Use of crushed gravel. What is crushed stone made from?

Types of crushed stone

Perhaps no construction is complete without the use of crushed stone. This applies to the construction of residential premises, administrative buildings, construction of bridges, laying roads, runways, etc. However, in each case a certain type of crushed stone is required. The purpose of the article is to convey to the site visitor information about what types of crushed stone there are.

According to the method of extraction and production, it is divided into the following types:

• Granite.
• Gravel.
• Limestone.
• Secondary.
• Slag.

Granite crushed stone

Granite crushed stone is extracted from rocks that have a granular structure. As is known, most of the mountains on the planet were formed as a result of solidified magma thrown to the surface during volcanic eruptions, and consisting of the elements of mica, feldspar and quartz. The predominance of one of these crystals over the others determines the color of the rubble, which can be red, pink or gray.

Granite crushed stone of various fractions

Granite boulders that are formed as a result of blasting operations are crushed in special equipment, then it is sifted and separated into fractions, among which are:

a) large fractions;
b) middle fractions;
c) small fractions;
d) and granite screening.

Each fraction has its own characteristics and finds its place in production reinforced concrete structures, when installing residential and administrative buildings, as well as for laying road surfaces. Granite screenings are often used for decorative purposes for paving paths and arranging flower beds. The largest fractions of granite crushed stone, which are called “rubble stone”, are used for laying foundations stone fences and metal fences.

The cost of granite crushed stone directly depends on its size: larger fractions will cost less than their small “brothers” for the reason that the production of the latter requires more costs for crushing the material.

Crushed gravel is obtained by sifting quarry rocks, so it is classified as non-metallic stones. Visually, it differs from crushed granite in its more rounded shape and, although crushed gravel has less strength compared to its granite counterpart, it is a very environmentally friendly material.

The technical characteristics of crushed gravel are as follows:

Strength ranges from M600 to M1200.
Flakiness from 7 to 17%.
Frost resistance F150

Crushed gravel of various fractions

An important characteristic of crushed gravel is the size of its fractions, which, based on this, have various applications. For example, fractions up to 5 mm are used for decorative and landscape work, values ​​up to 10 mm are used for the production of concrete and foundation construction, but perhaps the most popular fraction among builders is up to 20 mm, which is used for the manufacture of foundations. Larger fractions up to 150 mm are also used, which, as in the case of granite crushed stone, are used for laying the base of a stone fence.

In principle, crushed gravel finds its application similarly to granite crushed stone, but due to its comparatively lower cost and environmental friendliness it is more in demand among private housing builders.

At its core, crushed limestone (or dolomite) is the result of crushing sedimentary rocks, which form boards lying in earth's crust. The basis of crushed stone is calcium carbonate, obtained from the remains of animals, plant remains and various chemical impurities. These components significantly impair the strength of limestone crushed stone, but it has good frost resistance, can withstand temperature changes and, in addition, is low in cost.

All these qualities allow it to be used in the construction of road embankments with low traffic. When landscaping an area, many prefer to use this type of crushed stone due to its environmental friendliness and lack of radioactive background. IN chemical industry it is used to produce soda, mineral fertilizers, calcium carbide, from which methane gas is then produced in gas generators for gas welding and gas cutting.

Many people are interested in the question: is it possible to use crushed limestone for arranging foundations, producing concrete, and pouring formwork? Specialists in the field of construction do not exclude this possibility, but on the condition that the characteristics of gravel are carefully studied, other proportions of the structures are precisely calculated: sand, and various additives.

Recycled crushed stone is produced from waste from crushing granite crushed stone, which makes it a significantly inexpensive product used to reduce the cost of construction, since its parameters are close to its granite analogue. In turn, secondary crushed stone, depending on the waste from which it is produced, is divided into concrete crushed stone (crushed concrete) and asphalt chips.

Recycled crushed stone of various fractions

Crushed concrete is widely used for constructing foundations, constructing road embankments, pouring open areas, making concrete, and strengthening slopes to combat landslides.

Taking into account such qualities of secondary crushed stone as water resistance and frost resistance, it is widely used in the construction of pipeline cushions and other water structures.

In order to obtain slag crushed stone, slag from the metallurgical industry is used, which is crushed or produced special treatment. During the crushing process, three fractions are distinguished: small, medium and large, and if the dimensions are considered in mm, we get granules: 5 - 10 mm, 10 - 20 mm, 20 - 40 mm, 40 - 70 mm and 70 - -120 mm. To date, types of concrete with slag fillers have been developed that are in no way inferior to concrete with fillers of other crushed stone analogues. Moreover, the cost of such products is 20 - 30% lower than traditional ones.

Crushed slag stone from steelmaking slag .

Along with waste slag crushed stone, porous crushed stone is also produced, which is formed from alloys with high oxygen saturation. However, slag porous crushed stone is inferior in strength and bulk density to its “brother”. If the density of dump crushed stone is 1000 kg/m³, then for porous gravel this value is 800 kg/m³.

Perhaps the most known application slag crushed stone is the production of cinder blocks. But the scope of application of the material is not limited to this. It is used in the production of asphalt and concrete, in the manufacture of reinforced concrete structures, and sand-lime brick, when laying roads.

The material extracted by crushing hard rocks is called crushed stone. These are stones different sizes, which are used in several areas of human activity. Bulk materials have high strength and frost resistance. They are characterized by certain technical and physical characteristics. The crushed stone size is great value. It is taken into account when choosing materials for a solution specific task. The durability of the foundation, the service life of reinforced concrete products, and the strength of the road pavement depend on the correctness of the decision made. In our company you canbuy crushed stonevarious fractions to solve a wide variety of problems both in the road construction sector and in the production of concrete and reinforced concrete products.

Granite crushed stone fractions

Such material is obtained by blasting a monolithic rock and further crushing the stones. For this purpose it is used special equipment. In the construction of buildings and in the development of highways, different fractions of crushed granite stone are used. Let's look at some options.

0-5 mm - bulk material, widely used in the preparation of mortar, when laying paving slabs, as well as when filling sites. This is the smallest fraction of crushed stone. This material is a by-product. Screens are used to sort stones. The mass is poured onto inclined grates that constantly vibrate. Large stones are rolled onto a conveyor. But small pebbles fall into small cells. They fall into heaps. Thus, a screening is obtained intended for work in the field landscape design, construction of houses. Small pebbles that look like coarse sand are a durable material. Their properties are equal to granite. Therefore, the fine fraction of crushed stone is used to solve various problems:

• arrangement of pedestrian area;
• production of wall panels;
• decorating garden paths;
• preparation of concrete mixture;
• beautification of the park area.

0-10 mm- crushed stone-sand mixture consisting of sand and crushed stone. It has excellent drainage properties and an affordable price. Such factors are of great importance, due to which bulk materials are often used in various fields. ShchPS is used in the manufacture concrete coverings, when laying asphalt pavement, when arranging drainage systems. According to GOST, materials are classified according to the granulometric composition of the components. Therefore, there are several types of crushed stone-sand mixture to choose from. Clients choose what they need to furnish the property.

5-10 mm- small size of crushed stone, which is sold at affordable price. These are durable non-metallic materials with excellent technical characteristics. They are used in the production of concrete mixtures, in the construction of industrial buildings, and in the creation of massive structures.

Which crushed stone fraction is ideal for foundation pouring? To solve this problem, stones are used, the size of which is 5-20 mm. This is a mixture of two different fractions, which is used not only in construction. Granitecrushed stone durable and frost-resistant. With its help, the bridge deck is poured and the airfield pavement is constructed.

20-40 mm- stones of this size always find worthy use. Among the main problems that are solved with the help durable materials, refers to pouring the foundation under multi-story houses, paving of car parks, arrangement of tram lines. Crushed stone of this fraction is an indispensable material for the design of artificial reservoirs and courtyard areas.

40-70 mm- large stones, characterized by increased strength. They are used in the construction of objects where it is impossible to do without a significant amount of concrete mixture. The crushed stone fraction in question is intended for road construction and for creating large structures. The material has proven itself to be excellent. Therefore, customers often give it preference.

70-120 mm- large pieces of stone that have an irregular shape. They meet stringent requirements regarding strength, water resistance and resistance to low temperatures. GOST crushed stone fractions, defined in a special table, are used in the construction of hydraulic structures (dams, dams). A rubble concrete foundation is built from large stones. Its key advantage is high strength. Therefore, the foundation can support the weight two-story house. Rubble stone is also used for paving roads, finishing basements and cladding fences. The large fraction of granite crushed stone is used for decorative purposes. With the help of stones different shapes beautiful ones are created garden paths and framed by flower beds. Raw crushed stone becomes the center of the landscape composition and brings natural notes to the surrounding space.

Fractions of crushed stone, photos of which are presented on the Internet, are suitable for performing numerous tasks. In terms of technical characteristics, crushed granite stone extracted from monolithic rock is superior to other bulk materials. It has low flakiness, which ensures dense compaction. Granite stone is not afraid of frost and the negative effects of moisture. The materials remain durable for a long time.

Crushed gravel fractions

In construction, the material obtained by sifting quarry rock is indispensable. Crushed gravel is only slightly inferior to granite stones. Therefore, it finds wide application. One of the main advantages of gravel is its lower cost. For little money you can buy a large number of non-metallic materials for pouring foundations, production of reinforced concrete products.

Fractions of crushed gravel are different. We list the common options:

• 3-10 mm - small pebbles, the bulk density of which is 1.48 t/m3. This is a durable and frost-resistant material, in demand by construction and landscape companies. It is ideal for filling sidewalks and paths in city parks. The pebbles are pleasant to the touch, so it is good to walk on them barefoot. This point is taken into account by the owners of private beaches. They use gravel to fill the area;
• 5-20mm - not a single construction site is complete without materials of inorganic origin. This fraction of crushed stone is in great demand. Non-metallic materials have low flakiness (about 7%), bulk density of 1.37 t/m3 and excellent frost resistance. Stones small sizes used in the manufacture of reinforced concrete products. This crushed stone fraction is also suitable for concrete. Therefore, bulk materials are often used in construction;
• 20-40 mm - medium-sized stones with a high level of strength. Their bulk density is 1.39 t/m3. Flakiness - 7%. The range of applications for the crushed gravel fraction 20-40 mm is wide. It is used when arranging “cushions” of highways, when pouring foundations, and when creating railway tracks. Crushed gravel has a low radioactive background. Therefore, it is considered an environmentally friendly material;
• 40-70 mm - a large fraction of crushed stone extracted from quarry rock. It is optimal for creating a strong and reliable foundation. Made from crushed stone of this size concrete floors, embankments are made on railways and drainage systems are being developed. Bulk density of non-metallic material is 1.37 t/m3. The stones are compacted well and are not afraid negative impact low temperatures.

Crushed stone fractions GOST 8267-93 is an international standard applicable to materials extracted from rocks. It indicates technical requirements, definitions and normative references. Manufacturers adhere to the established standard and supply materials that comply with the standards.

What types of crushed limestone are there?

This is a material that is obtained by crushing rock consisting of calcite. Its strength characteristics are not at high level. But limestone has other advantages. He endures temperature changes and is environmentally safe.

Fractions of crushed limestone are different: small, medium, large. Sorting of stones is carried out at the factory. For this purpose, special equipment is used. Bulk materials are offered for sale, the quality of which is documented.

A large fraction of crushed stone, consisting of calcite, is actively used in road construction. Small stones are used in the manufacture of reinforced concrete products. There is also a place for limestone in landscaping. Bulk material is suitable for landscaping the area adjacent to the mansion. IN landscape works white and gray limestone is used. Masters invent interesting ideas and turn them into reality.

Crushed sandstone fractions

Another material used in different areas, is crushed sandstone. These are stones that are a cemented mass of particles. They are formed over the course of for long years. The color of the stones depends on their composition. Siliceous and clayey substances may predominate in non-metallic material.

Different fractions of crushed sandstone are created in production. Most often, when arranging objects, stones are used, the sizes of which are 5-20 mm and 40-70 mm. The cost of bulk materials is reasonable. Therefore, they are used in the manufacture of reinforced concrete products and in road construction.

Crushed stone fraction for concrete

Crushed stone plays an important role in the concrete mixture. It is a large filler and provides high specifications foundation. In the presence of crushed stone, concrete does not crack and can withstand loads for a long time. The filler prevents the shrinkage process cement mortar and reduces its creep.

The crushed stone fraction for concrete is selected based on the purpose and features of the future structure. During construction big house granite stones measuring 5-20 mm are used. If you plan to build a small facility, crushed gravel is preferred. This non-metallic material is quite durable. Therefore, it can withstand daily stress.

When solving any problem, from filling a sports field to constructing a hydraulic structure, the size of the crushed stone is important. How correctly the choice is made depends on performance foundations, reinforced concrete products and structures. Therefore, the purchase of non-metallic materials must be carried out with skill.

Crushed stone and gravel are used in almost all construction work. These naturally occurring minerals are formed from rocks. Outwardly they are very similar, but upon closer examination, it becomes obvious that bulk materials have significant differences. To understand what granite crushed stone is, let’s consider all the varieties of this raw material.

Features of gravel

If we talk about what gravel is, then first of all you should pay attention to the shape of this mineral. Multi-colored, round-shaped stones are obtained through the natural destruction of rocks.

Depending on the fraction of this raw material, three types of gravel are distinguished:

• from 1 to 1.25 mm – fine gravel;
• up to 5 mm – medium;
• 10 mm – coarse gravel.

Raw materials cost about 1,700 rubles per cubic meter.

Since this material is extracted from different regions, then there are quite a few varieties of this raw material.

The following types of colored gravel are distinguished:

• River. This type of raw material is extracted from river beds, after which the material is sieved to separate the sand from it. River gravel is frost-resistant and durable.
• Mountain. The main difference between this raw material is the rough surface of the particles. Mountain gravel contains many impurities (clay and dust), so it is more often used in road construction.
• Decorative. This material is widely used in landscape design (in the manufacture of gravel paths in the country, to create drainage system for plants and decoration of ponds). Decorative material can be the most different colors and factions.
• White gravel. This type of gravel is used both for country paths and for decorating flower beds. Besides, decorative material allows you to: slow down the growth of weeds, reduce temperature changes in the soil and reduce moisture evaporation. This stone looks especially beautiful in proper lighting in the evening.
• Rounded. This decorative material is used for floor and roofing coverings. It also makes beautiful and practical gravel paths.

However, today not only colored gravel is used, but also specialized:

Building

Inorganic bulk building material has the following properties:

• Fraction size from 3 to 150 mm.
• Bulk density from 1.4 to 3 g/cm3.
• Specific gravity about 1400 kg per cubic meter.
• Compressive strength 1.5 t/cm2.
• Frost resistance from F15 to F

This raw material is also considered the most durable.

Shungizite

This environmentally friendly raw material is considered universal thermal insulation material with a long service life. If you use shungizite gravel as a filler for concrete, you will get a lightweight and frost-resistant building material. It also makes high-quality gravel paths that will not accumulate moisture.

Silicic

Raw materials of this type are most often used as a bottom filter for country wells. Due to its properties, silicon stone is able to retain organic matter and heavy metals. Water that passes through the filter is purer and has better taste.

Glacial

This raw material has good adhesive properties, which is why it is often used in the construction of monolithic concrete structures. Concrete made with such gravel is characterized by increased strength and durability.

Washed

Unlike other types of gravel, only washed raw materials contain no impurities that can worsen the characteristics of the concrete solution. Thanks to the use of washed gravel (it is better to buy land gravel rather than river gravel), the concrete mass will not crack and empty cavities will not form in it.

There is also a type of gravel called gravel mixture.

Gravel mixtures

Today, enriched sand and gravel mixtures, or, as they are also called, OPGS, are often found on sale. Such compositions are mixed with cement and water to obtain a better quality building material. During the preparation process, it is important to adhere to certain proportions and quality of components, otherwise the use of OPGS will not be justified.

Healthy! Natural mixtures contain no more than 20% gravel; after enrichment, its content increases to 75%.

The sand-gravel mixture contains the following components:

• crushed gravel or gravel of different fractions – 70%;
• sand without impurities – 30%.

Clay content is also allowed in the composition, but not more than 1%.

Along with enriched sand and gravel mixtures Gravel screenings are available on sale. Essentially, this raw material is waste that is obtained during the crushing of rocks.

The cost of such screenings is much lower, so thanks to this material it is possible to significantly reduce the cost of construction work. Gravel waste is used both in the manufacture of reinforced concrete structures and in site design (gravel paths as in the photo, sports grounds, flower beds and much more).

To determine the difference between gravel and crushed stone, consider the features of another building material.

Features of crushed stone

Crushed stone is an inorganic raw material that is mined by crushing granite, boulders, limestone and other rocks. The main difference between crushed stone and pebbles is its rough surface and the presence of very sharp corners. In addition, crushed stone has large size, therefore it is rarely used for country houses pedestrian paths. Thanks to larger fractions, this material has good “adhesion”, so it is successfully used as a filler for building mixtures.

Healthy! If we talk about the differences between crushed gravel and ordinary gravel, then you should pay attention to the method of extracting raw materials. Crushed gravel is mined by crushing rocks, so it has sharper corners. Ordinary crushed stone forms independently, under the influence of water.

If we talk about the sizes of stones, then according to GOST there are the following categories:

• Up to 5 mm (screening), suitable for paths, platforms and as protection against ice.
• From 5 to 10 mm, used as filler for concrete mixtures.
• From 10 to 20 mm, used to create a foundation for construction.
• From 20 to 40 mm – for complex structures heavy weight.
• From 40 to 70 mm – for construction road surfaces and multi-storey buildings.
• From 70 to 120 mm - as decorative elements.

It is also worth paying attention to how much a cube of crushed stone weighs.

Based on this, we can conclude that the bulk density of some types of crushed stone is significantly lower than that of gravel.

The cost of crushed stone is about:

• 1,500 rubles per 1 m 3 of limestone raw materials;
• 2,100 rubles – granite;
• 1,150 rubles – slag.

Classification of crushed stone

Crushed stone is classified according to several criteria. First of all, you should pay attention to its brand:

• M 1200 – 1400 – high strength material;
• M 800 – 1200 – durable crushed stone;
• M 600 – 800 – medium strength raw materials;
• M 300 – 600 – low-strength material;
• M 200 – crushed stone of the lowest strength.

Crushed stone is also distinguished by the number of irregularly shaped grains:

• Group 1 – the content of grains whose length is 3-4 times greater than their thickness is less than 10% of the total mass of raw materials;
• Group 2 – from 10% to 15%;
• Group 3 – from 15% to 25%;
• Group 4 – from 25% to 35%;
• Group 5 – from 35% to 50%.

To summarize, let’s consider in which areas it is better to use gravel, and in which crushed stone.

What to choose

If we talk about what is better than gravel or crushed stone, then first of all you need to decide for what purpose you plan to purchase raw materials. Despite the fact that both of these materials are obtained from rocks, they have quite significant differences.

For example:

• Thanks to its smooth shape and variety of colors, gravel is an excellent raw material for landscaping. Some of its varieties are suitable for preparing concrete mixtures, but only if you use construction, shungizite, glacial or washed gravel. However, even in this case, it will have lower strength than crushed stone.
• Due to the fact that crushed stone is not mined naturally (as is the case with gravel), but by crushing rocks, the stones have an “unattractive” shape and look rough. However, thanks to the larger fraction and better “adhesion”, this material becomes an excellent filler for concrete mixtures. Crushed stone also interacts better with sand, cement and plasticizing additives.

As you can see, you need to choose gravel or crushed stone based on your wishes. Both types of raw materials are widely used in a variety of industries, are environmentally friendly materials and have excellent frost resistance.

In construction work it is often necessary to use building material such as crushed stone. It is obtained in the process of crushing rocks or waste suitable for this, sometimes different types and meets various characteristics.

When purchasing this building material, delivery of crushed stone can be carried out by the selling company.

Properties of crushed stone

Crushed stone meets the following parameters:

1. Radioactivity. This characteristic is taken into account primarily when purchasing crushed stone, since if this material is used for the construction of residential buildings, then its indicator should be low. And you can purchase it only if the seller presents the relevant certificates and research findings.

2. The strength of crushed stone is determined by the strength of the rock from which it was obtained, as well as its reaction to testing work this indicator.

3. Frost resistance indicates how many times it can withstand freezing and thawing.

4. Flakiness determines what shape the crushed stone will be, flat or cuboid. Materials with this different indicator are used for different purposes.

Types of crushed stone

This building material comes in several types, depending on the source rock:

1. Granite crushed stone is obtained from the most common rock - granite. It has a granular structure and consists of mica, quartz, and spar.

2. Gravel requires sifting of quarry rock, or crushing of stone rock. It is not as durable as the previous type, but it is less radioactive and not as expensive.

3. The limestone type of crushed stone is made by crushing limestone. Mainly used in road construction.

4. If crushing of construction waste occurs, then secondary crushed stone is obtained. It is not as durable as the described types, but it is cheaper and also has its own areas of application.

5. For the production of slag crushed stone, porous and waste slags are used. It is used in road repair and construction work, as well as for filling cement concrete.

Crushed stone is used in the following cases:

• finishing work, decoration of paths, playgrounds;
• base for railway tracks;
• road construction;
• construction of buildings for various purposes;
• decorating fences, ponds, swimming pools.

These are the main types of work where you can find this building material; in addition to them, there are many additional ones.

A video about the production process will help you understand what crushed stone is made of:

In this article:

Crushed stone is a building material that is obtained by crushing and subsequent sifting of rocks.

Indicators of crushed stone for classification

The main characteristics of crushed stone are:

• density – average density crushed stone is 1.4-3 g/cm 3 ;
• compressive strength grade– determined by the compressive strength of the original rock and the crushability of crushed stone;
• flakiness– a characteristic that determines the degree of flatness of crushed stone. In building materials, the content of needle-shaped, plate-shaped grains is standardized. Depending on this, five groups of crushed stone are distinguished. The best crushed stone is considered to be a cube-shaped material, since it gives the most dense compaction;
• fraction– sorting building materials by size. The fraction number determines the maximum permissible grain size;
• frost resistance– determined by the number of freezing and thawing cycles that can be maintained. Marked with the letter F and a number, which indicates the number of freezing and thawing cycles. The most popular is F300 crushed stone.
• radioactivity of rubble– natural radioactive background of the building material. Crushed stone 1st class used to perform any work, class 2 - during road construction.

Depending on what the building material is made from, there are four main types of crushed stone:

Granite crushed stone

Description

Granite crushed stone - a non-metallic building material that is extracted from solid rock. Monolithic rock is solidified magma, which is located at a considerable depth. When producing this building material, we adhere to standards GOST 8267-93.

Fractions of this crushed stone: 0-5 mm, 5-10 mm, 5-20 mm, 20-40 mm, 40-70 mm, 70-120 mm. Granite crushed stone of the 5-20 mm fraction, used in the production of concrete and asphalt, is considered the most popular on the market.

Scope of application

Granite crushed stone is used in the creation of reinforced concrete structures, in the construction of road and railway foundations, platforms and sidewalks.

crushed gravel

Description

crushed gravel is a material that is produced by sifting quarry rock or crushing rock. Main normative document for the production of this type of crushed stone is GOST 8267-93. In terms of compressive strength, this type of crushed stone is inferior to granite material. The advantages of crushed gravel include low background radiation and cost. There are two types of this building material:

• gravel - pebbles of sea or river origin;
• crushed crushed stone obtained as a result of rock processing.

Crushed gravel can be of 4 fractions: 3-10 mm, 5-40 mm, 5-20 mm and 20-40 mm.

Scope of application

Crushed gravel is used as a filler for reinforced concrete structures and products, and is actively used in civil engineering, in the construction of foundations and coverings for pedestrian roads and platforms.

Limestone crushed stone

Description and definition

Limestone crushed stone – a product of processing sedimentary rock, namely limestone. This building material consists mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and has the lowest price.

There are three fractions of limestone crushed stone - 20-40 mm, 5-20 mm and 40-70 mm.

Scope of application

Limestone crushed stone is used in the printing and glass industries, for the production of small-piece reinforced concrete products, in the production of cement, and in the construction of roads with light traffic loads.

Recycled crushed stone

Description

This material is obtained by processing construction waste - bricks, concrete and asphalt. During its production, we adhere to standards GOST 25137-82. This building material is produced using the same technology as other types of crushed stone. The main advantage of recycled crushed stone is its low cost. In terms of its main characteristics (frost resistance, strength), it is inferior to natural types of crushed stone.

Usage

Despite this, it is widely used in road construction, to strengthen weak soils, and as a filler for concrete. Before buying crushed stone, you must select a specific type of building material that is suitable for a specific purpose and request a quality certificate from the supplier.