Globalization of foreign journalism after 1991. Transformation of the media in the context of globalization
Currently, in science there are two approaches to defining media globalization. Proponents of the first approach argue that globalization is not a new phenomenon. It manifested itself in various forms different stages history of mankind. According to another position, globalization means drawing the whole world into an open system of financial, economic, socio-political and cultural relations based on new communication and information technologies. The second point of view seems more justified, since it involves a transition from the traditional form of economic, political, technological society, formed on the basis of national unity and centuries-old cultural traditions, to a global Megasociety.
Many trends in the international typology are associated with the influence of globalization and the development of new technologies that speed up signal transmission to different parts of the globe. On the one hand, global newspapers are being created. There are few of them, only four: “Wall Street Journal”, “Financial Times”, “USA Today”, “International Herald Tribune”. All of them are published on English language-- the language of communication of international business. Global newspapers in French, German and other languages have not yet emerged. There is no such newspaper in Russian either.
Globalization is also accompanied by the increased development of local press and small-circulation, but very influential for small settlements and publishing communities. A similar trend is observed in Russia, where the number of small-circulation newspapers for small groups is growing Novikova A.A. Mass communications in the era of globalization. Volume 3. Paradoxes of globalization. - M.: LENAND, 2008. - 272 pp..
This is even more evident in the magazine business, where the number of specialized publications is increasing. In terms of circulation, they are not much inferior to entertainment products or specialized, for example medical, popular publications. Modern information weeklies, which are published by the Most Media concern (Itogi), the Kommersant publishing house (Vlast, Dengi), are significantly inferior to them in circulation, although they can be classified as publications directly related to participation in the political process. The circle of people actually participating in politics in Russia is still too small to create the basis for truly mass information weeklies. System of Russian Mass Media / Ed. Ya. N. Zasursky. - M.: Aspect Press, 2003. - P.12..
Globalization is changing the philosophy of radio broadcasting in many ways. A digital radio signal makes it possible to connect global and local hangings, even community ones. One of the main trends today is the rapid growth of local radio due to the reduction in the cost of signal distribution and the speed of its transmission via the Internet or communication satellites.
The typology of radio has also changed significantly. The share of national broadcasters is declining sharply and the number of local FM stations is increasing in cities such as New York or Moscow. In Russia, there is still a significant regionalization of radio and its transition to local broadcasting.
Local Russian stations have already established their presence on the Russian radio market and are now trying to create their own networks, even all-Russian ones. This is how the radio station “Echo of Moscow” operates in Moscow, which, like some other Moscow companies, distributes its signal via the Internet throughout Russia and beyond its borders D.V. Petrov. Radio in modern Russia. - St. Petersburg: Rech, 2006. - P.114..
Significant changes are also taking place in the typology of television, although they have affected world television to a greater extent than Russian television. First of all, it is necessary to note the division of labor between terrestrial TV and cable TV. In Russia, cable television is focused on a purely local audience. In Moscow, it operates at the level of district or even quarterly broadcasting and includes two elements - district or quarterly local news, which is sometimes supplemented by city and video films (not always licensed). This channel is actively exploited by local authorities - prefectures and councils Novikova A. A. Mass communication media in the era of globalization. Volume 3. Paradoxes of globalization. - M.: LENAND, 2008. - P. 186..
Unlike the press, which has lost its all-Russian audience, television channels broadcast from Moscow retain access to almost all regions of Russia and remain in this sense the main core of the all-Russian information space. Thus, television in Russia is represented by federal broadcasting and regional and local broadcast channels, as well as local cable programs. In most cases, the national screen, which is designed for a national audience and constant coverage of events developing throughout the day, attracts large audiences in the regions, but the distance of Moscow television from local problems allows regional television companies to develop successfully.
In European countries, a different broadcasting network has developed. In France and England there is both public-legal and private terrestrial television. In Germany, all terrestrial television is public and legal, while cable and satellite television is predominantly private. Social and legal television covers the problems of political life, news plays a large role in it, while private TV programs are dominated by mass culture, sports and, of course, advertising. In this case, the typology of terrestrial television cannot be presented as uniform for all countries.
In Russia, TV is developing in a slightly different way: there is no public television, although there is a channel called public Russian television (ORT), but it is 51% owned by the state, 49% by private capital. Thus, typologically it is a kind of public-private channel.
The main difference between Russia and countries with similar dynamics in the development of electronic media is that in Western countries and some Eastern countries, for example, in China, along with the presence of terrestrial TV, cable and satellite television have been significantly developed, which has its own information and entertainment programming. Modern cable and satellite channels in the West present primarily entertainment programs, which are divided into specialized channels dedicated to cinema, music, politics, sports, news, etc. Cable television is a specialized TV that has slightly different requirements. Cable networks can be classified as video-television magazines and the selection of content can be characterized on this basis.
In Russia, there is practically only one system of satellite channels with independent programs - NTV+, but it, while developing very successfully, mainly distributes foreign programs and, without creating its own special programs for the Russian audience, rebroadcasts national broadcast programs - Russian Television, " Culture", connects to the Internet.
Global television, which has covered almost all regions of the world with broadcasts, has influenced the creation of target audiences, segmented depending on values, tastes and lifestyle.
Global television news networks can be divided into two categories: general television news channels and analysis programs. Analytical programs of global television networks are a necessary complement to news, and are focused on current events in the world. This is an opportunity to explain an event in the world, to reveal the topic more deeply, to interest the viewer in the development of events. The competition of television networks in the international information market is characterized by tough conditions. Global television news networks lose viewers unless there is a global emergency. The fact is that the audience’s greatest interest in TV news channels is observed during periods of acute international crises and armed conflicts. When there is a lull, ratings for global news channels plummet.
The demands of the viewing audience largely predetermined the modern image and concept of global television news.
New technologies are forcing journalists to learn skills that were previously used by other workers. Radio and television journalists may arbitrarily manipulate words, images and sounds in their reports. The print press opens up to digital manipulation of photographs.
New opportunities in obtaining and disseminating information increase the demands on its accuracy and precision. There are cases of falsification and deliberate introduction of false information.
Each subscriber can transmit any information over networks and modify it according to at will, this creates threats of arbitrary manipulation of texts and images, violation of intellectual property rights and information privacy, and allowing various forms of insult to individuals or public institutions involved in such communications.
New achievements in the field of information and communication technology, changes in the geopolitical map of the world, shifts in economics, politics and culture have an impact on the development of media culture. In the globalization of the latter, a significant role is played by the real respect for the right to freedom of choice of information and the nature of participation in its use. For the globalization of media culture to develop for the benefit of people, it needs a balanced balance of forces involved. The transborder potential of the mass media should be skillfully used in the interests of people and humanity for dialogues and peaceful resolution of emerging problems without “information wars” or “cultural colonialism.” Examples of such use of a global information channel include the international activities of CNN.
The Cable News Network or CNN(read as CNN) is a television network created by Ted Turner on June 1, 1980. It is a division of Turner Broadcasting System (Turner), which is owned by Time Warner. CNN was the first company in the world to propose the concept of 24-hour news broadcasting. As of June 1, 2005, CNN consisted of 14 different cable and satellite news channels, two radio stations, six Internet sites and 37 foreign bureaus. CNN news is transmitted via signals from 38 space satellites and is available to more than 200 million households in 212 countries and territories. One of the key moments in CNN's history was its coverage of the Gulf War in January 1991, the first time military action of this magnitude had been shown live on television. Television coverage of events in the Persian Gulf has significantly enhanced CNN's prestige as a 24-hour source of international news.
Despite its leading position in the United States, CNN is in second place among international news services, almost two times behind the BBC's audience (BBC World - 277.6 million households). The reason for this may be the relatively young age of the company compared to one of the oldest broadcasters in the world, in addition, BBC World is accessible openly from many popular satellites, while CNN's broadcasts are mainly encrypted.
According to Nielsen ratings, CNN ranks first among news networks. However, it trails the Fox News network in terms of long-term viewership (Nielsen Spot Ratings). CNN broadcasts primarily from its headquarters in downtown Atlanta, and from studios in New York and Washington. In the United States, as of December 2004, the news channel was available in 88.2 million apartments and houses and in more than 890 thousand hotel rooms in the United States.
CNN's Russian office is located in Moscow. Until January 1, 1998, the CNN television channel was rebroadcast around the clock on 24 UHF in Moscow. from January 1, 1998, the television signal was encrypted, and broadcasting on 24 UHF was closed.
Critics accuse CNN of bias and use of American stereotypes during its coverage of the military operation against Iraq and several other conflicts. During the war in South Ossetia, CNN was accused of overly biased and one-sided coverage of events, whose position persistently portrayed Georgia as a victim of the Russian “war machine”, and reflected only the official opinion of Tbilisi, whose main mouthpiece was President Mikheil Saakashvili. In addition, CNN aired footage allegedly filmed in Gori, although, in fact, it was filmed in Tskhinvali and stolen from the Russia Today TV channel.
In the interview with Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, which he gave to CNN on the events of the war in South Ossetia, and in the video recording of the interview on the official CNN website, there is deliberately distorted information. For example, thanks to translation over Putin’s voiceover, some words disappeared. At the beginning of the report, the correspondent said that Putin has evidence that the war in Georgia was set up by one of the presidential candidates. Although the transcript shows that the Prime Minister used the word “assumption” several times. In addition, at the beginning of the interview, Putin can be heard saying: “If the assumptions are confirmed ...”, voiceover English translation sounds like: “The fact has been established.” Thus, we see that even a channel that strives to carefully treat sources of information in different countries tailors its content to suit globally widespread American political stereotypes.
Another example of global broadcasting, differentiated depending on the region and goals, is the British Broadcasting Corporation, abbr. "BBC" (eng. British Broadcasting Corporation, abbr. BBC)-- a complex of radio, Internet and television broadcasting in the UK.
The Corporation carries out both internal and external Internet, radio and television broadcasting conducted by the BBC World Service. The corporation is not a state-owned media outlet, but is a public organization with a control board consisting of 12 trustees appointed by the Queen of England.
The company begins its history in 1922. From 1929 a transmitter was used in London, and by 1930 regular television programs were being broadcast using an antenna at Brookmans Park. Baird's company, now known as BBC One, launched television production on August 2, 1932. Before the break in broadcasting caused by World War II, the channel's audience numbered 25-40 thousand homes. The break was caused by the fact that VHF broadcasts would serve as excellent bearing for German bombers, and engineers and technicians were needed for military purposes.
In 1946 television broadcasts resumed from Alexandra Palace. The BBC Television Service broadcast a variety of programs reaching a wide audience. As such, the company has led the UK in the introduction of new technologies and the use of new media channels, and has maintained this leadership for many decades.
BBC TV was renamed BBC1 in 1964, following the launch of BBC2, the third highest rated channel in the UK (ITV was second). A fire at Battersea Power Station caused a widespread blackout across London, delaying the launch of the canal, scheduled for 20 April 1964. The opening of the channel took place by candlelight. BBC2 was the first British channel to broadcast in the ultrahigh frequency range.
In 1967, BBC Two became the first channel in Europe to broadcast TV programs in PAL color. (BBC One and ITV did not begin broadcasting in color until 15 November 1969). BBC Two did not show soap operas or regular news.
In 1974, the BBC introduced the first teletext system, Ceefax.
In July 2003, the BBC began broadcasting programs using the Astra 2D satellite, at a cost to the BBC of £85 million.
In July 2004, the BBC celebrated its fiftieth anniversary. A recording of this event was released on DVD. At the end of 2006, BBC Television, headed by Jana Bennett, merged with a larger entity: BBC Vision.
BC owns two terrestrial and three cable/satellite/digital TV channels in the UK, 14 national digital radio stations, several Internet sites, and about 40 magazines. BBC Worldwide owns the international channels BBC Prime, BBC Canada and BBC America. The BBC World Service broadcasts to the whole world in 32 languages. BBC revenue in 2005 was $7.205 billion.
Within the UK, the BBC has more than 20 different television channels, including a 24-hour news channel - BBC News. Radio broadcasting is carried out on 14 different channels, transmitting news, radio shows, sports and music of different styles and trends.
The corporation also owns the international news channel BBC World News, which, due to its coverage, is the most popular BBC television channel.
Financially, the BBC exists on a special fee, which is paid by all residents of the country who have a television at home. This amount amounts to 2.8 billion pounds (almost $5.4 billion) annually. Legally, the BBC operates in accordance with the Charter (the charter under which the British Broadcasting Corporation exists). The BBC Charter, which sets out the objectives, role and structure of the corporation, first came into force in 1927. It is updated every 10 years.
The BBC World Service (formerly the Imperial Service) began operating in 1932. Today it broadcasts in 35 languages. The total number of all listeners included in the Worldwide Chapter Service exceeds 150 million people.
The main residence of the World Service, Bush House, took its name from the owner of Irving Bush, the owner of the New York Bush Terminal Company and one of his relatives, who built it. former president United States of George Bush.
Like the American radio stations Voice of America and Liberty, Free Europe, the BBC, in light of the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the USSR, as well as in connection with the fight against international terrorism, changed its foreign broadcasting priorities. The BBC World Service has stopped broadcasting in 10 languages since 2007. The savings will be used to create a new TV channel in Arabic.
This will be the BBC's first international television service in a foreign language. It is expected that the new channel will begin broadcasting in 2007. Initially he will work 12 hours a day. Later it is planned to broadcast around the clock.
The cuts will mainly affect radio editorial offices broadcasting to Central European countries. Bulgarian, Hungarian, Greek, Polish, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian and Czech services will be closed.
In addition, broadcasting in the Kazakh language will be closed. Broadcasting in Russian in Kazakhstan will be maintained. Broadcasting in Thai will also stop. There are also plans to reduce radio broadcasting in Brazil (the BBC Brazil website will remain) and Internet broadcasting in Hindi. All these transformations are planned to be completed by March 2006. In Eastern Russia, the World Service broadcasts from 8 to 10 am Moscow time in the bands 49 and 25 meters, and from 21 to 23 in 49 and 41 meters.
In 2011, due to budget cuts, the Albanian, Macedonian and Serbian services of the BBC were completely discontinued. Services that produced programs for the Caribbean in English and for African countries in Portuguese were also closed. Seven services abandoned radio broadcasting and continued to operate on the Internet. Among them are the Azerbaijani and Ukrainian services of the BBC. The last radio broadcast of the Ukrainian BBC service took place on April 29, 2011.
The BBC Russian service has been broadcasting to the territory of the Soviet Union since March 26, 1946. Air Force jamming began in April 1949.
Since 1992, several programs have been rebroadcast weekly by Radio Russia.
Until 1999, the audience was 6 million people per week.
FM -- rebroadcast stopped in November 2006. Transmissions continue on medium wave in large cities and on short wave and satellite.
In 2005, radio presenter of the BBC Russian Service Seva Novgorodtsev became a Commander of the Order of the British Empire. This award was presented to him personally by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace for outstanding services in radio journalism. The information program “Looking from London” and the comments of the day by Anatoly Maksimovich Goldberg were very popular.
Currently, the BBC Russian Service broadcasts daily to Russia, Ukraine and other CIS countries, mainly on short and medium waves.
As a result of financial difficulties, on March 26, 2011, the BBC Russian Service ceased its shortwave and mediumwave radio broadcasting and its broadcasting remained only on the Internet and via satellites.
Using the example of two of the world's most famous corporations conducting worldwide broadcasting, it was shown that media globalization leads first of all to the technological renewal of these largest broadcasters, and secondarily to a change in content. Despite their involvement in the socio-economic and political processes of the modern world, these corporations remain true to their long-standing traditions in presenting information, and the impact on the diverse audience of the modern global world is made by attracting new technologies for obtaining, processing and presenting information and connecting new media channels, primarily the Internet.
Many trends in the international typology are associated with the influence of globalization and the development of new technologies that speed up signal transmission to different parts of the globe. On the one hand, global newspapers are being created. There are few of them, only four: Wall Street Journal, Financial Times, USA Today, International Herald Tribune. All of them are published in English - the language of communication of international business. Global newspapers in French, German and other languages have not yet emerged. There is no such newspaper in Russian either.
Globalization is also accompanied by the increased development of local press and publications with small circulations, but very influential for small settlements and communities. A similar trend is observed in Russia, where the number of small-circulation newspapers for small groups is growing.
This is even more evident in the magazine business, where the number of specialized publications is increasing. In terms of circulation, they are not much inferior to entertainment products or specialized publications, such as medical and popular ones. Modern information weeklies, which are published by the Gazprom-Media concern (Itogi), the Kommersant publishing house (Vlast, Dengi), are significantly inferior to them in circulation, although they can be classified as publications directly related to participation in the political process. The circle of people actually involved in politics in Russia is still too small to create the basis for truly mass news weekly magazines.
Globalization is changing the philosophy of radio broadcasting in many ways. The digital radio signal makes it possible to connect global and local broadcasting, even community broadcasting. One of the main trends today is the rapid growth of local radio due to the reduction in the cost of signal distribution and the speed of its transmission via the Internet or communication satellites. The typology of radio has also changed significantly. The share of national broadcasters is declining sharply and the number of local FM stations is increasing in cities such as New York or Moscow. In Russia, there is still a significant regionalization of radio and its transition to local broadcasting.
Local Russian stations have already established their presence on the Russian radio market and are now trying to create their own networks, even all-Russian ones. This is how the Ekho Moskvy radio station operates in Moscow, which, like some other Moscow companies, distributes its signal via the Internet throughout Russia and beyond.
Significant changes are also taking place in the typology of television, although they have affected world television to a greater extent than Russian television. First of all, it is necessary to note the division of labor between terrestrial TV and cable. In Russia, cable television is focused on a purely local audience. In Moscow, it operates at the level of district or even quarterly broadcasting and includes two elements - district or quarterly local news, which is sometimes supplemented by city and video films (not always licensed). This channel is actively used by local authorities - prefectures and councils.
Unlike the press, which continues to lose its all-Russian audience, television channels broadcast from Moscow retain access to almost all regions of Russia and remain in this sense the main core of the all-Russian information space. Thus, television in Russia is represented by federal broadcasting and regional and local broadcast channels, as well as local cable programs. In most cases, a national screen, which is designed for a national audience and constant coverage of events developing throughout the day, attracts more audiences in the regions, but the distance of Moscow television from local problems allows regional television companies to develop successfully.
In European countries, a different broadcasting network has developed. In France and England there is both public-legal and private terrestrial television. In Germany, almost all terrestrial television is based on public law, while cable and satellite television is predominantly private.
Social and legal television covers the problems of political life, news plays a large role in it, while private TV programs are dominated by mass culture, sports and, of course, advertising. In this case, the typology of terrestrial television cannot be presented as uniform for all countries.
In Russia, TV is developing in a slightly different way: there is no socio-legal, public television, although there was a channel called Public Russian Television (ORT), now Channel One, but it is 51% owned by the state, 49% by private capital. Thus, typologically it is a kind of public-private channel.
The main difference is that in informationally developed countries, for example in Japan, along with the presence of terrestrial TV, cable and satellite television are significantly developed, which have their own information and entertainment programming.
Modern cable and satellite channels in the West present primarily entertainment programs, which are divided into specialized channels dedicated to cinema, music, politics, sports, news, etc. Cable television is a specialized TV that has slightly different requirements. The typology of video television magazines can be applied to cable networks. In Russia, there is currently no developed cable TV in the full sense of this phenomenon, while there are, first of all, no software companies that would service cable networks. And the networks themselves are not yet technically developed. In this sense, the differentiation and diversification of television broadcasting is just beginning.
In Russia, there is practically only one system of satellite channels with independent programs - NTV +, but it, while developing very successfully, mainly distributes foreign programs and, without creating its own special programs for the Russian audience, rebroadcasts national broadcast programs, and now niche ones .
Since the end of World War II, foreign journalism has undergone significant changes. Its development was influenced by both the political situation that developed in the world after the war and further development equipment and technology. Since 1917, journalism has been heavily (and sometimes decisively) influenced by politics. And the era that came after 1945 is also characterized by the exceptional influence of ideology on the development of the media.
In its post-war development, journalism went through three stages: the first - from 1945 to 1948, the second - from 1948 to 1989 and the third - from 1989 to the present. In 1945, the world was liberated from fascism. The fascist press also collapsed in almost all countries. At the same time, the influence of the leftist and, in particular, the communist press in Europe has significantly increased: the authority of the Soviet Union, which defeated Nazi Germany, was greater than ever before. Periodicals banned by the occupiers and published underground were released and found a mass readership. Thus, the circulation of the organ of the French Communist Party, the newspaper L'Humanité, in 1945-1946 sometimes reached 500-600 thousand copies, in Italy the socialist newspaper Avanti! in these years had a circulation of 200 thousand copies, the communist “Unita” - 100-150 thousand copies.
In many countries liberated from Nazism, a new press system emerged. For example, in France, after the liberation of the country in 1944, a decision was made to ban all periodicals that collaborated to one degree or another with the occupation authorities. Thus, the overwhelming majority of French newspapers were closed (out of 206 newspapers published in the country before the start of the Second World War, only 28 resumed publication). In Italy, after the fall of the fascist regime of Mussolini, periodicals of the fascist party, newspapers and magazines that supported the previous government were banned, and the fascist trade union of journalists was dissolved. In Germany, liberated from Nazism, by order of the occupation authorities, all periodicals published during the Third Reich were completely banned, and thus the printing system was recreated anew. That is why the post-war German press is called “zero hour newspapers.”
The first post-war years were also characterized by a shortage of paper, so in most European countries both circulation and the publication of newspapers and magazines were subject to government restrictions.
In the countries of Eastern Europe, which fell into the zone of influence of the Soviet Union after the war, the communist press was actively implanted. New model The press in these states was created under the influence and example of the USSR. In some countries (for example, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia) communist ideas and, accordingly, the press were truly popular among the people. But in most Eastern European countries the communist press remained very weak, and communist ideology was not particularly popular among the population.
In the first post-war years, the revival of television began. Before World War II, it was available only to a small circle of viewers. During the war years, television did not develop, and only after 1945 did it quickly and confidently enter the lives of millions of people and become a mass media. By the way, the very concept of “mass media” (mass media) appeared precisely with the development of television in the post-war years.
The countries of the anti-Hitler coalition still continued to be allies. In 1945, the victorious states created the United Nations (UN). But the contradictions between the former allies were already fundamental. One of the first to officially talk about this was former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (1874-1965). Being a retired, but at the same time an authoritative and well-informed political figure, he spoke on March 5, 1946 to students at Westminster College in the American city of Fulton, Missouri (see his speech “Sindons of the World” in the anthology). Churchill introduced such concepts as the “Cold War” and “Iron Curtain” into the political lexicon, which for decades to come became vivid symbols of the coming era.
Formally, the Cold War began in 1948. The four subsequent decades of media development have gone down in history as Cold War-era journalism. This period is characterized by an extreme degree of ideologization of journalism - both in the Soviet Union and the countries of Eastern Europe under its control, and in Western countries that are formally free from ideology. In fact, not a single periodical - on both sides of the Iron Curtain - could stay away from ideological battles and continue to remain uninvolved. Journalism has become the handmaiden of politics.
The most difficult period of media development during the Cold War era occurred in the late 1940s and early 1950s. This was a period of searching and exposing internal enemies not only in the USSR, but also in Western countries. Thus, US journalism, and in particular young television, joined the “witch hunt”, i.e. in search of Kremlin secret agents. This fight was started by Republican Senator Joseph Raymond McCarthy (1908-1957), who spoke in February 1950 at a meeting of the US Congress with sensational revelations about the secret collaboration of many congressmen with the Soviet Union (which, however, three years later were recognized as untrue). After the senator’s name, the era of extreme witch hunts was called “McCarthyism.”
In the second half of the 1950s, after the death of Stalin (1953) and the 20th Congress of the CPSU (1956), which proclaimed a policy of peaceful competition with the countries of the capitalist world, a “thaw” began in international relations. It also had a significant impact on the media, which began to move away from the stereotypes of the McCarthy era and black-and-white assessments in covering political life. Nevertheless, the Cold War in journalism continued for several decades.
By the late 1950s and early 1960s, television audiences equaled and then surpassed those of traditional media. The influence of television on social and political life continued to grow steadily. Thus, in the fall of 1960, the first televised debates were held in the United States between presidential candidates R. Nixon and J. Kennedy, and Kennedy’s election victory was largely determined by his superiority over Nixon on television. And American television reporters' reports from the Vietnam battlefield sparked a powerful anti-war movement across the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s and ultimately helped end the war.
Television received special development with the beginning of the space age. Thus, in 1964, live broadcasting of the Olympic Games from Tokyo became possible.
In the late 1970s - the first half of the 1980s, Western journalism joined the new, last round of the Cold War, caused by the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan, and actively contributed to the dissemination of the slogan “The Soviet Union is an evil empire” put forward by US President R. Reagan. .
In the second half of the 1980s, after M. S. Gorbachev came to power in the USSR and the first successes of his glasnost policy, a gradual de-ideologization of journalism began - both in the Soviet Union and in the West. The image of the enemy, which had dominated it for many decades, began to disappear from the media, and anti-communist rhetoric gradually disappeared. In 1988, for the first time in the history of the Soviet state, Soviet readers had the opportunity to buy Western newspapers and magazines and openly listen to broadcasts from Western radio stations that had previously been jammed. The Cold War was coming to its logical end.
At the same time, cable and satellite television began to develop. Its difference from traditional terrestrial television is that the viewer can not only receive information, but also communicate with the distributor of this information (for example, order programs, buy goods, etc.). The development of interactive television has led to a slight decrease in newspaper circulation. In 1989, pro-Soviet communist regimes in Eastern Europe were defeated. These states began to build a new media system. Western media capital has poured into Eastern European journalism. New newspapers, television channels and radio stations were created. At the same time, newspapers, which were mouthpieces of communist parties during the years of socialism, did not close and did not lose readers, but retained their positions in new system MASS MEDIA. These newspapers changed their names (for example, the former organ of the Polish United Workers' Party, the newspaper "Tribuna Ludu", became known as "Tribuna", the newspaper "Rude Pravo" - the former organ of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia - was renamed "Pravo", the former newspaper of the Bulgarian Communist Party "Rabotnichesko Delo" " changed its name to "Duma"), abandoned communist ideology and remained on the left flank of the diverse spectrum of media in their countries. For example, Neues Deutschland, the former main communist newspaper of the GDR, is today one of the most popular periodicals in the eastern states of Germany.
Thus, since 1989, i.e. with the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the socialist, pro-Soviet system in Eastern Europe, a new period in the development of journalism began, which continues to this day.
At the turn of the 1980-1990s, Western journalism entered the era of globalization. One British and three American newspapers have transcended national boundaries and gone global: the Financial Times, the Wall Street Journal, USA. Today and the International Herald Tribune. These newspapers are published on all continents. At this time, television had a strong influence on the traditional press: color appeared in periodicals, television techniques began to be used in the layout system, infographics became popular (for example, statistical data in the form of color graphs, charts), color weather maps began to be published, etc. .
After the election of US President Bill Clinton in November 1992, on the initiative of Vice President Al Gore, the World Wide Web was declassified and the idea of creating an information superhighway was put forward. According to A. Gore, the information superhighway should provide universal access to various information services of trading enterprises, commercial databases, electronic versions of periodicals, library catalogs, government documents, etc. This superhighway envisions the development of the concept of remote communication. It becomes possible, using the network, to work remotely from home, study, participate in conferences, and even make financial transactions without resorting to cash. Thus, the information superhighway significantly changes the life of the entire society.
Information networks are gaining increasing influence on the development of society. The term “information society” appears, which was substantiated by the famous British sociologist Frank Webster (b. 1950) in the book “Theories of the Information Society” (1995). With the development of the Internet and the introduction of new technologies into journalism, the nature of the globalization of journalism is changing: now any periodical that has its own electronic version can be considered global.
The 1990s are also characterized by a gradual blurring of the lines between classical quality and mass press. Newspapers, which had positioned themselves for quality for many decades and even centuries, began to allow more and more departures from the traditional model. The layout changed, large-sized illustrations began to be published, crossword puzzles began to appear, astrological forecasts, various thematic applications dedicated to health, sports, leisure, etc., i.e. those techniques that were previously used exclusively by the mass press. High-quality newspapers increasingly expanded their topics, willingly discussing sensations (for example, the divorce of Prince Charles and Princess Diana in the summer of 1996 in the UK, the 1995 trial of the black American football player Simpson, who was accused of murdering his wife, the 1996-1998 sex scandal surrounding the US President Bill Clinton). Many high-quality newspapers, competing with each other, began to hold prize draws, various lotteries, and competitions among readers. And only a few newspapers retain, despite everything, traditional quality (for example, the Wall Street Journal in the USA, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in Germany, Le Monde in France).
The era of the information society, the emergence of which occurs at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, is marked by the emergence and development of such new trends and concepts in journalism as digitalization, convergence, and multimediatization. Digitalization is digitization, the transfer of all forms of media (text, graphics, sound) into digital format. Newspapers have completely switched to computer typing, and there are electronic versions of them on the Internet. Thanks to the development of digital radio, the number of frequencies has increased. You can now listen to the radio via a computer connected to the Internet. The same applies to digital television. Thus, digitalization unites and unifies all media. Such age-old barriers to the development of traditional media, such as the time required for publication, financial costs, and the geographical boundaries of distribution of newspapers and magazines, can today be overcome with the help of new information and communication technologies.
Convergence is a process of integration, rapprochement various technologies, their integration into a single technological platform. Convergence can be either a combination of different formats (for example, a newspaper on the Internet) or economic association previously isolated from each other radio, cable television and telephony. Thanks to convergence, it has become possible, while sitting at a personal computer, to watch television programs, listen to the radio, read electronic versions of newspapers on the Internet, correspond by e-mail, and talk on the phone.
Multimediatization is offering the consumer the same information product through the maximum possible number of channels (i.e., not only through the media, but also all means of modern industry) and on the maximum possible number of media.
Important feature modern Western journalism is its interactivity. Thanks to interactivity, it has become possible to provide prompt feedback from the media to the recipient of information (reader, listener, viewer).
Thus, at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries, new technologies determined the face of world journalism and accelerated access to information. Opportunities have emerged to quickly use this information for economic development. Information has become part of the productive forces, which is very typical for the information society.
1. 29 Communication revolutions of the twentieth century. Development of new information technologies. Digitalization and interactivity in new media. Convergence and its levels (technological, media-industrial, journalistic).
Information society – the concept of post-industrial society; a new historical phase in the development of civilization, in which the main products of production are information and knowledge.
Distinctive features information society are:
1)increasing the role of information and knowledge in the life of society;
2)increasing the share of information communications, products and services in the gross domestic product;
3) creation of a global information space that provides:
Effective information interaction between people,
Their access to global information resources and
Satisfying their needs for information products and services.
A society is considered an information society if:
1) any individual, group of persons or organization anywhere in the country and at any time can receive, for a fee or free of charge, on the basis of automated access, any information and knowledge necessary for their life activities;
2) modern information technology is produced in society and is available to any individual, group or organization;
3) there are developed infrastructures that ensure the creation of national information resources in a volume corresponding to the constantly accelerating scientific, technological and socio-historical progress;
4) there is a process of accelerated automation and robotization of all spheres and branches of production and management;
5) radical changes in social structures occur, resulting in an expansion of the scope of information activities and services.
Globalization is one of the leading forces causing the transformation of modern mass media. In the new communication age, national boundaries lose all meaning. Previously, the scale of activity of most mass media was determined by the size of the country, but now people have truly mastered time and space throughout the world. New information technology has a huge impact on individuals and institutions, and since large companies control the bulk of communication content, it has become much easier for modern media products to penetrate the international market.
This phenomenon is, of course, what McLuhan called the “global village” in his predictions in the mid-1960s. A clear confirmation of the implementation of the idea of a “global village” - when messages reach every corner of the globe - is the CNN satellite channel, which is present almost everywhere. The EmTV music program is watched in Moscow, Santiago, and Hong Kong.
The global reach that new media provides undoubtedly benefits people by providing them with access to a wealth of information and entertainment. In turn, it helps the media organization delivering the content grow its audience, both mass and targeted, and thus generate revenue for the corporate coffers.
But many media outlets are targeting increasingly narrow segments of the mass audience. This process has a significant impact on the media. Radio demassified in the 1950s, replacing formats designed to reach the widest possible audience with formats aimed at specific groups of listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, magazines followed this path. Since the end of the 20th century, when hundreds of television channels - terrestrial, cable, satellite - became available to people, the process demassovization experiences television.
This phenomenon was first described by Alvin Toffler in his book “The Third Wave.” The leading role is shifting to electronic means of communication, which have an effect on all spheres of society, the way of life and the consciousness of people. “The third wave is not just accelerating information flows, it is transforming the deep structure of information on which our daily actions depend” 1. The demassification he predicts may be the result not of liquidation, but of the improvement of systems for the creation and distribution of commercialized information products to the masses, with careful consideration of demand and market conditions, as required by the conditions of market competition.
Demassified mass media also demassify people's consciousness. Unlike the period of the “second wave”, which gave rise to the so-called mass consciousness, today it is not masses of people who receive the same information, but small groups of the population exchange images of their own creation, which Toffler calls blip culture.
In general, it is typical for new mass media to segment and differentiate the audience. New media are no longer mass media in the traditional sense of the word, which means that a limited number of messages are sent to a homogeneous large audience. By independently selecting messages, media users deepen segmentation and enrich the individual relationship between the sender and recipient of information.
The essence of change Traditionally susceptible to technological progress and political changes, modern media systems are particularly dynamic. The speed with which the Internet is gaining a mass audience is unprecedented in the history of communications and information. It took 38 years before American radio reached an audience of 50 million people. Television has gone this same way in 14 years. It took the Internet only 4 years for the number of its users in the United States to reach the same number - 50 million people.
One of the words that has almost as much of a place in contemporary discussions about the future of media as the Internet is convergence. Increasingly, this concept is becoming synonymous with major transformations in the media sphere. The central place of convergence problems in modern discussions about the upcoming transformations of the information and communication sphere is explained by its polysemy and multifaceted interpretation. Convergence appears to be a process that, in the coming decades, could completely transform not only media and communications systems, but also the various industries associated with them.
The closest concept to media convergence is merger. In different cases we are talking about different processes, but at the same time their essence is most accurately conveyed by this word.
First, it is a fusion of technologies that allows different technical media - cable or telephone networks, wireless satellite communications - to deliver information to the user or consumer. At the heart of technological media convergence is the process of digitalization, the transfer of content into digital form, which makes it possible to “equalize” the printed word and the moving image. The digital format of content allows for its distribution in various forms, regardless of the specific media industry and technology platforms. Technological convergence also suggests that interactivity is becoming one of the most important components of modern communication. Ultimately, technological convergence leads to the miniaturization of technology.
Secondly, convergence is the merging of previously different and disconnected media, as a result of which it becomes difficult to determine which specific medium we are talking about. Radio on the Internet, the Encyclopedia Britannica on CD, a video on cable TV or an electronic advertising message received by your miniature pocket communicator, which looks like a calculator, but performs most of the functions of a personal computer... Transferring the functions of one media to another, “reversing roles” different communication channels, the ability to receive the same content products through different channels - all this radically changes previous ideas about communication and information channels. The convergence of various media and the emergence of content products common to different channels leads to the birth of new integrated genres. The product of the television era was infotainment (information + entertainment), the Internet era created education + entartainment, individualized channels modern information gave birth to an informal (information + editorial).
Finally, convergence is the merging of markets. From the newspaper barons - the leading representatives of the media business of the last century - the modern media industry is moving towards greater integration with the telecommunications sector, the production of household appliances, and information technology. As a result, a new integrated market is being created, in which multimedia services, network services, and the creation of software products are inextricably linked.
Many Western researchers today are engaged in a purely scholastic debate about which type of convergence entailed others. In fact, this is the age-old debate about which came first - the chicken or the egg. Today we see both: convergence is both an evolving process and a process that has already determined the direction of further media progress.
1. 30. US print media at the present stage. Specifics of the American newspaper and magazine market in the second half. XX-beginning XXI centuries
IN modern USA Some of the most prestigious and widely distributed daily newspapers include the New York Times, Washington Post, and Los Angeles Times. They follow the mainstream of official politics, although they do not hide their sympathies for Democrats (New York Times) or Republicans (Los Angeles Times). Right-wing reactionary views are preached by the New York Daily News, the Chicago Tribune, the Washington Times, and the New York Post. Among the magazines, Time and Newsweek stand out. Expressing the interests of ruling circles, they compete with each other on the domestic and international magazine market. Strong positions are occupied by specialized publications, primarily the business and financial press (in particular, the national daily political and economic newspaper The Wall Street Journal).
1995 was a difficult year: paper prices rose by a quarter, which led to the closure of several major newspapers. Thus the trend of press decline continued: over the past 35 years, more than 500 evening newspapers have either closed, merged with morning newspapers, or switched to morning publication. For example, the Baltimore Evening Sun with 95 years of experience disappeared; after 111 years of operation, the evening newspaper Houston Post closed, leaving the fourth most populous city in the United States with only one daily newspaper - Hearst's Houston Chronicle. Rising publishing costs and competition among the media, especially from television and computer services (the factor of Bill Gates, the head of Microsoft, which produces computer software) led to a drop in circulation and an increase in the price per newspaper copy by an average of 35-50 cents. The year 1996 was marked by the successful implementation of new information technologies, the massive access to the Internet of “pages” of daily newspapers (the number of US daily newspapers that appeared on the global computer network more than doubled in one year - from 175 to 360).
As for the content of the press, a new direction was identified in the coverage of the 1996 presidential campaign - conceptual journalism. It reflects the trend of transition from informational to analytical in the coverage of election campaigns and the political process in general. Moreover, columns of conceptual journalists are often published not on opinion pages, but on information pages, which is a violation of the principle of the American press - to separate news from opinions in newspapers. One of the reasons for the flourishing of this trend is considered to be the increase in the level of education of journalists and the increase in the number of graduates from prestigious universities among them. Critics of the trend warn about the possibility of biased, biased coverage of events, false, artificial constructions that do not reflect reality. However, the professional press expresses confidence that conceptual journalism "will benefit an American public that is inundated with information but hungry for explanation."
In the United States, 60 million copies of newspapers are printed every day. The American press has the peculiarity that in different parts of the country the mass reader turns not to metropolitan newspapers or newspapers published in some large commercial center, but to “their own,” local press. For residents of the states, the main source of news is those 1,749 daily newspapers that are published in different parts of the country.
The division of the entire US press into “mass” and “quality” is very arbitrary, since any “mass” newspaper strives to produce good, high-quality materials, and any “quality” newspaper strives to increase circulation and reach the maximum possible number of readers from the audience it is aimed at .
The New York Times is rightfully considered the most prestigious newspaper in America. A large staff of reporters and columnists allows the newspaper to do without publishing materials from news agencies, including on international topics, since the newspaper contains a large number of foreign correspondents.
Over the past 20 years, American journalism has developed in the direction of an in-depth study of business, and in close connection with social issues.
It has become almost commonplace to talk about the “crisis” of both the entire media system and individual media - and this is against the backdrop of the external general flourishing of print, radio and television, and computer networks, which in itself may seem like bias and injustice. However, all these phenomena and trends are confirmed by both results scientific research
Print mass-media
Modern print media differ sharply from those newspapers and magazines that existed in the first half of the 20th century. They differ both in form and content, staffing, process control system, and equipment used.
New technologies are being actively introduced into printing production. Among the new products are risography, new digital terminal devices interfaced with a computer.
Laser printing devices have reduced the cost of printing production. “Printing houses on the table” appeared, which brought changes in the field of printed media. When printing houses are connected to computer networks, it becomes possible to flexibly manage printing capacity.
New photographic equipment used in print media can dramatically increase the productivity and quality of editorial workers involved in illustrating publications. At the same time, it creates some social problems, in the solution of which the state is forced to intervene at the legislative and judicial levels. Thus, in the USA, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Maria Shriver, Sylvester Stallone, Demi Moore, Julia Roberts and other famous film artists are in favor of the adoption of the Privacy Act, proposed by Senators Dianne Finstein (California) and Orrin Hatch (Utah). ). Alec Baldwin, Arnold Schwarzenegger and Maria Shriver have already won legal battles against the "paparazzi". Similar things happen in other countries. The Supreme Court of Canada, for example, has ruled that newspaper and magazine photographs of Canadians on the street, in their yards, in parks, etc. are an invasion of privacy, unless they have given permission to be filmed. The court's decision caused panic among journalists. Photojournalists fear that preliminary negotiations with the objects of their attention “will deprive the art of photography of spontaneity and naturalness. Since science and technology develop in accordance with their inherent internal logic, and it is impossible to “ban” the emergence of new models of technology, the state often has to adjust the scope of application of such innovations in newspapers, magazines and other journalistic practices.
Our age has become, as it is sometimes expressed, “television age.” This led to qualitative changes in the layout of newspapers and magazines. Thus, the graphic range of the publication began to be used more effectively. “Speaking” quotes from large material are placed on wide margins; the text is almost always illustrated, not only with drawings and photographs, but also with graphs, diagrams, drawings... Full houses, subheadings, headings, sidebars and other design techniques are more widely used.
Communication between reporters and editorial offices has improved. In addition to the traditional mobile phones and laptops, other office equipment has been developed. Now sending a letter with a facsimile by email has become much easier.
Thus, it was found that out of 60 hours of time devoted by the public per week to all media, reading newspapers consumes only 3 hours.
American newspaper executives have expressed their concern about the newspapers' difficulties. The following problems were identified as the most important and, more importantly, long-term.
§ The need to modernize the entire production of the newspaper, almost completely update the printing equipment, requiring a sharp increase in both production costs and, naturally, editorial costs.
§ The rapidly changing tastes of the new electorate living in the video age, and its new demands, largely shaped by it.
§ New as ever high requirements to journalistic creativity, actually to newspaper journalism as such, which now exists, first of all, as information.
Among others, the question was raised, if not about the loss of readers' trust in newspapers, then at least about its obvious decline in many of them.
Many figures in the American press see the reasons for the growing disappointment of Americans in the newspaper in a kind of “conservatism” of newspaper workers, in their continued adherence to outdated methods of newspaper work, in a lack of flexibility and mobility, poor adaptation to the realities of today public life and the way out is seen in overcoming these shortcomings.
According to many, a significant share of the blame for the cooling of the mass of readers towards newspapers lies with the journalists themselves, especially young ones, in whom arrogance is combined with incompetence.
Along with many others, the mentioned conference also brought up an issue that arose before the American newspaper press more than half a century ago and invariably remains on its agenda as never losing its relevance. It's about that the reader has a choice only when competing newspapers are offered to him. However, many decades ago it was noticed that American newspapers, at least in their mass, “average” form, began to resemble each other more and more, and this process accelerated sharply by the middle of the 20th century. This was reflected in the increasing uniformization of information, primarily in newspapers, which do not have the opportunity to have their own correspondents and therefore receive a large share of published news through the channels of news agencies and press syndicates.
Perhaps most often, critics of the American mass media complain about the inadequacy of the American media's vision of international life; to the ever-shrinking place given to foreign news in American periodicals and the inordinate amount of attention paid to domestic American news, which sometimes overshadows everything else.
Naturally, such problems of print media as their “yellowness,” sensationalism, and often unreliable information continue to remain relevant.
1) The magazine is national.
Common types of magazines: specialized (for men and women). The main trend in the development of journals is their specialization.
2) Professional magazines. They are published, as a rule, 4 times a year. These are mainly medical journals.
3) PR magazines. Typically free (99%). They are distributed among workers of certain establishments. Magazines of Aeroflot, insurance companies, banks, oil companies, etc.
The most popular magazine in America: “Modern Maturity” (19 million copies) Published for retirees.
Three famous news magazines: Time, News Week, USA & World Report.
Analysis of articles ceased to be the prerogative of magazines - it moved to newspapers, so the popularity of magazines decreased.
Opinion magazines - these magazines do not have advertising, except perhaps for books. “Nations” (P. Newman) – publishes opinions on political events in the country, it also contains poetry, etc. Republic magazine has the same content.
City magazines, such as New York, are very popular.
31. Three main groups of countries according to media parameters
n newspaper
n newspaper and television
n television
Related information.
Modern foreign journalism
Teacher: Collective course
Department: international journalism
Lecture plan
Lecture 1. Modern international journalism: development prospects.
Development of modern mass communication in a globalized world. Media market and media enterprises in conditions of economic crisis. The role of a journalist in modern media production.
The lecture is given by: Anatoly Stepanovich Puyu, Doctor of Sociology. sciences, professor.
Lecture 2. Media convergence and media modernization.
Transformation of the media market under the influence of the development of the information society. World experience in modernizing newspapers in the 21st century. Innovative strategies for marketing and media management. Media convergence: approaches to defining the concept. Definition of convergence and its qualitative characteristics. Audience factor of media convergence. Features of narrative on the Internet.
Lecture 3. Foreign journalism and media production technologies.
Milestones in the technological development of journalism in the 20th century and their relationship with the development of the journalistic profession. The accelerated development of printing in the twentieth century in connection with the transition to offset printing and computerization of printed production. The invention of television. From black and white to color television. Cable and satellite television. Digital television. Mobile content management. Social media and journalism. Functioning of the modern edition. Newsroom. Editorial management in newspapers and magazines. Editorial management in television. Functioning of a modern media concern.
The lecture is given by: Ruslan Viktorovich Bekurov, Ph.D. watered Sciences, Associate Professor.
Lecture 4. Journalism and globalization. Dimensions of globalization.
Operationalization of the definition of “globalization”. Its economic, political, cultural, social, legal dimensions. Globalization and related trends: internationalization, westernization, localization. Globalization and the modern world order.
The lecture is given by: Yulia Vladimirovna Kurysheva, Ph.D. watered Sciences, Associate Professor.
Lecture 5. Foreign journalism and politics: democratic media practices in traditional and new media.
New media and blogging in a political context. Three approaches to the concept of “new media”. “Web 2.0” and “user-generated content” as a context for the development of new media. Citizen journalism projects. Blogging as a phenomenon. Blogosphere. Blogger as a journalist: cases. The structure and essence of news: transformation in a new environment. Political blogging: author, genre and legal diversity.
The lecture is given by: Ruslan Viktorovich Bekurov, Ph.D. watered Sciences, Associate Professor.
Lecture 6. Media industry and international organizations.
International information and international organizations. System and typology of international organizations. The role of international political institutions in conflict resolution. Information base of international organizations. International organizations and international media.
The lecture is given by: Ruslan Viktorovich Bekurov, Ph.D. watered Sciences, Associate Professor.
Questions for the exam
1. Interaction between journalism and politics: two concepts of mediacracy.
2. Blogging as part of the new media sphere.
3. Political blogosphere: features of the functioning of the media space (comparative analysis of two language segments).
4. Features of coverage of the problem of terrorism by national and international media.
5. Principles of self-regulation of the journalistic community in conditions of a terrorist threat.
6. The role of the information factor in European integration.
7. International standards of information law.
8. Principles and practice of the European Court of Human Rights.
9. The political elite and its mediatization: modern journalism practice in working with elite groups.
10. Business elite and business journalism (country of the student’s choice).
11. Globalization: essence, definition, dimensions. Dangers and benefits of globalization.
12. Globalization and modern world order.
13. Media economics as a science: main parameters.
14. Principles of organizing media business.
15. Regionalism of the media (country of the student’s choice).
16. Media convergence and media modernization
17. Features of narrative on the Internet.
18. Strategies of media concerns in the context of the economic crisis of the media market.
19. Structural crisis of the media market at the beginning of the 21st century and its causes.
20. Social media in the work of a journalist (using the example of specific publications).
21. Features of mobile content management.
22. Modernization of editorial management and its impact on media content.
23. The main milestones in the technical development of print media in the 20th-21st centuries and their impact on the profession of journalist.
24. The main milestones in the technical development of television in the XX-XXI centuries and their impact on the profession of journalist.
25. International information and international organizations: modern experience of interaction between international organizations and journalism.
26. International organizations of journalists: history and modernity.
27. Media industry and mass culture (region/country of the student’s choice).
Evaluation criteria (exam)
The form of the exam is oral
The student is given no more than 30 minutes to prepare an answer.
An “excellent” mark is given if the student answers both questions on the ticket, knows how to operate with basic concepts on the topic of the question, can give examples from modern practice in the field of international and foreign journalism, can competently answer any question asked by the examiner related to the topic of the questions on the ticket, the examinee’s answer is logical and consistent.
A “good” mark is given if he answers both questions on the ticket, is able to operate with basic concepts on the topic of the question, cannot give examples from modern practice in the field of international and foreign journalism, and cannot answer an additional question from the examiner related to the topic of the questions on the ticket. .
A “satisfactory” grade is given if the student, answering the questions on the ticket, does not confidently operate with basic concepts, cannot give examples of modern practices in international and foreign journalism, and the examinee’s answer does not represent a logical, consistent text.
An “unsatisfactory” grade is given if the student does not know the answer to the questions on the ticket, does not know the basic definitions on the topic of the ticket, cannot give examples from practical journalism, and cannot, without preparation, answer the questions of the second ticket drawn out additionally.
The approximate duration of the exam is 5 hours.
List of required literature
1. Modern foreign journalism: glocalization in the practice of Western European media / Ed. A. S. Puyu. St. Petersburg, 2010.
2. Journalism in the world of politics: Research approaches and participation practice / Ed.-comp. S. G. Korkonosenko. St. Petersburg, 2004.
3. History of foreign journalism (1945 - 2008): a reader. M., 2008.
4. Mikhailov S. A. Modern foreign journalism: rules and paradoxes. St. Petersburg, 2002.
5. Media and politics / Ed. L. L. Resnyanskaya. M., 2007.
List of additional literature
1. Andrunas E. Ch. Information elite: corporations and the news market. M., 1991.
2. Bagdikyan B. Monopoly of the media. M., 1985.
3. Bagerstam E. Freedom of the press in a democratic society. Tartu-Villinby. 1992.
4. Beglov S.I. The Empire is changing its address. British printing at the turn of the millennium. M., 1997.
5. Bodrunova S.S. Foreign journalism in the 21st century: Italy. M., 2010.
6. Bodrunova S.S. Modern strategies of British political communication. M., 2010.
7. Bykova A. S. Mass media of the countries - members of the European Union. St. Petersburg, 2004.
8. Vartanova E. L. Media of Northern Europe - 97: towards a new information ideal // Bulletin of Moscow. un-ta. Ser. X. Journalism. 1998. No. 4. P. 76-85.
9. Vartanova E.L. Media economics of foreign countries. M., 2003.
10. Vachnadze G. N. World television. New media, their audience, technology, business, politics. Tbilisi, 1989.
11. Voronenkova G. F. A path of five centuries: from a handwritten sheet to the information society. (National identity of the German media). M., 1999.
12. Voronenkova G.F., Voronenkov M. Yu. Electronic media in Germany: history and modernity. M., 2007.
13. Dennis E., Merrill J. Conversations about mass media. M., 1997.
14. Laws and practice of media in eleven democracies of the world (comparative analysis) / scientific. ed. M. A. Fedotov and others; ed. A. V. Bragina. M., 1998.
15. Laws and practices of the media in Europe, America and Australia. M., 1993.
16. Ivanyan E. A. From George Washington to George Bush. The White House and the Press. M., 1991.
17. Kiriya I.V. Audiovisual media and the Internet in the conditions of creating an information society in France. M., 2002.
18. Kurysheva Yu. V. Principles and strategies of EU information policy // Bulletin of St. Petersburg State University. 2007. Series 9. V. 1. Part 2. P. 256-260.
19. Kurysheva Yu.V. Principles of self-regulation of the journalistic community in the face of terrorist threats / Website of the public council Journalists against terror / www.smi-antiterror.ru/inf/journalists.htm?postId=182@cmsVBVideoPost&mode=1&id=21@cmsVBVideoBlog.
21. Litvinenko A. A. Modern newspaper of Germany: modernization practices. M., 2010.
22. Mikhailov S. A. Foreign journalism: traditional and new media. St. Petersburg, 1999.
23. Mikhailov S. A. World trends and national features in modern foreign journalism. St. Petersburg 2002.
24. Mikhailov S. A. Modern foreign journalism: status, prospects: Textbook. village St. Petersburg, 1998.
25. Mikhailov S.A., Nikonov S.B. Principles of comparative and international law in regulating information flows of states of various legal systems. St. Petersburg, 2000.
26. Orlov Yu. Ya. Journalistic theory and journalistic education in Nazi Germany. M., 1992.
27. Puyu A.S. Journalism of France. Pluralism and statism. St. Petersburg, 2003.
28. Puyu A.S. Political pluralism: the experience of France. St. Petersburg, 1994.
29. Rykovanov P.Ya. France: television and power. St. Petersburg, 2001.
30. Tangate M. Media giants: How the largest media companies survive in the market and fight for leadership. M., 2006.
31. Sharonchikova L. Journalist and journalistic education in France: from books to the Internet. M., 2000.
Sources in English
1. D. Griffiths. Fleet Street: Five Hundred Years of the Press. London, British Library, 2006.
2. D.C.Hallin, P.Mancini. Comparing Media Systems. Cambridge, 2004.
3. B. McNair. Journalism and Democracy. An Evaluation of the Political Public Sphere. London, Routledge, 2000.
4. News, Public Relations and Power. Ed. by S.Cottle. London, Sage, 2003.
5. Political Journalism: new challenges, new practices. Ed. by Raymond Kuhn and Eric Neveu. London, Routledge, 2002.
6. M. Scammell. The Media and Media Management. In: The Blair Effect. Ed by Anthony Seldon. London, Little Brown, 2001.
7. The European Union and the Public Sphere / Ed. by Fossum J. E., Schlesinger P. London: Routledge, 2007.
8. Tunstall J. Newspaper Power. The new National Press in Britain. Oxford University Press, 1996.
Sources in German
1. Bieber, Christoph. Politische Projekte im Internet. Online-Kommunikation und politische Öffentlichkeit. Frankfurt/New-York. 1999.
2. Chancen und Gefahren der Mediendemokratie. Konstanz. 2003.
3. Das politische System der BRD. Opladen, 2000.
4. Dörner, Andreas. Politaiment: Politik in der medialen Erlebnisgesellschaft. Frankfurt/M. 2001.
5. Duschlbauer, Thomas. Medien und Kultur im Zeitalter der X-Kommunikation. Wien. 2001.
6. Eliten in Deutschland: Rekrutierung und Integration. Opladen. 1997.
7. Frank A. Meyer. Mediokratie // 09.26.2005, www.blick.ch
8. Flusser, Vilem. Medienkultur. Frankfurt-am-Main. 1997.
9. Habermas, Jürgen. Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit. Frankfurt/M. 1990.
10. Kassautzki Christiane, Presse in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Stuttgart, 2000.
11. Kornelius Stefan, Journalismus im Wandel. Berlin, 2000.
12. Mediendemokratie. Hrg. Peter Massage. Schwalbach. 2004.
13. Medien und Demokratie: Näher und Distanz zur Politik. Konstanz. 1993.
14. Medienmacht und Politik. Mediatisierte Politik und Wertewandel. Berlin. 1989.
15. Meyn, Hermann, Massenmedien in Deutschland. Konstanz, 2001.
16. Weber, Stefan. Theorien der Medien. Konstanz. 2003.
Sources in French
1. Charon, Jean-Moric. La presse magazine. Paris, 2000.
2. L'imaginaire d'Internet. Paris, 2001.
Globalization is one of the trends in the development of modern mass media.
It includes interaction and cooperation of efforts of media companies from different countries based on the development of satellite communications and other developing methods of delivering information signals, and the formation of transnational information structures. One of the manifestations of this trend is the system of international information exchange, in which almost all the largest news agencies in the world participate.
In communication studies, this trend is considered from different ideological and theoretical positions. Some media theorists associate the possibilities for further progress in the information society with globalization. Critics of the globalization of mass media speak out in defense of national cultural traditions from the escalation of Western and, above all, American information products. According to the latter, globalization in the information sphere leads to the leveling of the originality of cultures for various purposes and the further predominance of the commercial principle over the humanitarian in media activities. The concept of globalization of the subject matter is also used, which refers to the cross-border dissemination of standardized news stories and entertainment programs through media channels. These are, for example, the music channel MTV, television news CNN, Fox News and Sky News, BBC radio broadcasting and a number of others.
In communication science, this phenomenon is considered as a result of the processes of monopolization of information resources on a global scale. Monopolization inevitably affects both the selection of events for news releases and the actors (for example, politicians commenting on events, analysts, and participants in the events themselves). Supporters of globalization believe that ideally globalization processes should lead to the fact that the world community will have a single point of view on the most important events and problems occurring and existing on earth. The disappearance of locality in news content inevitably strengthens the so-called “globalization of the audience” - the concept according to which, simultaneously with the globalization of topics, the globalization of tastes and preferences of the audience occurs. According to this concept, the audience loses its attachment to information within its own country, and is more interested in events of global significance. Proponents of globalization believe that audiences prefer news and other media programs to those presented in a unified standard.
In Western communication science, the concept of global language is also used, which is used when considering the processes of cross-border distribution of popular music through electronic mass media channels, the perception of which by young people does not require knowledge of languages and cultural traditions. There are various manifestations of globalization in the activities of Russian media, both positive and negative. We limit our consideration of this topic only to individual problems, “pain points,” the resolution of which requires joint efforts from media institutions, from the public represented by organizations and movements representing it, and from the state as a whole. In relation to this area, we proceed from the fact that the problems of Russian mass media are largely derived from the challenges of globalization that Russia experiences as a national state entity. Mass media are one of the leading factors in the fact that individuals from different states are gradually beginning to perceive themselves as belonging to some kind of global society, in the sense of the absence of closed information, political and cultural spaces on the planet. Today there are adherents of different directions in ANTI-GLOBALISM, including such generally significant ones as:
- * eliminating the growing gap in income, consumption, healthcare, education in the countries of the “golden billion” and the “third world”;
- * overcoming the consumerist and predatory attitude towards nature, attempts to “bypass” environmental problems, and the export of dirty industries to “third world” countries;
- * limiting the dominance of mass pop culture, suppression of free creativity, “standardization of minds.”
The solution to these problems should be exclusively peaceful, say, through conferences with the use of the media and direct participation of the people (teleconference), the creation of public, political, and international organizations that would dissemble the origins in the world of economic, political, and social criminal processes and developed programs to optimize them and prevent their distortions towards the infringement of the legitimate rights and interests of developing and backward countries in favor of large corporations in developed countries. Now, as for the mass media, in particular Russian ones. They illegally advertise foreign products (movies, products and products). We watch foreign films and listen to foreign music, trying to imitate them, while our culture is slowly degrading, and along with it, young people are spiritually impoverished and marginalized. We are not talking about restoring the “Iron Curtain” or its likeness. Priority should be given to the development of the listed economy, science, art, literature, and not blindly copying not the best images of foreign material and spiritual culture.
The globalization of modern mass media is considered. The possibilities of mass communication in the conditions of mobile communication are determined. Based on content analysis, the features of the work of the media in the context of globalization are revealed.
An analysis of the media that appeared thanks to new information technologies is proposed.
Many researchers do not hesitate to connect the concepts of “mass media” (MSM), “media of mass communication” (MSC) and “globalization”. The media are an integral part of mass communication, as well as the means of mass communication.
Although the concept of “globalization” has become one of the symbols of the changes taking place in the modern world, it is difficult to give it a clear definition. As E.L. points out. Vartanov, it is actively used, but rarely explained, with almost no attempt to find a single definition.
The researcher cites a number of formulations that have developed in foreign sociological thought. The concept of “global” in the modern context has replaced the traditional concepts of international, world and planetary means of mass communication.
The global communication space is closely connected with the development in the world of philosophy, sociology, cultural studies and technical sciences. Under the powerful influence of new communication systems, a culture of “real virtuality” was born. The power of the virtual world changes the type of human consciousness, the spiritual world, the system of values and social relations. Virtual design rebuilds a person’s psychophysiological system, teaching him to receive information in a non-verbal form, thinking and communication - not in the form of a logical structure, but in energy quanta, in a visual way. The increase in the volume of information and the speed of its dissemination increases a person’s dependence on society and on management structures.
The nature and consequences of the “information explosion” give rise to conflicting opinions. Some believe that thanks to information, the new century can be a time of amazing insights and wonderful victories. Others see the danger of information totalitarianism.
The processes of transformation of modern society are determined by the place and role of new mass communication systems, providing access to the global information flow, providing the opportunity for any person to take an active part in the communication process, to become part of the global arena of the public sphere. That is why a specific understanding of globalization in relation to the media seems to be an urgent research task. Media typology, like genre diversity, currently requires theoretical rethinking and practical justification.
The unprecedented development of modern media resources affects all aspects of human life, including the nature of the activities of specialists involved in the production and dissemination of information - journalists and public relations specialists.
Currently, in science there are two approaches to defining media globalization. Proponents of the first approach argue that globalization is not a new phenomenon. It manifested itself in different forms at different stages of human history. According to another position, globalization means drawing the whole world into an open system of financial, economic, socio-political and cultural relations based on new communication and information technologies. The second point of view seems more justified, since it involves a transition from the traditional form of economic, political, technological society, formed on the basis of national unity and centuries-old cultural traditions, to a global Megasociety.
Globalization is currently seen as a process and as a goal leading humanity to unite into a single whole and to realize its common destiny. Globalization, according to G.S. Melnik and A.N. Teplyashina, are characterized by the following fundamental features:
- - universal coverage and complexity of changes during the transition to the global stage. Variability itself becomes the main positive value;
- - all global values and guidelines dominate in relation to local values, including the ethnic factor; cultural hybridization occurs, or the process of rapidly composing (often artificial) cultural phenomena from previously incompatible components, especially in the field of popular culture;
- - emphasizing “deep” phenomena (pre-cultural, pre-civilization, archaic), which receive emancipation;
- - a decisive change in the orientation of rationality from “modern” to “postmodern”, with its emphasis on the mosaic and internal disconnection of perception, and the construction of a new social reality;
- - recognition of civil society as the only form of social order in global society. A mosaic set of social “types” and models, the absence of unified principles of rationalization create a globalist-post-modern picture of the social world.
In the field of economics, globalization is associated primarily with the idea of a free world market, global mass culture and the global information community.
For media researchers, many manifestations of globalization lie on the surface. The same type of advertising in magazines of different countries and in different languages, the same TV shows, although broadcast in different languages, but showing identically designed studios and similar presenters, instant access to news from anywhere Globe, the same news on different TV channels, music and cinema, common in all countries.
Phenomena of a different order, but of the same nature, force us to comprehend the manifestations of globalization in the media, perceiving the mass media both as a sphere clearly exposed to the influence of these processes, and as “agents of globalization,” and as the main driving forces of globalization, i.e. accept that the globalization of social and cultural life becomes possible in the conditions of the most developed media systems.
Globalization is a multidimensional process occurring simultaneously at several levels. This is the globalization of the market, production, finance, and, of course, communications based on the global infrastructure. It is the latter that ensures the unhindered round-the-clock movement of not only financial flows, but also information flows, including global advertising. Globalization has significantly affected the development of the media. The concept of “information” in this context is used in the broadest sense and includes both information about markets, consumers, tax systems, and symbols, images, concepts that are common to all humanity. The latter form a kind of unified symbolic environment in which streams of media content circulate freely, regardless of the nationality and territorial affiliation of their creators. The general availability of this symbolic environment in a geographical and conceptual sense is globalization in the media sphere.
Communication technology is changing rapidly. Multimedia software tools are becoming common for creating any mass media. The new information environment has an increasing influence even on language, in which, along with the linear structure, a hypertext structure is being formed. media globalization media culture
With the advent of the global network, fundamentally new media emerged - electronic newspapers, which have a number of features. One of them is that this newspaper is constantly updated, is often well illustrated, and, as a rule, does not contain complete articles.
New opportunities in obtaining and disseminating information increase the demands on its accuracy and precision. There are cases of falsification and deliberate introduction of false information. Each subscriber can transmit any information over networks and modify it at will; this creates threats of willful manipulation of texts and images, violation of intellectual property rights and privacy of information, and allowing various forms of insult to individuals or public institutions involved in such communications.
New achievements in the field of information and communication technology, changes in the geopolitical map of the world, shifts in economics, politics and culture have an impact on the development of media culture. In the globalization of the latter, a significant role is played by the real respect for the right to freedom of choice of information and the nature of participation in its use. For the globalization of media culture to develop for the benefit of people, it needs a balanced balance of forces involved. The transborder potential of the mass media should be skillfully used in the interests of people and humanity for dialogues and peaceful resolution of emerging problems without “information wars” or “cultural colonialism.” Globalization of media: Russian context There are various manifestations of globalization in the activities of Russian media, which have both positive and negative character. We limit our consideration of this topic only to individual problems, “pain points”, the resolution of which requires joint efforts from the institutions of the QMS, from the public represented by organizations and movements representing it, and from the state as a whole.