Writing a soft sign in nouns. Methodological development in the Russian language (grade 3) on the topic: Soft sign (ь) at the end of nouns after hissing ones
Objectives of lessons 102-104: 1) develop the ability to determine the gender of a noun; 2) introduce students to a new spelling - the spelling of a soft sign at the end of feminine nouns; 3) teach children to distinguish between nouns with a soft sign at the end after sibilants and without it; 4) show a new function of the soft sign - grammatical.
It is important! It is necessary to draw children's attention to the fact that a soft sign after hissing words at the end of a word is written not just in feminine nouns, but always in feminine singular nouns. Otherwise, errors like five thousand, because of the clouds and so on.
Lesson 102
Leading students to independently formulate the rule for using a soft sign after hissing nouns at the end (Ex. 62 from the textbook).
Clarification of the conclusion made by schoolchildren when reading Samovarov’s message on p. 48 textbook.
Written execution of exercise. 63 from the textbook with a mandatory explanation of the decisions made.
Game “Find the extra third thing” (exercise 64 from the textbook).
Execution of exercise 66 from the textbook.
Ex. 65 from the textbook can be done either when working in pairs, or in the form of a self-dictation with guess words.
Compiling a story based on a picture using key words and phrases (exercise 67 from the textbook).
Lesson summary: What new spelling did we meet in class? When should a soft sign be written at the end of nouns after sibilants?
Homework. Ex. 44 from RT.
Lesson 103
Problematic question: Why is a soft sign written in words?sandbank, bumblebee ? And in wordsrye, mouse ?
The children's answer options are listened to, then Samovarov's message on p. 50 textbook.
It is important to show that at the end of nouns after sibilants, the soft sign only serves as an indicator of the feminine gender, that is, a purely grammatical function.
Clarifying students' knowledge about the role of the soft sign at the end of nouns after sibilants when performing exercise. 45 from RT.
Differentiation of cases of using a soft sign: a) a soft sign serves to indicate the softness of consonants; b) the soft sign serves to indicate feminine nouns (exercises 68, 70 from the textbook).
A game " Magic transformations words" (Ex. 46 from RT).
Team game"Who is bigger?". One team selects and writes on the board feminine nouns with a sibilant consonant at the end, the second team - masculine nouns with a sibilant consonant at the end, the third team - nouns in which a soft sign at the end of the word indicates the softness of the consonant sound.
Systematization of students’ knowledge about the use of soft signs in the Russian language: Why can a soft sign be used in words?
Working with ex. 71 from the textbook.
Lesson summary: What three different roles can a soft sign play in words?
Homework. Ex. 69 from the textbook.
Lesson 104
Forming the ability to use a soft sign after hissing feminine nouns at the end, to distinguish between cases of using a soft sign in words: the game “Who is the most attentive?” (Ex. 47 from RT); commented letter (Ex. 48 from the Republic of Tatarstan); when working with text (exercise 72 of the textbook - the last task for the exercise is not completed in class).
Lesson summary: Why is a soft sign written at the end of feminine nouns after sibilants? When else is a soft sign written?
Homework. Complete the last task for exercise. 72 from the textbook.
Lessons 105-107. Changing nouns by case (declension)
Objectives of lessons 105-107: 1) introduce students to the concepts of declension and case; 2) introduce the names of cases, introduce children to the etymology of these terms for better memorization; 3) facilitate students’ assimilation of the algorithm for determining case; 4) show the role of endings when changing nouns by case; 5) introduce children, on the one hand, to “helper” words in determining cases, and on the other hand, to prepositions used with certain cases.
Lesson 105
Work on assignments and questions from the teacher: Determine how nouns change:river - rivers, eye - eyes . (Varies according to numbers.) What part of the word changes?(Ending.) Now let’s read the phrases from Exercise 73 of the textbook and help Anya answer the Owl’s question.
Observing the change in the form of a word and developing the ability to find in a sentence the word on which the noun depends (Ex. 74 from the textbook). It is important to teach children to pose a question to a noun not arbitrarily, but deliberately: from the main word in the phrase ( flooded For what? for a skating rink; are in a hurry for what? to the skating rink etc.). Draw children's attention to the change in ending in the word.
Reading the dialogue between Owl, Vanya and Samovarov on p. 54 of the textbook helps students understand the purpose of changing nouns by case - a noun is changed to connect words in a sentence according to meaning.
Reading the names of cases from the textbook (Samovarov’s message on p. 55). It is necessary to pay attention to abbreviations when indicating cases. It is advisable to write on the board in parallel with reading Samovarov’s message: I. p.(Who?) Brother, (What?) winter etc., making sure to highlight the endings of nouns.
Collective execution of exercise. 75 from the textbook for better memorization of case names.
Familiarizing students with the etymology of case names (Ex. 78 from the textbook) will also help memorize these terms.
Lesson summary: How else can nouns change? How many cases are there in Russian? Name the cases and questions for them.
Homework. Decline nouns water, horse, steppe.
Lesson 106
Introductory talk: Why do you need to be able to determine the case of a noun? What does Samovarov say about this?(Reading the first sentence from Samovarov’s message on page 56 of the textbook.) Let's prove it(teacher writes on the board): R. p. (what?)hand and , lake and . D. p. (to what?)hand e, lake e. Without knowing the case, you cannot write the correct ending.
Introducing children to the case determination algorithm (Samovarov’s message on p. 56 of the textbook): How to determine case?
Working out this algorithm when performing exercise. 76 from the textbook. When determining the case of each highlighted word, it is imperative to use the entire algorithm (go through all three stages indicated by Samovarov).
Observation of the role of “helper” words and prepositions in determining case (reading Sovenka’s advice and working with the table on p. 57 of the textbook). Examples of nouns with each preposition must be given orally.
Determining the case of nouns in proverbs (Ex. 77 from the textbook) is carried out first orally, with the obligatory highlighting of the noun in the phrase along with the question ( study what? literacy, gallop with what? with a diploma etc.). Then the proverbs are copied, the case is indicated above the noun.
Dictation with grammar task. Write sentences on the board and in notebooks, find nouns, determine their case (the teacher always tells the children how to write unstressed endings in words): 1. The bear slept in his den without worries and without anxiety. (G. Ladonshchikov.) 2. Here is a crow on a sloping roof that has remained shaggy since the winter. (A. Blok.) 3. A green oak tree sleeps above the green roof of the house. (S. Cherny.)
Lesson summary: What three steps must be performed to correctly determine the case of a noun? What can help in determining the case of a noun? Why do you need to be able to correctly determine the case of a noun?
Homework. Ex. 53 from RT.
Lesson 107
Formation of the ability to determine the case of nouns (exercises 50, 52 from RT).
Observation of the role of noun endings: they serve to connect words in a sentence according to meaning (Ex. 51 from RT).
Observation of the correct use of prepositions with nouns (Ex. 54 from RT).
Game "Help the author of the fairy tale." Students complete each of these sentences with phrases containing nouns and determine their case: An old man lived with his old woman... .Stepmother sent stepdaughter... . The swallow landed Thumbelina... .Winnie the Poohwent to visit... . The best offers are recorded.
Lesson summary: How to determine the case of a noun?
Homework. Ex. 56 from RT.
Spelling a soft sign at the end of words after sibilants
In Russian, sibilants at the end of words (Zh, Sh, Shch and Ch) are possible in six parts of speech:
In nouns (NIGHT, WATCHMAN, MANY TASKS),
in adjectives (HOT),
in verbs (WRITE),
in adverbs (WIDE),
pronouns (OUR),
particles (ONLY).
Each of these parts of speech for the use of a soft sign has its own special rule.
1. If we have a noun in front of us, then a soft sign is placed after the sibilants only when the word belongs to the III declension (NIGHT). Nouns of the 1st and 2nd declension with a sibilant at the end are written without a soft sign (MANY CLOUDS, BRICK). Don’t forget that patronymics and surnames ending in -ICH are nouns of the second declension and are written without a soft sign. For example: SERGEEVICH, RYURIKOVICH, VOYNOVICH.
2. If the word answers the question WHAT? and is a short adjective, then after the hissing one at the end a soft sign is not needed (HOT, MIGHTY).
3. Verbs with a sibilant at the end are always written with a soft sign. For example: LOOK or LOOK (in the form of the second person singular of the present or future tense), CUT (in the imperative mood), BURN (in the indefinite form). Please note that in verbs the soft sign may appear after the sibilant and not at the very end of the word, but before the postfixes -СЯ or -TE, for example: BATHING, HIDE.
4. At the end of adverbs after hissing ones, a soft sign is always written (WIDE, JUMP, AWAY), except for exceptions: UZH, MARRIED, UNBEARABLE.
5. Pronouns with sibilants at the end are written without a soft sign, for example: OUR, YOURS.
6. The particles ISH, ONLY, Bish are always written with a soft sign.
Exercise
We already knew this and did not stop him from managing things in his own way; but between us was an officer who had recently been transferred to us. (“Shot”, A. S. Pushkin)
Petrovich had a skein of silk and thread hanging around his neck, and on his knees was some kind of rag. (“The Overcoat”, N.V. Gogol)
This is exactly how they first took and suspected these, what's their... Kokh and Pestryakov. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Finally, the poor guy became, in some way, unbearable, and decided to get through by storm at all costs, you know. (" Dead Souls", N.V. Gogol)
This expression said that she decided to endure her misfortune without complaining, and that her husband was a cross sent to her from God. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
The sun was just beginning to rise from behind the clouds; the air was fresh and dewy. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
And just think about what and who - what insignificance can be the cause of people’s misfortune! (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
He knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore he had to pretend that he did not doubt it. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
As soon as he began to say something that did not satisfy the purpose of the accusation, they took a groove, and the water could flow wherever it wanted. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
They say that his mother was very pretty, and it seems strange to me why she married so unsuccessfully, to such an insignificant person... (“Poor people”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
I told him... Don't cry for me: I will try to be both courageous and honest all my life, even though I am a murderer. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
The whole battle consisted only in what the Cossacks of Orlov-Denisov did; the rest of the troops lost several hundred people in vain. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
It will fall on its own when it is ripe, and if you pick it green, you will ruin the apple and the tree, and you will set your teeth on edge. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
Nikolai, in two words, bought for six thousand_seventeen stallions for selection (as he said) for the horse-drawn end of his repairs. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
On the other side of the fence, the old man was whittling a hoop and did not see Levin. (“Anna Karenina”, L.N. Tolstoy)
Nothing could come out now except falsehood and lies; and falsehood and lies were disgusting to his nature. (“Anna Karenina”, L.N. Tolstoy)
No one declared war, but people sympathize with the suffering of their neighbors and want to help them, said Sergei Ivanovich. (“Anna Karenina”, L.N. Tolstoy)
And in Moscow, where every meeting is a knife in her heart, she lives for six months, waiting for a decision every day. (“Anna Karenina”, L.N. Tolstoy)
Night fell - the mother blessed her daughter and wished her a gentle sleep, but this time her wish was not fulfilled; Lisa slept very poorly. (“Poor Liza”, N. M. Karamzin)
But sometimes - although very rarely - a golden ray of hope, a ray of consolation illuminated the darkness of her sorrow. (“Poor Liza”, N. M. Karamzin)
And there is one key there, three times larger than all of them, with a jagged beard, of course, not from the chest of drawers. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
“Don’t worry, I won’t give it to you,” the mustache said decisively and went after them. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
But as I leave, I dare say that in the future I hope to be spared such meetings and, so to speak, compromises. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
The cry of poor, consumptive, lonely Katerina Ivanovna seemed to produce strong effect to the public. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Her pale yellow, withered face was thrown back, her mouth opened, her legs stretched out convulsively. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Ditch_! - Luzhin screamed, enraged to the point of rage, - you are all wild, sir. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Marfa Terentyevna did not let up, but pestered the mayor more and more: take out Bonaparte, and in the end he will become exhausted. (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
Whatever fires out of a gun will shoot right through your heart, whatever you wave with a saber will take your head off your shoulders. (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
He made numerous campaigns against debtors and was so eager for spectacle that he would flog anyone without himself.
didn't trust. (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
"Enough! - he said decisively and solemnly, “other mirages, other feigned fears, other ghosts!..” (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
I thought that the sky would collapse, the earth would open up under my feet, that a tornado would fly from somewhere and swallow everything, everything at once... (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
He bargained with them for a long time, asking for altyn and money for the search, but the bunglers gave a penny and their bellies in addition. (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
The exercise was prepared by N. Solovyova and B. A. Panov (“League of Schools”).
After the hissing ones. We will set out for you the rules that say when you should not do this and when it is strictly necessary to do it.
These rules are based on what part of speech we are talking about, in what declension and in what part of the word.
Soft sign after hissing ones - setting rule
We put a soft sign:
- Soft sign after sibilants it is necessary to write in feminine nouns if they are in the singular in the nominative and
Example words: night, gap, daughter, lie, thing, baldness.
Example in a sentence: The queen gave birth that night to either a son or a daughter.
2. In verbs of the second person in the singular, subject to the present or future tense on endings after sibilants.
Example in a word: you will, you will become, you will cook, you will remember, you will believe, you will do.
Examples in sentences: If you know, if you believe, then you will be with me and will not soon stop loving me.
- xia, the soft sign is preserved. Example: you return, you strain, you intend.
3. In singular verbs, in endings after sibilants.
Example in a word: Cut! Eat it! Hide it!
Addition: If you add an ending to these verbs - xia, the soft sign is preserved. Hide! Don't be foolish!
Examples in sentences: Vadik, don’t fool around and hide!
4. In verbs that are in the imperative mood before endings - those, - those.
Example: smear - smear - smear.
Example in a sentence: Children! Do not Cry!
5. In verbs of the indefinite person, including before the ending -xia.
Example words: oven - bake, lie down - lie down.
Example in a sentence: These rivers take a long time to flow.
6. In adverbs it is necessary to enter a soft sign after the hissing ones at the end of the word.
Example: All at once, at a gallop, backhand, wide open.
Example in a sentence: He let his horse gallop, and backhanded the air with his sword.
Exceptions: I can’t bear to get married.
7. In particles with hissing endings: I mean, you see, you see, just.
Example words: I mean, just.
In a sentence: What a hooligan!
Why is it sometimes that a soft sign is not written after a hissing character?
No need to write:
- In nominative case nouns.
Example: rook, kalach, stag, bream, knife.
Offer: A swift flew up to our window.
2. In nouns that are in the plural and genitive case.
Example: clouds, steep, shoulders, Grisha, between, puddles.
Example sentences: Unfortunately, no pears were served for breakfast today.
3. In short form.
Example: powerful, hot, good, volatile, melodious, handsome.
Offer: He was both good-hearted and handsome...
4. In pronouns with a sibilant at the end.
Examples: yours, ours.
Considering the above, the spelling of a soft sign after a sibilant differs depending on many factors - part of speech, declension, number, as well as the presence of exceptions to the rules.
Primary school teachers give their students rhyming versions of the rules - for easier memorization.
Rules in verse!
Nouns "many"
Nouns "my" -
We are not putting up any sign!
In verbs and adverbs
The sign is always written
And in short adjectives
We never write!
The soft sign is one of those letters that often makes the writer have difficulty choosing correct option writing. Moreover, several types of spellings are associated with it. Let's try to deal with one of them.
Why do you need a soft sign?
The soft sign does not indicate any sound. Nevertheless, we use it quite often in writing.
The soft sign in Russian is never used after a vowel, И or at the beginning of a word.
Soft sign performs three main functions :
- denotes softness of consonants in the middle before consonants and at the end of a word ( softening sign).
- indicates that E, Yo, Yu, Ya after a consonant indicate two sounds; also “separates” the consonant and the following I, sometimes O ( separator mark).
- helps to determine the grammatical features of a word (after sibilants at the end of the word - grammatical mark).
It is about the spelling of the soft sign after the hissing ones that we will now talk about.
Why do we need a soft sign after the hissing ones?
So why do we write a soft sign in the field of hissing words at the end? After all, it cannot separate anything (there is no vowel after it).
It cannot perform a softening function either: all hissing ones are either always soft (why do they also need a soft sign?), or always hard (and the soft sign is not able to change this situation).
To answer this question, let's look at the words.
Suppose there are such words: chuch, myash and kick. These are nouns. Can we determine their gender and declension?
We can say with confidence that the word “chuch” is feminine 3rd declension, and “myash” is masculine 2nd declension. It’s impossible to say anything about “ping”. Why? Because we know: only in feminine nouns of the 3rd declension, after sibilants, a soft sign is written at the end. And after other letters - not hissing ones - it can be written in both the 3rd declension (steppe) and the 2nd (horse). And this is understandable: after other consonants paired in hardness and softness, the soft sign denotes softness, and not a grammatical category.
A soft sign in itself cannot be the ending of a word, although it stands at the end; it can be part of the ending (-eat, -ish) or the root (mouse, bake, cut, wide open).
Rules
The spelling of a soft sign after a sibilant at the end depends on the part of speech. Therefore, before writing or not writing b, we need to determine which part of speech is in front of us. Some of the rules related to this issue are studied in primary school(soft sign at the end of nouns and in 2nd person singular verbs), part - in the 5th grade (writing short adjectives), part - in the 6th grade (imperative verbs) and, finally, adverbs and particles are considered in the 7th grade.
So, a soft sign at the end after the hissing ones is written:
- Nouns have 3 declensions: daughter, dry land, wasteland, help.
- In verbs, the 2nd person singular, in the imperative mood and in the indefinite form - that is, wherever a soft sign can appear at the end of a word after a hissing one: lie down, find out, appoint.
- In adverbs (exceptions: I can’t bear to get married): back, backhand, away.
- In some particles: just, you see, you know.
The soft sign in verbs is preserved before -sya or -te: appoint, bake, break up.
Soft sign not written:
- Nouns have 2 declensions: baby, raincoat, crying.
- In nouns of the 1st and 2nd declension in the plural genitive case: clouds, shoulders, groves.
- In short adjectives: powerful, tenacious, lily.
- In adverbs that are exceptions: I can’t bear to get married.