How does transcription differ from transliteration? Analysis of examples of transcription and transliteration in technical literature
/ Komissarov V.N. "Translation Theory (linguistic aspects)"
210. Transcription and transliteration are methods of translating a lexical unit of the original by recreating its form using the letters of the original language. When transcribing, the sound form of a foreign language word is reproduced, and when transliterating its graphic form (letter composition). The leading method in modern translation practice is transcription while preserving some elements of transliteration. Since the phonetic and graphic systems of languages differ significantly from each other, the transmission of the form of a foreign language word in the target language is always somewhat conditional and approximate: absur dist - absurdist (author of a work of absurdity), kleptocracy - kleptocracy (thieves' elite), skateboarding - skateboarding (roller skating board). For each pair of languages, rules for transmitting the sound composition of a foreign language word are developed, cases of preservation of transliteration elements and traditional exceptions to the currently accepted rules are indicated. In English-Russian translations, the most frequently encountered transliteration elements during transcription are mainly the transliteration of some unpronounceable consonants and reduced vowels (Dorset ["dasit] - Dorset, Campbell ["kaerabalj - Campbell), the transfer of double consonants between vowels and at the end words after vowels (Bonners Ferry, boss) and preserving some of the spelling features of the word, which make it possible to bring the sound of the word in translation closer to already known examples (Hercules missile, deescalation, Columbia). Traditional exceptions concern mainly customary translations of the names of historical figures and some geographical names (Charles I - Charles I, William III - William III, Edinborough - Edinburgh).
Translation or interlingual transformations transformations are called, with the help of which one can make the transition from original units to communicatively equivalent, equivalent translation units. The translator has three main groups of techniques at his disposal: lexical, grammatical and stylistic. Lexical translation techniques applicable when the source text contains a non-standard language unit at the word level. For example, proper name, term, words denoting objects, phenomena and concepts characteristic of the source culture, but absent in the culture of the target language - the so-called realities. One of the most widely used lexical translation techniques is translation transcription. Transcription is defined as a formal phonemic reconstruction of a source lexical item using letters of the target language. In other words, it is a phonetic imitation of the original word. For example, George - George, William - William. In a translated text, the source word is most often presented in a form adapted to the pronunciation characteristics of the target language. In addition to proper names in the group of units translated by translation transcription, most experts also include geographical names, names of peoples and tribes, names of business institutions, companies, firms, periodicals, names of sports teams, stable groups of rock musicians, national and cultural objects (realities). In relation to a number of objects, traditional forms of translation have been established, for example, Moscow - Moscow, St. Petersburg - St. Petersburg, England - England, the English Channel - English Channel. When transcribing geographical names, it often happens stress shift: Washington – Washington. If the name includes significant word, mixed translation is used, i.e. a combination of transcription and semantic translation. For example, Hilton Hotel - Hilton hotel.Transliteration is a formal letter-by-letter reconstruction of the original lexical unit using the alphabet of the target language, i.e. letter imitation of the form of the original word. For example, Illinois - Illinois(not Ilina), Michigan - Michigan(not Mishigan). The leading method in modern translation practice is transcription while preserving some elements of transliteration: 1. in the transliteration of some unpronounceable consonants and reduced vowels ( Dorset - Before R set, Campbell- Cam P b e ll); 2. when transmitting double consonants between vowels and at the end of words after vowels ( Bonners Ferry - Bo nn ers Fe pp and, boss - bo ss ). Tracing is defined as the reproduction of the combinatorial composition of a word or phrase, when the constituent parts of a word (morphemes) or phrases (lexemes) are translated by the corresponding elements of the target language. For example, Russian suffixes - spruce, -chik/-schik / - nick can be correlated with English suffixes –er/-or, -ist. For example, reads spruce–read er, builds spruce–build er, carried box– port er etc. A large number of phrases in the political, scientific and cultural fields practically represent tracings. For example: head of the government - head of the government, Supreme Court - Supreme Court. When using tracing, the translator often has to make some additional transformations - changing the order and number of words in a phrase, case forms, morphological or syntactic status of words in a phrase. For example, first-strike weapon - weapon of the first strike, two-thirds majority - two-thirds majority (votes). Tracing is usually carried out on 1.terms, 2.names of historical and cultural monuments, 3.names of works of art, 4.names of political parties and movements, 5.historical events or expressions of general cultural content.
Transcription implies the maximum phonetic reconstruction of the original foreign language, using graphic means of the translating language. Since the phonetic and graphic systems of languages differ from each other, due to the absence of letters in the target language that are similar to the sound in the foreign language, combinations of letters are used that give the desired sound.
Thus, the Russian “zh” is transmitted in English through the combination “zh”, “x” through “kh”, “ш” through “shch” and so on.
Sometimes whether or not to use transcription may depend on the reader. It is necessary to consider whether he is familiar with the realities of a foreign language. The translator must ensure that the text is understood by the reader. So, for example, in a translated article about football published in a youth magazine, the concept of “fan” (from the English “fan”) will not cause misunderstandings. But if the translation of this article is intended for publication in a magazine, the readers of which may include people of retirement age, then the translator should think about the appropriateness of the transcription and consider other translation techniques (for example, replacing it with the more neutral concept of “fan” ").
One of the important reasons for using transcription is brevity.
But as we have repeatedly said, you need to know when to stop everything. An abundance of transcription can lead to an overload of the text with realities, which may not bring the reader closer to the original, but distance him from it.
Also, when using transcription, you should always remember about homonymy, words that are similar in sound, since they can remind the reader of funny-sounding or obscene words in their native language. Often this factor forces the translator to abandon the use of transcription.
Transliteration involves writing a foreign word in such a way that the letters of the foreign language are replaced by the letters of the native language. When transliterating, the word is read according to the rules of reading the native language.
The main method at the moment is considered to be a combination of transcription and transliteration. Since the phonetic and graphic systems of languages differ significantly from each other, the transfer of the form of a word in the target language is always somewhat conditional and approximate.
Tracing .
This is a method of borrowing in which the associative meaning and structural model of a word or phrase are borrowed. Calques are borrowings in the form of a literal translation of a foreign word or expression, i.e., exact reproduction of it by means
the host language while maintaining the morphological structure and motivation. When tracing, the components of a borrowed word or phrase are translated separately and combined according to the model of a foreign word or phrase. Russian noun“suicide” is a calque of the Latin suicide (sui – `oneself, cide – `murder); The English noun self-service, borrowed into the Russian language by tracing, has the form `self-service`.
The so-called semi-calques are funny, when one of the roots of a two-root foreign word is traced, and the other is transcribed. According to the rules, a traffic light should have been called either phosphorus (transcription) or light-bearer (full tracing), and television should have been called either television (as in Polish) or far-sightedness (as in German - Fernsehen). It is interesting that in the word TV there was no tracing.
Concretization is called converting the meaning of a word into foreign language translating language from broad to more condensed.
: Dinny waited in a corridor which smelled of disinfectant. Dinny waited in the corridor, which smelled of carbolic acid. Was not at the ceremony. He attended the ceremony.
Generalization. The opposite of concretization. Converting the meaning of words from narrow to broad.
Don't visit me almost every week-end. He comes to see me almost every week. Using a word with a more general meaning eliminates the need for the translator to clarify whether the author means Saturday or Sunday when talking about “weekend.”
Modulation or semantic development is the replacement of a word or phrase in a foreign language with a word from the target language, the meaning of which is logically derived from the meaning of the original unit.
Quite often, the meanings of related words in the original and translation turn out to be connected by cause-and-effect relationships: I don't blame them. - I understand them. (The cause is replaced by the effect: I don't blame them because I understand them). He's dead now . - He died. (He died, therefore he is now dead.) Not always made you say everything twice. - He always asked again. (You were forced to repeat what you said because he asked you again.)
1. Rearrangements
Transposition is used when it is necessary to change words in places during translation. This technique can only be used with words that can be moved. This technique is often used due to the different structure of sentences in English and Russian. As a rule, in English, a sentence begins with a noun, followed by a verb, and the adverb often comes at the end.
The Russian system is different: usually at the beginning of the sentence there are minor members, then the verb and at the end the subject. The translator needs to take this into account. This phenomenon has a name, “communicative division of a sentence.” Antonomic
translation involves, in the process of translation, replacing the lexical unit of the original with the opposite one, while maintaining the essence of the content.
Don't stop moving! (English) - Keep moving!
We had no end of good time. - We had a great time.
But we must keep in mind that not every antonym with negation when translated can reflect the true essence of the original. It is impossible, for example, to paraphrase the sentences in this way: I opened the door (I did not close the door), he laughed (he did not cry). It should also be remembered that antonyms can replace each other only when included in a larger speech unit. The single word “danger” cannot be translated into “safety” or “darkness” into “light”. Another trick is compensation
. It is used to achieve translation equivalence. A technique is used when certain lexical elements do not have a corresponding equivalent in the target language. In this case, the translator can compensate for this with another word that is semantically appropriate.
This technique is considered one of the most difficult and requires great skill from the translator.. This technique implies a transformation of both the lexical unit and the entire sentence. An equivalent transformation of the phrase is carried out, while preserving the semantic idea.
Accepted options in English: Watch the doors, please. Keep clear of the doors.
However, compared to the method of semantic development, holistic transformation has greater autonomy. Its main feature is that the synthesis of meaning occurs without a direct connection with analysis, the semantic connection between elements may not be traced, the most important thing is the equivalence of the content plan: How do you do? - Hello!; Here you are! - Here!; Well done! - Bravo!; Help yourself - Help yourself!; Hear, hear - Correct!
Explication or descriptive translation. This is a transformation in which a word can be replaced by a phrase that gives a more detailed definition of the original in the target language. Using this technique, you can give a clearer explanation to a word for which there is no equivalent in the target language. conservationist - supporter of conservation environment; whistle-stop speech – speeches made by a candidate during an election campaign trip. But this technique has a drawback - it is voluminous and verbose.
Car owners from the midway towns ran a shuttle service for parents visiting the children injured in the accident. “Car owners from towns between these two points continually brought in and dropped off parents who were visiting their children injured in the crash.
The cinematography carries commercial functions, and the title is advertising. Therefore, the name undergoes various transformations so that it becomes bright and attracts as much attention as possible from the domestic viewer. For example, if the film Hitch had been translated as simply “Hitch” rather than “The Hitch Rules”, it would not have been as promising for a potential viewer.
example
Alice promised to help
Olga Alexandrovna, I just can’t paraphrase this passage. I looked at a bunch of sites on the Internet, all in the same style, and didn’t find any simplified formulations. I really need your help!
2.1. Transcription and transliteration
In other words, transcription is either transliteration (full or partial), the direct use of a given word denoting reality, or its root in writing in letters of one’s language or in combination with suffixes of one’s language.
Transliteration when translating into Russian is often used in cases where we are talking about the names of institutions and positions specific to a given country, i.e. about the sphere of socio-political life, about the names of objects and concepts of material life, about forms of addressing the interlocutor, etc.
The transliteration method of translation is widespread and leaves a significant mark both in Russian translated literature and in original works (fiction, journalistic, scientific). This is evidenced by, for example, words related to English public life, as “peer”, “mayor”, “landlord”, “esquire”, or to Spanish as “hidalgo”, “torero”, “bullfight”, etc.; words related to the life of a French city, such as “fiacre”, “concierge”; English addresses "miss", "sir" and many others like them.
There is no word that could not be translated into another language, at least descriptively, i.e. a common combination of words in a given language. But transliteration is necessary precisely when it is important to maintain the lexical brevity of the designation, corresponding to its familiarity in the original language, and at the same time emphasize the specificity of the named thing or concept, if there is no exact correspondence in the target language. When assessing the appropriateness of using transliteration, it is necessary to take into account exactly how important the transfer of this specificity is. If the latter is not required, then the use of transliteration turns into abuse of foreign borrowings, leading to obscuring the meaning and clogging the native language.
Particular attention should be paid to the translation problem of the so-called realia, the naming of national-cultural objects that are characteristic of the source culture and are relatively little known or not at all known to the translating culture. In conditions of large-scale intercultural communication, such names constitute a very significant group, and the most common way of transmitting them in another language is translation transcription or standard transliteration.
The expediency and legitimacy of transliteration in certain cases is proven by the fact that often authors writing about the life of other peoples resort to this linguistic means as a way to name and emphasize the reality specific to the life of a given people. The Russian language included, for example, the words “aul”, “kishlak”, “saklya” and many others, and it was in this transliteration that they became traditional. This emphasized the specificity of the thing denoted by the word, its difference from what could be approximately denoted by the corresponding Russian word (cf. “aul” and “kishlak”, on the one hand, and “village”, on the other, “saklya” or “ hut" and "hut"). An example of words borrowed from original literature through transliteration serves as motivation for using such words in translation.
Often foreign words are transferred into the target language precisely to highlight the shade of specificity that is inherent in the reality they express - with the possibility of a lexical translation, more or less accurate.
When a transliterated word is rarely used or, especially, transferred to a Russian translated text for the first time, a commentary explanation and appropriate context are sometimes necessary.
However, in Russian translations of Western European fiction, in recent years there has been an increasingly stronger tendency to avoid words that would require explanatory notes not implied by the original - i.e. namely transliterated designations of foreign realities, in addition to those that have already become familiar. On the contrary, in modern translations from Eastern languages, transliteration is used quite often when talking about things or phenomena specific to material or social life, i.e. that have no correspondence with us.
Transliteration and transcription are used to translate proper names, names of peoples and tribes, geographical names, names of business institutions, companies, firms, periodicals, names of sports teams, stable groups of rock musicians, cultural objects, etc. Most of these names are relatively easy to translate or, less commonly, transliterate:
Hollywood - Hollywood [Transl. 241]
Pencey - Pansy [Trans. 241]
Saxon Hall - Saxon Hall [Trans. 242]
Robert Tichener - Robert Tichener [Trans. 243]
Paul Campbell - Paul Campbell [Trans. 243]
Elkton Hill - Elkton Hill [Transl. 250]
Edgar Marsala - Eddie Marsala [Trans. 252]
Bank of London - Bank of London
Minnesota - Minnesota
Wall Street Journal – Wall Street Journal
Detroit Red Wings - Detroit Red Wings
Beatles - The Beatles, etc. [Kazakova, p. 67].
The names and titles of fantastic creatures mentioned in folklore and literary sources are also transcribed:
Baba Yaga
Hobbit - Hobbit
goblin - goblin, etc. [Kazakova, p.75]
In relation to foreign proper names - be they first or last names of real or fictitious persons, geographical names, etc. – the question of their sound design during translation and – accordingly – their writing is of great importance. The more discrepancies there are in the phonetic structure of two languages, in the composition and system of their phonemes, the more acute this issue is.
In the presence of common system alphabet in two languages (as, for example, in Western European Romance, Germanic and Finno-Ugric languages), they generally refuse to reproduce the sound form of names in translations and in original texts, limiting themselves only to the exact reproduction of their spelling - transliteration. In Russian literature - both translated and original - there is (to the extent possible) a tradition of conveying the sound appearance of foreign-language proper names. Of course, if there is a significant phonetic discrepancy between two languages (as, for example, between English and Russian), the reproduction of their phonetic side can only be partial and conditional and usually represents a certain compromise between the transmission of sound and spelling.
When it comes to common names (big cities, rivers, famous historical figures) or common names, the translator is guided by tradition - regardless of the possibility of getting closer to the original sound. Sometimes traditional Russian spelling can be quite close to the exact phonetic form of a foreign name, for example: “Schiller”, “Byron”, “Dante”, “Brandenburg”, etc.
Anthony Wayne Avenue - Anthony Wayne Street [Transl. 243]
The rule of applying translation transcription or transliteration to names that exists in translation practice often turns out to be insufficient if a proper name is burdened with a symbolic function, that is, it becomes a name unique object, or is used not as a name, but as, for example, a nickname, that is, it is a kind of common noun, since it reflects the individual characteristics and properties of the named object. In such cases, in addition to transcription or instead of it, a combination of semantic translation and tracing is used. In some cases, tradition will require different renderings of the same name in the same language for different texts: thus the English "George" is usually transcribed as "George", but when it is the name of a king, it is transliterated as " George".
Some problems may arise when translating names educational institutions in the context of different educational traditions in different countries. Thus, in the American education system, the word school is widely used to describe a number of educational institutions, completely different in level and type. Translation from Russian may also have some difficulties: for example, the word institute in Russia is used to designate a higher educational institution, as well as a research or even administrative institution, while in English-speaking countries the word institute is used only in the second meaning , and therefore is not always adequate as a correspondence, since it distorts the essence of the original concept.
Whooton School - Hutton School [Transl. 250]
Finally, a special type of linguistic unit that is usually transcribed is terms. The source of transcriptions is usually Greek, Latin or English units, depending on which roots underlie the original term. Russian terms, marked by national flavor, also often become the object of transcription when translated into English:
chernozem – chernozem
Duma - Duma, etc. [Kazakova, p.75]
Translation transcription is a formal phonemic reconstruction of the source lexical unit using phonemes of the target language, a phonetic imitation of the source word.
Transliteration is a formal letter-by-letter reconstruction of the source lexical unit using the alphabet of the target language, a letter imitation of the form of the source word.
There are many problems with the use of transcription when translating royal names - titles. For example, the English king James 1 Stewart was traditionally called James 1 Stewart, the form Jacob 1 is found, but the form James 1 is not present. There are discrepancies: Ivan the Terrible - Ivan the Terrible, and John the Terrible.
IN pure form transliteration is rare and, as a rule, is associated with long-established forms of naming.
For example, Michigan - Michigan (and not Mishigan), Illinois - Illinois (and not Ilinoi).
In relation to a number of objects, traditional forms of translation have been established, which either partially coincide with the original naming: Moscow - Moscow, the Hague - The Hague, or may not coincide at all with the naming of the object in the source language: England - England, the English Channel - English Channel .
When transcribing geographical names, there is often a shift in stress due to the phonetic preferences of the translating language: `Florida - Florida, `Washington - Washington'ton.
Transcription is used when translating the names of companies, publishing houses, and car brands. e.g. Subaru - Subaru, Ford Mustang - Ford Mustang.
There is a rule according to which, if the name includes a significant word, a mixed translation is often used, i.e. combination of transcription and semantic translation: Gulf of Mexico - Gulf of Mexico, Pacific Ocean– the Pacific Ocean, Hilton Hotel – Hilton Hotel.
Quite complex problems arise when translating the names of educational institutions in the context of different educational traditions in different countries. Thus, in the American education system, the word school is widely applied to a number of educational institutions, completely different in level and type: high school - high school of the highest level (approximately 10-11 grades), school of law - law school, graduate school - postgraduate study. In such cases, the translator usually relies on specific conditions when making a decision; as a result, however, the discrepancy in the translation of the names of educational institutions introduces some chaos into intercultural communication. Indeed, in Russian the word “institute” is used to designate a university, as well as a research or even administrative institution, while in English-speaking countries the word institute is used in the second meaning.
It is difficult to translate the names of the indigenous peoples of Siberia from Russian. There are correspondences between Buryats - buryat, chukchi - Chukchi, Khanty - khanty. However, a number of names require the translator to independently transcribe them.
For example, the Yukagirs live among the Evens, Chukchi, Yakuts and Russian old-timers (yukagiry, aeveny or evveng or heveny).
There are also discrepancies in the translation of such names of tribes in America as Flathead - flatheads, or flat-headed, Blackfoot - blackfoot, or black-footed.
When translating realities - transcription or standard transliteration (commentary or semantic translation in parallel).
The names of fantastic creatures are also transcribed:
e.g. Baba-Yaga - Baba Yaga, goblin - goblin.
However, some of the names containing semantic components that reflect the properties of the object are translated either mixed type, or by tracing:
For example, Koshchey the Deathless (Immortal).
CONCLUSION: transcription/transliteration can be used as a component of mixed translation, in parallel with tracing, semantic translation or commentary. Semantic translation consists of the most complete transfer of the contextual meaning of the elements of the source text in units of the target language.
Semantic translation is performed to convey source texts of high scientific or socio-cultural significance, the detailed content of which is intended for a wide range of specialists.
CALQUETING is the reproduction not of the sound, but of the combinatorial composition of a word or phrase, when the constituent parts of a word (morphemes) or phrases (lexemes) are translated by the corresponding elements of the target language. (Often found when translating borrowings in cases where transliteration was for some reason unacceptable for aesthetic, semantic or other reasons). e.g. skinheads – skinheads (skinheads). Terms and widely used words and phrases are subject to tracing: Winter Palace - Winter Palace, White House - White House.
CONCLUSION: Tracing is used in cases where it is necessary to create a meaningful unit in the translated text and at the same time preserve elements of the form or function of the original unit.
TRANSLATION OF THE ARTICLE AND EXPRESSION OF THE CATEGORY OF DETERMINATION - UNCERTAINTY
The article is a striking example of the discrepancy between the grammatical systems of English and Russian. Such a phenomenon as the article is absent in the Russian language. As a rule, English articles are not translated into Russian, but there are some cases where the article plays an important role in the communication process and must be conveyed during translation.
The meaning of the article can be expressed in Russian using:
1) CASE:
Pour the water into the glass. – Pour water into a glass.
Pour some water into the glass. – Pour water into a glass.
2) WORD ORDER:
A woman came to me. - A woman came to me.
The woman came to me. - The woman came.
3) ONE, SOME, ANY (Article A);
4) THIS, THAT, MOST (Article THE).
A man is waiting for you. - A man is waiting for you.
I enjoyed the film. - I liked the movie.
1. Here is the article you want to read. - This is the article you want to read.
2. Any child can understand this. – A child can understand it.
3. She is a Mrs. Murray. - This is a certain Mrs. Murray.
The special semantic role of the English article can be compensated when translated into Russian due to pronouns:
They were powerful enough not to need a tsar, especiallу the tsar. – In this example, articles certainly play not so much a grammatical as a semantic role, and therefore are subject to functional compensation when translated into Russian: They were powerful enough not to need any kind of king, especially such a king.
TRANSLATION OF DEFINITIONS
Right definition. Left definition
1. The right definition comes after the noun (presents difficulties).
2. The left attribute comes before the noun.
Right definitions can be expressed:
1) Participle 2 – The fuel used was oil. – The fuel used was oil.
2) Infinitive - He was the first to come. - He was the first to arrive.
3) Passive Infinitive – The book to be translated should be taken from the library.
4) Noun with a preposition – in question, under discussion, under consideration/construction: The problem in question was dealt at the conference.
The problem in question was solved at the conference.
5) There are several adjectives that will be translated based on their location in the sentence:
proper pronunciation, the proper decision - the right decision
the decision proper - the decision itself, directly.
Present situation - current situation,
Students present – students present.
CONCEPT OF CHAIN AND TRANSLATION OF CHAIN
There is a big difference in the semantic structures of attribute groups in Russian and English languages. To do this, the translator needs to do a deep analysis of the context. English speakers actively use attributive constructions with a large number their components. Let's trace the formation of the attribute group:
EXAMPLE: The tax paid for the right to take part in the election is described as – the poll tax. The states where this tax is collected are – the poll tax states – and the governors of these states are the poll tax states governors. Now these governors may hold a conference which will be referred to as – the poll tax states governors conference.
There are also attributive groups in which an entire sentence can refer to the main noun and be its attribute:
For example: He was being the boss again, using the its-my-money-now-do-as-you`re-told voice.
Sometimes you even have to completely restructure an English sentence when translating it into Russian:
To watch it happen, all within two and a half hours, was a thrilling sight.- It was impossible not to admire, watching how all this happened over the course of just two and a half hours.
Definition: A chain of words are nouns, adjectives, numerals and participles coming after each other within one sentence. The chain never includes: verb, adverbs. Within the chain, the main word is the last word; all other words relate to it and are subordinate. An attributive group can be a noun and a phraseological phrase, a noun and pronouns, sometimes a whole subordinate clause.
For example: Federal Highway authorities - management of federal communication routes.
RULES for dividing long chains into subgroups:
1. Possessive endings signal the end of a subgroup.
2. Words in quotation marks are a separate subgroup.
3. Difficult words usually signal the end of a subgroup.
4. Hyphenated words.
5. If a numeral agrees in number with the main noun, then it will relate to it, and if not, then it will form a subgroup with the one that follows it.
6. There are several noun suffixes that signal the end of a subgroup: laboratory, authority, education, driver (suffix of a figure), development, strength - less often.
FALSE FRIENDS OF THE TRANSLATOR
There are words in the source language and the target language that are more or less similar in form. Formal similarity is usually the result of the fact that two words have a common source of origin, they may be derived from Greek or Latin. Since such words can be found in many languages, they are classified as “international”. But, as usually happens, not all international words have same values V different languages. In many cases, the semantics of such words do not coincide, and they are classified as “pseudo-international” vocabulary. The formal similarity of such words gives reason to think that they are interchangeable, which is misleading and leads to many translation errors. For this reason, such words were called the translator's false friends.
False friends translator: 1) general source; 2) borrowings with various stylistic shades.
Pseudo-international words can be divided into 2 groups:
1) words that are similar in form, but completely different in meaning. Here the translator has a very high chance of making a mistake if he does not consult a dictionary. Many mistakes are made when translating words such as “decade, complexion, lunatic, accurate, actual - valid, real.”
It would seem that they correspond to “decade, complexion, sleepwalker,” but they are pseudo-international and are not suitable for translation.
1) It lasted the whole decade. “This went on for a whole decade.
2) She has a very fine complexion. - She has a beautiful complexion.
3) Well, he must be a lunatic. - Yes, he must be crazy.
Secondly, there are many pseudo-international words that are not completely interchangeable, although they may coincide in form and partially in semantics:
Meeting, surprise. (Here it is important for the translator to pay attention to the context).
The second group of false friends of the translator includes: original - first, special - special, special; intelligence - mind, prospect - overview, view, panorama, film - film, conductor - conductor, to construct - build, deputy - deputy, student - student, correspondence - correspondence, correspondence, analogue.
There are several factors, taking into account which you can choose the correct equivalent when translating the translator's false friends:
1. Semantic factor. Words borrowed into both languages from the same source have undergone a certain development: for example, the English idiom can be translated as an idiom, but also develop such an additional meaning as a dialect (a local variety of an idiom), individual style. When we say Shakespeare's idiom, then we will translate it as “dialect, adverb or style.”