Rules for conducting forensic chemical examination. Removal and referral of organs and tissues for forensic chemical examination

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The procedure for conducting forensic chemical examinations is provided for by the “Rules for the forensic chemical examination of material evidence in the forensic chemical departments of forensic laboratories of health authorities” (1957).

In accordance with these Rules, forensic chemical examination of material evidence is carried out at the request of the bodies of inquiry, investigation and court (also on the orders of forensic experts and, less often, medical institutions) in the forensic chemical departments of forensic medicine. Qing Laboratories Bureau of Forensic Medicine. The following provisions give an idea of the basic rules for conducting forensic chemical examinations.

1. The chemist expert must have firm confidence that the object under study is the same one that was sent for analysis with these accompanying documents and that on the way to the laboratory the object did not experience any changes, with the exception of natural processes, occurring in most objects of forensic chemical research (cadaveric material and other objects of biological origin):

a) before starting any forensic chemical analysis of ex-
a pert chemist must first of all familiarize himself in detail with the
documents presented on the case, carefully check the inscriptions
si on jars and closures with the data indicated in the accompanying
documents, check the integrity of closures and seals
and the correspondence of the inscriptions on the seals with those indicated in the accompanying
driving documents;

b) after this it is necessary to carry out an external inspection of the fallen
forging, and then inspect the research objects. Upon opening
last, the chemical expert must be careful that
not to damage the packaging of objects, not to bring parts into the object
printing and packaging, do not lose research objects. All yours
observations obtained during inspection of material evidence
and upon further study of them, he recorded in detail
puts it in the work journal; c) the contents of each closure must be described in detail and weighed (solid objects) or measured (liquid objects). When describing, the following is noted: appearance, morphological composition, color, smell, preservation of the object, the presence of foreign inclusions with their characteristics (crystals, seeds, plant parts, etc.). The latter are selected and examined separately or, if necessary, sent to a specialist in another field (for example, pharmacologist). If the object of study is preserved with pure alcohol (which is allowed, except in cases where the question is raised about conducting a forensic chemical study for the presence of alcohols and nitrites), a control sample of alcohol must be delivered to the laboratory in the same quantity that was consumed for canning. If a control sample of the preservative is not sent or an unacceptable preservation method is used, for example, glycerin, formalin, phenol and other substances, it is necessary to note in the forensic chemical examination report the incorrectness of the preservation and the possibility of its influence on the results of the examination.

2. After reviewing the accompanying documents, registration, inspection, description and study of research objects, and production of preliminary samples, the chemist expert is obliged to draw up an accurate and detailed research plan. If there are indications of the purpose of the forensic chemical examination of physical evidence, first of all, research is carried out on the substances mentioned in the documents. However, often from the case materials, external examination of objects, preliminary samples and preliminary data, the need to expand the study arises, which is also the responsibility of the chemist expert.
3. Forensic chemical examination of physical evidence must begin on the day it is received due to the possibility of decomposition of certain chemicals (hydrocyanic acid, atropine, cocaine, etc.) during the storage of the object. The registration and work logs indicate the date of receipt of material evidence in the laboratory and the date of the beginning and end of the forensic chemical investigation.
4. To carry out a forensic chemical examination, only part of the delivered material is consumed, for example 1/3 of it. The second part of the material can be used (if necessary) for a verification study or quantitative determination by the chemical expert himself. The last part is sent to the institution that sent the material for forensic chemical research or is stored in accordance with the order of the Minister of Health of the USSR No. 166 (Appendix No. 4).

When small quantities of material are received by the laboratory (for example, up to 100 g of the internal organs of a corpse), the chemist expert has the right to use it completely, which the person who sent the material to the laboratory is aware of.

If poisoning is suspected and biological material is sent for analysis, the following are examined separately: 1) the stomach with its contents; 2) small intestine with contents; 3) large intestine; 4) liver with gall bladder; 5) kidney with urine; 6) lungs, spleen, heart and blood; 7) the brain and part of the spinal cord.

Combining biological material for analysis into two samples: 1) organs of the gastrointestinal tract; 2) parenchymal organs - possible only in exceptional cases.

5. A forensic chemical examination of one case is carried out from start to finish by one expert chemist, who is entrusted with its implementation and for which he is responsible. At the same time, all the main operations associated with the isolation of certain substances, their qualitative detection and quantitative determination are performed by the expert chemist personally.
6. Each forensic chemical study is conducted as a quantitative study, into which it can be converted at any stage of analysis. Objects for all studies are taken by weight, and distillates, filtrates, etc. obtained during analysis are measured.
7. When choosing methods for isolating various chemical substances from objects of study of biological origin, as well as methods for qualitative detection and quantitative determination, the chemist expert must choose those that have been tested and sufficiently studied in relation to chemical-toxicological analysis, due to why the results of the study can serve as convincing evidence of the presence of certain substances. When conducting a forensic chemical investigation, only those methods and reactions are used that the expert chemist has previously become familiar with, has mastered, knows all the conditions for their production, and can take into account all the errors that are possible when using them. You cannot learn from forensic chemical research, but only what you have learned can be applied to it.

Wherever possible, it is necessary to carry out several different reactions so that the coincidence of their results excludes the possibility of error.

Specific assistance in choosing methods for isolating, detecting and determining a number of chemical substances is provided by methodological letters issued by the Chief Forensic Medical Expert of the USSR Ministry of Health, which are compiled after a comprehensive test of the method on forensic chemical material.

When choosing methods for detecting chemical substances, it is advisable to choose those reactions whose products could be preserved for presentation to the investigative authorities; investigation and trial as corpus delicti (material evidence). In some cases, it is extremely useful to compare the result of a particular reaction with the results of a reaction carried out with a known substance.

8. If the results of a forensic chemical study are positive for the presence of atropine, strychnine, nicotine and some other substances, the chemical detection reactions of which are not specific enough, the study should be supplemented by a pharmacological test on animals. The latter in the simplest cases, such as, for example, applying a substance to the back of a frog if strychnine or nicotine is suspected, or introducing a substance into the eye of a cat if atropine is suspected, is carried out by a chemist expert, and in more complex cases - by a pharmacologist.
9. Quantitative determination is carried out in all cases where this is possible and when appropriate determination methods are available. The quantities of substances found are referred to 100 g of the studied object and expressed in weight units.

10. A detailed record is kept of all operations performed, reactions, and the results of observations in the work journal of the chemist expert. All data and calculations are recorded here. related to quantitative determinations. An expert chemist does not have the right to keep anything in his memory, write down data and calculations for forensic chemical research on separate sheets of paper. He is obliged, at the request of the court or in case of any doubts about the correctness of the research performed, to present not only a report of a forensic chemical examination drawn up on the basis of entries in the work log, but also a journal with all the draft entries in it.
11. From the moment of receiving material evidence, the chemical expert is responsible for protecting it:

a) from criminal attacks by persons interested in replacing research objects, destroying them, or introducing into them any toxic or potent substances. To prevent such cases, the forensic chemical department of the forensic laboratory must be locked and sealed by an expert chemist upon completion of work. Unauthorized persons are not allowed to be in the laboratory where forensic chemical research is carried out and work with toxic and potent substances should not be carried out. Physical evidence must also be kept in a locked room throughout the entire investigation. Upon completion of the examination, physical evidence is processed in accordance with the rules for storing and destroying material evidence in forensic laboratories;

b) from getting the required substances into the research objects
with parts of the seal or closure, with reagents or glassware. For
preventing the penetration of the desired substances into foreign
Items must be carefully opened when opening packages and closures
with material evidence and present special requirements
requirements for reagents used in forensic chemistry
analysis, and chemical glassware. The chemist, without relying on maintenance,
living personnel, when using chemical utensils and
devices for the production of forensic chemical analysis of debt
wives must personally verify their cleanliness. It's special
important due to the fact that in the vast majority of cases
a chemical expert has to detect microquantities of those
or other required substances and use micro- and semi-micro-
methods of analysis;

c) from mixing different objects of research between
yourself. To avoid confusion, it is advisable to simultaneously
carry out only one, maximum two analyses. In the last case
Therefore, it is necessary not to group similar operations side by side,
related to various analyses. To avoid possible
mistakes must be made on all cups, flasks, glasses
appropriate inscriptions (for example, put the number of the expert
tis).

12. Despite the fact that one should always strive not to delay the results of a forensic chemical examination, it is important to remember that unreasonable haste can cause irreparable harm and lead the entire investigation down the wrong path. This implies the need to carefully consider the results of a forensic chemical study, review, where necessary, the relevant literature, evaluate certain reactions and methods, sometimes even conduct a repeat study before a forensic conclusion is given. -chemical analysis.
13. Forensic chemical studies of physical evidence (as well as any other examination of physical evidence) are very responsible. Therefore, at all stages of research (expertise), they are documented with appropriate documents. So, at the first stage - the arrival of material evidence to the laboratory for research - it is necessary that, together with the material evidence and the accompanying document, the resolution of the inquiry or investigative authorities on the appointment of a forensic chemical examination of the material evidence is delivered to the laboratory or a court ruling. Without such a document, the forensic laboratory cannot accept material evidence for examination. The resolution, which sets out the circumstances of the case, lists the subjects to be examined and clearly states the issues that require resolution, is the main document that guides the entire study, poses certain tasks for the chemical expert, and determines the plan for the entire analysis.

Other accompanying documents also help guide the forensic chemical investigation. The protocol for the inspection of the scene of the incident and the seizure of material evidence, an extract from the medical history, the report of the forensic medical examination of the corpse and other documents are important.

There have been cases when only the presence of these documents allowed a chemical expert to apply a special research technique or expand the boundaries of forensic chemical analysis and thereby help the bodies of inquiry, investigation and court.

Of the numerous practical examples, one can cite one when a forensic chemical examination of children's clothing contaminated with some yellow substance and the contents from under the fingernails of two children was able to produce a positive result for a test for the presence of para-nitro-aniline, as a rule, not included in the scope of forensic chemical research. The investigator helped direct the forensic chemical analysis in the right direction when he reported that the powder, which, according to his assumption, stained the children’s clothes, was brought from production, and the children, “powdered” with this powder, looked “black” after a few minutes ( cyanosis).

According to the “Rules,” the forensic laboratory has the right to request missing documents if they are not sent, and even delay the research.

The reason for the high requirements for formalizing a “referral” for examination lies in the exceptional value of physical evidence for the bodies of inquiry, investigation and court, often in its uniqueness.

At the same time, if the bodies of inquiry, investigation or court have not sufficiently provided the correct direction of the investigation and have not clearly formulated their questions, valuable material evidence may be wasted.

Prof. A.V. Stepanov, in the first edition of his manual on forensic chemistry, gave an example when an investigator sent water to an expert chemist for analysis with a proposal to “perform an analysis.” The chemist conscientiously examined the water for the presence of toxic substances and contaminants, used up the material evidence, but could not predict the investigator’s question: “Does the water contain traces of blood?”

The second stage is documentation during the production process and the third is writing a forensic chemical examination report. All material evidence and documents accompanying it submitted for examination are first of all registered in a certain form provided for by the rules of forensic chemical research.

Registration is carried out in a special book, the pages of which are numbered, and the book itself is laced, sealed and signed by the head of the forensic medical examination bureau.

The registration book makes it possible to ensure a strict record of material evidence, helps the chemical expert to quickly navigate responses to requests for examinations, and also draw up reports.

Each examination necessarily ends with the drawing up of a report (conclusion) of a forensic chemical examination. The main written source for drawing up an act is the work journal of a chemist expert, in which all entries related to the study of material evidence are made daily (a sample of a substance for a particular type of study, basic operations, results of qualitative reactions, quantitative data definitions, calculations, etc.).

The work log, like the registration book of examinations in the department, is a book numbered, laced, sealed and signed by the head of the forensic medical examination bureau. It is issued to each chemical expert against receipt, and upon use is deposited in the office of the bureau. All records related to the examination of material evidence and the performance of forensic chemical research are made only in this journal; It is unacceptable to do them on any separate sheets, in drafts, etc.

The legal document of the forensic chemical examination performed is the forensic chemical examination report. The act is written in a book of acts, designed in the same way as a work journal, issued to each chemist expert.

The act is drawn up in a certain form. It has the heading: “Act No. ... of the forensic chemical examination of material evidence in the case of...” and consists of three parts: introduction, descriptive part and conclusion. The introduction and descriptive part make up the examination protocol. In the descriptive part includes sections: “External examination” and “Chemical examination” (where necessary, chemical examination is preceded by “Examination under a microscope”).

In the introduction, in accordance with the Rules of Forensic Chemical Research and the Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR (Article 191), it is indicated:

1) time (start and end) of the examination;
2) the basis for the examination (resolution ordering a forensic chemical examination indicating the name of the investigator and the date), number and date of the accompanying document;
3) place of examination (name of the forensic laboratory);
4) who performed the examination (last name, first name, patronymic, education, specialty, degree, rank and qualification category, position held as a chemist expert);
5) what material evidence was examined and in what case;
6) who was present during the examination;
7) the purpose of the examination or the questions raised for resolution of the examination (the latter are given verbatim, as presented by representatives of the investigative and judicial authorities);
8) under the heading “Circumstances of the case” the contents of the case materials are briefly stated.

The section “External inspection” describes in detail the physical evidence: packaging, inscriptions on jars, flasks, boxes, boxes, morphological composition of objects, weight, color, smell, reaction to litmus and other indicators, canning,

The “Chemical Research” section provides a detailed description of the methods used, techniques for examining material evidence and research results.

When describing a “Chemical Research”, the amount of object, mineralizate, distillate, extract, etc., consumed in each operation is noted. The entire course of forensic chemical analysis is described in detail: methods for isolating and detecting toxic and potent substances and the phenomena observed (color, sediment, crystal formation, etc.). When describing the results of the study, the chemist expert should not allow the expressions in the forensic chemical examination report: “A positive reaction was obtained,” “The result of the reaction was negative,” “A test with hydrochloric acid showed the presence of silver salts,” etc., and also should not refer to the author of a particular method, or provide formulas and reaction equations. The quantitative determination of toxic and potent substances must be presented in such a way that the described methodology and calculation make it possible to judge the reliability of the determination results.

In conclusion, based on the description of the forensic chemical investigation, the found substances are first listed with an indication of their quantities, then the unfound substances and, finally, the answers to the questions (within the competence of the chemist expert) posed by the bodies of inquiry, investigation and court.

To assist the forensic investigative authorities and the forensic medical expert in concluding the forensic chemical examination report, speaking about the substances found by the study and their quantities, as well as about substances not found during the analysis, the chemist expert must simultaneously evaluate the results obtained based on the resolving capabilities of the analytical methods used and the characteristics of physical evidence and chemical substances found or not found by the analysis 1.

If in the process of work a chemical expert establishes circumstances that are important to the case, but about which questions were not asked to him, he indicates this in the conclusion (Article 191 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR).

Questions that are beyond the competence of the chemical expert are not answered in the final part of the forensic chemical examination report. In such cases, in the accompanying document to the forensic chemical examination report, these questions are listed and indicated (if possible) in the competence of which specialist may answer them.

The act of forensic chemical examination of material evidence is signed by the chemist expert who carried out the examination.

The typewritten text of the act (copy) and the accompanying document are sent to the institution or person that sent the material evidence to the laboratory for research.

The use of pre-prepared forms, such as questionnaires, for drawing up reports of forensic chemical examination of material evidence is strictly prohibited.

A chemical expert must always remember the great responsibility that he bears for the answers in the forensic chemical examination report. A careless, insufficiently accurate expert opinion can lead to a distortion of the direction of the case and, instead of helping the accused, the bodies of inquiry, the court, the investigation or a medical institution, cause irreparable or difficult to correct harm.

Prof. A.V. Stepanov quite rightly pointed out that any forensic chemical study is essentially a scientific study and differs from a purely scientific study only in the smaller breadth of the conclusion, relating only to an individual particular case 2. The conclusion on the act of forensic chemical examination is therefore a scientific conclusion on the questions posed to the expert chemist and requires him to use all his theoretical knowledge, practical experience, the ability to strictly discuss and convincingly justify the data obtained during the examination.

In the forensic chemical examination report and conclusion, the research material must be presented with utmost clarity and in such a way that the second person who may be entrusted with checking the results of the first research experimentally, as well as based on the case materials (re-examination), follows the indicated in the act of examination by way, could come to the same conclusions. The act must be written carefully, all corrections, entered and crossed out places must be specified and signed by a chemist expert. If possible, permanent preparations or microphotographs of the obtained crystals, deposits (for example, in a Marsh tube), reaction products (for example, Prussian blue), confirming the correctness of the conclusions, should be attached to the forensic chemical examination report. Documents accompanying material evidence to the laboratory are stored in the department until the end of the study in a safe or locked cabinet, which is sealed at the end of the work. During the research process, physical evidence is stored in a cabinet, and perishable evidence is stored in a refrigerator, which is locked and sealed. At the end of the study, the documents, together with the forensic chemical examination report and accompanying documents, are transferred to the forensic medical examination bureau.

Basic rules of forensic chemical analysis (FCA)

1. Forensic chemical examination must begin on the day the objects are received for analysis. If this is not possible, then the objects are stored in the refrigerator.

2. When starting SCA, the expert carefully examines the objects and describes them in the work log, establishing full compliance of the received objects with their description in the accompanying document.

3. The expert carefully studies all accompanying materials and draws up a research plan

4. To carry out SCA, 2/3 of the sent objects are spent, 1/3 remains in the archive (for re-analysis, if necessary). However, if the quantity is limited, the entire object is consumed in agreement with the sending organization.

5. Depending on the questions asked, the study can be carried out for a specific compound, a group of substances, or for an unknown substance according to the general SCA (screening analysis) scheme.

6. For research, you should always use only those methods and procedures that the expert has previously familiarized himself with, owns them, knows all the conditions, and can take into account all the errors that may arise. All methods must be tested in advance. The main task of SCA is to choose the optimal isolation method. For qualitative detection, preliminary and confirmatory methods are used, taking into account their sensitivity and specificity.

7. Each forensic chemical study should be carried out as a quantitative study, into which it can be turned at any stage of the work.

8. Quantitative determination is carried out in all cases where this is possible and appropriate determination methods are available. The amount of substances found refers to 100g of the sample and is expressed in weight units

9. All methods of quantitative determination must be tested on the biological matrix that will be used for analysis (blood, urine, organ tissue) according to the scheme of model experiments.

10. It is necessary to ensure the chemical purity of the reagents used for analysis, while the purity of the reagents is checked in the maximum quantities in which they will be used for analysis and by the same methods and reactions that will be used during SCA.

11. To ensure high quality of examination, it is recommended to carry out in-laboratory and external quality control, focused on both the method and the substance being determined. The forensic chemistry department must be licensed (certified).

Documentation during forensic chemical examination

Documentation is drawn up in accordance with criminal procedural legislation and the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.

Each expert has a work journal where he enters all the data on the research being carried out. For each completed examination, a “Forensic Chemical Research Report” (“Expert Conclusion”) is drawn up. The act is drawn up in two copies: one is sent to the person who appointed the examination, the second is stored in the archives of the agricultural organization. The act must have the expert’s signature, seal and completion date.

The act is drawn up personally by the expert who conducted the research, on his own behalf, in a certain form. The act consists of the following sections: introductory part, description of research objects, research part (chemical research) and conclusion (conclusions).

In the introductory part they indicate: on the basis of which documents the examination was carried out, the department in which the research was carried out, position, full name. expert, work experience, category, list the objects received, indicate full name. of the deceased (injured), note the start and end dates of the study, and list the issues to be resolved. Then they state the circumstances of the case and provide information from the documents received.

The act must have the expert’s signature, seal, and date of execution.

To ensure confidentiality, agricultural enterprises must apply precautionary measures (distribution of information and documentation only to an authorized person).

I. General characteristics of toxic effects. The formation of a toxic effect as a factor in the interaction of poison, the body and the environment.

The concept of “poison”, “poisoning”

Among the variety of issues resolved by chemical toxicological analysis, the most often resolved is the presence (and definition) of a chemical substance or compound in the object of study, which toxicology considers as a “poison”. This is necessary to establish the cause of poisoning and death.

The definition of “poison” goes beyond chemistry. This is a medical concept and is given by toxicology.

Poison or poisonous substance, in toxicology, a chemical substance (or compound) is conventionally called a chemical substance (or compound) that, when introduced into the body in small quantities and acting on it chemically or physicochemically, under certain conditions can lead to illness or death.

Poisoning or intoxication, in toxicology, is called a disruption of body functions under the influence of a toxic substance, which can result in health problems or even death.

The concept of “poison” in toxicology is conditional and much narrower than in biology. Everyone is well aware that toxic substances can be introduced into the human body (animal, plant) not only for the purpose of poisoning, but also as medicines (barbiturates, alkaloids, etc.). Poisons can be formed in the body during certain diseases and conditions (metabolic disorders, infections), can be constantly produced by the body (hormones that act as poisons in large doses) or accumulate in organs during human life (mercury, arsenic, copper, lead and etc.)

There are no absolute poisons in nature, that is, there are no chemicals that can lead to poisoning under any conditions. In order for a particular substance to become a poison when it is available, certain and very diverse conditions must be created.

The toxic effect of a chemical depends on:

a) its dose (toxic);

b) physical and chemical properties;

c) conditions of use (route of administration, presence and quality of food in the stomach);

d) the state of the human body (gender, age, illness, weight, genetic factors, etc.)

Other substances with which the poison is introduced into the body are also important. In this case, the effect of poisons in the presence of other substances may be enhanced - synergism appears (for example, barbiturates, alkaloids together with alcohol), or weakened.

CLASSIFICATION OF POISONING

In the life and practical activities of modern man, chemical compounds are found literally at every step: in the form of medicines, pesticides, numerous food additives, various cosmetics, household products, and industrial poisons.

Under certain conditions, many of the chemicals can have an adverse effect on the human body, cause poisoning of varying severity, and become potentially dangerous to human health and even life. By persons in a psycho-emotional crisis situation, they can be used (including medicinal substances) for suicidal purposes.

Currently, there are more than 10 thousand potentially toxic substances that are found in human life and activity.

The possibilities of poisoning are very diverse. Depending on the cause and circumstances of poisoning, they are classified into 2 large groups:

The picture of poisoning, the picture of the autopsy in case of death are, as a rule, non-specific, uncharacteristic, and therefore, in order to determine the cause of death, the question arises of the need to conduct a forensic chemical examination (examination), as a result of which the nature of the poison and its quantity can be established. In this case, the forensic investigative authorities turn for help to the forensic chemical departments of the forensic medical laboratories of the Bureau of Forensic Medical Examinations, to experts, i.e. persons with special knowledge in the field of toxicological chemistry.

This type of examination, carried out in the forensic chemistry department of the forensic examination bureau, is carried out for the purpose of isolating, identifying and quantifying (or eliminating) toxic, narcotic and potent substances, products of their transformation in human organs and tissues, as well as in pharmaceuticals, food products , drinks, tobacco products, the human environment and on objects. They are used for the detection and identification of chemical and medicinal substances. preliminary methods - color reactions, thin layer chromatography, enzyme immunoassay, as well as confirming methods - spectrophotometry in the visible, ultraviolet and infrared regions, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, gas-liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In recent years, a set of biochemical analysis methods has become widespread in forensic chemical research, the results of which make it possible to establish certain expert diagnostic criteria, as well as features of thanatogenesis in various types of death.

Forensic chemical research

can be carried out as both main and additional examination. The main forensic chemical examination is carried out in the presence of: a) a resolution of the inquirer, investigator, prosecutor, judge; b) court rulings; c) determination of the person considering the case of administrative offenses. As an additional examination, forensic chemical studies are carried out during the examination of a corpse or a living person upon the written direction of a forensic medical expert or by order of the person who ordered the examination.

Objects of forensic chemical examination are removed entirely, if possible, or scraped off. Material for chemical examination is packaged so that it is not contaminated with foreign impurities. The liquid to be examined is sent for examination in a clean glass container with a ground-in stopper. Solids should be wrapped in clean paper. To prevent rotting during transportation, it is recommended to dry wet items at room temperature. The packaging indicates the name of the contents, the place and time of its removal.

The following are sent to the forensic chemical department of the forensic examination bureau along with the objects of study:

1) accompanying relation, which indicates to whom, with what
the purpose and what exactly is being directed;

2) a resolution to order a forensic chemical examination of a thing
evidence, which sets out the circumstances of the case
(preliminary information), questions are formulated to be
permission, the research objects to be directed are listed;

3) an extract from the report of the forensic medical examination of the corpse, containing
providing information about the main results of the autopsy and indications of
purpose of forensic chemical research;

4) a copy of the medical record of inpatient or outpatient pain
nogo, if the victim received medical assistance;

5) for repeated studies - a copy of the expert’s opinion or
act of primary forensic chemical research.

Scrollquestions, permittedatpurposebasicjudicially— chemicalexamination

1. What is the composition and name of the substance presented?

2. Are the studied object and sample homogeneous in composition?

3. Does the object submitted for examination belong to a certain
group of substances (narcotic, potent, toxic,
explosives, etc.)? Does it contain any impurities?

4. Does the object under study contain a substance that, when determined,
Can it be poisonous under certain conditions? If yes, which one and in
what quantity?

5. Are there any in the test material (food product, drink)
substances harmful to health? If yes, which ones exactly?

6. What material is the product of combustion shown on
examination of the substance?

Testcontrol

In paragraphs 1-10 below there are two statements connected by the conjunction "because". Determine whether each of these statements individually is true or false and whether the connection between them is true. Give the answer indicated by the letter according to the following code.

Answer	Statement 1	Statement 2	Connection

1. Coincidence of the blood type of the suspect in a crime with the group
there is no blood in the detected spot according to the ABO isoserological system
excludes the possibility of this blood originating from another person,
because the composition of blood antigens of the ABO system is not individual
ny, but group.

2. When trying to detect small blood stains, use
tests with hydrogen peroxide are impractical, because peroxide
hydrogen can render the object unusable for further
research.

3. Hair from the head of a corpse for subsequent forensic biological testing
research should be cut with scissors, because such a spo
The method of hair removal causes the least trauma to them.

4. To establish paternity, an expert can use meth
method of genomic fingerprinting (DNA typing), because given
This technique is the most reliable compared to others
methods for identifying biological objects.

5. Detection of Y-chromatin in blood traces is not evidence
blood belonging to a male person, because Y-xpo-
matine is found in the blood cells of both men and women.

6. A blood-like stain found at the scene
should not be sent to the forensic biological laboratory along with the

the type of the carrier object, because in some cases, the carrier object can influence the results of forensic biological research.

7. Forensic biological examination may be timely
suitable for a doctor of any specialty, because any doctor according to the law
must, if necessary, be able to conduct forensic biological
what kind of examination.

8. If it is impossible to quickly (within 24 hours) deliver the sample
blood is sent to the forensic biological laboratory there
blood dried on gauze because liquid blood in storage
It is exposed to rotting for more than a day.

9. When searching for blood stains, it is possible to use a peroxide sample
sue of hydrogen, because test using water peroxide
genus is specific to the determination of blood.

10. When referred for medical and forensic examination according to
damage to the skin, contact with metal objects is not allowed.
meta, because during subsequent spectral
analysis may produce false positive results
detection of microelements.

In paragraphs 11-20 of the answers indicated by letters below,You must choose one correct answer.

11. Objects of forensic biological research may be:
A - blood;

B - sperm;

C - hair;

D - particles of organs and tissues;

E - all of the above.

12. Examine physical evidence of biological occurrence
have the right to:

A - any doctors;

B - forensic medical experts (thanatologists);

C - doctors and biologists who have undergone specialization in research

physical evidence;

D - medical workers with secondary education; E - experts of the organizational and methodological department.

13. The objects of forensic cytological research may be:
A - particles of tissues and organs;

B - isolated cells;

C - instruments of injury with traces of biological origin;

D - clothing containing biological substances;

E - all of the above.

14. The duties of the forensic expert when examining the site
incidents include:

A - identification of traces of biological origin;

B - recording of material evidence;

C - packaging of material evidence;

D - drawing up a resolution for the examination of material evidence;

E - assistance to the investigator in detecting, describing and seizing traces of biological origin.

15. What method is used to prove the presence of sperm in spots on an object?
carrier:

A - precipitation reaction;

B - microcrystalline reaction;

C - agglutination reaction;

D - microscopic examination;

E - polymerase chain reaction.

16. When struck, dismembered and shaken, there are traces of blood in
form:

A - drips; B - strokes; C - fingerprints; D - splash stains; E -

17. The most common objects of medical and forensic research are all of the following, except: A - wounds on soft tissues; B ->- instruments of crime; C - damage to bones and cartilage;

D - combustion products of biological objects; E - contents of hollow organs.

18. In medical and forensic departments, the following list is used:
nal research methods, except:

A - stereomicroscopic; B - cytological; C - x-ray; D - photo alignment; E - spectral.

19. With forensic biological examination of hair, it is possible to establish
everything except:

A - whether the object is hair; B - species; C - presence of toxic substances; D - regional™ origin; E - gender,

20. To determine the tissue and organ affiliation I will find
particles used on trauma tools are most often used in research
statement:

A - cytological; B - virological; C - biochemical; D - serological; E - bacteriological.

In the paragraphs below 21 30 indicate the correct answer, bothdesignated by a letter, according to the following code:A- if 1, 2, 3 are true; B - if 1, 3 is true;WITH- if 2, 4 is true;D - if 4 is true;E - if everything is true.

21. Detection of traces suspicious of blood is carried out using
using the following preliminary tests:

1) test with hydrogen peroxide;

2) test using ultraviolet rays;

3) benzidine test;

4) sample with distilled water.

22. Laboratory departments of the department of forensic examination of material evidence
The official bodies of the forensic medical examination bureau are:

1) medical and forensic department;

2) forensic biological department;

3) forensic chemical department;

4) forensic histology department.

23. The presence of blood in the stain is established:

1) precipitation reaction;

2) spectral research;

3) agglutination reaction;

4) microcrystalline reactions.

24. The victim’s clothing with damage and traces of biologists
of cultural origin should be sent for research;

1) forensic chemical;

2) medical and forensic;

3) forensic histological;

4) forensic biological.

25. The study of particles of organs and tissues on instruments of injury is reduced to
to solving questions about:

1) organ-tissue affiliation;

2) determining the species;

3) establishing group affiliation;

4) determination of individual (genetic) properties.

26. Remove traces of biological origin from items you carry.
you can use:

1) seizure of the entire item;

2) scraping;

4) removal of a fragment of a bulky object.

27. During a forensic biological examination, the following may be allowed:
next questions:

1) establishment of intravital damage formation;

2) establishing the type of fabric;

3) identification of traces of metallization in bodily injuries;

4) determination of the gender of the fabric.

28. Individual signs of a traumatic object are most up to
are clearly reflected in:

2) bones;

3) cartilage;

4) internal (parenchymal) organs.

29. When examining traces similar to blood, you can establish:

1) presence of blood;

2) species specificity;

3) group specificity;

4) gender specificity.

30. During forensic chemical examinations, the most common
the following confirmatory research methods:

1) spectrophotometry of various modifications;

2) gas-liquid chromatography;

3) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry;

4) all of the above.

For items 31-50 listed below, select the correct ones fromvets; the question (phrase) indicated by a number must correspondGive one correct answer, indicated by a letter. Every answercan be used once, several times or not usedvan in general.

What kind of research should the listed objects be used for in the production of various SMEs?

31. Hair.	A - forensic biological
32. Pieces of organs and tissues from a corpse for	study.
detection of pathological changes.	In "" forensic chemical
33. Bone fragments with damage.	study.
34. Traces similar to sperm.	C - medical
35. Instrument of injury with a sample of damage.	forensic
36. Blood (to determine the presence of ethanol).	study.
37. Traces that look like blood.	P - histological
38. Bony remains to determine age.	study.
39. Stains similar to traces of saliva and sweat.	E - none of them
40. Fragments of cartilage with traces of impact	the above
sharp weapons.	research.
41. Urine tests for drugs.
42. Lesions on the skin to determine the type
traumatic object.
43. Discharge similar to traces of urine and feces.
44. Damage to organs and tissues for
establishing the statute of limitations (time limits) for causing them.
45. Organs and tissues of a corpse in case of suspected
poisoning.

46. Traces of blood in the form of a puddle.	A - significant blood loss.
47. Traces of blood in the form of round spots.	B - shaking
48. Traces of blood in the form of blots and smears,	bloody object.
49. Traces of blood in the form of fingerprints.	C - vertical drop drop
50. Traces of blood in the form of splash stains.	from a low height.
	D - contact without
	slip.
	E - sliding
	contact.

During any analysis, the following main stages can be distinguished:

1) taking a sample for analysis (sampling) and transferring it into solution (dissolution);

2) separation and concentration;

3) analysis (final determination);

4) processing of the obtained results.

1) Sampling There are 3 types of samples:

A) general (primary) sample– obtained from a large mass of the analyzed sample by uniformly selecting the substance from different parts throughout the entire volume of the sample. The mass of the general sample is several tens of grams and its main property is representativeness. Sample representativeness- this is the correspondence of the sample composition to the average composition of the analyzed sample. To obtain a representative sample, it is necessary to thoroughly mix the substances selected for analysis from different parts of the sample (liquid and gaseous) or grind them in a mortar until smooth (solid).

b) laboratory (average) sample necessary for a comprehensive, complete analysis of the sample and its mass corresponds to the selected analysis methods. A laboratory sample is obtained from a general sample by reducing its value using the method quartering or using automatic samplers. When quartering, the sample is laid out in an even layer in the form of a square and divided diagonally into four triangles. Two opposite parts are discarded, and the other two are combined, crushed again and quartered again. The laboratory sample thus obtained, weighing several grams, is placed in a dark glass jar with a ground-in lid to prevent external influences. Part of the laboratory sample is intended for arbitration analysis.

V) analytical sample (sample for analysis) necessary for a single determination. An analytical sample is obtained from a laboratory sample by taking an accurate sample on an analytical balance. The approximate sample weight for analysis is calculated in advance based on the approximate content of the component being determined in the sample and the determination method.

When dissolving a sample, they strive to transfer all its components into solution without loss. In this case, it is most convenient to use water, as well as acidic or alkaline aqueous solutions, and aqueous solutions of complexing agents.

To dissolve organic compounds, non-aqueous solvents are often used - alcohols, ketones, ethers, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, organochlorines, etc.

2) Separation and concentration. Since many analyzed samples are mixtures of compounds that can interfere with the determination of each other, their preliminary separation by chemical (precipitation, co-precipitation), physical (distillation) and physico-chemical (chromatography, extraction) methods is necessary. The same methods (plus evaporation) can be used to concentrate individual components to reduce their detection limit (increase sensitivity). As a result of concentration, an increase in the concentration of the analyzed component in the solution is achieved, which is characterized by the concentration coefficient K conc:

Where: WITH ref and V ref - concentration and volume of the original (diluted) solution;

WITH con and V con - concentration and volume of the final (concentrated) solution

3) Carrying out analysis carried out according to available standard certified methods, depending on the task of chemical analysis.

4) Processing the results obtained includes summarizing the observations made, determining the correctness and reproducibility of the data obtained, calculating the results of the analysis, assessing the reliability of the results obtained using the methods of mathematical statistics.

SELECTED LECTURES ON TOXICOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

The textbook was prepared for publication at the Department of Toxicological Chemistry of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education of the Perm State Faculty of Healthcare of the Russian Federation by associate professors T.L. Malkova, N.V. Koksharova, E.V. Meteleva, E.N. Kozminykh, senior teachers L.N. Karpova, O.N. Dvorskaya

Under the general editorship of the head. Department of Toxicological Chemistry, Associate Professor T.L. Malkova

Reviewers:

and about. head Department of Toxicological Chemistry, Pyatigorsk Pharmaceutical Academy, Associate Professor T.Kh. Vergeichik;

head Department of Ecology of the Perm State Agricultural Academy, Associate Professor E.V. Pimenova;

Associate Professor of the Department of Analytical Chemistry of the Perm State Faculty of Physics N.V. Kolotova

Third edition, revised and expanded.

Recommended by the Educational and Methodological Association for Medical and Pharmaceutical Education of Russian Universities as a teaching aid for students studying in specialty 040500 - “Pharmacy” (UMO-851 12/24/04)

Introduction to Toxicological Chemistry
Organizational structure of forensic medical and forensic chemical examination in the Russian Federation
Legal and methodological basis of SME
Rules for the forensic chemical examination of material evidence
I. General characteristics of toxic effects
General characteristics and classification of substances that cause poisoning
Toxicokinetics of foreign compounds
A group of substances isolated by distillation (“Volatile poisons”)
Monohydric alcohols. Ethyl alcohol in chemical and toxicological terms
Chemical properties of alcohols. Methods of analysis in forensic chemical examination of poisoning and examination of alcohol intoxication
Quantitative determination of alcohols
A group of substances isolated from biological material by extraction and sorption (“Medicinal poisons”)
Theoretical basis of isolation methods
General and specific isolation methods
Purification of isolated substances from accompanying components of biomaterial
Analytical screening of medicinal substances of toxicological significance
Derivatives of barbituric acid in chemical and toxicological terms
Alkaloids in chemical and toxicological terms
Express analysis of intoxications A group of substances isolated by extraction with non-polar solvents. Pesticides
A group of substances isolated by mineralization (“Metal poisons”)
Mineralization methods
Fractional method of analysis
A group of toxicologically important substances isolated by extraction with water (mineral acids, alkalis and their salts)
A group of toxicologically important substances that require special isolation methods (fluorine compounds)
A group of substances that do not require special isolation methods. Harmful vapors and gases. Carbon monoxide
Literature

The lecture material includes the main, most important sections of the toxicological chemistry course: issues of sample preparation and isolation with theoretical justification and practical application of methods, analytical toxicology, which considers issues of purification, concentration of toxic compounds, as well as the correct use of the capabilities of various methods of analysis, their rational combination. Much attention is paid to modern methods of analysis: chromatographic, spectrophotometric, immunochemical and others.

Information about the physicochemical characteristics of toxic substances allows one to correctly navigate the degree of their toxicity and the diverse chemical transformations that occur with them in the body. The issues of metabolism and elimination of toxic substances are covered.

The lecture material pays attention to the modern organizational structure of forensic and forensic chemical examination, as well as the legal and methodological foundations of forensic chemical examination.

“Selected lectures on toxicological chemistry” were compiled in accordance with the current program (2003), taking into account the requirements of orders of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, and also due to the lack of a modern textbook on the course of toxicological chemistry. The educational and methodological manual will undoubtedly be useful for students of pharmaceutical universities and practical workers.

Introduction to Toxicological Chemistry

· Subject and tasks. Relationship with other disciplines. Peculiarities.

· Basic sections of toxicological chemistry.

· Main directions of chemical-toxicological analysis.

· Stages of formation and development of toxicological chemistry.

The name of the subject “Toxicological chemistry” itself shows that this is a science related, on the one hand, to toxicology, and on the other, to chemistry. Toxicology is a medical science. Its name comes from two Greek words: toxikon - poison and logos - teaching. Toxicology, therefore, is the science of poisons and their effects on the body (human, animal, plant).

Toxicological chemistry arose from the needs of toxicology, which is reflected in both the name and content of the subject. During the period of its formation and development, toxicological chemistry was associated mainly with forensic toxicology and was called forensic chemistry, and in 1965 it was renamed toxicological chemistry). In other countries, with the same content, this subject is called forensic chemical toxicology, analytical toxicological chemistry, chemical toxicology, analytical toxicology.

The program for pharmaceutical universities, approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation in 1996, provides the following: definition of the discipline being studied :

Toxicological chemistry is the science of chemical transformations of toxic substances and their metabolites in the body, methods of their isolation from objects of biological origin, detection and quantification.

In the textbook “Toxicological Chemistry” by M.D. Shvaikova, which is still in force today, published in 1975,

Toxicological chemistry is defined as the science of chemical methods for isolating, detecting and determining toxic and potent substances, as well as the products of their transformation in the tissues, organs and fluids of the body (animal, plant) and in the human environment and objects (water, air, soil, residues food products, medicines, etc.)

A characteristic feature of modern toxicological chemistry is a significant expansion of the arsenal of chemical compounds potentially dangerous to humans and animals. The potential for poisoning lies in the widespread use of chemicals in medicine, industry and everyday life, in the availability of various chemicals to wide sections of the population, who are not always sufficiently familiar with the toxic properties of these substances used as medicines, pesticides, household chemicals, as well as in attempts self-medication, etc. A constant increase in the number of poisonings, especially from drugs, has been observed in recent decades in almost all developed countries of the world. Of no less importance is the pollution of the human environment (water, food, air in modern cities, etc.) with industrial waste, the accumulation in these objects of a large number of substances, which under certain conditions can cause poisoning.

Main tasks modern toxicological chemistry as a science therefore continues to remain:

¨ development of new and improvement of existing methods for the isolation (isolation), detection and quantitative determination of toxic substances in fluids, organs and tissues of the body and in the external environment, as well as methods for the isolation, detection and determination of the products of their transformation (metabolites) in a living organism and in a corpse.

The solution to these problems is aimed at diagnosing poisoning, providing quick assistance to the poisoned person, and preventing all kinds of poisoning with toxic substances.

Toxicological chemistry is special pharmaceutical discipline and is interconnected with other disciplines:

· medical (pharmacology, forensic and clinical toxicology),

· biological (biochemistry, biology, pharmacognosy),

· chemical (pharmaceutical, analytical, organic and other chemistry).

It should be noted that toxicological chemistry as a special pharmaceutical discipline is taught only in pharmaceutical universities in the country.

Mastering the basics of toxicological chemistry is necessary for a pharmacist for subsequent specialization in the field of forensic chemical examination, clinical toxicology and pharmacy, forensic science, ecology and sanitary chemistry.

Toxicological, formerly forensic chemistry, should be considered a relatively young science. The year of its legalization is considered to be 1714, when Peter I issued a Military Decree on the mandatory establishment of the cause of death of persons who died a violent death (a forensic autopsy of such corpses was mandatory).

Forensic chemistry was created through the efforts of pharmacists. Through the works of these same specialists it has developed and is currently developing.

The following scientists stood out for their activities in the field of forensic chemistry:

A.A.Iovsky(Moscow University) in 1834, for the first time in Russia, published in Russian a manual on forensic chemistry, which he called “Guide to the recognition of poisons, antidotes and the most important determination of the former both in the body and outside it by means of chemical means called reagents.”

A.P. Nelyubin Head of the Department of Pharmacy at the Medical-Surgical Academy of St. Petersburg. In 1824, he published the first “Rules for the guidance of a forensic doctor in the study of poisoning,” where for the first time in the world he theoretically substantiated the need to destroy an object (organic substances) during forensic chemical and other studies on “metal poisons,” and proposed his own method of destruction, substantiated a method for detecting arsenic compounds after its reduction to arsenic hydrogen.

A.P.Dianin Professor of the Medical-Surgical Academy worked there for more than 30 years and during this time performed about 5 thousand forensic chemical analyzes. In 1903, Dianin received the title of academician of the Military Medical Academy, and in 1904 - the title of chief forensic chemical expert.

G. Dragendorf, a professor at Dorpat (Tartu) University, who worked in Russia for 32 years, was the first to separate forensic chemistry from pharmacy into an independent science and teach it as a separate course. Dragendorff's book “Forensic Chemical Discovery of Poisons” went through 4 editions. He published a pharmaceutical journal in German. He dealt with the issues of isolation and evidence of alkaloids in forensic chemical studies. The general alkaloid Dragendorff reagent is still used today.

Professor N.I.Kromer- a graduate of the University of Dorpat, was the founder of the chemical-pharmaceutical department at the University of Perm, and then - an independent pharmaceutical institute and organizer of forensic medical examination in Perm (in Soviet times).

In pre-revolutionary Russia there were no special laboratories for forensic chemical analysis.

After 1917, the creation of a network of state forensic laboratories with forensic chemical departments began.

In 1918, a medical examination department was organized at the People's Commissariat of Health, the positions of forensic medical experts were established, and the “Regulations on the rights and responsibilities of state forensic medical experts” were developed for the first time.

In 1920, the first departments of forensic chemistry were created at the Chemical-Pharmaceutical Faculty of the II Moscow State University and at the Petrograd Chemical-Pharmaceutical Institute.

In 1934, the State Research Institute of Forensic Medicine was created, which is currently renamed the Center for Forensic Medical Examination under the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.

In 1934, the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR approved the first “Rules for forensic medical and forensic chemical examination of material evidence,” which were then periodically updated.

Currently, the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 407 of December 10, 1996 “On the introduction into practice of the rules of forensic medical examination” is in force, which regulates the legal and methodological foundations, including forensic chemical examination.

The following made a huge contribution to the development of toxicological chemistry and the improvement of forensic chemical examination in our country:

Professor A.V. Stepanov- founder and head of the first department of forensic chemistry at the II Moscow State University, Master of Pharmacy, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Honored Scientist of the RSFSR. He was one of the main organizers of the Moscow Pharmaceutical Institute, where he was deputy director for scientific affairs and first dean. Worked in the field of forensic chemistry for 45 years. He wrote about 100 scientific papers and 3 textbooks, including a textbook on forensic chemistry that was republished three times. He was involved in training personnel for forensic chemical examination, and for the first time, the department organized specialization and advanced training courses for forensic chemists. His work on the isolation of alkaloids and metal poisons is known,

Professor M.D. Shvaikova, student of A.V. Stepanova, who after his death in 1946 headed the department of forensic chemistry and directed it for 30 years. M.D. Shvaikova continued and successfully developed all scientific directions created by A.V. Stepanov. She has trained 30 candidates of pharmaceutical sciences in the field of forensic chemistry; a textbook was written on forensic and then on toxicological chemistry, which went through three editions.

The centers of scientific thought in the field of toxicological chemistry in the Russian Federation are the Forensic Medical Examination Center under the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, departments and courses of toxicological chemistry at pharmaceutical universities in the country, where M.D. Shvaikova’s students still work.

Advances in the field of toxicological chemistry are closely related to the general advances in chemical and toxicological sciences. The latest methods of analytical chemistry are widely used in toxicological chemistry.

Main sections of toxicological chemistry are biochemical and analytical toxicology.

The modern development of toxicology shows that understanding the mechanisms of the toxic effects of substances on the body is impossible without a systematic approach. An organism is a complex biosystem, a collection of interacting parts. The toxicity of a substance is inextricably linked with the kinetics of its absorption, distribution, excretion, the mechanism of metabolic reactions, etc., therefore it is necessary to pay special attention to the main pathways and mechanisms of transport, quantitative patterns that determine the relationship between the chemical properties and biological activity of substances. All these questions form the basis biochemical toxicology.

Issues of the kinetics of foreign compounds, the main patterns and parameters of their distribution, the processes of absorption and excretion, the kinetics of excretion from the body are discussed in detail in the course of pharmacology.

Issues of biotransformation of foreign compounds in the body, stages and pathways of biotransformation reactions, factors affecting metabolism are discussed in the course of biological chemistry.

Information about the physicochemical characteristics of toxic substances allows one to correctly navigate the degree of their toxicity, the variety of chemical transformations that occur with a toxic substance in the body, as well as assess the toxic situation associated with the entry of a toxic substance into the human or animal body.

Analytical toxicology is the main and main section of toxicological chemistry, which examines the methods and methods of chemical analysis as applied to biological objects. The main issue of analytical toxicology remains, as before in forensic chemistry, the consideration of issues related to the preparation of samples (objects), including the isolation (isolation), purification and concentration of toxic compounds from a variety of biological objects, as well as the correct use for qualitative and quantitative determination of capabilities various methods of analysis, their rational combination.

Chemical toxicological analysis (CTA) is extremely responsible and has its own specific characteristics (this is what makes toxicological chemistry an independent pharmaceutical discipline).

Features of chemical-toxicological analysis.

1. Extreme diversity and diversity of research objects: these are biological fluids (blood, urine), vomit, internal organs of human corpses, hair, nails, remains of food and drinks, medicines, pesticides, household chemicals, dishes, household items , clothing, water, earth, etc.

2. The need to isolate (extract) small quantities (from μg to mg) of the desired chemical substances from a relatively large amount of the research object is the second and main specific feature of CTA. The further course of chemical analysis and even its results often depend on isolation methods.

3. In the vast majority of cases, a toxicological chemist has to work with trace amounts of a chemical substance, which, as a rule, is not chemically pure, but is mixed with accompanying (coextractive, ballast) substances that are extracted during isolation and often have a negative effect on the results of the analysis. It is necessary to remove these ballast substances by introducing additional cleaning methods.

4. Establishing the presence of a toxic substance in the body and the ability to judge its quantity requires appropriate, sometimes special, but always the most sensitive and specific methods of analysis.

5. A kind of peculiarity is the need for a correct assessment of the results of the analysis - an expert opinion. The expert has the opportunity to speak only about the detection or non-detection of the sought-after substance, since, based on the nature of the chemical substance, taking into account the sensitivity of the methods used, a negative research result does not always indicate the absence of a toxic substance (traces of it may remain in the object, but not be detected) . Conversely, some of the substances that toxicology indicates as toxic are natural constituents of the body (Cu, As, Hg, Zn, Pb cations, etc.). They can be detected and determined during the analysis process, but do not cause poisoning.

The presence of a toxic substance is not always evidence of its introduction into the body for the purpose of poisoning, because many of them, for example, barbiturates, alkaloids and other nitrogen-containing substances of a basic nature, are medicinal. In these cases, quantitative assessment is mandatory.

6. Difficulties in detecting and identifying a toxic substance, especially in the organs of a corpse, are also due to the behavior of the chemical substance in the body and corpse. A toxic substance introduced into the body is most often distributed unevenly throughout fluids and tissues. Many substances, especially of an organic nature, are further subjected, mainly in the liver, to various processes of biotransformation (metabolism) along the path of hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, synthesis with the biochemical components of the body (conjugation with glucuronic, sulfuric acids), aimed mainly at neutralization of the substance. Processes of elimination (excretion) of a toxic substance and its metabolites by the kidneys, urine, etc. occur. Depending on the depth of biotransformation, a larger or smaller part of the substance remains unchanged or is metabolized, and depending on the intensity and rate of elimination, a larger or smaller part of the substance eludes the researcher. These factors have a significant impact on the results of the analysis.

Chemical toxicological analysis is used to solve problems in two main directions:

-- forensic chemical examination as an application of knowledge of toxicological chemistry to the practical solution of issues raised by forensic investigative bodies (most often in case of death, the objects in this case are the internal organs of a corpse).

Forensic chemical examination is carried out at the request of judicial investigative authorities, and the objects of forensic chemical examination are called “physical evidence”.

The Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation (CPC RF) gives the following definition:

Physical evidence are objects that served as instruments for committing a crime or retained traces of a crime or were objects of criminal actions of the accused, as well as money and other valuables acquired by criminal means, and all other objects and documents that can serve as a means of detecting a crime and establishing factual circumstances case, identifying the perpetrators, or to refute the crime or mitigate the guilt of the accused.

Depending on the nature of the physical evidence and the questions posed, forensic chemical examination is carried out either in the forensic chemical departments of forensic laboratories of the bureau of forensic medical examination of health authorities, or in special forensic laboratories of the ministries of justice and internal affairs.

- analytical diagnostics of acute poisoning and drug addiction. The objects in this case are biological fluids of the human body (blood, urine, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid), as well as residues of medicinal and chemical substances, dishes and other objects, plants, etc.

Issues of analytical diagnostics of acute poisoning and drug addiction are resolved in chemical and toxicological laboratories of centers for the treatment of acute poisoning, toxicology centers and departments, extracorporeal therapy centers, drug treatment clinics and other health care institutions.

Organizational structure of forensic medical and forensic chemical examination in the Russian Federation

In the healthcare system, the leadership of the entire forensic medical and forensic chemical service in scientific, practical and organizational terms is carried out by the Chief Forensic Medical Expert of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Administratively, the Chief Expert reports directly to the Minister of Health of the Russian Federation or his first deputy, and in scientific and practical terms, he is associated with the Center for Forensic Medical Examination at the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, being its director.

In scientific and practical terms, the chief and senior forensic experts of the autonomous republics, territories and regions are subordinate to the Chief Forensic Medical Expert of the Russian Federation, and inter-district, district and city experts are in turn subordinate to them. Administratively, they are all subordinate to the relevant local health authorities.

Chief forensic experts of the republics, territories and regions; senior city (Moscow, St. Petersburg) experts are the heads of the Bureau of Forensic Medicine (BSME), they are appointed and removed by the heads of the relevant health authority.

The SME Bureau consists of three departments:

1. Forensic medical outpatient clinic (department for examining living persons).

2. Morgue (department of forensic medical examination of corpses).

3. Forensic laboratory (department for the study of material evidence), including 3 departments:

a) forensic biological

b) physical and technical

c) forensic chemical

Forensic chemical examinations (research) are carried out in the forensic chemical department of the forensic laboratory of the Bureau of Forensic Medicine (SHO SML BSME). The position of the expert is currently called: doctor, forensic expert of the forensic chemical department of the BSME.

The procedure for appointing a forensic chemical examination (as well as others) is provided for by the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation. According to the Code of Criminal Procedure, an expert can be called at any stage of the preliminary or judicial investigation and must give an objective opinion on the questions put to him. For refusal or evasion of an expert or failure to appear without good reason when summoned by judicial investigative authorities, or for giving a knowingly false conclusion, the expert bears criminal liability in accordance with the law.

Legal and methodological foundations of forensic chemical examination

The legal and methodological foundations of forensic chemical examination are currently regulated Federal Law No. 73-FZ of May 31, 2001“On state forensic activity in the Russian Federation” andOrder of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 161 of April 24, 2003 “On approval of the Instructions for organizing and conducting expert research in the forensic medical examination bureau.” The previously existing order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 407 of December 10, 1996 “On the introduction into practice of the rules for the production of forensic medical examinations” is considered no longer in force.

Seizure of objects for forensic chemical research:

· In order to detect and quantify toxic substances for SCN, various internal organs, blood and urine are removed and sent, taking into account the nature of the poison and the routes of its introduction into the body, distribution, routes and speed of elimination, duration of intoxication and therapeutic measures. They also send vomit, the first portions of rinsing water, remains of medicinal and chemical substances, food, drinks and other objects.

· If poisoning with a toxic substance is suspected, a complex of internal organs is sent: the stomach with its contents, 1 m of the small intestine, 1/3 of the liver, 1 kidney, all urine and at least 200 ml of blood.

· If there is a suspicion that poison has been introduced through the vagina or uterus, the uterus and vagina are additionally directed separately.

· If subcutaneous or intramuscular injection is suspected, a section of skin or muscle from the area of the injection site.

· If inhalation administration is suspected - 1/4 of the lung, 1/3 of the brain.

· If grains, crystals, or tablets are found in the stomach contents, they are also sent for examination.

Additionally They are sent to the specified complex of internal organs and biological fluids in case of suspected poisoning:

· acids, alkalis - pharynx, trachea and esophagus, areas of skin with traces of the action of poison.

· volatile organochlorine substances (chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, dichloromethane, organochlorine pesticides and other alkyl halides) - omentum, 1/3 of the brain.

· methyl alcohol – 1/3 of the brain

glycosides - 1/3 of the liver with gall bladder

organophosphorus compounds - necessarily blood (to determine cholinesterase activity)

· mercury salts - rectum, hair

Chronic poisoning with lead compounds, thallium - flat bones

Chronic poisoning with arsenic compounds - hair, nails, flat bones

· tetraethyl lead - brain and lungs

carbon monoxide - blood, muscle tissue

· ethanol - blood from large veins, urine, if impossible - about 500 g of muscle tissue

methemoglobin-forming poisons (aniline, nitrobenzene, potassium permanganate, formaldehyde, chromates, acetaldehyde) - blood for methemoglobin

· mushrooms and poisonous plants - undigested pieces from the contents of the stomach, vomit, rinsing water

Organs should not be washed with water or contaminated with chemicals or mechanical impurities. Organs are placed in dry glass containers (metal or ceramic containers are prohibited).

The expert must ensure that the poison is not removed from the corpse and does not enter it from the outside.

Objects are preserved only if poisoning with cardiac glycosides, phenothiazine derivatives, FOS, alkaloids and tricyclic antidepressants is suspected. Rectified alcohol is used; in jars its level must be at least 1 cm high. At the same time, a sample of alcohol taken from the same container as for canning is sent for testing.

The jars are hermetically sealed, labeled according to the standard form, and together with the records are placed in a sealed plastic bag, which is immediately sent for research.

At the same time, a resolution is sent to the SHO to order a forensic chemical examination of the corpse: the direction of a forensic expert with a brief statement of the circumstances of the death, the main data of the pathological examination of the corpse with the diagnosis, surname, initials and age of the deceased, as well as issues to be resolved by the chemical expert.

When examining an exhumed corpse, 500 g of soil taken from 6 places (above and below the coffin, near its side surfaces, at the head and foot ends), as well as pieces of clothing, upholstery, bedding, and the bottom board of the coffin are sent for forensic chemical analysis. about 500 sq. cm), various decorations and objects found near the corpse.

Rules for the conduct of forensic chemical examination of material evidence in the SKhO LSU Bureau of Forensic Examination of Health Authorities

Purpose and objects of forensic chemical examination (research):

SCE (research) is carried out for the purpose of isolating, identifying and quantifying or eliminating toxic, narcotic and potent substances, products of their transformation, mainly in organs and biological fluids of the human body, as well as in pharmaceuticals, food products, drinks, the human environment environment and objects. An important part is the interpretation of the obtained SCN results.

Tasks of forensic chemical examination:

n determination of toxicologically important substances to determine the cause of death

n identification of medicinal and narcotic substances that can affect a person’s condition

n qualitative and quantitative analysis of narcotic substances in biological material and other samples relevant for forensic medical and forensic investigative practice

n to obtain analytical results, the subsequent interpretation of which may be useful for forensic investigative authorities, paramount importance is attached to the correct selection, seizure and direction of objects for forensic chemical examination

Grounds for conducting forensic chemical examination (research):

n forensic chemical examination of material evidence is carried out on the basis resolutions bodies of inquiry and investigation, court rulings

n forensic chemical studies of internal organs, tissues, biological fluids of human corpses can be carried out according to written directions forensic experts

n Forensic chemical examination of biological fluids, human secretions, and swabs from the surface of the skin in cases of suspected poisoning or non-medical use of narcotic and other drugs is carried out according to doctors' referrals narcological clinics and other medical institutions.

Along with the material evidence, they send documentation:

n resolution of the bodies of inquiry or investigation to order an examination or a court ruling, which sets out the circumstances of the case, lists the items sent for examination, and precisely formulated questions requiring resolution

n an extract from the report of the forensic medical examination of the corpse, containing preliminary information, basic data of the examination of the corpse and indications of the purpose of the study, signed by a forensic expert

n a copy of a hospital patient’s card certified by a medical institution, if the victim used medical care

n during repeated examinations, a certified copy of the “Act of (primary) forensic chemical research” is sent.

n Note: Simultaneously with the research objects, an act of taking samples is sent from drug treatment clinics, indicating the persons in whose presence the objects were taken (witnesses), the signatures of the persons being examined, as well as the persons sending the objects for research and taking the samples.

Responsibilities and rights of persons admitted to perform forensic chemical examination:

n Forensic chemical examinations are carried out by persons authorized to occupy positions doctor forensic expert SHO who have undergone special training in toxicological chemistry

n Forensic medical experts of agricultural organizations must improve their theoretical level and professional qualifications in advanced courses at least once every five years

n the responsibilities of a forensic medical expert include:

¨ reception of material evidence and documents related to it

¨ control over registration of examinations

¨ carrying out forensic chemical examinations at the current level of scientific achievements and on time

¨ keeping records in a work journal

¨ carrying out advisory work within its competence with persons who sent objects and conducting investigations of criminal cases

¨ drawing up a “forensic chemical research report”

¨ ensuring the safety of material evidence, research objects and examination documents

Laboratory premises

Forensic chemical examinations are carried out in rooms specially equipped for chemical work. Access to the laboratory should be limited to unauthorized persons. The premises must comply with sanitary and safety standards, must be isolated from other departments of the Bureau and, upon completion of work, be locked and sealed with the seal of the department.

Reception and storage of research objects (material evidence) and accompanying documents.

1. Objects of research (physical evidence) are received through the office of the Bureau or directly to the SKhE in accordance with the rules for sending cadaveric material to the SKhE:

Objects are registered along with documents for them in the registration journal of the agricultural organization (the journal must be numbered, laced, sealed and signed by the head of the agricultural organization).

Objects are subjected to a detailed inspection and description, noting the nature of the packaging, inscriptions, printing, checking compliance with the data specified in the direction (resolution)

2. Physical evidence before the start of a forensic chemical examination, during the analysis and until its completion is stored in conditions that ensure their safety:

Not subject to rotting - in a closed, sealed metal cabinet,

Those subject to rotting (internal organs, biological fluids) - in a hermetically sealed container in the refrigerator, which is sealed at the end of work.

3. Upon completion of the examination:

Objects that are not subject to decay are returned along with a conclusion to the institution that sent them

Those subject to rotting are left for storage in the agricultural storage facility for one year after the end of the examination, after which they are destroyed in accordance with the “Rules of storage and destruction...” (objects received for examination for the presence of ethanol only are destroyed one month after the end of the analysis)

Accompanying documents x

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