State structure of Kazakhstan. Republic of Kazakhstan - presidential form of government
The Republic of Kazakhstan is a unitary state with a presidential form of government. According to the Constitution, the country establishes itself as a democratic, secular, legal and social state, the highest values of which are the person, his life, rights and freedoms.
Kazakhstan gained independence on December 16, 1991. The capital is the city of Astana. Official language- Kazakh, Russian has the status of a language of interethnic communication. The monetary unit is tenge.
The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the head of state, its highest official, who determines the main directions of internal and foreign policy states and representing Kazakhstan within the country and in international relations. The President is a symbol and guarantor of the unity of the people and state power, the inviolability of the Constitution, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.
The government exercises executive power and heads the system executive bodies and manages their activities.
Legislative functions are performed by the Parliament, which consists of two Chambers - the Senate and the Mazhilis, operating on a permanent basis. The Senate is formed by deputies representing two people from each region, city of republican significance and the capital. Fifteen deputies of the Senate are appointed by the President, taking into account the need to ensure representation of national, cultural and other significant interests of society.
The Mazhilis consists of one hundred and seven deputies, nine of them are elected by the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan. The term of office of Senate deputies is six years, Mazhilis deputies are five years. Currently, three parties are represented in the Mazhilis - Nur Otan, Ak Zhol and the Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan.
The administrative-territorial structure of the country includes 14 regions and 2 cities of republican significance.
The population of Kazakhstan exceeds 18 million people. The ethnic structure of society, according to the 2009 national census, looks like in the following way: Kazakhs - 63.07%, Russians - 23.7%, Uzbeks - 2.85%, Ukrainians - 2.08%, Uighurs - 1.4%, Tatars - 1.28%, Germans - 1.11%, others - 4.51%.
Occupying an area of 2 million 724.9 thousand square kilometers, the country is in ninth place in terms of area in the world. In the north and west, the republic has common borders with Russia - 7,591 km (the longest continuous land border in the world), in the east with China - 1,783 km, in the south with Kyrgyzstan - 1,242 km, Uzbekistan - 2,351 km and Turkmenistan - 426 km. Total length land borders - 13,200 km.
Kazakhstan is the most large country in the world, which does not have direct access to the World Ocean. Most of the country's territory is made up of deserts - 44% and semi-deserts - 14%. Steppes occupy 26% of the area of Kazakhstan, forests - 5.5%. There are 8.5 thousand rivers in the country. The northeastern part of the Caspian Sea is included within the republic. The Aral Sea is divided between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. There are 48 thousand large and small lakes in Kazakhstan. The largest of them are Balkhash, Zaysan and Alakol. The remoteness from the oceans determines the country's sharply continental climate.
The country's mineral resource base consists of more than 5 thousand deposits, the estimated value of which is estimated at tens of trillions of dollars. The republic ranks first in the world in proven reserves of zinc, tungsten and barite, second in silver, lead and chromite, third in copper and fluorite, fourth in molybdenum, sixth in gold.
Kazakhstan also has significant oil and gas resources (9th place in the world in terms of proven oil reserves), which are concentrated in the western regions. In addition, the republic ranks 8th in coal reserves and 2nd in uranium reserves.
Kazakhstan is one of the world's top ten grain exporters and one of the leaders in flour exports. 70% of arable land in the north is occupied by cereals and industrial crops- wheat, barley, millet. In the south of the country rice, cotton, and tobacco are grown. Kazakhstan is also famous for its gardens, vineyards and melons. One of the leading directions Agriculture is livestock farming.
The main export goods are products of mining, fuel and energy, metallurgical and chemical industries, as well as the grain industry. The republic's main trading partners are Russia, China, European and CIS countries.
To diversify the economy, the country is successfully implementing a program of industrial and innovative development, in accordance with which old enterprises are modernized and new enterprises are opened.
Kazakhstan is implementing a large-scale project “New Silk Road“, which should revive the country’s historical role as the main link of the continent and turn it into the largest business and transit hub in the region - a kind of bridge between Europe and Asia. By 2020, the volume of transit cargo traffic through the republic should almost double.
In 2014, the Head of State announced the “Nurly Zhol” large-scale infrastructure construction program, designed to connect the regions of Kazakhstan with main roads and modernize the logistics, social and industrial infrastructure.
Kazakhstan has begun to implement the “Plan of the Nation - 100 Concrete Steps”, which provides for fundamental changes in order to implement the Five People's Reforms: the formation of a professional state apparatus, ensuring the rule of law, industrialization and economic growth, identity and unity, and the formation of an accountable state.
The country is undergoing large-scale social modernization - new schools, vocational colleges and universities are being built, modern medical clinics and hospitals are opening, and the system of social support for the population is being improved.
Currently, representatives of 130 ethnic groups live in the republic, and a consultative and advisory body for the harmonization of interethnic relations, the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, is successfully operating. Congresses of leaders of world and traditional religions are held in Astana on a regular basis.
As a leader in Central Asia, the republic makes a significant contribution to strengthening the stability of the region. The country has also achieved great success on the world stage. This is evidenced by Kazakhstan’s chairmanship of the OSCE and the holding of the Summit of this authoritative international organization in Astana in December 2010. A significant initiative of the country was the launch and development of the CICA project - the Asian analogue of the OSCE. The creative activities of Kazakhstan as the chairman of the leading organization of the Islamic world - the OIC - received positive reviews. The country is also a recognized leader in the global anti-nuclear movement.
Kazakhstan is a member of the Eurasian Economic Union.
Stable growth in all sectors of the economy, international recognition, political stability became the basis for the prosperity of Kazakhstani society. Kazakhstan is a country looking to the future, which preserves its cultural traditions and successfully realizes its enormous creative potential in the modern dynamic world.
Video tour of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan is a large state in the territory post-Soviet space. What is known about this country? What form of government is established in Kazakhstan, what are the features of its territorial structure? Based on this article, answers to all will be provided current issues about the structure of the Kazakh state.
General characteristics of the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK)
According to the first article of the Kazakh Constitution, the Republic of Kazakhstan is a democratic, unitary and social-legal state with a presidential form of government. Kazakhstan adopted the basic law of the country. Two years later, a new Constitution was adopted. In 1998, a number of major amendments and changes were made to it.
The state structure of the Kazakh Republic is based on the principle of separation of powers. All government bodies belong to one of three branches: legislative, judicial or executive. The President is not dependent on any branch.
The Kazakh state is divided into regions. In total, there are 14 regions and 2 cities of republican significance in the country - Alma-Ata and the capital Astana. There is also Baikonur - a city with a special status, which temporarily rents Russian Federation. The population of Kazakhstan is 18 million people.
Form of government in Kazakhstan
What is a "form of government"? The European theory of state and law states that this is the organization of power in the country. The form of government characterizes the relationship between government bodies. An idea of the vertical-horizontal system of relations is given.
In the Republic of Kazakhstan, the form of government is called semi-presidential or mixed. To what extent does the Kazakh system coincide with the classical republican one, such as in the USA? Of course, Kazakhstan is far from the American system. During the development of the Constitution and the formation government system in the early 90s, the French model was taken as a basis. It must be said that the very formation of today’s form of government in Kazakhstan took place in several stages. Each stage of development will be discussed in detail below.
The formation of a semi-presidential form of government in the Republic of Kazakhstan
In April 1990, the post of head of state, that is, president, was established. The first President was elected by people's representatives - members of the Supreme Kazakh Council. His rights were largely limited by the powers of the President of the USSR and the Council of Ministers. By the way, the ministers themselves were vested with powers from the Supreme Council.
In November 1990, many changes were made to the Constitution of the Kazakh SSR. The status of the head of state was strengthened. From now on, he became not just the formal head of the republic, but also the chairman of the administrative and executive powers. The Ministerial Council was transformed into the Cabinet of Ministers. He was formed by the head of state. In December 1991, the first elections of the Kazakh President took place. In the same month, the independence of Kazakhstan was proclaimed. The President becomes independent from the Soviet heads of state. On January 28, 1993, the first Kazakhstan Constitution was adopted, which proclaimed the principles of democracy, secularism, separation of powers and priority legal framework. The President becomes the sole head of state and chairman of the executive branch of Kazakhstan. What form of government was established in the country according to the Constitution? If the President was appointed head of the executive branch, then presidential rule was established in the country. It existed until 1995.
Change of form of government
Until August 30, 1995, a rule was in force in the Republic of Kazakhstan according to which the Government was formed by order of the head of state. Also, the president could delegate powers to the prime minister, as well as a number of executive ministers. However, this already required the consent of the Supreme Council.
In December 1993, the President was given the opportunity to delegate additional powers to the heads of local administrations. This measure was taken due to the massive self-dissolution of members of the Supreme Council. In the spring of 1994, the first Kazakhstani Parliament was formed - the Supreme Council of the 13th convocation. A year later, he was declared illegitimate by presidential decree.
For six months, Kazakhstan did not have a legislative body. Only in the summer of 1995 was the text of the second state Constitution developed. According to its provisions, the President was declared equidistant from all branches of government. He was also given the status of arbitrator. A presidential form of government was established in Kazakhstan.
Currently, the 1995 standards have a slightly modified form. Thus, three years after the adoption of the second Constitution, the powers of Parliament were expanded. The rights of the President have changed somewhat. In 2007, amendments were made to the Constitution. The government must be formed in accordance with the party majority of the Mazhilis, the lower house of the Kazakh Parliament. This norm approved the final transition to a mixed republic.
About the President of Kazakhstan
Having dealt with the question of what form of government is currently established in Kazakhstan, we should move on to a detailed study of each government body, which makes up the management system in the country. However, we should start with the President - the head of the Kazakh state.
The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the highest official. It is he who determines the main directions of external and domestic policy, and also ensures the functioning of all government agencies. Finally, the head of the Kazakh state is the supreme commander in chief of the country.
The main powers of the President include the creation and promulgation of laws, the dissolution of Parliament, the empowerment of certain officials, and the conduct of international negotiations. The remaining functions of the head of state of the Republic of Kazakhstan are fixed in the Constitution. from 1990 to the present day - this is Nursultan Nazarbayev.
Government
The Kazakh executive body is headed by the Prime Minister. He is appointed by the head of state with the consent of Parliament. The powers of the Government include the following:
- legislative activity within the framework of its powers;
- development of socio-economic, defense and social programs;
- management of state property;
- granting powers to certain officials;
- development of foreign policy measures of the Republic of Kazakhstan;
- performance of other functions and powers recorded in the Kazakhstan Constitution.
The government of Kazakhstan resigns its powers only after the election of the head of state. The executive branch is fully accountable to him.
Legislature
The main legislative body in Kazakhstan is the Parliament. It has a bicameral structure. It includes the Senate, formed for a period of six years, and the Mazhilis. The Senate consists of 47 members. 32 of them are elected by representative regional bodies - 2 representatives from each region. The remaining 15 people are vested with powers by order of the President. The Senate is the upper parliamentary house. The main purpose is to consider bills adopted by the Mazhilis.
The Mazhilis is the lower parliamentary house. This body is elected for 5 years. The powers of this chamber include approving the country's budget, resolving issues of peace and war, ratifying international treaties and much more.
Judicial branch
The court system is also an element of the mixed form of government in Kazakhstan. The features and principles of the structure of the judicial system in the Republic of Kazakhstan are regulated by the Constitution.
Higher Judicial authority in the country is called the Supreme Court. Its chairman and judges are appointed by the Senate on the proposal of the President. There is also the Supreme Judicial Council, a society responsible for funding all courts, presenting candidates, and overseeing the judicial system.
In the Republic of Kazakhstan there is a Constitutional Council, whose responsibilities include exercising the functions of the Constitutional Court. The Council is not part of the judicial system.
State structure in the Republic of Kazakhstan
Having understood that Kazakhstan is a presidential-parliamentary (mixed) form of government, we should begin to study the territorial structure of the state. The Kazakh Constitution states that the country is unitary. This means that the Republic of Kazakhstan is an indivisible state with one budget and a single tax system. All administrative-territorial units in the country do not have independence, but are entirely dependent on the center.
There is a single system of power in the Republic of Kazakhstan: there is one President, a single Government and Parliament. The tax, credit and monetary systems are also centralized and therefore cannot have local sovereignty.
Thus, the Constitution of Kazakhstan does not imply vesting regions with a certain share of sovereignty, as is provided, for example, in the USA or Russia. In the state in question, everything is unified and strictly centralized.
Administrative structure of the Republic of Kazakhstan
The Republic of Kazakhstan is divided into regions and districts. There are 14 regions in the country, and districts are located within each region. Almaty and Astana are cities of republican significance, with Astana being the state capital. The remaining 14 regions are named as follows:
- West Kazakhstan, South Kazakhstan, East Kazakhstan and North Kazakhstan regions;
- Akmola, Almaty, Zhambyl, Kostanay, Atyrau, Karaganda, Pavlodar, Kyzylorda, Aktobe and Mangistau regions.
In total, in Kazakhstan regions there are 11 urban and 160 rural districts, as well as 46 cities. There are 2,453 rural districts in the country. Before entering early XIX century into the Russian Empire, Kazakhstan consisted of 11 regions. The state itself was called the Kazakh Khanate. Included Russian Empire Kazakhstan included the Trans-Caspian and Ural regions. At the same time, the Bukey Horde in 1801-1845. was part of the Astrakhan province.
The form of government and the form of government in Kazakhstan have changed more than once over the thousand-year history of the country. The board was finally formed only in 2007, when major amendments were made to the Constitution. The process of state structure was completed by 2001 - then the center of the Almaty region was moved to Taldykorgan.
Economic condition of the Republic of Kazakhstan
The characteristics of the territorial structure and form of government of Kazakhstan should be supplemented with information on the financial and economic state of the state.
The national currency in the country is the tenge. The Ministry of Budget Planning and Economic Condition is responsible in Kazakhstan for the formation of financial and economic relations, as well as for their development. The first bank in the country is called the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan. All assets in the state are concentrated in Samruk-Kazyna - the largest holding. He invests in large projects that are aimed at the development of Kazakhstan.
The country has a particularly developed mining industry. The state is “powered” by oil, coal, gas, ore and other minerals. The leading industries are non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy.
According to the Constitution, Kazakhstan is a unitary state with a presidential form of government, having three independent branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial.
The president The Republic of Kazakhstan is the head of state, its highest official, who determines the main directions of the state’s domestic and foreign policy and represents Kazakhstan within the country and in international relations. The President of the Republic is a symbol and guarantor of the unity of the people and state power, the inviolability of the Constitution, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. The President of the Republic ensures the coordinated functioning of all branches of government and the responsibility of government bodies to the people. The president is elected for a five-year term from citizens at least 40 years of age, who have lived in the republic for at least 10 years and are fluent in the state (i.e., Kazakh) language.
Executive power carried out by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The government heads the system of executive bodies and manages their activities. The Government is a collegial body and in all its activities is responsible to the President of the Republic, and in cases provided for by the Constitution, to the Mazhilis of the Parliament and the Parliament. Members of the Government are accountable to the chambers of Parliament in the case provided for in subparagraph 6 of Article 57 of the Constitution.
The government is formed by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the manner prescribed by the Constitution.
Legislative branch has a bicameral parliament.
The Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the highest representative body of the Republic, exercising legislative functions. Parliament consists of two chambers: the Senate and the Mazhilis, which operate on a permanent basis.
The Senate is formed by deputies representing, in the manner established by constitutional law, two people from each region, city of republican significance and the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Fifteen deputies of the Senate are appointed by the President of the Republic, taking into account the need to ensure representation in the Senate of national, cultural and other significant interests of society.
The Mazhilis consists of one hundred and seven deputies elected in the manner established by constitutional law. A Member of Parliament cannot be a member of both houses at the same time.
The term of office of Senate deputies is six years, the term of office of Mazhilis deputies is five years.
The legislative branch is effectively controlled by the president. The government is accountable to the president, but not to parliament.
Judicial power carried out by the Constitutional Court and the system of local courts.
Justice in the Republic of Kazakhstan is administered only by the court. Judicial power is exercised through civil, criminal and other forms of legal proceedings established by law. In cases provided for by law, criminal proceedings are carried out with the participation of jurors. The courts of the Republic are Supreme Court Republic, local and other courts of the Republic established by law. The judicial system of the Republic is established by the Constitution of the Republic and constitutional law. The establishment of special and emergency courts under any name is not permitted.
Judicial power is exercised on behalf of the Republic of Kazakhstan and has as its purpose the protection of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens and organizations, ensuring the implementation of the Constitution, laws, other normative legal acts, and international treaties of the Republic. Judicial power extends to all cases and disputes arising on the basis of the Constitution, laws, other normative legal acts, and international treaties of the Republic. Decisions, sentences and other decrees of courts are binding throughout the territory of the Republic.
Local authorities
Administratively, Kazakhstan is divided into 14 regions, the capital city of Astana and the cities of Alma-Ata and Leninsk (the control center of the Baikonur Cosmodrome), which have the status of a region (until 1997 there were 19 regions in the country, 5 of which were subsequently abolished). Deputies of local councils are directly elected from citizens over 20 years of age who are not members of the Mazhilis. At the same time, akims (governors) of regions are appointed by the president and are responsible only to him. In October 1998, a decree of President Nazarbayev determined that within 7 years there would be a transition to direct elections of all heads of local authorities.
Political parties
The 1995 Constitution allows political parties to operate after they are officially registered; no party can impose its ideology on the state. The creation of religious parties is prohibited. Although there are more than 100 associations and movements in the country that can be considered political parties, only a few of them are registered. Three parties were created on the initiative of President Nazarbayev. These include the Socialist Party, which is the successor to the dissolved Communist Party of Kazakhstan. In 1991 the People's Congress was registered. In October 1992, the National Unity Party was created, which is currently considered the party of the president. The party has already changed several leaders. In 1994, registration of the Communist Party, banned after the coup in August 1991, was allowed. There are also the Peasant Union, the National Democratic Party “Zheltoksan”, as well as the associations “Azamat” and “Azat”, which each include several small parties and opposition figures. The interests of the Russian minority are expressed by the Lad and Unity movements. The interests of Kazakh nationalists are expressed by the Alash movement.
The article was prepared by specialists from SoyuzPravoInform LLC.
The Republic of Kazakhstan as an independent sovereign state was proclaimed on December 16, 1991.
This fact is recorded in the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On State Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan” dated December 16, 1991.
As a sovereign state, the Republic of Kazakhstan has independent economic system, based on diversity and equality of all forms of ownership. The Republic of Kazakhstan creates its own armed forces that protect its independence and national statehood.
The main law of our country is the current Constitution, adopted in a popular referendum on August 30, 1995.
On October 8, 1998, the Constitutional Law introduced 19 amendments and additions to the current Constitution.
The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan established the constitutional system, economic and political foundation of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The constitutional system of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a system of fundamental public relations, which is a way of organizing the state, its connection with the individual, enshrined in the norms of the Constitution and characterizing it as a constitutional state.
The Constitution enshrines the following fundamental principles of the Constitutional system of the Republic of Kazakhstan: the principles of democracy, state sovereignty, unitarism, separation of powers, the rule of law, resolving the most important issues in public life by democratic methods, ideological and political pluralism and others.
Democracy can be cited as the main feature of the constitutional system of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The people are defined as the only source of state power in the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Democracy is determined through a republican referendum and free elections.
In addition, the people delegate the exercise of their power to government agencies. Therefore, democracy is carried out in direct and representative forms.
Economic basis RK- based on diverse forms of ownership. Thus, market relations are constitutionally enshrined. The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan equally recognizes and protects both state and private property.
The Constitution also establishes that land can be privately owned.
The state guarantees property rights. Alienation of property can only take place in court. The Constitution also guarantees the right of inheritance.
The state recognizes and supports the right to freedom entrepreneurial activity and freedom of economic competition. At the same time, monopolistic activities are regulated and limited by law.
In accordance with the Constitution, state ownership includes land and its subsoil, vegetation and animal world and others Natural resources. The Constitution establishes that property is obligatory and its use must simultaneously serve the public good.
Political basis of the Republic of Kazakhstan form diverse organizations, institutions and institutions that carry out the struggle for power, its organization and functioning. The elements of the political system include public organizations, associations and state bodies.
The Constitution enshrines ideological and political pluralism, emphasizing that the merging of public and state institutions, creation of political party organizations in government bodies.
In the Republic the process is underway the establishment of a multi-party system, which presupposes the legality of the political opposition and will facilitate the involvement of broad sections of the population in political life. Ten deputies of the Mazhilis of Parliament are elected on the basis of party lists.
The form of the state of the Republic of Kazakhstan is distinguished by the internal unity of the three elements of the form of government, the form of government and the form of the political regime.
By form of government in Kazakhstan is a presidential republic.
According to the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the President is the head of state and its highest executive. As the head of state, the President determines the main directions of domestic and foreign policy, and is also the highest representative of the state in the field international relations and within the country. The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a symbol and guarantor of the unity of the people and state power, the inviolability of the Constitution, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.
The President is elected on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot by all adult citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan for a period of 7 years.
The Constitution enshrines a system of guarantees limiting the power of the President. So, firstly, the term of office of the President is limited - 7 years. Secondly, holding the post of President for more than 2 terms in a row is not allowed. Thirdly, a constitutional mechanism is provided for the removal of the President from office in the event of high treason. The institution of removing the President from office is called impeachment.
Fourthly, a constitutional mechanism is provided for recognizing the President's normative acts as inconsistent with the Constitution.
As for the powers of the President, here I would like to note one of the most important ones. Thus, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, with the consent of the Parliament, appoints the Prime Minister of the Republic, appoints members of the Government and dismisses them from office, appoints the Chairman of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Prosecutor General and the Chairman of the National Security Committee.
In addition, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan exercises a number of other powers.
According to the form of government The Republic of Kazakhstan is a unitary state. As a unitary state, Kazakhstan is characterized by a single, politically homogeneous structure, consisting of administrative-territorial units that do not have their own statehood.
In the Republic of Kazakhstan there is a single citizenship, a single legislation, a single system of government bodies.
The Constitution stipulates that unitarity and territorial integrity, the form of government of the Republic cannot be changed.
Form of state legal regime in the Republic of Kazakhstan can be considered democratic.
Thus, the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan recognizes the people as the only source of state power, recognizes the absoluteness and inalienability of human rights and freedoms and guarantees them; it proclaims that human rights and freedoms belong to everyone from birth.
The Constitution recognizes a person, his life, rights and freedoms as the highest values. At the same time, mutual responsibility becomes a priority in relations between an individual and the state.
The Constitution enshrines a wide range of human and civil rights and freedoms.
The exercise of human and civil rights and freedoms has a limiting framework, which is expressed in the following:
1) it must not violate the rights and freedoms of other persons;
2) it should not encroach on the Constitutional system;
3) it should not infringe on public morality.
The Republic of Kazakhstan is a secular, social and legal state.
The Republic of Kazakhstan is secular state. This is ensured by the separation of religious associations from the state and the secular nature of education, i.e. schools are separated from religion.
In Kazakhstan, none of the faiths is recognized as mandatory or preferable. There is no official state religion in the Republic, and the activities of parties on a religious basis are not allowed.
The Republic of Kazakhstan asserts itself legal by the state. By using the word “approves” rather than the word “is” the Constitution emphasizes that the Republic of Kazakhstan is on initial stage of formation of the rule of law.
Thus, the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan expresses the following main features of a rule of law state:
The unconditional supremacy of the Constitution and laws over others regulations;
The division of government power into legislative, executive, judicial branches and the interaction of branches of government based on a system of checks and balances;
The principle of the rule of law, the priority of human rights and freedoms, recognition of them as natural and inalienable;
The connection between the state and the citizen by mutual rights and obligations;
Independence of justice;
Use in implementation civil rights and freedoms of the principle “everything is permitted that is not prohibited by law”;
The principle of equality of all before the law.
The Constitution lays the foundation for the construction in Kazakhstan social state.
Thus, the state is obliged to take care of establishing social justice in all areas, especially in the sphere of production and distribution. To achieve this goal, the state solves the following tasks:
Prevent the formation of social poles and the emergence of class antagonism on this basis;
Reasonably and purposefully regulate economic, social, democratic and other relations;
Orient legislation towards the individual, towards meeting his vital needs and interests, creating social protection from unemployment, social security for the disabled, pensioners, etc.
1. Describe the form of government of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
2. What are the features of presidential power in the Republic of Kazakhstan?
3. Indicate the form of government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and relate it to the historical features of its development.
4. Highlight character traits democratic political regime in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
5. Expand the content of Article 1, Clause 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan “The Republic of Kazakhstan establishes itself as a democratic, secular, legal and social state, the highest values of which are the person, his life, rights and freedoms.”
KAZAKHSTAN
(The Republic of Kazakhstan)
General information
Geographical position. Kazakhstan is a state in Central Asia. In the north it borders with Russia, in the east - with China, in the south - with Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, in the west it is washed by the Caspian Sea.
Square. The territory of Kazakhstan occupies 2,717,300 square meters.
Main cities, administrative divisions. The capital of Kazakhstan is Astana. Largest cities: Almaty (1,262 thousand people), Karaganda (613 thousand people), Chimkent (401 thousand people), Semey (Semipalatinsk) (339 thousand)
people), Pavlodar (337 thousand people), Oshkemen (Tselinograd) (330 thousand people). Administrative division of the country: 20 regions.
Political system
Kazakhstan is a republic.
The head of state is the president, the head of government is the prime minister. The legislative body is the unicameral Supreme Council
Relief. Most of the territory of Kazakhstan is occupied by a plain, framed by mountains in the east and southeast. The difference in altitude between the east and west of the country is huge. The mountains along the border with Kyrgyzstan rise to almost 5000 m above sea level, and the Karagiye (Batyr) depression on Mangyshlak is located 132 m below sea level.
Geological structure and minerals.
The country's subsoil contains reserves of uranium, lead, zinc, chromium, gold, bismuth, copper, molybdenum, oil, phosphorites, bauxite, iron, and manganese.
Climate. The climate of the country is sharply continental. The average January temperature is from -19°C to -4°C, the average July temperature is from +19°C to +26°C.
In summer the temperature can reach +45°C, and in winter 45°C.
Inland waters. The main rivers of the country: Ural and Emba, flowing into the Caspian Sea; Syr Darya, flowing into the Aral Sea; Or, flowing into Lake Balkhash; The Tobol, Irtysh and Ishim flow north and empty into the Arctic Ocean.
Soils and vegetation.
The soils are chernozem, chestnut, brown, gray soil, brown. Based on the nature of vegetation, lowland Kazakhstan is divided into three zones: steppe (feather grass, fescue, timothy), semi-desert (wormwood, tyrsik) and desert (drought-resistant shrubs).
Tien Shan spruce and Siberian fir. Forests occupy 3% of the area of Kazakhstan.
Animal world. Representatives of the fauna include the state-protected saiga antelope, ground squirrel, hamster, vole, marmot, hare, goitered gazelle, and argali. The forests are home to squirrel, wolverine, lynx, snow leopard, and brown bear.
Population and language
The country's population is about 16.847 million.
Human, average density population about 6 people per 1 sq. km. Ethnic groups: Kazakhs - 41.9%, Russians - 37%, Ukrainians - 5.2%, Germans - 4.7%, Uzbeks - 2.1%, Tatars - 2%. Languages: Kazakh (state), Russian.
Religion
Muslims - 47%, Orthodox - 44%, Protestants - 2%.
Brief historical sketch
The territory of modern Kazakhstan was inhabited by Turkic tribes from the 8th century.
In the 13th century Kazakhstan became part of the Mongol Empire and remained there until the 18th century. At the beginning of the 16th century. The first Cossack detachments founded settlements along the Ural River and over time spread to the territory of the northern part of modern Kazakhstan, but until the 30s of the 19th century. Russia did not take active steps to colonize Kazakhstan.
In the 1830s Russian army organized a campaign to the south, and by 1866 the entire territory of modern Kazakhstan was under Russian rule. In 1918, an autonomous republic was proclaimed in the eastern part of Kazakhstan, but it was soon captured by the Bolsheviks, who in 1920 proclaimed an autonomous republic on the territory of Kazakhstan. Until 1936 it was called the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and in 1936 it became part of the USSR as a union republic.
The Republic of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan declared independence.
Brief Economic Sketch
Mining of coal, oil, natural gas, iron, copper, lead-zinc, nickel ores, bauxite and other minerals. Leading industries: non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, chemical, mechanical engineering, light, food. Oil refining and production of building materials are also developed. Crops of grain (mainly wheat), feed and industrial crops (sunflower, cotton, curly flax).
Fruit growing, viticulture, melon growing. Meat and wool sheep breeding, meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding; They also breed pigs, camels and horses. Resorts: Borovoe, Alma-Arasan, Saryagach, etc.
The monetary unit is tenge.
General information about Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan is located in the heart of the Eurasian continent. Its territory is 2,724,900 square meters. km (1,049,150 sq. km). It is the second largest country in the CIS and the ninth largest country in the world. On its territory, Kazakhstan has more than twelve countries of the European Union!
It borders Kazakhstan with China, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Russia. The total length of the border is 12,187 km.
Kazakhstan is more than 3,000 km long (two time zones) from the lower Volga in the west to the foothills of the Altai Mountains in the east and almost 2,000 kilometers from West Siberian Plain in the north to the Kyzylkum desert in the south.
The distance of a state from the oceans and the extent of its territory are determined climatic conditions Kazakhstan. The climate here is strongly continental with average temperatures between -19 … -4 °C in January and July between +19 … + 26 °C.
In winter, temperatures can drop to -45°C, and in summer - at +30°C.
population: 17.948.000 (01.07.2014)
Main capital: Astana (since December 10, 1997) with a population of 828,759 people (06/02/2014).
Administrative division: Kazakhstan is administratively divided into 14 regions, 84 cities, 159 districts, 241 towns and 2,042 villages.
In terms of population, the cities of Kazakhstan are divided as follows:
- 300-400 thousand
residents - Karaganda, Shymkent, Pavlodar, Taraz and Ust-Kamenogorsk;
- 200-280 thousand
Vlada of Kazakhstan
residents - Uralsk, Temirtau, Kostanay, Aktobe, Petropavlovsk and Semipalatinsk;
- 110-160 thousand inhabitants. Dzhezkazgan, Ekibastuz, Kyzylorda, Aktau, Kokshetau and Atyrau.
language: Kazakh is adopted as the official language.
Russian is widely used.
currency: The Kazakh currency is the tenge, equal to 100 tui (since 1993).
National symbols: Flag, coat of arms
Holidays in the Republic of Kazakhstan:
National holidays:
- Independence Day - from December 16 to 17.
Public holidays:
- New Year - January 1-2;
- International Women's Day - March 8;
- Nauryz Meiramy - March 21-23;
- People's Unity Day in Kazakhstan - May 1;
- Father of the Father - May 7;
- Victory Day - May 9;
- Capital Day - July 6;
- Constitution Day of the Republic of Kazakhstan - August 30;
- First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan - December 1.
- The first day of Kurban Ayeta, celebrated in the Muslim calendar, and January 7th is the holiday of Orthodox Christmas.
religion: The Republic of Kazakhstan is a multinational country with representatives of more than 120 countries.
The main religion is Islam, but Kazakhs are tolerant of other religions and peoples living on their territory, such as Christianity, Judaism, etc. last years Many mosques and churches were built in the country.
geography: There are 8,500 rivers on the territory of Kazakhstan. The length of seven of them (the longest), exceeding 1000 km, including the Ural and Emba streams in the Caspian Sea, Sir Daria, flowing into the Aral Sea, Irtysh, Ishim and Tobol, carries its waters in the North Arctic Ocean. There are 48 thousand lakes in Kazakhstan.
The largest of them are Balkhash, Zaysan, Alakol, Tengiz and Seletengiz. Kazakhstan occupies the north and half of the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea. The Kazakh coast of the Caspian Sea is 2340 km. Most of the territory of Kazakhstan is occupied by deserts and steppes. The rest of the area is occupied by half-shells and forests. Flora and fauna consist of 155 species of mammals, 480 species of birds, 150 species and 250 species medicinal plants, among which there are very rare cases.
minerals: A large territory of Kazakhstan is rich in mineral resources.
Companies involved in the extraction and processing of coal, oil, gas, non-ferrous and ferrous metals play a leading role in national economy. The main minerals are: non-ferrous and ores of ferrous metals, uranium.
Kazakhstan is exploring the world's largest reserves of chromium, vanadium, bismuth, fluorine, iron, zinc, tungsten, molybdenum, phosphorite, copper, potassium, cobalt, cadmium and kaolin. There are about 160 oil and gas fields in the country, including the largest - Tengiz. There are 750 mills on the Tengiz and Royal fields. 1.1 billion. Tone. Kazakhstan has 160 million tons of coal reserves in 155 locations, including ten coal, bitumen and brown coal. Iron ore sources in Kazakhstan are among the cleanest polluting in the world. Kazakhstan has the world's second largest reserves of phosphate rocks (Russia) due to the Zhanatas and Karatau deposits. Kazakhstan is the leading aluminum producer in the world. Huge reserves copper ore are located in Dzhezkazgan, the second largest oil field in the world.
Kazakhstan has significant resources for salt and construction timber.