The most ancient states in the coastal area. Artifacts of an ancient state found in the Far East

Regarding the validity of the refusal, you can consult by calling hotline by phone 8 800 200 32 51. This is a free phone number for calls throughout Russia. You can also use the Viber messenger +7 977 8234 727 or fill out the form feedback on the website NaDalniyVostok.rf.

The exact start dates for all these measures are not yet known, as they are under discussion. According to the Agency for the Development of Human Capital of the Far East, migrants to the Far North will also be able to take advantage of the current guarantees and compensation for residents of these regions.

How to get a plot of land in the Far East for free

The full name of the bill is “On the specifics of providing land plots in the Far Eastern Federal District.” In early September, it was submitted by the Ministry of Economics and Development for consideration. The bill is presidential, so all the issues are practically resolved - all that remains is to agree on the formalities. The official website NaDalniyVostok.rf is already working. It is expected that directly on the online resource you will be able to independently book a plot of one hectare, without even leaving your home.

Also, if you take a plot for construction, then in the 5th year you need register rights to an object capital construction . You can even build a barn - if in 5 years it “brings benefit to at least one person, then that’s good,” as Alexander Krutikov, Deputy Director of the Department of Territorial and Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Ministry for the Development of the Far East, said earlier in an interview. The meaning of the concept, in his words, is “to increase people’s interest in the Far East, and not to receive some kind of economic benefit right here and now.”

Who needs free land in the Far East: free hectare from the state

The plot can be used for any purpose (house construction, business, crop production, livestock breeding, etc.) for 5 years under a free use agreement. After 5 years, the plot can be registered as a property or transferred for rent, but only if you somehow developed the land: built something, planted it, grew it.

In other words, they will give land that no one needs and has no value. No roads, no electricity, no people nearby, zero infrastructure. Who needs such land? Which, in addition, will not be registered as property, and after five years you will have to prove that you really mastered it. The state decided to distribute with a generous hand lands that had not been in demand for many years.

Land in the Far East: how to get 1 hectare of land for free in 2015

So, any citizen of Russia has the right to receive 1 hectare of land for development. The main goal program is precisely to reduce the area of ​​idle land, therefore it is beneficial use the provided plot is the main condition for the transfer of land into ownership. The five-year period of free use serves as a kind of “probationary period”, based on the results of which a decision may be made to change the form of land ownership or its alienation.

Russian President Vladimir Putin approved the idea designed to stimulate the development of the Far Eastern region. It is assumed that land plots in the Far East can be obtained by both residents of the federal district and citizens of the Russian Federation living in other regions.

Hectare in the Far East

To help those who decide to start their own business in the Far Eastern territory, the official website contains standard solutions on land use. In particular, the organization’s business plans are offered for review. farms, creation of nurseries for growing different cultures and others. The Ministry of Eastern Development notes that plans for registering hunting farms and organizing other types of activities will soon appear on the portal.

Anyone wishing to receive a plot of land can register on the website nadalniyvostok.rf and select online suitable site. Moreover, if its area is more than a hectare or it crosses the boundaries of previously selected areas, the system automatically signals this. You can also enter the site through the State Services portal.

Land in the Far East: how to get it, map, conditions

If the layout of a land plot partially or completely coincides with a diagram previously submitted by another person, the authorized body makes a decision to suspend the period for consideration of a later submitted application for the provision of a land plot for free use and sends the decision to the applicant.

4. After a positive decision on the allocation of a plot for a period of 5 years, after which you will be able to register the plot for rent or ownership, the citizen must choose the method of signing the draft agreement. A signed draft agreement for the free use of a land plot is submitted or sent to the authorized body by a citizen of his choice in person or by post on paper, or in the form of an electronic document using an information system within a period not exceeding 30 days from the date the citizen received this draft agreement.

How to get a free hectare in the Far East

However, applicants must remember that they are provided with land without any buildings. In the future, cadastral work will be required in relation to the site, as well as buildings, structures, premises and unfinished construction objects appearing on it.

On February 1, the third stage of implementation of the law on the “Far Eastern hectare” began: now all Russians, and not just residents of the Far East, can apply for free receipt land. It is expected that by the end of 2017, 100 thousand people will take advantage of this opportunity. The Village found out under what conditions the plots are provided and how they can be used.

How to get land from the state for free

“We would like to propose the creation of a mechanism for the free allocation of one hectare of land to each resident of the Far East and to each person who would like to come to the Far East, which can be used for Agriculture, to create a business, forestry, hunting. We propose to provide land for five years, if it is used, then to assign this land to the owner, and if it is not used, to confiscate it.”

In 2015, Vladimir Putin approved the idea of ​​​​distributing land plots in the Far East. The main feature of the project is that the state will provide free plots to all citizens of the Russian Federation who wish to do so. IQR I studied at what stage this initiative is, how, where exactly, and under what conditions it will be possible to receive free land from the state.

Distribution of land in the Far East: benefits - yes, to foreigners

Academician Pavel Minakir recalls that during the Stolypin reform, landless peasants, for whom land was the source of life, were resettled to the east, and in Soviet times, people went for high salaries, early retirement, and the military for long service. People still need similar meaningful results from their move now, he says.

Experts disagree on the effectiveness of this measure as a way to attract people to the Far East, and there are doubts about the impact on the region’s economy. At the same time, the majority says that such a decision had to be made - perhaps even earlier, before the launch of the program for creating priority development areas in the Far East, which require human resources.

Land distribution in the Far East: why is this less interesting for Russians than for the Chinese?

this opinion is another way to steal state property by first distributing it to the poor and then buying it up for next to nothing until there is stability in the country and they will build tanks and submarines rockets and planes to fly to Mars and the moon and not improve the country, nothing good will happen, another canard from our government like we want to solve the problem while people live more comfortably in Moscow than in far east and in Siberia, in case of war, they can all be destroyed with a couple of atomic bombs; everything in the country is done through one place

Another utopia. In addition to this hectare, a person needs additional money to move. Arrangement on site, construction of at least small housing. You need to sleep somewhere. And what exactly will the person do there? In the steppe? Or on parts of the hills? You will have to survive there for the first five years. I completely agree with Galina Nikulina!

INTO THE SECRETS OF RUSSIAN CIVILIZATION. Artifacts of an ancient state found in the Far East

The Far East, now almost deserted, was densely populated in ancient times. The Jurchen Empire - people of the white race - flourished there, which was the heir to a highly developed civilization that existed there three thousand years ago...

An ancient state of white people in the Far East

In the 50s of the 20th century, academician A.P. Okladnikov and his students discovered in the Far East the existence of the Golden Jurchen Empire, which existed there in the Middle Ages. It occupied the territory of modern Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories, the Amur region, the eastern regions of Mongolia, the northern regions of Korea and the entire northern part of China. The capital of this vast empire long time was Yanqing (now Beijing). The empire included 72 tribes, the population ranged from 36 to 50 million people, according to various estimates. There were 1200 cities in the empire.

An ancient state of enormous size - white people in the Far East

Jurchen Empire

The Jurchen Empire was based on ancient civilizations, which existed long before “Great China” and possessed the highest technologies at that time: they knew how to produce porcelain, paper, bronze mirrors and gunpowder, and also possessed mysterious occult knowledge. Bronze mirrors, which were made in the Jurchen Empire, are found by archaeologists in the territory from Pacific Ocean to the Caspian Sea. In other words, the Jurchens used these achievements much earlier than the Chinese “discovered” them. In addition, the inhabitants of the empire used runic writing, which orthodox science is unable to decipher.

However, the empire received all these technological achievements from previous states that were located on its territory much earlier. The most mysterious of them is the state Shubi, which is believed to have existed in the 1st-2nd millennium BC. They possessed truly unique knowledge and had underground communications in the form of tunnels with many parts of their empire and neighboring states.

It is quite possible that these underground passages still exist. Moreover, most likely, there are underground tunnels leading to the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin and Kamchatka. For example, it is known that the idea of ​​connecting Sakhalin with the mainland through a tunnel was developed at the end of the 19th century, but was not implemented. In 1950, this idea was resurrected by Stalin. On May 5, 1950, the Council of Ministers of the USSR issued a secret decree on the construction of a tunnel and a reserve sea ferry. It is quite possible that the secrecy was caused by the fact that it was not planned to build a tunnel, but only restore something that was built in ancient times. The tunnel was never built. Immediately after Stalin's death, construction was curtailed.

But let's return to Shubi. It's them invented gunpowder, paper, porcelain and everything else the invention of which is attributed to the Chinese. Plus they created an amazing distribution system rare plants on the territory of their state. In other words, plants in Primorye not only grew “as God willing,” but they were specially selected, grown and planted. An eloquent witness to this selection is the yew grove on Petrov Island, and at the foot of Mount Pidan several old yew trees have been preserved, which are not found anywhere else in the region. This feature was noticed by Academician V.L. Komarov, a Russian botanist and geographer, and military topographer and ethnographer V.K. Arsenyev, who explored Primorye in 1902-1907 and 1908-1910, discovered that the boundaries of the Tibeto-Manchu flora coincided with the boundaries of the bygone Shubi civilization.

In addition, V.K. Arsenyev found and excavated numerous regular-shaped cities and stone roads in the taiga on the Dadianshan plateau. All this eloquently testifies to the scale of the bygone civilization. Remains of stone roads are still preserved in the coastal taiga. Besides these fragments material culture, information about the Shubi civilization has reached us very, very little, mostly it is of a legendary nature. Bohai legends also called the state of Shubi the Land of Magic Mirrors and the Land of Flying People.

Legends also claim that they all went to an underground city, the entrance to which is located on the top of a large mountain (most likely Mount Pidan), that they made magic mirrors capable of showing the future from some unusual gold. A two-meter statue of the so-called Golden Baba was made from this gold, which was worshiped by both the Bohais and the Jurchens as an ancient idol. Legends tell that this gold was not mined on the territory of Primorye, but it was brought through underground passages from the depths of volcanoes. When the cities of the Shubi country were deserted, and the Bohais and Jurchens went underground to the kingdom of the Shubi birds, they took with them “forty carts loaded to the brim with gold,” and this gold also disappeared.

Interesting information about mysterious mirrors is provided by the modern writer, traveler and researcher Vsevolod Karinberg in his essay “The Mystery of “Magic” Mirrors or the Matrix”:

“In Chinese paintings depicting celestial beings traveling through the clouds and tops of mythical mountains, you often see “magic” mirrors in their hands. “Magic mirrors” already existed in the 5th century, but the book “The History of Ancient Mirrors,” which described the method of making them, was lost in the 8th century. The convex reflective side is cast from light bronze, polished to a shine and coated with mercury amalgam. In different lighting conditions, if you hold the mirror in your hand, it is no different from normal. However, under bright sunlight, you can “look through” through its reflective surface and see patterns and hieroglyphs on the reverse side. In some mysterious way, massive bronze becomes transparent. Shen Gua in the book “Reflections on the Lake of Dreams” in 1086 wrote: “There are “mirrors that transmit light”, on the back side of which there are about twenty ancient hieroglyphs that cannot be deciphered, they “appear” on the front side and are reflected on the wall of the house , where they can be clearly seen. They are all similar to each other, they are all very ancient, and they all transmit light...”

So what are these ancient hieroglyphs that, already in the 11th century, could not be deciphered by a Chinese scientist? Chinese sources speak of a letter from the Bohai ruler, written in characters incomprehensible to the Chinese, reminiscent of paw prints of animals and birds. Moreover, this letter is not readable in any of the languages ​​of the Tungus-Manchu group, which includes the Bohais and Jurchens. Therefore, they hastened to call this language unreadable and dead.

We know another language - the Etruscan language, which was also “unreadable” until recently, until we tried it read in Russian. The same thing happened with the hieroglyphs, or rather runes, of the flying people from the Shubi Empire. They were read. And they read it in Russian. See the works of V. Yurkovets “We will remember everything” and academician V. Chudinov “On the writing of the Jurchens according to Yurkovets.”

Moreover, we were able to find images of the Jurchen emperors. Or rather, not images, but busts, which are exhibited today in the Chinese city of Harbin, in a museum called the Museum of the First Capital of Jin.

Jurchen Emperor Taizu, Wanyan Aguda (1068-1123).

Jurchen Emperor Taizong, Wanyan Wuqimai (1075-1135).

Jurchen Emperor Xizong, Wanyan Hela (1119-1149).

Jurchen Emperor Hai Ling Wang, Wanyan Liang (1122-1161).

Jurchen mirror with swastikas.

The photographs show busts of: the first Jurchen emperor Taizu, Wanyan Aguda (1115-1123), the second Jurchen emperor Taizong, Wanyan Wuqimai (1123-1135) - the younger brother of the previous emperor; the third Jurchen emperor Xizong, Wanyan Hela (1135-1149) and the fourth Jurchen emperor Hai Ling Wang, Wanyan Liang (1149-1161).

Pay attention to the racial traits of the emperors. These are people of the white race. In addition, the last picture shows an exhibit from the excavations of the Shaiginsky settlement, which is 70 km away. north of the city of Nakhodka - a unique monument of Jurchen culture in the Primorsky Territory. This mirror was discovered in 1891, and in 1963 excavations of this monument began, which continued until 1992. As we can see, it depicts a swastika - the solar symbol of the Slavic-Aryans.

Even at the beginning of the 20th century, something was known about the Jurchen civilization, magic mirrors showing the future and other artifacts of this empire. And this is not surprising, because the territory of Primorye was part of Great Tartaria- a huge empire of the White Race, which at one time occupied the territory of all of Eurasia. Europeans knew about its existence back in the 17th century, despite the fact that Europe was already completely torn away from it and began writing its own “unfair” history.

In 1653, “Atlas of Asia” by Nicholas Sanson, who talked about the easternmost part of Tartary - Cathai. Not to be confused with China, which was designated China or Cina on medieval maps and was located south of Cathay. It was Cathay, not China, that Marco Polo visited in the 13th century. It was his descriptions that served as the basis for plotting the farthest eastern territories of Eurasia on a 15th-century map created by the Venetian monk Fra Mauro in 1459. Thanks to this map, you can see cities completely unknown to modern historical science. The peculiarity of this map is the fact that north is at the bottom and south is at the top. Interactive map can be viewed here - http://www.bl.uk/magnificentmaps/map2.html. It also shows states unknown to today's historical science that were part of Cathay: Tangut and Tenduk.

In 1659 " The World History» Dionysius Petavius, who described the rich and developed Tartar state of Cathai, which has long been called Scythia, which does not include the Himalayas. Like N. Sanson, he mentions the states included in Cathay: Tangut, Tenduc, Camul, Tainfur and Tibet. Unfortunately, these names, except for the last one, do not tell us anything today.

In 1676 in Paris, “World Geography” by Duval Dubville, which contained a description of the main countries of the world, among which several Tartaries occupied a significant place. Among them was “Kim(n) Tartary - this is one of the names by which Cathai is called, which is the largest state of Tartary, for it is heavily populated, full of rich and beautiful cities.”

This section of our site contains an Italian map of China from 1682 by Giacomo Cantelli and Giovanni Giacomo de Rossi, which shows the possessions of the Jurchens: Tangut, Tenduk, the kingdom of the Nivkhs, which are called the Kin Tartars or Golden Tartars (remember , that the Jurchen empire is called Golden) and the kingdom of Yupi (the kingdom of the Tartars, who dressed in fish skin).

Mappa mundi Fra Mauro.

Giacomo Cantelli 1682

Map of Tartary and Korea, Paris, 1780

Map of Chinese and Independent Tartary, 1806

Map of geopolitical divisions of Asia, 1871

After the defeat of Great Tartaria in the war of 1773, which was given the name “Pugachev’s Rebellion,” the memory of this empire began to be carefully erased, but this was not immediately possible. On maps of the 18th and sometimes 19th centuries, it, or its provinces, were still reflected, including the Far East. For example, we look at maps: Tartary and Korea, Paris, 1780, by the French naval engineer M. Bonne, Chinese and Independent Tartary, 1806 by John Curry, geopolitical division of Asia, 1871 by the British cartographer Samuel Mitchell.

Let's return to the Jurchen empire and their magic mirrors. There is information that they were found by Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (1839-1888), an officer of the General Staff. He made 5 expeditions to the Ussuri region, the lands of which by that time had been annexed by the Romanov Empire, and Central Asia. Based on the results of expeditions in the Amur region, the monumental work “Journey to the Ussuri Region” and “On the Foreign Population in the Southern Part of the Amur Region” was written. In St. Petersburg, at the Department of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences, his field notes about the Ussuri region are kept, as well as a list of materials he transferred to the Russian Museum.

N.M. Przhevalsky.

These materials include a collection of bronze mirrors. According to legend, among these mirrors there is a magic mirror that shows the future, and into which great traveler looked in while setting off on his last expedition to Tibet. He intended to cross the Tien Shan Mountains and the Tarim Basin from north to south, explore the northwestern part of Tibet, and then visit the city of Lhasa. However, in the mirror he saw that he would not return back. And indeed, on the border with Tibet, Przhevalsky suddenly fell ill, as they say, either from drinking raw water, or from sweating while hunting and catching a cold, or from typhoid fever. However, there is another version - poisoning. The fact is that the expedition of an officer of the Russian General Staff aroused fears both in the Chinese government and among the British, who were at odds with Tibet, and suspected a secret political mission on the part of the Russian government in the expedition.

After each Przhevalsky expedition, exhibitions were regularly organized at the Academy of Sciences and the Russian Geographical Society richest material, which he brought to the capital - hundreds of stuffed animals, skins of wild animals, an endless number of herbariums and material artifacts, for example, magic mirrors, which he purposefully searched for, like the Golden Woman of the Jurchens. By the way, he so insistently wanted to go to Tibet, also because he believed that the main Jurchen artifacts were taken there. He didn’t find the woman, but he brought a mirror. At the beginning of 1887, the Museum of the Academy of Sciences hosted an exhibition of Przhevalsky’s collections, which was visited by Emperor Alexander III. He was very interested in the Magic Mirror. Przhevalsky told him that he saw his death in the mirror during a trip to Tibet. The Emperor looked into the mirror, after which he ordered the mirrors to be removed from the exhibition.

The son of Alexander III, Nicholas II, was also interested in the mystery of the magic mirror. He was dating someone else an outstanding researcher Primorye, military topographer Vladimir Klavdievich Arsenyev, who, after an expedition around the region in 1910, also organized an exhibition of artifacts. Arsenyev told the emperor not only about magic mirrors, but also about a special type of gold, about the Golden Baba, and showed rock samples that he brought from the expedition.

VC. Arsenyev.

What was this special type of gold? Let us turn again to the text by Vsevolod Karinberg “The Mystery of the “Magic” Mirrors or the Matrix”:

“In the Academic Town of Novosibirsk, Professor Ershov at the Institute of Programming and Informatics conducted research on the problem of Chinese mirrors. And it seems that something has become clearer for them, if all the conclusions were suddenly classified. Research was also carried out in Leningrad (St. Petersburg) at the Electro-Mechanical Institute under the leadership of Zhores Alferov. They showed that the bronze alloy from which the mirror is made contains, in addition to copper, tin, and zinc, also rare earth elements of groups 6 and 7: rhenium, iridium. The alloy contains nickel, gold, mercury, silver, platinum, palladium, as well as radioactive elements - impurities of thorium, actinium, uranium.

And the special light bronze of the front surface of the mirror contains phosphorus in large quantities for some reason. It is assumed that if it hits the mirror sunlight the alloy is excited and its radioactive radiation causes the front mirror surface to glow in certain places. There is one more trick in these mirrors - a spiral winding of multilayer metal tapes on the handle. There is a hypothesis that through this handle, human bioenergy is transferred to the mirror. And that is why someone is able to simply activate the mirror, and someone is able to see pictures of the future in it.

The symbols on the back surface of the mirror act on the human psyche, and it is they that allow you to tune in to the pictures of the subtle world. The combination of rare elements in the alloy, inherent in Chinese mirrors, is found in only one mine. In 1985 on the island. In Kunashir, in the former closed zone of the Japanese Imperial Reserve on the Zolotaya River, next to the Tyatya volcano, adits were discovered where the Japanese mined gold throughout the war, moreover, ore, chemically bound, and not alluvial, which is why no one knew about it.

And here we again come to the mystery of Bohai gold. According to legend, when going underground, the Bohai people took with them “forty carts loaded to the brim with gold.” The largest gold bar was the Golden Woman - a sculpture about two meters high. Both Shubi gold and Bohai gold were not mined in the territory of modern Primorye. Gold was brought through underground passages from the underground country of Shubi, from the depths of volcanoes. When the cities of the land of Shubi were deserted, the gold disappeared.

The gold of Shubi, or, if you like, the gold of Bohai, reveals one secret, because of which the researchers of the secrets of magic mirrors, pioneers in Primorye, may have died. No one imagined that there was gold from volcanoes, especially ore. The melt squeezes out through basalt rocks, in some “pockets” up to 1200 grams per cubic meter of soil. Inside the volcanoes there is silver, platinum and rare earth elements, which are very rare in nature. Gold! This is what the world power Japan fought for. Underground passages leading to the gold volcanic mines of the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, quite possibly, exist to this day ... "

Bohai State (698-926) At the end of the 6th - beginning of the 7th centuries. The Tungus tribes of the Mohe, who inhabited the territory of Primorye and adjacent areas of the Far East, reached a level in their development where property inequality within individual tribal associations led to the emergence of class differences.

By the end of the 7th century. the process of decomposition of the primitive communal system and the emergence of class relations affected a significant part of the Mohe tribes. The threat of an attack on the Mohe tribes by powerful neighbors contributed to the acceleration of their unification into large military-tribal alliances, which then took shape into a single state whole. This is how the first medieval Tungus state arose in 698 - the kingdom of Bohai.

The Bohai State at the beginning of its existence occupied small area. By the second half of the 8th century. Bohai became a powerful state in the Far East. By this time, his possessions extended in the south to the kingdom of Silla, which occupied the territory of modern South Korea, in the east - to the coast of the Sea of ​​​​Japan, in the west, Bohai's possessions bordered on the territory of the Khitan, in the southwest - with the possessions of the Chinese Empire on Liaodong, in the north, Bohai included lands up to the lower reaches of the Amur. The administrative division of the country was based on the former possessions of tribal and clan associations of the Mohes. The entire territory of the state was divided into 15 districts (regions), 62 prefectures, 125 counties. The main political and administrative center of Bohai was in the Upper Capital, located on the right bank of the river. Khurhi (Mudanjiang), near modern city Dongjingcheng.

The Bohai state was headed by a kedu (king), whose decrees “had the force of law and nothing was carried out without his approval.” These words, which characterize the Bohai kings as the only and sovereign rulers, at the same time indicate that in Bohai, as well as in a number of other states of the East, “the king is the sole and exclusive owner of all lands in the state” (K. Marx and F. Engels. Soch., vol. XXI, M-L., 1929, p. 491.)

Executive power in Bohai was concentrated in two ministries of the royal government. In the Left Ministry, draft laws were developed and current affairs were discussed. The Right Ministry was in charge of recording the royal decrees, historical events, complaints, etc. In addition, the Left Ministry led the departments of ranks, warehouses and food, and the Right Ministry led the departments of payments, military and water. The state apparatus of Bohai, as well as most Asian countries, was characterized, according to the glory of K. Marx, by “three branches of management: the financial department, or the department for robbing one’s own own people, a military department, or a department for the robbery of neighboring peoples, and, finally, a department of public works” (K. Marx and F. Engels. Works, vol. IX, p. 347.).

Thus, in Bohai there was a relatively complex bureaucratic apparatus, which consisted, as V.I. Lenin said, “of a group of people who were engaged only in that, or almost only in that, or mainly in managing” (V.I. Lenin. Soch., vol. 29, p. 440.)

Such “public power,” wrote F. Engels, “exists in every state. It consists not only of armed men, but also of material appendages, prisons and compulsory institutions of all kinds, which were unknown to the generic structure of society. It can be very insignificant, almost imperceptible in societies with still undeveloped class oppositions and in remote areas” (F. Engels. The origin of the family, private property and the state. M., 1952, p. 177.)

The Bohai king relied on the bureaucracy and tribal leaders, with the help of whom the subject tribes were exploited. The power of the leaders was confirmed by royal decree.

IN in this case we have a peculiar form of the early feudal allotment system, adapted to conditions when a significant part of the medieval Tungus population, subject to the Bohai kings, was experiencing the process of decomposition of primitive communal relations and the enslavement of free community members by the nobility.

The population of Bohai was engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding, hunting, marine and taiga crafts. Handicraft production has achieved great development. In general, the Bohai economy was mixed. There was widespread specialization of individual cities, prefectures and districts in the production of certain types of handicraft, agricultural and hunting products. This contributed to a noticeable expansion of trade relations. Along with the development of exchange between tribes and regions, much attention was paid to Bohai's barter trade with neighboring states and peoples, with whom constant political, economic and cultural ties were maintained.

Bohai had a high culture, the development of which was influenced by neighboring states, as well as Turkic and Khitan tribes. In turn, Bohai played a positive role in the development of the culture of the peoples of East Asia.

Several monuments of Bohai culture are currently known on the territory of Primorye. Of greatest interest are the remains of two Buddhist temples in the river valley. Chapigou near the village. Krounovka in the Ussuriysk region. Interesting stuff was obtained by archaeologists during excavations of the Abrikosovsky Temple. This temple was destroyed as a result of a fire that suddenly broke out in the building. On the spot former temple archaeologists discovered numerous products made of baked clay: richly ornamented tiles, figurines of Buddhas (gods), the head of a dokshita (demon) with a terrifying grinning mouth, images of dragons and other mythical animals, various molded decorations in the form of rosettes, etc. On one of the clay objects depict a cross, which suggests the presence in Bohai, along with Buddhism and shamanism, of other types of religious worldview, i.e., in this case, Nestorianism, which became widespread in the countries of Central Asia and the Far East in the 7th - 9th centuries.

Bohai's power was shaken by the struggle masses and attacks from external enemies. The Khitan tribes took advantage of this, destroyed the kingdom and created their own statehood in 918, which became known as the Liao Empire. On the part of Bohai territory captured by the Khitans, the state of Eastern Dan, a vassal state of the Khitan emperor, was created. However, thanks to the stubborn resistance of the conquered people, the Khitans failed to capture the entire territory of Bohai. The Tungus tribes, who lived in the eastern and northeastern regions of the former Bohai kingdom, were only nominally considered vassals of the Khitan emperors and gradually accumulated forces for armed struggle against the invaders.

State of the Jurchens (1115-1234). The Jurchens, or Nuizhens, are descendants of the Tungus tribes that were previously part of Bohai. In the brutal internecine struggle that followed shortly after the defeat of Bohai between individual Jurchen tribes, which managed to maintain their independence from the Khitans, the Wangyang tribe won. The leaders of this tribe managed to unite a significant part of the Jurchen tribes around themselves and inflict a major defeat on the Khitans. After the defeat of the Khitan, the leader of the Jurchens, Aguda, declared himself emperor in 1115, choosing the name Aisin, i.e. Golden, for the empire he created.

Having defeated the Khitans and destroyed their statehood, the Jurchen emperors turned their greedy gaze to the riches of neighboring China. In a difficult war between two powerful empires, the winners were the Jurchens, who, despite heroic resistance from the Chinese population, managed to establish their dominance over most of the territory of the Chinese Empire for a long time, bringing untold suffering to the common people of China.

The entire territory of the Jurchen Empire was divided into 19 provinces. At the head of the state was the emperor, who enjoyed unlimited power. Executive power was exercised by the State Council. Six ministries were subordinate to him: ranks, finance, ceremonies, military affairs, public works and criminal. Special state chambers were in charge of collecting taxes.

Social system of the Jurchens in the 12th-13th centuries. determined primarily by the presence of feudal ownership of land. The owners of the land were the emperor and his relatives, the court nobility, and the clergy. They owned the best plots and received income from the land.

The main occupation of the Jurchens was agriculture and animal husbandry; they bred mainly cows, horses and pigs. Hunting and fishing played a major role in the life of the population. Craftsmen and peasants made their homes from wood, coating the outside with clay. In winter, the Jurchens wore fur clothes, and in summer, linen clothes.

The most common religious worldview among the Jurchens was shamanism. Along with this, part of the population professed Buddhism.

General cultural level the Jurchens were quite high. The most important event in cultural history This people created their own written language. Jurchen writing served primarily for business correspondence, but over time it became the basis for the creation of its own literature, primarily historical.

Currently, on the territory of Soviet Primorye it is known a large number of Jurchen monuments, mainly fortifications (enclosed by high earthen ramparts of settlements). Two such settlements were recently located in the area of ​​Ussuriysk, on the territory of which sculptural images of turtles, people, etc., carved from granite, were once discovered.

The remains of the third large fortification near Ussuriysk are on Kraenoyarovaya Sopka. Here was once the center of the Jurchen district of Subin (Suifun). The ramparts of this fortification are partially preserved and reach a height of 6–8 meters in some places. In the south-eastern part of the settlement there was the so-called “Forbidden City”, where various administrative institutions, palaces and homes of the local nobility were located. Population of this ancient city was well prepared for defense in case of a long siege. In a number of places, the remains of ancient reservoirs are currently visible; at the foot of the fortress walls there are small accumulations of basalt cores for stone-throwing machines.

Archaeological excavations that were carried out on the territory of the Krasnoyarovsky settlement, as well as on the territory of the settlement near the village. Nikolaevka, in the valley of the river. Suchan, have given historians extremely rich material, on the basis of which we can now talk about relatively high level Jurchen culture, about the talent and great artistic taste of this people.

In general, we can say that the existence of the Jurchen state was an important stage in the development of the economy, social relations and culture of the ancestors of the present Tungus peoples who inhabited our Far East in the Middle Ages. The Jurchen state took on the powerful onslaught of the Mongol armies. The first blows of the Mongols in East Asia fell on the Jurchens. For more than thirty years, a bloody war was waged, which was started by Genghis Khan and ended by his son Ogedei. The cities and villages of the Jurchens were burned and destroyed, a huge number of the population was destroyed and taken into slavery by the conquering Mongols.

After the Mongol invasion, which contemporaries of the events wrote about as “the most terrible catastrophe and the greatest disaster, the likes of which had not been seen either day or night on earth,” and then more than a century Mongol yoke, Primorye for many centuries until the first half of the 19th century V. remained a wild and sparsely populated region, and the inhabitants who survived here (Nanai, Udege, Orochi, Orok) were thrown back several centuries in their development and could no longer on our own overcome centuries of backwardness.

About why Russian authorities paid attention to the development of the eastern territories and what results were achieved in this direction, the scientific editor of EastRussia, Doctor of Political Sciences, Vice-President of the Center for Political Technologies, Professor of the National Research University, said in his column. graduate School economics" ROSTISLAV TUROVSKY.

The Far East remains a strategic priority in Russian regional policy, which is confirmed time after time by presidential messages. Likewise, the president’s message, delivered on December 1, confirmed the state’s intentions to pay special and emphasized attention to the development of its eastern outskirts. There are a number of reasons for this, including the need to overcome the continuing lag in the development of these territories, and intensified efforts to include Russia in international relations in the Asia-Pacific region, which are of particular importance in the current geopolitical situation. In 2016, the state continued to work on creating special tax and economic regimes in the Far East designed to stimulate investment activity, made decisions on state support for various projects, paid attention to systemic measures designed to improve the business climate in the Far East, and introduce new “rules of the game” in fishing industry, etc.

As throughout Russia, Far Eastern policy could not help but be affected by current financial restrictions. This year, an updated version of the state program for the socio-economic development of the Far East was approved, but the parameters for its financing became the subject of difficult battles. Ultimately, budget expenditures for this program, like many other regional development programs, were cut. However, a breakthrough was the decision to make the Far Eastern sections mandatory in all state and federal target programs. Thus, the task of proportionally including the Far East in government programs has been solved. But in general, the state is moving further and further from direct financing of the Far East to creating a favorable business climate, which in the future will allow development without constant “pumping” of budget money. From this point of view, the current stage can be called transitional. So far, the state and related structures are participating in co-financing Far Eastern projects, as evidenced by the increased activity of the Far East Development Fund and a series of government decisions on the selection of projects receiving state support. Taking into account the specifics of the territory, special attention is paid to raw materials and infrastructure projects, but in general their list is diverse, it includes projects in the agro-industrial complex, tourism, etc.

The development of the Far East is impossible without overcoming infrastructural limitations. During the year, it was not without difficulty that the issue of aligning Far Eastern energy tariffs, the value of which hinders business development in the region, with the average Russian tariffs was resolved. Ultimately, a solution to this problem was found, and in the foreseeable future the corresponding federal law will come into force. The Far East is gradually turning into a center of international cooperation, where diversification has become one of the important lines Russian connections with various countries. The Second Eastern Economic Forum, held in Vladivostok, became an even larger-scale event than the first. For objective reasons, China remains Russia's main partner in the Far East. The construction of the Power of Siberia export gas pipeline continues, Chinese capital is included in the largest oil refining complex project in Primorye, decisions are being made on the development of cross-border cooperation (a special intergovernmental commission has been created for this purpose). At the same time, this year more attention is being paid to ties with Japan, and companies from India are expanding their presence in the oil business. This ensures a more balanced interaction between Russia and different countries peace. Despite known difficulties, cooperation with Western countries is not curtailed. For example, this year the government gave permission to the American-Canadian company Amur Minerals to work at the Malmyzh gold-copper deposit in the Khabarovsk Territory.

​​​​​​​​The state’s systemic measures for the development of the Far East involve its transformation into a whole “scattering” of growth points, represented in all subjects of the Federation.

As part of the implementation of last year's presidential address, in 2016 a long-term plan for the socio-economic development of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, the second largest city in the Khabarovsk Territory and a large industrial center, was approved. The expansion of the free port regime from Vladivostok to other territories began: free ports appeared in the Khabarovsk Territory, Sakhalin, Kamchatka and Chukotka. The process of creating territories of advanced socio-economic development (ASED) continues. This year, new PSEDAs began to be created for large industrial projects - mining in South Yakutia, the Zvezda shipyard in the Primorsky Territory. The first TASED appeared in the underdeveloped Jewish Autonomous Okrug and two TASEDs - agricultural and tourism - on Sakhalin.

An ambitious project of the state was the distribution of free hectares of Far Eastern land, designed to put empty land into circulation and attract the population to work in the Far East. This program is partly related to solving the demographic problems of the Far East, where the seemingly endless outflow of population is slowing down. The resource potential of the Far East and systemic measures of the state also suggest an emerging opportunity to ensure the transition of the Far Eastern Federal District to the desired model of advanced development. Until a breakthrough has happened, which requires further actions to overcome the backlog of the Far East. It is noteworthy that the Russian dynamics are still outstripping - in the field of mining, where in January-October the Far Eastern Federal District showed an increase of 3.2% against 2.2% for the country as a whole. The most powerful increase in production is associated with the launch of new fields in Kamchatka and the Jewish Autonomous Okrug, but due to its economic weight, oil and gas Sakhalin remains the main engine of growth. Another indirect evidence of the work of the state and business on new projects can be considered the preservation of the volume construction work, which in the Far Eastern Federal District remained at approximately the same level, while in the country as a whole it fell by 5%.

Thus, in 2016 new results began to appear public policy, indicating the gradual formation of potential for transforming the Far East into a locomotive of growth of the Russian economy and the deepening of Russia’s integration into the Asia-Pacific region. However, achieving sustainable development, including its social component, will take a long time.