, sometimes in the form of a vegetative reaction (vasoconstriction, galvanic skin reflex), sometimes in the form of muscle reactions (turning the eyes, tension in the neck muscles, motor reactions of the hand, etc. .). Thus, sensations are not passive processes at all - they are active. The reflex theory of sensations consists of indicating the active nature of all these processes.

Classification of sensations

It has long been customary to distinguish between five main types (modalities) of sensations: smell, taste, touch, sight and hearing. This classification of sensations according to the main modalities is correct, although not exhaustive. A.R. Luria believes that the classification of sensations can be carried out according to at least two basic principles - systematic And genetic(in other words, according to the principle of modality, on the one hand, and according to the principle of complexity or level of their construction, on the other).

Systematic classification of sensations

By identifying the largest and most significant groups of sensations, they can be divided into three main types; interoceptive, proprioceptive and exteroceptive sensations. The first combine signals reaching us from the internal environment of the body; the latter provide information about the position of the body in space and the position of the musculoskeletal system, provide regulation of our movements; finally, still others provide signals from the external world and create the basis for our conscious behavior. Let's consider the main types of sensations separately.

Interoceptive sensations, signaling the state of the internal processes of the body, bring to the brain irritations from the walls of the stomach and intestines, the heart and circulatory system and other internal organs. This is the most ancient and most elementary group of sensations. Interoceptive sensations are among the least conscious and most diffuse forms of sensations and always retain their proximity to emotional states.

Proprioceptive sensations provide signals about the position of the body in space and constitute the afferent basis of human movements, playing a decisive role in their regulation. Peripheral receptors of proprioceptive sensitivity are located in muscles and joints (tendons, ligaments) and have the form of special nerve bodies (Paccini bodies). The excitations that arise in these bodies reflect the sensations that occur when muscles are stretched and the position of joints changes. In modern physiology and psychophysiology, the role of proprioception as the afferent basis of movements in animals was studied in detail by A. A. Orbeli, P. K. Anokhin, and in humans - by N. A. Bernstein. The described group of sensations includes specific type sensitivity, called the sense of balance, or static sensation. Their peripheral receptors are located in the semicircular canals of the inner ear.

The third and largest group of sensations are exteroreceptive sensations. They bring information from the outside world to a person and are the main group of sensations that connect a person with the external environment. The entire group of exteroceptive sensations is conventionally divided into two subgroups: contact and distant sensations.

Contact sensations are caused by an impact directly applied to the surface of the body and the corresponding perceived organ. Examples of contact sensation are taste and touch.

Distant sensations are caused by stimuli acting on the sense organs at some distance. These senses include smell and especially hearing and vision.

Genetic classification of sensations

1. protopathic(more primitive, affective, less differentiated and localized), which includes organic feelings (hunger, thirst, etc.);
2. epicritic(more subtly differentiating, objectified and rational), which includes the basic human senses.

Epicritic sensitivity is younger in genetic terms, and it controls protopathic sensitivity.

General properties of sensations

Different types of sensations are characterized not only by specificity, but also by properties common to them. These properties include: quality, intensity, duration and spatial localization.

Quality- this is the main feature of a given sensation, distinguishing it from other types of sensations and varying within a given type of sensation. The qualitative diversity of sensations reflects the infinite variety of forms of matter movement.

Intensity sensation is its quantitative characteristic and is determined by the strength of the current stimulus and the functional state of the receptor.

Duration sensations are its temporary characteristics. It is also determined by the functional state of the sensory organ, but mainly by the time of action of the stimulus and its intensity.

When a stimulus acts on a sense organ, the sensation does not arise immediately, but after some time - the so-called latent (hidden) period of sensation. Latent period various types sensations are not the same: for example, for tactile sensations it is 130 ms; for pain - 370, and for taste - only 50 ms.

Just as a sensation does not arise simultaneously with the onset of the stimulus, it does not disappear simultaneously with the cessation of its action. The presence of positive sequential images explains why we do not notice breaks between successive frames of a film: they are filled with traces of the frames that acted before - sequential images from them. The consistent image changes over time, the positive image is replaced by a negative one. With colored light sources, the sequential image turns into a complementary color.

4.2. Feel

The concept of sensation. Objects and phenomena of the external world have many various properties and qualities: color, taste, smell, sound, etc. In order for them to be reflected by a person, they must influence him with any of these properties and qualities. Cognition is carried out primarily by the senses - the only channels through which the external world penetrates into human consciousness. Images of objects and phenomena of reality that arise in the process of sensory cognition are called sensations.

Feel - this is the simplest mental cognitive process of reflecting individual properties of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, as well as internal states of the body, arising from their direct impact on the senses.

Our consciousness exists only due to the presence of sensations. If a person is deprived of the ability to sense and perceive the surrounding reality, he will not be able to navigate the world, he will not be able to do anything. Under conditions of “sensory deprivation” (lack of sensations), in less than a day a person experiences a sharp decrease in attention, a decrease in memory capacity, and serious changes in mental activity occur. It is not without reason that this is one of the most difficult tests for future cosmonauts, polar explorers, and speleologists.

IN ordinary life What tires us is not so much the lack of sensations as their abundance—sensory overload. That’s why it’s so important to follow basic rules of mental hygiene.

The physiological basis of sensations is activity analyzer – a special nervous apparatus that performs the function of analyzing and synthesizing stimuli emanating from the external and internal environment of the body. Any analyzer consists of three parts.

1. Receptor (peripheral) department- a receptor, the main part of any sensory organ, specialized for receiving the effects of certain stimuli. Here the transformation of the energy of an external stimulus (heat, light, smell, taste, sound) into physiological energy - a nerve impulse - occurs.

2. Wiring department– sensory nerves that can be afferent(centripetal), conducting the resulting excitation to the central section of the analyzer, and efferent(centrifugal, through which the nerve impulse travels to the working organ (effector)).

3. Central department – cortical section of the analyzer, a specialized area of ​​the cerebral cortex, where the transformation of nervous energy into a mental phenomenon - sensation.

The central part of the analyzer consists of a core and scattered throughout the cortex nerve cells which are called peripheral elements. The bulk of receptor cells is concentrated in the nucleus, due to which the most subtle analysis and synthesis of stimuli is carried out; Due to peripheral elements, a rough analysis is made, for example, light is distinguished from darkness. Scattered elements of the cortical part of the analyzer are involved in establishing communication and interaction between various systems analyzers. Since each analyzer has its own central section, the entire cerebral cortex is a kind of mosaic, an interconnected system cortical ends analyzers. Despite the common structure of all analyzers, the detailed structure of each of them is very specific.

A sensation always appears in consciousness in the form of an image. The energy of an external stimulus turns into a fact of consciousness when a person, who has an image of the object that caused the irritation, can designate it with a word.

The sensation is always associated with a response like a reflex ring with mandatory feedback. The sense organ is alternately a receptor and an effector (working organ).

Types and classification of sensations. According to the five sense organs known to the ancient Greeks, the following types of sensations are distinguished: visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, tactile (tactile). In addition, there are intermediate sensations between tactile and auditory - vibration. There are also complex sensations, consisting of several independent analytical systems: for example, touch is tactile and muscle-articular sensations; skin sensations include tactile, temperature and pain. There are organic sensations (hunger, thirst, nausea, etc.), static, sensations of balance, reflecting the position of the body in space.

The following criteria for classification of sensations are identified.

I.According to the location of the receptors– exteroceptive and interoceptive. Receptors exteroceptive sensations are located on the surface of the body and receive irritations from the outside world, and receptors interoceptive(organic) sensations are located in the internal organs and signal the functioning of the latter. These sensations form the organic feeling (well-being) of a person.

II.By the presence or absence of direct contact With irritant, causing sensations, exteroceptive sensations are divided into contact and distant. Contact sensations involve direct interaction with the stimulus. These include taste, skin, pain, temperature, etc. Distant sensations provide orientation in the immediate environment - these are visual, auditory and olfactory sensations.

A special subclass of interoceptive sensations are sensations proprioceptive, whose receptors are located in ligaments, muscles and tendons and receive irritation from the musculoskeletal system. These sensations also indicate the position of the body in space.

Sensations have a number of characteristics and patterns that manifest themselves in each type of sensitivity. Three groups of patterns of sensations can be distinguished.

1. Time relationships between the beginning (end) of the stimulus and the appearance (disappearance) of sensations:

The onset of the action of the stimulus and the onset of sensations do not coincide - the sensation occurs somewhat later than the onset of the action of the stimulus, since the nerve impulse needs some time to deliver information to the cortical part of the analyzer, and after the analysis and synthesis carried out in it - back to the working organ. This is the so-called hidden (latent) period of the reaction;

The sensations do not disappear immediately with the end of the stimulus, which can be illustrated by successive images - positive and negative. The physiological mechanism for the emergence of a sequential image is associated with the phenomena of the aftereffect of the stimulus on nervous system. The cessation of the action of the stimulus does not cause an immediate cessation of the process of irritation in the receptor and excitation in the cortical parts of the analyzer.

2. The relationship between sensations and stimulus intensity. Not every stimulus strength can cause a sensation; it occurs when exposed to a stimulus of known intensity. It is customary to distinguish between the threshold of absolute sensitivity and the threshold of sensitivity to discrimination.

The minimum amount of stimulus that causes a barely noticeable sensation is called lower absolute threshold of sensitivity.

There is an inverse relationship between sensitivity and the strength of the stimulus: the greater the force needed to produce a sensation, the lower the sensitivity. There may also be subthreshold stimuli that do not cause sensations because signals about them are not transmitted to the brain.

The maximum magnitude of the stimulus that the analyzer is capable of adequately perceiving (in other words, at which the sensation of a given type is still preserved) is called upper absolute threshold of sensitivity.

The interval between the lower and upper thresholds is called sensitivity range. It has been established that the sensitivity range for color is vibrations of electromagnetic waves with a frequency from 390 (violet) to 780 (red) millimicrons, and for sound – vibrations of sound waves from 20 to 20,000 Hertz. Stimuli of extremely high intensity cause pain instead of sensations of a certain type.

Threshold of sensitivity to discrimination(differential) is the minimum difference between two stimuli that causes a subtle difference in sensation. In other words, this is the smallest amount by which the intensity of the stimulus must be changed (increased or decreased) in order for a change in sensation to occur. German scientists - physiologist E. Weber and physicist G. Fechner - formulated a law that is valid for stimuli of average strength: the ratio of the additional stimulus to the main one is a constant value. This value is specific for each type of sensation: for visual – 1/1000 , For auditory - 1/10, for tactile - 1/30 of the initial value of the stimulus.

III.Changing the sensitivity of the analyzer. This change can be illustrated by the patterns of sensations such as adaptation, sensitization and interaction.

Adaptation(from Latin adaptare - adapt, adjust, get used to) is a change in sensitivity under the influence of a constantly acting stimulus. Adaptation depends on environmental conditions. General pattern is as follows: when moving from strong to weak stimuli, sensitivity increases, and vice versa, when moving from weak to strong, it decreases. The biological feasibility of this mechanism is obvious: when the stimuli are strong, fine sensitivity is not needed, but when they are weak, the ability to capture them is important.

There are two types of adaptation: positive and negative. Positive(positive, dark) adaptation is associated with an increase in sensitivity under the influence of a weak stimulus. Thus, when moving from light to darkness, the area of ​​the pupil increases 17 times, a transition occurs from cone vision to rod vision, but mainly the increase in sensitivity occurs due to the conditioned reflex work of the central mechanisms of the analyzer. Negative(negative, light) adaptation can manifest itself as a decrease in sensitivity under the influence of a strong stimulus and as a complete disappearance of sensations during the long-term action of the stimulus.

Another pattern of sensations is interaction of analyzers, which manifests itself in a change in the sensitivity of one analyzing system under the influence of the activity of another. The general pattern of interaction of sensations can be expressed in the following formulation: weak in intensity stimulation of one analyzer increases the sensitivity of the other, and strong stimulation decreases it.

Increasing the sensitivity of the analyzer is called sensitization. It can manifest itself in two areas: either as a result of exercise of the senses, training, or as a need to compensate for sensory defects. A defect in the operation of one analyzer is usually compensated by increased work and improvement of another.

A special case of the interaction of sensations is synesthesia, in which the senses work together; in this case, the qualities of sensations of one type are transferred to another type of sensations and co-sensations arise. In everyday life, synesthesia is used very often: “velvet voice”, “screaming color”, “sweet sounds”, “cold tone”, “sharp taste”, etc.

And the person’s emotions? It is this issue that we decided to devote today’s article. After all, without these components we would not be people, but machines that do not live, but simply exist.

What are the sense organs?

As you know, a person learns all the information about the world around him through his own. These include the following:

• eyes;
• language;
• leather.

Thanks to these organs, people feel and see the objects around them, as well as hear sounds and taste. It should be noted that this is far from full list. Although it is usually called the main one. So what are the feelings and sensations of a person who has functioning not only of the above organs, but also of other organs? Let's consider the answer to the question posed in more detail.

Eyes

The sensations of vision, or rather color and light, are the most numerous and diverse. Thanks to the presented body, people receive about 70% of information about the environment. Scientists have found that the number of visual sensations (of various qualities) of an adult, on average, reaches 35 thousand. It should also be noted that vision plays a significant role in the perception of space. As for the sensation of color, it completely depends on the length of the light wave that irritates the retina, and the intensity depends on its amplitude or so-called scope.

Ears

Hearing (tones and noises) gives a person approximately 20 thousand various conditions consciousness. This sensation is caused by air waves that come from the sounding body. Its quality depends entirely on the magnitude of the wave, its strength on its amplitude, and its timbre (or sound coloring) on ​​its shape.

Nose

The sensations of smell are quite varied and very difficult to classify. They occur when the upper part of the nasal cavity, as well as the mucous membrane of the palate, is irritated. This effect occurs due to the dissolution of the smallest odorous substances.

Language

Thanks to this organ, a person can distinguish different tastes, namely sweet, salty, sour and bitter.

Leather

Tactile sensations are divided into feelings of pressure, pain, temperature, etc. They occur during irritation of nerve endings located in tissues, which have a special structure.

What feelings does a person have? In addition to all of the above, people also have feelings such as:

• Static (body position in space and a sense of its balance). This feeling occurs during irritation of the nerve endings that are located in the semicircular canals of the ear.
• Muscular, joint and tendon. They are very difficult to observe, but they are of the nature of internal pressure, tension and even slip.
• Organic or somatic. Such feelings include hunger, nausea, sensations of breathing, etc.

What are the feelings and emotions?

A person’s emotions and inner feelings reflect his attitude towards any event or situation in life. Moreover, the two named states are quite different from each other. Thus, emotions are a direct reaction to something. This happens at the animal level. As for feelings, this is a product of thinking, accumulated experience, experiences, etc.

What feelings does a person have? It is quite difficult to answer the question posed unambiguously. After all, people have a lot of feelings and emotions. They give a person information about needs, as well as feedback to what is happening. Thanks to this, people can understand what they are doing right and what they are doing wrong. After realizing the feelings that have arisen, a person gives himself the right to any emotion, and thereby he begins to understand what is happening in reality.

List of basic emotions and feelings

What are the feelings and emotions of a person? It is simply impossible to list them all. In this regard, we decided to name only a few. Moreover, they are all divided into three different groups.

Positive:

• pleasure;
• jubilation;
• joy;
• pride;
• delight;
• confidence;
• confidence;
• Delight;
• sympathy;
• love (or affection);
• love (sexual attraction to a partner);
• respect;
• gratitude (or appreciation);
• tenderness;
• complacency;
• tenderness;
• gloat;
• bliss;
• feeling of satisfied revenge;
• feeling of self-satisfaction;
• feeling of relief;
• anticipation;
• feeling of security.

Negative:

Neutral:

• astonishment;
• curiosity;
• amazement;
• calm and contemplative mood;
• indifference.

Now you know what feelings a person has. Some to a greater extent, some to a lesser extent, but each of us has experienced them at least once in our lives. Negative emotions that are ignored and not recognized by us do not just disappear. After all, the body and soul are one, and if the latter suffers for a long time, then the body takes on some part of its heavy burden. And it’s not for nothing that they say that all diseases are caused by nerves. The impact of negative emotions on human well-being and health has long been scientific fact. As for positive feelings, the benefits of them are clear to everyone. After all, experiencing joy, happiness and other emotions, a person literally consolidates in his memory the desired types of behavior (feelings of success, well-being, trust in the world, people around him, etc.).

Neutral feelings also help people express their attitude towards what they see, hear, etc. By the way, such emotions can act as a kind of springboard to further positive or negative manifestations.

Thus, by analyzing his behavior and attitude to current events, a person can become better, worse, or remain the same. It is these properties that distinguish people from animals.

Depending on the source of stimulation acting on the receptors, sensations are divided into three groups. Each of these groups, in turn, consists of various specific sensations (Fig. 5.7).

Rice. 5.7.

1. Exteroceptive sensationsreflect the properties of objects and phenomena of the external environment (“five senses”). These include visual, auditory, taste, temperature and tactile sensations. In fact, there are more than five receptors that provide these sensations, and the so-called “sixth sense” has nothing to do with it.
   For example, visual sensations arise when excited chopsticks (“twilight, black and white vision”) and cones (“daytime, color vision”).
   Temperature sensations in humans occur during separate excitationcold and heat receptors.Tactile sensations reflect the impact on the surface of the body, and they arise when excited or sensitivetouch receptorsV top layer skin, or with more severe exposure topressure receptorsin the deep layers of the skin.
2. Interoreceptivesensations reflect the state of the internal organs. These include sensations of pain, hunger, thirst, nausea, suffocation, etc. Painful sensations signal damage and irritation of human organs and are a unique manifestation of the body’s protective functions. Intensity pain can vary, reaching great strength in some cases, which can even lead to a state of shock.
3. Proprioceptive sensations(muscular-motor). These are sensations that reflect the position and movements of our body. With the help of muscle-motor sensations, a person receives information about the position of the body in space, about the relative positionall its parts, about the movement of the body and its parts, about contraction, stretching and relaxation of muscles, the condition of joints and ligaments, etc. Muscular-motor sensations are complex nature. Simultaneous stimulation of receptors of different quality gives sensations of a unique quality:
   • irritation of receptor endings in the muscles creates a feeling of muscle tone when performing a movement;
   • sensations of muscle tension and effort are associated with irritation of the nerve endings of the tendons;
   • irritation of the receptors of the articular surfaces gives a sense of direction, shape and speed of movements.
4. Many authors include in this same group of sensations the sensations of balance and acceleration that arise as a result of stimulation of the receptors of the vestibular analyzer.