Wooden architecture in Rus'. Traditional tower

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I come from the very heart of Crimea - Simferopol. She lived there all her life until the moment when she met her husband, who lived in the north of the Russian Federation - in the Arkhangelsk region. We made a decision to make it easier to move to my parents and to move to the center of our Motherland - Moscow. Honestly, let the Muscovites forgive me, I didn’t want to live in the city itself, such noisy megacities are not suitable for us to live in, so we chose the city at random (we opened Yandex maps of the Moscow region and eyes closed mouse found our small town near Moscow - the city of Chekhov).

I remember how we were traveling with two suitcases; we had no friends or relatives. We decided that we want to achieve everything through our own work and not be dependent on anyone in the future.
Arriving in the city, we started looking for an apartment, and eventually found it for 15 rubles a month + 1 ruble for a communal apartment somewhere. After 2 weeks I was lucky enough to find a job where I still work today, but my husband had to look (long story)

No matter how hard it was for us, we did not look for help and looked only forward - towards our goal, and we had one goal, we wanted to buy land and build our own house. By the way, my husband is a carpenter (he builds houses from wood). He soon started making friends, where he met his current colleagues in the construction business, with whom he works. I’ll say right away that we wouldn’t even be able to buy a plot of land with my salary, so we made a decision: my hard-earned money goes to renting housing + food, and we’ll put it off.

So we lived for 2 years rented apartment having already managed to change your place of residence, changing to another district of the city - the price is the same, the city center is the same 10 minutes by bus. By a good coincidence, a friend at work told me that a plot of 4.5 acres of land was for sale in their area.

Having lived for 2 years already, we saved up money to buy a plot worth 300 thousand. We were lucky, the plot was sold cheap because... The sellers urgently needed money to build their home. Sometime in May last year we made deals and we became the proud owners of a flat rectangular plot. We had to work hard to get it in proper shape.

We dig up birch trees together

In the meantime, I planted some of my greenery on my long-awaited land...

That's what came out of it)

To build anything you need electricity. We had to work hard, going through all the authorities to get the lights turned on for us! 2 months later - here it is!

Paying monthly rent to my aunt for an apartment, we decided to start building something on the site. My husband offered to build a shed and move there, but since I understood that I would not survive in such conditions in the harsh winter, I refused such an idea. After talking with my husband’s parents, they suggested that we move an old log bathhouse, which is already about 25 years old, in order to somehow save on lumber. After thinking a little about whether we had enough money and whether it was possible to somehow add something to it, we decided to purchase northern forest, because... even including transportation, it turned out to be cheaper and of better quality than what is sold in local markets under the guise of “northern” goods. We paid about 1200 rubles for transporting 1 cubic meter of timber + our neighbors wanted to join in the purchase of northern lumber.

While the car was driving from the north, we began to screw in the piles - 2500 rubles per turnkey piece (last year's prices).

We started tying up the Bani House.

I already painted it)

Something is already emerging...

As I wrote, the bathhouse is made of logs, the future kitchen and the second floor are made of frames, where the logs were unsuitable - they were replaced with timber

During the day we work at our main jobs, and in the evening before it gets dark we go to work at our place.

Mostly my husband worked and I helped as much as I could...

For heavy work, they invited a friend Lekha, who worked exclusively on beer)))

Flooring on the first floor

Oh, what a surprise it was for me. when I personally tried to insulate the kitchen... Honestly, not a very pleasant job, anyone who has encountered this will understand

One log at a time: how to build a tower in the Kostroma forest

26/08/16, 15:00

For five years now, businessman Andrei Pavlichenkov has been restoring the most beautiful wooden house beginning of the twentieth century. I was convinced that the tower was worth a trip to the wilderness.

Some will call this story a business project, others an eccentricity and an unnecessary undertaking. For me, this is a story about how the interests of a particular person, his business and the desire to preserve what has not yet perished came together at one point.

“We have a hobby - looking at a crumbling province. Since the late 90s, we have been traveling to the Kostroma region, it is considered one of the “best” in terms of abandonment in Russia,” Andrey Pavlichenkov talks about how he found the tower. “We are talking about Astashovo We read it in some album of monuments in the provinces. We went and looked. We didn’t intend to do anything. But it turned out that we moved from contemplation to the need to do something.”

In the abandoned, or rather, already disappeared, village of Astashovo, Andrei found a mansion from the early twentieth century, which was built by the rich peasant Martyan Sazonov for his young wife. The house was not ordinary at that time either. But local peasants, who made fortunes from the timber trade, were not shy about demonstrating their income. The tower in Astashovo was beautiful, but not the only one unusual house in these places.

After the revolution, the mansion was, as they would now say, a local business center: a savings bank, a cinema, a post office, a library, a paramedic station. Then, when the villages began to empty out, they simply put a lock on the door.

At the beginning of the 21st century, the miracle house was almost overgrown with forest. This is hard to believe today, but can be seen in photographs taken during the first year of restoration work, when it was completely dismantled.

Now the work in the tower is nearing completion. An amazingly beautiful house, which could have literally disappeared in the Kostroma forests, has been almost completely restored externally. They decided not to even recoat the old parts with anything, but they painted the new ones. Work on the interior decoration is currently underway.

The restoration involved not only professional restorers, whom Andrei chose long and carefully, because the beauty of such a house is in the details. Several volunteer camps were held in Astashovo. One of them - in the summer of 2015 - was international. Students from South Korea and Hungary, together with Russian enthusiasts, worked, sometimes in the rain, drowning in soggy clay.

In general, Astashovo is one of those places where, having arrived once, you definitely want to return, despite the difficult path that needs to be covered. And it’s not just the beauty of the almost restored tower. As often happens, the secret of the attractiveness of such places is in the people.

The new owner, who happily poses for a photo in a tacky colorful cap, talks fascinatingly about the first owner Martyan Sazonov, about the people who inhabited these places, about the terrible collectivization, war and the exodus of people from the villages.

The revival of Astashovo is not only the restoration of the house, but also the search, collection of documents, restoration of antique peasant furniture that can still be found in abandoned houses, work to create a museum here (it should open in the fall of this year). The museum will tell you about the history of the places, where such a house could have appeared in the village and why these places became extinct in 100 years.

IN last years Wooden log houses, outwardly reminiscent of mansions and old Russian towers, came back into fashion. Such structures represent a house made of logs and richly decorated with various carved elements.

Wood is an environmentally friendly material with unique properties that was valued and revered in Rus'. To understand why our distant ancestors preferred this material, it is necessary to study the advantages wooden structures.

Pros and cons of wooden structures

To give qualitative characteristics tree, let's start with its advantages:

Microclimate. Houses built from wood, due to their hygroscopicity, have an ideal level of humidity - the air in the room is neither very humid nor dry, which prevents the occurrence of respiratory diseases. The pores in the structure of the wood allow oxygen to pass through and the residents will definitely not have a shortage of it. If you decide to build a house from coniferous species tree, the main advantage of this species is the destruction of harmful microorganisms. Phytoncides released from the resin act as a prophylactic agent and destroy foci of infection;
Aesthetics. Both external and interior design the house does not need finishing. The design has an attractive appearance;
Warm up During heating season, such houses quickly warm up (compared to stone ones) and cool down much longer;
Cosiness. In such houses, life is more pleasant and it is easier to breathe. In the concrete “jungle” the presence of such a house is perceived as a miracle.

Like any other structure, wooden houses in the Old Russian style have a number of disadvantages:

Fire hazard. You can make a house fireproof with the help of special impregnation and a fire alarm system (this will help avoid severe fires and fires in general), but these means are not 100% protective;
The service life of a wooden house is inferior to stone and concrete structures;
Care. Wooden houses are problematic and difficult to maintain. Without the appropriate skills, you will have to pay the craftsmen a lot of money for repairs;
Price wooden house high, which is a determining factor for many Russians.

These shortcomings are not an obstacle for a competent and economic person. Even knowing about their availability, people consciously choose houses of this type.

Exterior – variety of Russian decoration

Each individual home has its own style story. For example, a wooden house can be decorated like a fairy-tale mansion, decorated everywhere with carved elements. Are you not a fan of extra attention? You can choose a Russian estate or mansions, which have a more restrained appearance. Do you prefer classics? A nice Russian hut with carved frames would be an excellent option.

Now, let's look at the main differences between the Russian house and other types wooden houses known today:

A Russian house is built exclusively from natural materials– stone and wood. The presence of plastic, polyvinyl chloride and others modern elements not provided (and not necessary);
Carvings decorating windows, doorways, columns and rafters are unique to Russian houses;
A method of laying out logs called “in the oblo”. This concept refers to the protruding ends of the logs, where their connections are clearly visible (at the corners of the house);
The presence of a simple gable roof (often you can see weather vanes on the roof, in the form of cockerels and horses);
The presence of massive columns on the porch and balcony (if any).

Concerning interior decoration home, then a special place in the Russian style is allocated for a stove or fireplace. This is where the whole family gathers for meals and relaxation. Also, Russian houses are characterized by big windows, a huge number of embroidered (patchwork) fabric elements, benches and simple furniture.

According to many experts, such a house in the suburbs is relaxing, allowing a person to rest his mind and body from typical city worries. Having built a Russian house, you will forever forget about the poor environment and terrible health.

Photo

A garden house designed according to the “hut” scheme differs from traditional buildings in that it does not have walls: they are replaced by an enlarged roof, under which all the living quarters are located. Thanks to simple constructive solution Such a country house can be quickly built, but it will cost much less.

Certainly, gable roof, creating an original appearance buildings, slightly reduces inner space, but it combines both the roof and walls, which do not require additional external finishing

Before starting construction, it is necessary to plan the territory: the house should be located closer to the entrance to the site so that it does not occupy space intended for growing vegetables and fruits. Construction is carried out in two stages: first, the foundation is laid, and then the main volume is built on and equipped.

FOUNDATION- the basis of any home. This is the most complex and material-intensive element of the structure. The durability of the entire structure depends on how it is laid. The proposed project uses strip foundation made of rubble concrete, located around the perimeter, in combination with columnar supports for load-bearing girders and an open veranda.

The site for the future house must be leveled, and the main axes must be marked using pegs and cords. Then, according to the foundation plan, trenches are dug with a depth and width slightly exceeding the design ones. The bottom is successively covered with gravel and sand to the lowest level. Each layer is carefully compacted.

At the end earthworks Along each wall of the trench, formwork panels are installed, made of boards, plywood, etc. The formwork in the upper, above-ground part is connected with boards so that the distance between the inner walls is 300 mm.

The laying of rubble stones is carried out in horizontal rows with bandaging of the seams. The first row of the largest cobblestones is laid dry and... After carefully compacting it, fill it with M100 concrete. Subsequent rows are, as it were, sunk into the solution covering the previous ones. Laying and filling are carried out to the design level -0.230 Let us recall that the level of the finished floor of the first floor is conventionally taken as the level 0.000. The most crucial moment is the installation of embedded parts. The installation of load-bearing girders depends on the accuracy of their location. Therefore, before lowering these metal pins into concrete, it is necessary to mark their installation locations - the distance from the main axes A, B and additional (parallel to them) should be 25 mm.

Fine aggregate is used in places where embedded parts are installed. The finished foundation is kept in the formwork for about three days, periodically wetting it with water to prevent cracks from forming. After removing the formwork, the cavities (voids between the foundation and the ground) are filled with sand, and a blind area 700 mm wide is made along the perimeter of the entire building to drain rain and melt water. Moreover, in the direction of axes 1.2, with a distance of 350 mm from the foundation. The design of the blind area can be as follows: a layer of sand (100-150 mm), on which a layer of crushed stone is laid (about 100 mm), and a covering of concrete or asphalt with a slight slope from building.

Rice. 1. Foundation with load-bearing purlins (layout and layout):
I - strip foundation, 2 - columnar foundation, 3 - embedded parts for fastening the load-bearing purlins, 4 - waterproofing (two layers of roofing material), 5 - load-bearing veranda purlins, 6 - load-bearing purlins of the house, 7 - blind area, 8 - MI2 bolt.

FRAMEWORK. Installation of the main volume begins directly on the finished foundation. To protect wooden structures from soil moisture, all underground elements of the future house are covered with waterproofing with two layers of roofing material. The embedded parts protruding from the foundation are passed through special slots in the roofing felt, made locally, and filled with hot bitumen. Load-bearing purlins are placed on top of the waterproofing and secured to the eyes of the embedded parts with M10 bolts. These beams serve as the foundation of the entire house and the lower horizontal connections rafter frames.

It is more convenient to carry out partial assembly of frames - connecting the rafter legs with the ridge assembly overlays and the floor beam - on a separate site. This is done like this: rafter legs placed on the ground according to the roof configuration, connecting the two ends of the beams with ridge caps, they are lightly secured with M10 bolts. Then, after checking the distance between the free ends (it must correspond to the length of the load-bearing purlins), fix the floor beam. Only after this are the ridge assembly bolts finally tightened.

To simplify the assembly of subsequent rafters, it is advisable to make a kind of slipway after assembling the first ones, or rather, along them. For this finished design They are fixed on a flat surface with the help of pegs, driving them in so that the entire structural element can be freely removed, and in its place can be placed the previously prepared parts of the next ones, which are assembled in the same way.

When all eight rafters are prepared, their installation on the supporting girders begins. First of all, the outer rafters are installed, forming the pediment of the main facade and the rear facade. Using the simplest device - a plumb line - check their verticality and, fixing them in this position with supports, connect them bottom corners metal plates on M12 bolts. A ridge board is laid along the upper nodes with pre-marked attachment points for all frames. It is attached to the erected structures with nails (an oblique face), and all subsequent rafters are, as it were, brought under the ridge, having previously nailed their lower corners, and, aligning them with the corresponding points on the ridge board, are fixed at all nodes.

To remove temporary supports that interfere with further construction, as well as to give permanent rigidity to the entire house, so-called wind ties are nailed to the rafter legs in the upper - attic - part. They connect three frames at each edge.

Now you can calmly rebuild the internal volume: install wall posts, partitions, prepare door and window openings. Decorative finishing elements are attached to all these structural parts.

Rice. 2. Constructive diagram of the garden house:
1 - strip foundation, 2 - columnar foundation, 3 - load-bearing purlins of the veranda, 4 - load-bearing purlins of the house, 5 - embedded parts, 6 - front board, 7 - sheathing boards, 8 - rafters, 9 - wind ties, 10 - linings, II - Ridge board, 12 - corrugated asbestos-cement sheets, 13 - roofing felt, 14 - steel linings, 15 - galvanized iron roofing, 16 - boards with a section of 100XX50 mm, 17 - MI2 bolts, 18 - racks with a section of 120X50 mm, 19 - corner no. 5, 20 - floor beams, 21 - racks doorways, 22 - timber with a section of 50X50 mm.

Rice. 3. Basic projections and layout of the garden house:
1 - facades (between axes 1-2 and A-B), 2 - plan (A - living room, B - kitchen-hallway, C - 1st veranda open).

Rice. 4. Rafter frames:
A - frame of the main facade, B - frame of the partition, C - intermediate frame (the dotted line shows an additional rack for finishing the pediment of the main facade), D - frame of the rear facade.

ROOF. To avoid studying interior arrangement outdoors, a roof must be installed immediately. The covering material can be different: galvanized roofing iron and tiles, rolled roofing felt and corrugated asbestos-cement sheets (slate). We will focus on the latter as the most accessible. Moreover, using sheet slate, you can cover the entire roof very quickly.

You should start with the sheathing: small cross-section beams are nailed to the rafters in increments of 500 mm. Their ends extend beyond the outer frames by 500 mm; the resulting overhangs will protect the walls of the building from precipitation. Roofing felt is laid along the sheathing, and on top of it are corrugated asbestos-cement sheets, which are attached to the sheathing boards with galvanized nails with rubber gaskets. The sequence of work is from bottom to top so that each subsequent sheet partially overlaps the previous one. The ridge is covered with special ridge templates or a curved strip of roofing iron.

Rice. 5. Layout of joists and flooring:
I - columnar foundation of an open veranda, 2 - strip foundation of the house, 3 - load-bearing purlins, 4 - roofing, 5 - sheathing, c - rafter legs, 7 - racks, 8 - floor boards 9 - joists, 10 - metal lining.

Finishing work

After the roof has been erected, work begins finishing works. First of all, it is necessary to lay the floor in the rooms and on open veranda. To do this, logs are laid along the load-bearing purlins of the rafter frames in increments of about 500 mm. In order to save long beams, it is not necessary to select logs along the length of the entire house: they can be made composite. Each beam is attached to the lower floor beams with nails. Finished floor boards are laid out on top of the logs, but perpendicular to them: it is good to use so-called floor slats with a thickness of 28 mm, since each board has a tongue on one side and a groove on the other side. This connection, in combination with nails, will securely fix each board and give the entire floor additional rigidity.

Upon completion of work with the floor and decking of the terrace, cladding begins façade walls. Boards nailed horizontally will give the house an elegant appearance. To protect from rain, it is better to use boards with quarters, and if they are not available, then ordinary ones, nailed with an overlap, will do. In both cases, work is carried out from the bottom up.

ridge overlay, 7 - roof covering (corrugated asbestos cement sheets), 8 - floor beam, 9 - rafters, 10 - box door block, II - window frames, 12 - plinth, 13 - partition, 14 - door frame D021-9A, 15 - window blocks OH15-15, 16 - wall covering slabs, 17 - finished floor board, 18 - joists, 19 - 25X25 block, 20 - insulating fiberboard, 21 - hard fiberboard (hardboard), 22 - 25X 100 mm board, 23 - rack, 24 - external boards of the facade, since each subsequent board partially overlaps the previous one.

To cover all walls from the inside, a double coating is used: insulating soft fibreboard 25 mm thick and thin hard fiberboard (hardboard) 4 mm thick. When using the house from spring to autumn, insulation made from soft fiberboard will be sufficient. If the building is intended to be used in winter, then it is necessary to additionally insulate the walls with mineral wool.

The sheet covering of the walls is attached to special bars nailed along load-bearing structures, with a distance from the front edge of them by 25 mm, that is, by the thickness of the insulating fiberboard layer. Hardboard is nailed over the insulation to the main structural elements. The joints between the sheets are sealed with overlay slats, and the corner joints with plinths.

The hut structure of the house allows you to place various cabinets and built-in furniture in the walls: it all depends on the imagination of the builder.

After upholstering the internal walls and partitions, door and window blocks are inserted into the prepared openings. Having filled the gaps between the window (door) frames and openings with tow or rags, nail the trim and window sills. Then metal drains are installed and the open veranda begins to be built.

Open veranda

Since the decking and walls of the veranda have been laid along with the floor and roof, all that remains is to install the fence and stairs. The design of the latter is not difficult. It is assembled separately and installed locally. The fence consists of four posts, bolted to outside load-bearing beam, and paired boards connecting them. At the bottom, along the perimeter of the entire site, a plinth board is nailed.

Rice. 6. Open veranda:
I - flooring boards, 2 - staircase support leg, 3 - steps, 4 - staircase railing, 5 - columnar foundation, 6 - plinth board, 7 - fence post, 8 - fence, 9 - joists 10 - load-bearing beam,
II - ladder string, 12 - block, 13 - frame stand, 14 - boards external cladding, 15 - fastening bolt with nut (M10).

Coloring

To paint a wooden house, you must prepare the appropriate materials in advance. Internal walls rooms can be painted with enamel or water-based paints, picking up bright hues, since the rooms have sufficient depth, windows are located only in one of the walls. It is best to coat the outer surfaces of the facade sides with parquet varnish: after all, the wood itself has a pleasant color and texture, and the varnish coating will reliably protect it from the effects of the elements and time

The most significant buildings in Rus' were erected from centuries-old trunks (three centuries or more) up to 18 meters long and more than half a meter in diameter. And there were many such trees in Rus', especially in the European North, which in the old days was called the “Northern Region”. And the forests here, where the “filthy peoples” have lived from time immemorial, were dense. By the way, the word “filthy” is not a curse at all. Simply in Latin paganus means idolatry. And that means that the pagans were called “filthy peoples.” Here, on the banks of the Northern Dvina, Pechora, Onega, those who disagreed with the opinion of the authorities - first the princely, then the royal - had long taken refuge. Here, something ancient and unofficial was firmly kept. That is why unique examples of the art of ancient Russian architects are still preserved here.

All houses in Rus' were traditionally built of wood. Later, already in the 16th-17th centuries, they began to use stone.
Wood as the main one building material has been used since ancient times. It was in wooden architecture that Russian architects developed that reasonable combination of beauty and utility, which then passed into structures made of stone, and the shape and design of stone houses were the same as those of wooden buildings.

The properties of wood as a building material largely determined the special shape of wooden structures.
The walls of the huts were covered with tarred pine and larch, and the roof was made of light spruce. And only where these species were rare, strong, heavy oak or birch was used for walls.

And not every tree was cut down, with analysis and preparation. They looked out for a suitable pine tree ahead of time and made cuts (lasas) with an ax - they removed the bark on the trunk in narrow strips from top to bottom, leaving strips of untouched bark between them for sap flow. Then, they left the pine tree standing for another five years. During this time, it thickly secretes resin and saturates the trunk with it. And so, in the cold autumn, before the day began to lengthen and the earth and trees were still sleeping, they cut down this tarred pine. You can’t cut it later - it will start to rot. Aspen, and deciduous forest in general, on the contrary, was harvested in the spring, during sap flow. Then the bark easily comes off the log and, when dried in the sun, it becomes as strong as bone.

The main, and often the only tool of the ancient Russian architect was the ax. The ax, crushing the fibers, seals the ends of the logs. No wonder they still say: “cut down a hut.” And, well known to us now, they tried not to use nails. After all, around a nail, the wood begins to rot faster. As a last resort, wooden crutches were used.

The basis wooden building in Rus' it was a “log house”. These are logs fastened (“tied”) together into a quadrangle. Each row of logs was respectfully called a “crown.” First, lower crown often placed on a stone foundation - a “ryazh”, which was made of powerful boulders. It’s warmer and rots less.

The types of log houses also differed in the type of fastening of logs to each other. For outbuildings, a log house was used “cut” (rarely laid). The logs here were not stacked tightly, but in pairs on top of each other, and often were not fastened at all.

When fastening logs “into the paw”, their ends, whimsically hewn and truly reminiscent of paws, did not extend beyond the outside wall. The crowns here were already tightly adjacent to each other, but in the corners it could still blow in the winter.

The most reliable and warmest was considered to be the fastening of logs “in a burlap”, in which the ends of the logs extended slightly beyond the walls. Such a strange name comes from today

comes from the word “obolon” (“oblon”), meaning the outer layers of a tree (cf. “to envelop, envelop, shell”). Back at the beginning of the 20th century. they said: “cut the hut into Obolon” if they wanted to emphasize that inside the hut the logs of the walls were not crowded together. However, more often the outside of the logs remained round, while inside the huts they were hewn down to a plane - “scraped into lass” (a smooth strip was called las). Now the term “burst” refers more to the ends of the logs protruding outward from the wall, which remain round, with a chip.

The rows of logs themselves (crowns) were connected to each other using internal spikes - dowels or dowels.

Moss was laid between the crowns in the log house and then final assembly The log house was caulked with flax tow in the cracks. Attics were often filled with the same moss to preserve heat in winter.

In plan, the log houses were made in the form of a quadrangle (“chetverik”), or in the form of an octagon (“octagon”). Mostly huts were made from several adjacent quadrangles, and octagons were used for the construction of a mansion. Often, placing fours and eights on top of each other, he added ancient Russian architect rich mansions.

Simple indoor rectangular wooden frame without any extensions it was called a “cage”. “Cage by cage, vevet by vet,” they said in the old days, trying to emphasize the reliability of the log house in comparison with the open canopy - vet. Usually the log house was placed on the “basement” - the lower auxiliary floor, which was used for storing supplies and household equipment. And the upper crowns of the log house expanded upward, forming a cornice - a “fall”.

This interesting word, coming from the verb “to fall,” was often used in Rus'. So, for example, “povalusha” was the name given to the upper, cold common bedrooms in a house or mansion, where the whole family went to sleep (to lie down) in the summer from a heated hut.

The doors in the cage were made as low as possible, and the windows were placed higher. This way, less heat escaped from the hut.

In ancient times, the roof over the log house was made without nails - “male”. To complete this, the two end walls were made from decreasing stumps of logs, which were called “males.” Long longitudinal poles were placed on them in steps - “dolniki”, “lay down” (cf. “lay down, lie down”). Sometimes, however, the ends of the legs cut into the walls were also called males. One way or another, the entire roof got its name from them.

Roof structure diagram: 1 - gutter; 2 - stupefying; 3 - stamic; 4 - slightly; 5 - flint; 6 - prince’s sleg (“knes”); 7 - widespread illness; 8 - male; 9 - fall; 10 - pier; 11 - chicken; 12 - pass; 13 - bull; 14 - oppression.

Thin tree trunks, cut down from one of the branches of the root, were cut into the beds from top to bottom. Such trunks with roots were called “chickens” (apparently due to the resemblance of the left root to a chicken paw). These upward-pointing root branches supported a hollowed-out log—the “stream.” It collected water flowing from the roof. And already on top of the hens and beds they laid wide roof boards, resting their lower edges on the hollowed-out groove of the stream. Particular care was taken to block off the rain from the upper joint of the boards - the “ridge” (“princeling”). A thick “ridge ridge” was laid under it, and on top the joint of the boards, like a cap, was covered with a log hollowed out from below - a “shell” or “skull”. However, more often this log was called “ohlupnem” - something that covers.

What was used to cover the roofs of wooden huts in Rus'! Then the straw was tied into sheaves (bundles) and laid along the slope of the roof, pressing with poles; Then they split aspen logs onto planks (shingles) and covered the hut with them, like scales, in several layers. And in ancient times they even covered it with turf, turning it upside down and laying it under birch bark.

The most expensive coating was considered “tes” (boards). The word “tes” itself well reflects the process of its manufacture. The smooth, knot-free log was split lengthwise in several places, and wedges were driven into the cracks. The log split in this way was split lengthwise several more times. Irregularities of the resulting wide boards they were trimmed with a special ax with a very wide blade.

The roof was usually covered in two layers - “cutting” and “red striping”. The bottom layer of planks on the roof was also called the under-skalnik, since it was often covered with “rock” (birch bark, which was chipped from birch trees) for tightness. Sometimes they installed a kinked roof. Then the lower, flatter part was called “police” (from the old word “floor” - half).

The entire pediment of the hut was importantly called “chelo” and was richly decorated with magical protective carvings.

The outer ends of the roofing sheets were covered from rain long boards- "prichelinami". And the upper joint of the piers was covered with a patterned hanging board - a “towel”.

The roof is the most important part of a wooden building. “If only there was a roof over your head,” people still say. That is why, over time, its “top” became a symbol of any house and even an economic structure.

“Riding” in ancient times was the name for any completion. These tops, depending on the wealth of the building, could be very diverse. The simplest was the “cage” top - a simple gable roof on a cage. The “cubic top”, reminiscent of a massive tetrahedral onion, was intricate. The towers were decorated with such a top. The “barrel” was quite difficult to work with - a gable roof with smooth curvilinear outlines, ending with a sharp ridge. But they also made a “crossed barrel” - two intersecting simple barrels.

The ceiling was not always arranged. When firing stoves “black”, it is not needed - the smoke will only accumulate under it. Therefore, in a living room it was done only with a “white” fire (through a pipe in the stove). In this case, the ceiling boards were laid on thick beams - “matitsa”.

The Russian hut was either a “four-walled” (simple cage) or a “five-walled” (a cage partitioned inside with a wall - a “cut”). During the construction of the hut, cages were added to the main volume utility rooms(“porch”, “senior”, “yard”, “bridge” between the hut and the yard, etc.). In Russian lands, not spoiled by heat, they tried to put the entire complex of buildings together, pressed against each other.

There were three types of organization of the complex of buildings that made up the courtyard. Single big two-storey house holding several related families under one roof was called a “koshel”. If utility rooms were added to the side and the whole house took on the shape of the letter “G”, then it was called “verb”. If the outbuildings were built from the end of the main frame and the whole complex was stretched out in a line, then they said that it was a “timber”.

A “porch” led into the house, which was often built on “supports” (“outlets”) - the ends of long logs released from the wall. This type of porch was called a “hanging” porch.

The porch was usually followed by a “canopy” (canopy - shadow, shaded place). They were installed so that the door did not open directly onto the street, and the heat in winter time did not leave the hut. The front part of the building, together with the porch and entryway, was called in ancient times “the sunrise.”

If the hut was two-story, then the second floor was called “povetya” in outbuildings and “upper room” in the living area.
Especially in outbuildings, the second floor was often reached by an “import” - an inclined log platform. A horse and cart loaded with hay could climb up it. If the porch led directly to the second floor, then the porch area itself (especially if there was an entrance to the first floor under it) was called a “locker.”

There have always been many carvers and carpenters in Rus', and for them it was not a lot of work cut out a complex floral design or reproduce a scene from pagan mythology. The roofs were decorated with carved towels, cockerels, and skates.

Terem

(from the Greek shelter, dwelling) the upper residential tier of ancient Russian mansions or chambers, built above the upper room, or a separate high residential building on the basement. The epithet “high” has always been applied to the tower.
The Russian tower is a special, unique phenomenon of centuries-old folk culture.

In folklore and literature, the word terem often meant a rich house. In epics and fairy tales, Russian beauties lived in high chambers.

The mansion usually contained a light room, a bright room with several windows, where women did their handicrafts.

In the old days, the tower towering over the house was richly decorated. The roof was sometimes covered with real gilding. Hence the name Golden-Domed Tower.

Around the towers there were walkways - parapets and balconies fenced with railings or bars.

The Terem Palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in Kolomenskoye.

The original wooden palace, Terem, was built in 1667–1672 and amazed with its splendor. Unfortunately, 100 years after the start of its construction, due to dilapidation, the palace was dismantled, and only thanks to the command of Empress Catherine II, before its dismantling, all measurements, sketches were first made and created wooden mockup The tower, which made its restoration possible today.

During the time of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the palace was not only a place of rest, but also the main country residence Russian sovereign. Meetings of the Boyar Duma, councils with heads of orders (prototypes of ministries), diplomatic receptions and military reviews were held here. The timber for the construction of the new tower was brought from the Krasnoyarsk Territory, then processed by craftsmen near Vladimir, and then delivered to Moscow.

Izmailovo Royal Tower.
Made in the classic Old Russian style and incorporating architectural solutions and all the most beautiful things of that era. Now it is a beautiful historical symbol of architecture.

The Izmailovo Kremlin appeared quite recently (construction was completed in 2007), but immediately became a prominent landmark of the capital.

The architectural ensemble of the Izmailovo Kremlin was created according to the drawings and engravings of the royal residence of the 16th - 17th centuries, which was located in Izmailovo.

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