How I developed a new grape hybrid. Principles of growing a vineyard for beginners Advantages of table and wine varieties

The technique of crossing is quite simple; For this purpose, preparation is first carried out mother plant.

Preparing the mother plant

Most grape varieties have bisexual flowers and in pure-varietal plantings, as a rule, self-pollinate, that is, the egg is fertilized by pollen that develops on the same or neighboring flower.

In order to prevent the process of self-pollination or intra-varietal pollination (with pollen from flowers of neighboring bushes), pollen should be removed within the inflorescence. This process of removing pollen is called "castration". Castration begins 2-3 days before flowering begins. Castration is carried out using tweezers, which carefully remove the cap of the flower (corolla) and at the same time the anthers with pollen. If the flower has short stamen filaments and the anthers sit at the level of the stigma of the pistil or below it, then in this case only the cap of the flower is removed first, and then the stamen filaments with anthers are torn off.

Not all flowers in the inflorescence are castrated, but only 40-50% of the total number, approximately 100-150. The remaining flowers are cut off in such a way that the castrated flowers are located evenly on the inflorescence. After castration, the inflorescence should be immediately isolated using a bag made of parchment paper. The paper insulator prevents the flowers from possible hit they have pollen on them.

When using varieties with a functionally female flower type for hybridization, castration is not carried out, since the pollen of these flowers is not capable of fertilization. However, such flowers are also isolated until artificial pollination.

Harvesting pollen from the paternal plant

Then they begin to collect pollen from the father plant. For this purpose, during the flowering of the parent plant, the stamen filaments with anthers are collected in paper bags, after which they are transferred indoors and spread on paper to dry and ripen. After a day or two, when the anthers burst, the pollen is separated from the filaments and anthers by sifting through a silk sieve and placed in test tubes. Harvested pollen should be stored in a dry and cool place. In the case when the flowering of the mother and father plants coincides, the pollen of the father plant is not collected, and to fertilize the mother plant, the plucked inflorescences of the father plant are shaken over the inflorescence of the mother plant. If the flowering of the father's plant is later than the mother's, it is necessary to artificially either accelerate the flowering of the father's plant or delay the flowering of the mother's plant.

You can speed up the onset of flowering by layering with vines. As observations have shown, flowering on layering occurs 7-10 days earlier compared to flowering on ordinary bushes. Flowering is accelerated even more if greenhouse frames are installed above the bushes. The onset of flowering can be delayed by snow retention and late spring watering. Flowering can be delayed for a longer period if you dig a hole under the bushes intended for hybridization, pour snow into it and cover it with straw and soil.

With more early flowering pollen from paternal plants can be prepared in advance and stored until the moment of use. Under appropriate conditions of heat and humidity, pollen can be stored for a year.

Pollination process

After collecting pollen or inflorescences with pollen, they begin to artificially apply pollen from the father’s plant to the flowers of the mother’s plant. The pollination process usually begins when a special, slightly adhesive liquid appears on the stigmas of the pistils of the mother plant. To prevent pollen from foreign varieties from getting onto the castrated inflorescence through the air, the insulator is usually not removed, but cut out from it round hole, through which pollen is applied using a brush or cotton wool, after which the hole is sealed with a circle of parchment paper. If pollination is carried out by shaking the plucked inflorescence, then in this case it is better to remove the insulator and, after applying pollen to the flowers of the mother plant, put it on again.

Since not all flowers of the mother plant are simultaneously prepared to receive pollen, it is recommended to repeat pollination after 2-3 days.

In order to ensure interspecific or intergeneric crossing, I.V. Michurin developed a method of vegetative rapprochement. To do this, the original forms are grafted before crossing. It is possible to graft the future paternal form onto the maternal and, conversely, the maternal onto the paternal. As a result of the mutual influence of the scion on the rootstock, pollen or an egg, biologically more similar, appears, and the process of fertilization occurs.

In some cases, to overcome uncrossability, they use a mixture of pollen of several species or mix maternal pollen with paternal pollen. A. Ya. Kuzmin has developed another way to overcome non-crossing, which consists of late application of pollen to the stigma of the pistil, when the stigma is on the verge of dying.

After the berries have developed to the size of a pea, the parchment insulators are removed and gauze bags are put on instead to better preserve the hybrid seeds.

Working with seeds

The resulting hybrid berries remain on the bushes until the seeds are completely ripened. Then the bunches are removed from the bushes along with gauze bags and transferred to a storage room. In winter, the seeds are removed from the berries, washed thoroughly and lightly dried on well-ventilated racks. The seeds are then placed in damp sand and stored in clay pots. unheated rooms at a temperature of 5-7 degrees Celsius. The room where the seeds are stored (at the same time stratified) should not be excessively humid. Two weeks before sowing in soil or greenhouses, they are transferred to warm room, where, after transplanting into boxes with sand, the process of swelling and the beginning of seed germination occurs.

The sprouted seeds are transplanted into greenhouses or directly onto ridges in the ground. Transplanting seeds into the ground should be done at a time so that the seeds do not experience sudden temperature fluctuations.

Sowing seeds in greenhouses is carried out at a distance of 8 cm between the rows from each other and is covered with humus mixed half with river sand, to a depth of 3-4 cm. When sowing in the ground, the distance between plants in a row is 10-12 cm, and row to row is located depending on the scale of work and methods of mechanized tillage. For small volume breeding work and manual processing of ridges, the distance between the rows is given 35-40 cm. When cultivating on horseback, the row spacing increases to 70-75 cm. Caring for seedlings consists of maintaining the necessary soil moisture, combating weeds, diseases and pests.

From the moment of seed germination until young seedlings enter a state of full fruiting, good conditions for development are created for hybrid plants.

Guided Parenting

IN at a young age a hybrid plant, being plastic, can develop certain properties that correspond to environmental conditions. The growing conditions of a hybrid plant are crucial for identifying the required characteristics and properties and the time of seedlings entering fruiting.

On the issue of creating new varieties by the method of hybridization and directed education, I. V. Michurin wrote: “In this matter, everything depends on the experienced selection of combinations of crossed pairs, plants and, mainly, on the expedient education of hybrid seedlings at a young age. Here, the qualities of the future variety almost entirely depend on the regime of its cultivation.” Through directed education, it is necessary to accustom the plant to easily tolerate everything. favorable conditions of this area. Thus, if the task is to breed productive, high-quality and cold-resistant varieties, hybrid seedlings should be placed in natural conditions of low winter temperatures. Seedlings obtained, for example, from crossing European grape varieties with Amur grapes should be lightly covered with soil in the first year, and then they should gradually be taught to move winter temperatures without any covering with earth. In addition, to increase cold resistance, you can use the “mentor” method of education developed by I.V. Michurin. For this purpose, young seedlings need to be grafted onto a cold-resistant rootstock of Amur grapes, or a cutting of this cold-resistant species is grafted onto the seedling. Under the influence of a cold-resistant rootstock or scion, the property of cold resistance is enhanced in a hybrid seedling.

If the task is to develop Muscat that is resistant to oidium and mildew diseases, then, in addition to crossing this variety with some American disease-resistant variety, sometimes it is necessary to strengthen this resistance again by grafting. The same method of directed education can be used when breeding more productive varieties with early ripening of berries and with other signs and properties. In particular, with distant interspecific hybridization, there is often a need to improve the quality of the variety. For this purpose, cuttings of high-quality European grape varieties are grafted onto the seedling. In this case, the tissues of the seedling are built due to nutrients, produced by the leaves of a high-quality European variety, due to which the same trait develops in the hybrid seedling.

Improving the quality of the variety and increasing the yield can be achieved by improving nutritional conditions a year before the start of fruiting. To do this, enter organic fertilizers mixed with granular phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. In the year of the beginning of fruiting, the amount of fertilizer applied increases.

To ensure strong growth and rapid entry into fruiting, seedlings should not be replanted frequently, and the leaf surface should not be reduced when pruning. Transplantation of seedlings should be done only after the first rejection at one year of age.

When transplanting, seedlings are given normal distances between bushes and rows established for a fruit-bearing vineyard in a given area, while root system should be significantly deeper compared to its location in a one-year-old seedling. In this case, the shoots are pruned long, which contributes to the early entry of the young plant into fruiting.

Rejection

But not all seedlings obtained should be brought to fruiting. Some seedlings can be selected and discarded at an early age. Depending on the task at hand, selection of unsuitable seedlings can be carried out different ways and for various reasons.

For example, when breeding cold-resistant varieties, seedling selection is achieved naturally. Those part of the seedlings that do not have sufficient cold resistance, if left for the winter without covering with soil, will have varying degrees of damage from winter frosts. Seedlings severely damaged by frost may be rejected in the first year if they do not have other valuable characteristics and it is not intended to be treated with them in the future. extra work to enhance their cold resistance by grafting. By the ripening time of the vine, one can also judge the property of cold resistance and the duration of the growing season. The faster and better the annual shoots of seedlings ripen, the more cold-resistant the latter are.

In the spring of each year, seedlings can be selected not only for cold resistance, but also for other characteristics. During the development of fungal diseases or during artificial infection, it is necessary to select the most disease-resistant seedlings. During the flowering period of grapes, seedlings with abnormal flower structure can be isolated and rejected.

Evaluation of the resulting hybrids

The most complete assessment of the resulting hybrids can be given only after they have entered fruiting. It must be borne in mind that in the first year of fruiting it is impossible to judge the yield and quality of the fruit, since at this time both the clusters and berries are usually smaller. As further development grapes and improved nutritional conditions, the size of bunches and berries gradually increases and the quality indicators of plants are revealed.

It is necessary to remember the instructions of T. D. Lysenko that “ good varieties plants, as well as good breeds of animals in practice have always been created and are created only under the condition of good agricultural technology and good zootechnics. With poor agricultural technology, not only can bad varieties never be produced into good ones, but in many cases even good cultivated varieties turn bad after several generations.” Therefore, newly obtained hybrids must receive good agricultural technology, since under poor growth and development conditions, valuable traits and properties may change for the worse in the future.

How great the importance of abundant nutrition of hybrid seedlings is can be judged from the data obtained by A.K. Ayvazyan, who grew seedlings when added to square meter 18 kg of humus, 150 g of superphosphate and 20 g of ash.

The seedlings grown on such an agricultural background were characterized not only by strong growth, but also formed fruit buds, starting from 12-13 nodes and above.

In the second year of the growing season, seedlings, as a rule, begin to bear fruit, which makes it possible to select valuable numbers not only based on growth and morphological characteristics shoots and leaves, but also in terms of yield.

Seedlings grown with abundant nutrition, in the third year overall strength growth and fruiting do not differ from ordinary bushes that have already entered the fruiting season.

Abundant nutrition not only accelerates the fruiting of seedlings, but also contributes to the development of valuable traits in them. If in the first year of seedling development fruit buds develop starting from the 12-13th node, then in two-year-old and older plants the development of fruit buds moves closer to the base of the shoot.

Further propagation of newly developed varieties

Further propagation of newly bred varieties is carried out by cuttings. It must be remembered that not all cuttings can provide valuable traits of a new variety. Therefore, special attention should be paid to selecting the best bushes and cuttings within bushes. Considering that vegetative deviations often appear on young bushes, if cuttings are selected incorrectly, the variety can be deteriorated and, conversely, with careful selection of the best cuttings, the variety can be improved.

Scientists have found that adults healthy person You need to eat 70 kg of grapes of various varieties per year. In reality, 30 kg is not even an average result, but the best. All this is because in many regions grapes continue to be a delicacy. Many summer residents are seriously thinking about growing vines on their plots. This is possible because modern varieties and hybrid forms are bred not only for every taste, but for various conditions growth. In the article we will tell you about new grape varieties (description and comparison), and give their detailed characteristics.

Description of the earliest grape varieties, advantages and disadvantages

Thanks to the painstaking work of modern breeders, hybrid forms have appeared, the ripening period of which has surpassed all stereotypes and is 100 days.

"Ruslan" is one of the early varieties.

The most popular among gardeners are:

№	Name	Description	Advantage	Flaws
1.	"Ruslan"	A hybrid form of the varieties “Kuban” and “Gift to Zaporozhye” by the famous Ukrainian breeder V.V. Zagorulko. Tall bushes with multi-sexual flowers. Fruits with an average weight of 20 g. Ripening period – 100 – 115 days. Bunches weighing 800 – 900 g. The pulp has a fruity taste with a plum aftertaste. Harvest - the second ten days of August.	Frost resistance down to minus 23 0. High resistance to fungal diseases.	Does not tolerate excess moisture.
2.	"Lelik"	Hybrid form of folk breeder E. G. Pavlovsky, created on the basis of the Baklanovsky and Hybrida 41 varieties. A vigorous vine with bisexual flowers. The berries are pink, weighing 8 g. The weight of one bunch reaches 1 kg.	Withstands frosts down to minus 24 0. It is moderately resistant to mildew and gray mold.	Uneven ripening of berries in clusters.
3.	Muscat Novoshakh-	The author of the hybrid, E. G. Pavlovsky, derived it from “Talisman” and “XVII-10-26”. The average weight of a bunch is 500 g. The taste is very sweet. Ripens by mid-August.	Ripe berries can be stored on the bushes for a long time without compromising their taste. Moderately resistant to major diseases.	The vine is prone to overload and requires normalization
4.	"Melting"	The hybrid of the Ukrainian breeder A. A. Golub appeared as a result of crossing “Atlanta” with “Arcadia” and a mixture of pollen. Bisexual form with early maturation. The color of the fruit is white.	It has increased resistance to diseases and successfully tolerates frosts down to minus -23 0.

In addition to those described earlier, others ripen:

• "Outrigger",
• "Darling Muscat"
• "Vitannya"
• "Alexa early"
• "Mary Magdalene"
• "Libya",
• "Sphinx",
• "First Called"
• "Pulsar",
• "Charlie",
• "Azalea",
• "Vovchik"
• "Vera" and others.

The listed varieties and hybrids are relatively unpretentious in care, which is why they are planted more often than others in summer cottages.

"Lelik" - a variety of E. G. Pavlovsky - is one of the favorites among gardeners.

Features of mid-early varieties and hybrid forms

In terms of ripeness, they require more time than early ones, but not by much. On average, hybrids of this group are harvested at the end of August. Gardeners prefer the following grape varieties:

"Leah"– an early variety that ripens in 110–115 days. Created by V.V. Zagorulko by crossing the varieties “Arcadia” and “Atlant Zaporozhye”.

• Table form, that is, intended for fresh consumption.
• The bushes give up to 3 m of growth annually.
• The color of ripened fruits is white-pink.
• Bunches of 900 g, weight of 2 kg has been repeatedly observed.
• The sweetness of the berries depends on the number of sunny days; the warmer it is, the more sugar there is.
• Withstands frosts without shelter - minus 21 0.
• Affected by major diseases 3.5 – 4 points.

Disadvantage: the variety has a negative attitude towards excessive watering and prolonged rains.

"Leah" - comparatively frost-resistant variety early maturation.

"Prometheus"- another hybrid by V.V. Zagorulko, bred by crossing the varieties “Kishmish radiant” and “Arcadia”.

• They differ functionally in having female flowers.
• The structure of the bunches is similar to the Arcadia variety.
• The color of the fruit is dark pink.
• Resistance to winter cold to minus 21 0.

"Ksenia"– the variety was bred by V.N. Krainov, has a second name "Angelica".

• Vigorous bushes with a medium-early ripening period of 115 – 125 days.
• Large clusters, weighing up to 1.5 kg, with oblong berries of white and pink color.
• The flesh is sweet, crispy, and has several flavor tones.

Advantage - high stability to diseases. Tolerates transportation well.

Tip #1.Note! The “Ksenia” variety requires annual pruning of 8–10 buds.

"Carmen"– E. G. Pavlovsky combined the variety “Nadezhda AZOS” and the hybrid form “FVC-94-3”.

• Ripening period is 3.5 months in mid-August.
• Vigorous bushes - 2 m or more.
• The flowers are bisexual.
• The weight of a bunch of grapes is 600 – 800 g.
• The color of the fruit is red-violet, the shape is elongated.
• The disadvantage is that the variety is prone to overload and requires thinning of the ovary.

Gardeners favor the cultivation of relatively unpretentious early and mid-early varieties such as:

• "Vlada",
• "Glad",
• "Sofia",
• "Fupshetny"
• "Elf",
• "Abu Hassan."
• "Blagovest"
• "Victor",
• "Long awaited"
• "Zlatogor" and others.

Grape varieties of medium and medium-late ripening

Among the popular ones are:

Medium ripening	Mid-late
"The Anapa Giant"	"Ataman"
"White Giant"	"Julieta"
"Antony the Great"	"Zagrava"
"Black Grand"	"Lactic"
"Anyuta"	"Roadside"
"Lingonberry"	"Sentyabrina"
"Ataman Pavlyuk"	"Moldova"
"Valentina"	"Original"
"Lady Patricia"	"Kara Palvan"
"Golden Rain"	"Alphonse Lavallee"
"Verona"
"Odessa souvenir"
"Meteorite"
"PG - 12"

The following varieties and hybrids deserve more detailed attention:

• "The Anapa Giant"– a versatile, vigorous variety. It is classified as mid-ripening; the berries gain ripeness by mid-September. The clusters are small, 200 g each, the color of the fruit is white.
• Ataman Pavlyuk"- the result of the breeding work of V. U. Kapelyushny, crossing the varieties “Talismpn” and “Autumn Black”. The result is a fast-growing bush with large clusters up to 1300 g, often up to 2 kg. The advantage is the complete absence of peas. The variety is popular due to its good preservation both on the vine and when picked.

A special feature of the Ataman Pavlyuk variety is a waxy coating that protects the fruits from diseases, pests and temperatures that are abnormally low for grapes. The colder the weather, the thicker the plaque.

• "Alphonse Lavallee"- a French table variety that has successfully taken root in our country. Refers to mid-late. Has bisexual flowers. The clusters are heterogeneous - from loose to dense. The berries are regular round in shape and dark purple in color. Ripening period is up to 160 days, subject to a positive temperature of +22 0 – +32 0. Disadvantage: not resistant to most fungal diseases, does not withstand frosts and spring return frosts.

Conditions for growing late grapes

To get the harvest late varieties it will take 155 – 160 days. They are designed for long-term storage. Read also the article: → "". They are most often used in warm climates or in greenhouses.

Hybrid name	Peculiarities	Flaws
"Courage"	Vigorous bush with bisexual flowers. The weight of one bunch is 1 – 2 kg. The color of the fruit is white. Ripening period is the end of September. They are characterized by increased resistance to fungal diseases.	Weak frost resistance
"Skorensky red"	The result of crossing “Datier de Saint Vallier”, “Nimrang x Pocket”. Table variety. The bushes are large, clusters - 0.5 - 0.7 kg. The color of the berries is violet-red. The advantage is high resistance to fungal diseases.	Not stored.

For growing late varieties, such as "Courage", many of which are European, it is better to use inclined planting.

Tip # 2. The successful development of a young vine and the quality of the harvest on a mature one depend on proper watering. Mandatory watering is carried out for the first 2 years. For mature plants, irrigation is necessary before flowering and moisture-recharging watering for the winter.

The best varieties for Crimea, Volga region, Moscow region, Leningrad region, Siberia

Long gone are the days when grapes were considered an exclusively southern crop. Thanks to professional and amateur selection, modern varieties are able to satisfy gardeners living in different climatic zones. As before, Crimea is the leader in grape growing. Thanks to the climate here, the earliest varieties ripen at the end of July.

• "Pearl of Saba"– the fruits are medium-sized, amber-golden when ripe, rounded, with a pulp of delicate and pleasant taste, with a nutmeg aroma, clusters small size, the shape is loose.

“Pearl Saba” is one of the sweetest varieties.

• "Queen of the Vineyards"– a variety with large berries, round or slightly elongated, golden-amber in color, with large clusters.
• "Taifi pink"– with large long clusters up to 25 cm long. The color of the berries is dark pink, regular round shape. Ripens in 167 days.

The varieties listed are the most famous and popular. But thanks to selection, grapes are grown in many climatic zones, even in those whose conditions are opposite to the Crimean. For different regions Such varieties and hybrids are typical.

Moscow region	Leningradskayaregion	Volga region	Ural	Siberia
F – 14–75 (shape)	F1475	Liepājas dzintars	Zilga	Tukay
Laura	Mars	Dovga	Aleshenkin	Solovyova-58
Shunya	Karinka Russian	Tsiravas Agro	Sharov's riddle	Rusven
Nadezhda Aksayskaya	In memory of Dombkowska	Silva	In memory of Dombkowska	Muromets
Victoria	Riline Pink Seedless,	Super early Rubtsova	In memory of Shatilov	Extra early red nutmeg
Nakhodka AZOS	Neptune	Golden	Muscat white extra early	Codrianca
Super Extra	Super extra	Super extra	Muscat pink early
First-Called	Victor	Elegant very early	Beauty of the North
	Laura	Victoria
Phenomenon (Augustine, Pleven stable)	Timur	Timur
Muscat summer	Augustine	Kolobok
Cherry	Extra	Prima
Aleshenkin	Einseth Seedless	Hip-hop
Charlie		Sphinx

Category: “Questions and answers”

Question No. 1. What are the largest grape varieties?

1. Harold.
2. Laura.
3. Augustine.
4. New century.
5. Paula.
6. In memory of a surgeon.
7. Karmacode.
8. In memory of Negrul.
9. Stashensky.
10. Codrianka.

Question No. 2. Which varieties withstand transportation best?

1. Shami Abiad.
2. Gorgeous. Read also the article: → "".
3. Ataman,
4. Codrianka.
5. Kishmish Kalina.
6. Arched.
7. Baikonur.

Question No. 3. Which grapes last the longest?

• Ruslan.
• Moldova - up to 160 days;
• In memory of Negrul - up to 130 days;
• Autumn black - up to 120 days;
• Kriulyansky - up to 100 days;
• Original - up to 130 days;
• Light - up to 100 days;
• Nadezhda AZOS - up to 90 days;
• Tair – up to 90 days.

Question number 4. Which grape varieties are the most frost-resistant?

1. Carmen – 30 0,
2. September – 21 0,
3. Moldova – 23 0,
4. Anthony the Great – 23 0,
5. Black Grand – 23 0,
6. Lingonberry – 24 0,
7. Valentina – 24 0,
8. Meteorite – 24 0,
9. Romeo – 23 0 .

Serious mistakes gardeners make when choosing new grape varieties

Mistake #1. Selecting a grape variety that is unsuitable for growing in a given climate zone.

Often, when purchasing a new variety, gardeners find themselves hostage to unscrupulous sellers who distribute plants that do not grow in local conditions. IN best case scenario this will affect the quality and quantity of the harvest, but most likely the grapes will not take root.

Mistake #2. Planting new varieties in a common vineyard.

It is better to plant a newly acquired plant separately or keep it in quarantine. It is unknown how the local “environment” will affect the new variety; it is better to protect it (if possible) from infection with diseases.

Mistake #3. Selection of heat-loving varieties for areas with harsh climates.

In this case, the main criterion is frost resistance, otherwise grapes can only be grown in a greenhouse.

I. V. Michurin developed new grape varieties through mass selection and selection of seedlings grown from seeds obtained from open pollination, or through hybridization - crossing geographically distant species, taking into account their historically established biological characteristics.

By mass selection method I.V. Michurin developed a number of valuable grape varieties, of which Seedling Malengra, No. 135 (Seedling Chasselas), and Black Sweet were especially widespread.

By crossing geographically distant species, I. V. Michurin created such winter-hardy varieties grapes such as Buitur, Russian Concord, Korinka Michurina, Arctic, etc.

Using Michurin's methods for breeding new grape varieties, research institutions, experimenters, and farm workers improve the existing assortment and create new, more economically valuable grape varieties.

Breeding new grape varieties begins with obtaining seeds harvested at their full physiological maturity.

In cases where it is desirable to obtain the properties of two species or varieties of grapes, hybridization is performed. If crossed different types, then such hybridization is called interspecific, if varieties of the same species are crossed - intraspecific.

The selection of parental pairs - maternal and paternal varieties - is of great importance during hybridization.

Usually, during interspecific hybridization, it is better to take cultivated grape varieties as the mother, and a wild species as the father. To weaken the influence of wild grape varieties, proper upbringing of seedlings and the mentor method developed by I. V. Michurin should be used.

When carrying out intraspecific hybridization, positive results can be achieved if varieties that grow in different conditions are taken for crossing, such as Madeleine Angevin, cultivated in Ukraine and in the northern viticulture regions, and the Khalili black variety, available in plantings in Turkmenistan. In these cases, the resulting hybrids have loose heredity, as a result of which they easily adapt to the conditions of the area where they are grown.

To carry out crossing 1-2 days before the start of flowering, castration is carried out in bisexual grape varieties, i.e., using tweezers, the flower caps are removed and the stamens are plucked out, and the remaining uncastrated flowers are removed.

Parchment bags are placed on castrated grape inflorescences, which protect the flowers from pollen from other grape varieties.

When liquid appears on the stigma of the ovary, the bag is removed and the flowers are pollinated with the collected pollen using a brush or a piece of cotton wool.

If the flowering time of the varieties chosen for crossing coincides, then the pollen is not harvested, but the flowering inflorescences from the paternal variety are cut off and the pollen is shaken off them onto the flowers of the maternal variety.

If the flowering dates of the crossed varieties do not coincide, pollen must be prepared in a timely manner. To do this, remove the caps and stamens from each flower with tweezers from the inflorescences picked at the beginning of flowering. The anthers are dried indoors on paper. The pollen is sifted on a sieve, then placed in a test tube and stored in a cool room until flowering begins. After pollination, bags are again put on the inflorescences of the mother variety.

Hybrid berries should, if possible, remain on the plant longer. After cutting the bunches, they must be hung indoors. IN winter period the seeds are removed from the berries and slightly dried; for better preservation of the seeds, they should be subjected to stratification, which consists of the following: “... the seeds are mixed or interlayered with slightly moistened, previously cleanly washed and calcined in a hot oven, river sand.

This mixture is placed in a new clay vessel, well soaked in boiled water, for example, low pots with a narrow neck, or, with a small number of seeds, you can take ordinary flower pots. In any such container, it is necessary to make holes in the bottom to drain any water that may accidentally enter the container.”

After mixing the seeds with sand (the amount of sand should be three times more than the seeds), I. V. Michurin recommends covering the pots with the same clay tray (slightly larger in diameter compared to the neck of the pot) and burying them in the ground to a depth of 15 -20 cm. To prevent water from flowing into the pots, holes should be dug in elevated areas.

In spring, with the onset warm weather, seeds are sown in open ground. The mode of raising seedlings is very important in the development of their properties. Especially in the early stages of development, young seedlings are influenced external conditions easily change their properties, as a result of which we can educate them in a targeted manner.

Therefore, sowing seeds and growing seedlings must be done in areas that have both soil and climatic conditions most typical for the area where the variety is grown. I.V. Michurin taught that when growing seedlings, one should not create particularly favorable conditions for them and often replant them. Simultaneously with the cultivation of seedlings, they are also selected.

I.V. Michurin wrote that for the northern regions, the selection of grape seedlings is carried out for the first time at one year of age, after the first winter, according to the degree of their resistance to frost; During the next, second, summer, seedlings are noted whose vines begin to ripen earlier than others, which is usually visible by the browning and woodiness of the vines, which always starts from the very bottom from the root collar and then gradually moves upward along the vine.

By the time of the beginning and by the length of the shoot on the vine of this ripening, one can accurately judge the future period of ripening of the berries of a new variety, since in general, in grapes of all varieties, both of these phenomena always occur simultaneously.

When the seedlings enter the time of fruiting, the regime of their upbringing should be changed. The main attention at this time should be directed to obtaining a high harvest of good quality. To do this, it is necessary to apply mineral and organic fertilizers, give the bushes the appropriate shape, and correctly perform pruning and green operations.

At this time, it is very good to graft other varieties onto hybrid seedlings, that is, apply the mentor method, with the help of which we improve individual characteristics of the new variety (quality of berries, early ripening, etc.).

In the future, with the help of appropriate agricultural technology, it is possible to significantly improve the quality of berries and achieve high grape yields from the seedlings we have selected for propagation.

“By careful selection (selection) of cuttings, repetition of layering best parts vines, relatively short pruning and planting on better soil the development of better qualities should be encouraged.”

After the new variety has been propagated into at least 20-30 bushes and their fruiting has been studied for three years, the breeder can obtain an author's certificate for it.

Growing vineyards has become quite a popular activity among owners of private houses with garden plots. Another question is that not everyone succeeds, since growing such a crop is labor-intensive. To enjoy the fruits of the plant, you need to put in a lot of effort and pay great attention to the entire work process. A vineyard is not an easy task for beginners. However, subject to following and observing certain rules You can achieve a fruit-bearing grape crop that annually brings rich harvests.

In essence, a grape bush is a vine with long stems, the ends of which later turn into fruit-bearing vines. Only annual vines have the ability to bear fruit.

The grape bush is based on two systems:

1. Underground

This structure is made up of an underground trunk, which is a cutting from which a bush is subsequently formed. Its part, located at the bottom and on the sides, is given over to the development of rhizomes. The eyes located on top transform into shoots, which subsequently form a bushy base.

2. Overhead

The above ground system consists of:

1. Stamb. A stem growing in a strictly vertical direction.
2. Sleeves. Vines extending from a bushy head, which can be 35 cm or more in length.
3. Horns. Sleeves whose length is less than 35 cm.
4. Stepchildren. Shoots growing from an axillary leaf bud component located in the main bushy shoot.
5. Sheet. It consists of a long handle and a carved plate. The shape, size and other characteristics of the leaf are determined by the grape variety. They have an important function - the sale of nutritional components of organic origin.

The structure of a grape bush. 1 — replacement knots; 2 - shoots; 3 — thickening of the stem (head); 4 - perennial branches (sleeves); 5 and 7 - roots; 6 - underground stem (bole); 8 - fruit shoot; 9 - fruitless escape

Where to begin?

Growing a vineyard for beginners begins with selecting seedlings. Preference should be given to perennial and proven varieties. Their difference lies in their low cost, which is a significant advantage if the seedling does not take root.

Grapes are divided into:

• color;
• the presence of seeds;
• degree of berry size;
• purpose;
• terms of ripening.

Grapes are also divided according to the type of flower and are: male, female and self-pollinating. Cross-pollination is not necessary for the male type, since full-fledged fruits grow. Female - to avoid lack of harvest, it is planted close to the male one. Accordingly, pollinated grapes are not the best option for beginner winegrowers.

When purchasing seedlings, you must consider:

• strength degree of shoot growth;
• downloadable abilities of bushy ovary;
• brush throwing method.

Experts with many years of experience in growing vineyards recommend that beginning winegrowers purchase the following grape varieties:

1. « East". It is resistant to frost, withstanding temperatures down to -18 degrees. The fruits are purple in color and the harvest is stable.
2. « Laura«. Sweet variety grapes with white and large fruits, not fussy to care for.
3. « Gift of Zaporozhye". It also has large, weighty amber-colored fruits.
4. « Original". The fruits are elongated in all shades of pink.
5. « Codrianca«. Early variety grapes with dark blue fruits that ripen by the end of July. At proper care and formation, the first harvest ripens in the third year.

Stages of creating a vineyard

To make the process of creating and forming a grape crop easy and relaxed, it is important to carry out all the work in stages:

1. Planting grapes

Before planting seedlings, you should know that grapes do not like heavy soils and abundant watering. The ideal place for it is rocky slopes in direct sunlight. For this reason, the main task of beginning winegrowers is to create conditions as close as possible to natural ones. Planting is best done in spring:

• seedlings are planted in pre-dug holes with certain dimensional parameters in the transverse direction and a depth of 70-80 cm;
• a 10-15 cm layer is poured onto the bottom drainage material in the form of expanded clay or crushed stone, as well as a couple of buckets of humus mixed with soil;
• The seedling is additionally covered with a layer of soil. In order to increase looseness, it is possible to add coarse sand or perlite;
• the soil around the plant is pressed a little, watered and mulched.

Here's what experts say about some of the features of planting grapes: “ If desired, weighed down with grapes various buildings The intention is to plant at a distance of half a meter from the foundation of the house. If it is planned to create a vineyard, then an interval of 2.5-3 meters should be maintained between the rows, and 2 meters between the bushes.”

2. Watering and fertilizing

It is good if the grapes are watered infrequently but plentifully. The rhizome zone must have sufficient moisture for the dissolution of nutritional components and the penetration of air masses. Frequent surface watering can only provoke the appearance of weeds and the development of painful conditions. Here are a few simple rules for watering grapes:

1. In dry times, watering is done four times a month.
2. Near the seedling it is possible to install pipe or bottle containers made of plastic, inserted into each other. Thus, water and nutrition supplied above the soil level will directly fertilize the root parts of the plant.
3. Typically 40 liters of water is used with the mulching process assumed. Mulch is a powder made from humus and dried grass. It prevents the rapid disappearance of importance by balancing differences temperature conditions day and night.
4. Starting from the month of August, the frequency of watering decreases.

The grapes are fed twice. A seedling planted in the spring does not need nutrition, but a sprout planted in the fall requires nitrogen fertilizers. To do this you need:

• pour a tablespoon of ammonium nitrate and urea into 10 liters of water, then pour the solution over the bush;
• additionally water with a couple of buckets of infused water, which will help better absorption nutritional components.

The next feeding is prepared by mixing water and a third of a bucket of mullein. The resulting solution is fermented for a week with regular stirring. One bush needs a liter of such mash, a tablespoon of nitrogen fertilizer and a bucket of water.

3. Trimming and tying

Beginning winegrowers must form and prune grape bushes on time and correctly. Typically, sleeve circuits are used for this. Sleeves can grow in vertical or horizontal directions. The most popular and simple scheme for forming grapes for beginners is “short horns”, the essence of which is as follows:

• two ovaries are left on the horns;
• the weakest of the ovaries is removed.

This scheme allows you to achieve a rich harvest with exceptionally large and sweet fruits. It can be used on dessert varieties grapes

Formation should begin with pruning the mature main shoot, which is shortened above the strongest bud at the level of the lower trellis wire. Its role will be played by a 30 cm standard. The remaining parts are removed.

At the beginning of the coming season, the role of the main shoot will be the shoot growing from the maximum bud:

• shoots growing on the sides are pinched on it above the fifth node, and shoots belonging to the second order are located above the first node;
• before the beginning of the growing season, the vine in its upper part can be deflected horizontally in order to stimulate new branches, after which it returns to its original position;
• in the spring, each horn should have 2 branches located on the sides: fruit and reserve;
• on a fruitful one, a pair of ovaries are left;
• the stepsons growing from the leaf axils are plucked out after the first leaves appear, which will ensure a full flow of light from the sun;
• after the leaves start pouring, the formation is complemented by bushy lightening, the essence of which comes down to opening the grape bunches by getting rid of the leaves.

Over time, the bush becomes overgrown with horns, which are subsequently shortened and cut off.

4. Winter shelter

The end of the second autumn month is characterized by the fall of leaves from the grapes. Those leaves that did not have time to fall are torn off or cut off. The branches are pressed to the ground and fixed with staples, after which they are covered. Longer branches are tied.

The role of shelter can be:

• Earth;
• bags filled with plant waste;
• covering materials, pressed down with special shields made of wood.

During the first couple of years, grape varieties that are resistant to frost should also be covered. You should know that shelter for grapes may also be needed in the spring, when there is still a possibility of a sudden drop in temperature conditions. Such manifestations are especially dangerous in regions with a hot climate, when the soil has had time to warm up and shelters have been removed. In such cases, some protective methods help well:

• delaying the growing season through treatment with iron sulfate;
• creating a curtain of smoke.

5. Protection from diseases

Grapes are highly susceptible to various diseases, the occurrence of which is provoked by plant pathogenic microbes.

In order to protect the vineyard from diseases, you can resort to the following measures:

• choose varieties that are resistant to various types of pests;
• devote increased attention formation and ventilation of the bush;
• break out excess shoots in a timely manner;
• monitor the appearance of weeds and get rid of them in time;
• spray and fertilize grapes with special fungicidal solutions.

The cultivation of grapes goes back thousands of years. Its taste and beneficial features residents also appreciated Ancient Egypt. Over the centuries, a lot of information has accumulated about the gene pool of varieties, their biomorphological, economic and technical properties. Ampelography is involved in collecting and processing this information.

The data obtained is needed for reproduction and selection. Every year new species with improved properties appear. Thanks to this, the crop is now grown not only in warm regions, but also in areas with a variable climate. For example, in Siberia.

Distinctive features of new varieties

New varieties of grapes and hybrids differ from their mother varieties in many positive qualities:

ultra-high resistance to frost - time and physical costs during cultivation are reduced;

high yield - a combination of abundant fruiting and good taste;

immunity to fungal and viral diseases- the absence of additional chemical treatments makes the berries environmentally friendly;

early ripeness - increases the harvest period, a clear plus for both the consumer and workers in industrial cultivation;

bisexual flowers - make cultivation simple.

When developing new varieties, special attention is paid to the climate zone where the grapes will be grown.

How new species are obtained

New varieties are obtained in several ways:

Vegetative hybridization is a method of producing plants known since ancient times. This sexual reproduction by kidney grafting. Affects the timing of maturation and a number of morphological characteristics.

Artificial hybridization - sexual and asexual crossing. It is based on the combination of genes from different cells in one.

Sowing seeds of natural pollination is a method known since the 3rd century. BC e.

All methods of obtaining new species are aimed at creating varieties with the best commercial and taste characteristics.

Photos

Brief characteristics of new varieties

The varieties described below are new. They are characterized by high yield, transportability and long shelf life.

Seedless hybrid VI-4- table variety. The bushes are strong and grow well. The growing season does not exceed 140 days. White long berries form large conical clusters. The variety tolerates long transportation well. Moderately resistant to fungus, rot and sub-zero temperatures.

Veles Kishmish- a hybrid with a nutmeg flavor. The berries are juicy and sweet. Bunch weight up to 1500 g. Color light pink. Some fruits contain seeds. The grapes withstand light frosts well. Has good immunity.

Lowland 2- table grapes, ripening in clusters of up to two kilograms. The berries are large and light purple. With a pleasant taste and smell. Sugar content up to 19%. The peculiarity of the variety is the early coloring of the fruits and the berry taste with a slight sourness. The crop is characterized by excellent presentation and the ability to withstand long transportation. The bush withstands frost and is not afraid of many diseases.

Premier Kishmish- a variety bred by amateur breeders. It is distinguished by its large size yellowish-pink berries. The weight of the bunch is 750 g. The harvest ripens 120 days after the buds open. Hangs on the bush for a long time without deteriorating. Disease resistance is average.

Sprinter- grapes obtained through amateur selection. Ripens extremely early. But 105-110 days after bud break. The berries are red, large, round. The weight of the bunch is 500-600 g. The pulp is dense and juicy. The variety is resistant to frost and mildew.

Every day, breeders work to create the “ideal” variety that could minimum costs when grown, produce a plentiful and tasty harvest of universal use.

Video "New and hybrid grape varieties"