Diseases of homemade lemon affecting leaves. Scab and other diseases of lemon leaves

Kira Stoletova

In the process of growing indoor lemon, gardeners often encounter diseases and pests. Affected citrus tree loses decorative look, stops blooming, bearing fruit and often dies. Knowing the main causes of lemon disease and treating them at home will help you avoid difficulties in growing.

Why does a lemon get sick?

This exotic plant is affected by diseases and pests in the following cases:

• in the process of grafting with a diseased cutting;
• improper care: planting in contaminated soil, too frequent or infrequent watering, insufficient lighting, illiterate pruning or insufficient soil fertilization;
• the plant did not have time to get stronger after the previous disease;
• infection of healthy domestic specimens by street ones;
• entry of bacteria, viruses and fungi into the room during ventilation;
• making mistakes in the process of propagation, planting and transplanting.

Classification of diseases

Diseases of indoor lemon are divided into 2 groups:

• viral;
• fungal.

For each disease, a specific treatment regimen is used using special drugs.

Viral

Diseases indoor lemon diseases caused by viruses lead to massive loss of leaves on the tree. After such diseases, the plant becomes completely bare and often dies. It is advisable for novice flower growers to familiarize themselves with their description and control methods.

Sheet mosaic

Dark and light streaks appear on the leaves of the affected specimen, resembling a mosaic in appearance. Over time, they become pale or completely white and lose their shape. Young lemon leaves develop deformed. With leaf mosaic, the tree stops growing.

If a lemon gets sick with this disease, it is quarantined, away from healthy specimens. It is impossible to completely get rid of leaf mosaic, because at the moment there are no drugs for this disease. All you can do is alleviate its symptoms by providing proper care, and first of all, balanced and regular feeding. Severely affected specimens must be destroyed.

Citrus cancer

This disease appears as brown spots on lemon leaves. It is also characterized by the appearance of brown spots on the fruit. With a long course of the disease, young lemon leaves become deformed and take on an ugly shape. The fruits shrink and do not develop. Over time, this specimen dies.

Treatment of this disease of homemade lemons is impossible, therefore, in order to prevent it, preventive measures: treatment in spring with liquid copper fungicides.

Tristeza

The first sign that tristeza has appeared on a houseplant is massive leaf loss. Then the bark and shoots die, which become covered brown spots. A specimen infected with tristeza cannot be treated and quickly dies.

Most often, lemons suffer from viral infections, provided illiterate care and during periods of weakened immunity.

Fungal and infectious

Damage to lemons by fungus or infection at home is not uncommon. The reasons are the same as for infection with viral diseases.

Gomoz

The presence of elongated brown spots on the branches and trunk are the first signs of homosis. The bark under such spots quickly dies and begins to crack. At the crack sites, a sticky, golden-colored substance forms, which quickly hardens.

The main reasons for the development of the disease homemade lemon - mechanical damage bark (fractures, cracks), increased humidity in the room, lack of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers in the soil, excess nitrogen, planting in already contaminated soil or deepening the trunk too deep.

It is worth treating a sick specimen in the following way: remove the infected bark on the trunk, cut off severely affected shoots. Treat the areas of stripping and pruning with any fungicide of 3% concentration and cover with garden varnish.

The duration of treatment will depend on the degree of damage to the tree. The treatment is carried out until brown spots stop forming.

Anthracnose

Of all the diseases, indoor lemons are most often affected by anthracnose. It is determined that this sore appears on the lemon by the leaves: they fall off en masse. But first the leaf blade turns white or yellow. They fall and flower buds. The fruits are covered with reddish spots.

Control measures include removing dead branches and infected leaves. Treat the affected specimen three times with Fitosporin. Another option is to treat the wood with a 1% solution of Bordeaux mixture.

Scab

Treatment of the tree begins by spraying with 1% Bordeaux mixture. All affected parts on the crown are first removed.

Melseko

When infected with Melseco, the tree branches begin to dry out at the tips, and the leaves fall off en masse. When cut, the branches acquire a reddish tint.

The reason is improper care, or rather, lack of light in winter period. There is no point in fighting this disease, because all methods are useless. The only thing required is regular inspection of the tree for symptoms.

Affected specimens must be destroyed.

Root rot

It is not uncommon for indoor lemons to lose their leaves. If 1-2 leaves fall off, there is no need to worry: this is a natural process. If there is massive leaf fall, it is worth digging up the tree and inspecting it. root system.

If the roots become dark, moldy and soft to the touch, the tree is affected by root rot. All rotten parts are cut off with a sterile knife or pruning shears. Places of cuts are powdered with crushed charcoal. Next, transplant into a new flowerpot.

The transplanted lemongrass is placed in a well-lit place with protection from the scorching sun. Watering is allowed only a week after transplantation to prevent repeated rotting of the root system.

Pests

In addition to fungal and viral diseases There are different pests of indoor lemon.

Shchitovka

Treatment of homemade lemon diseases is carried out using insecticides or a soap solution. For 1 liter of water, use 2 tbsp. l. any liquid soap. All parts that bulge are processed.

After treatment, the wood is washed in the shower. After 2-3 days, the treatment procedure is repeated.

Common aphid

In case of minor damage, they manage by trimming the affected parts along with the insects. If the aphid has spread to the entire plant, treat the crown with garlic infusion (4 peeled and crushed heads of garlic are infused in 5 liters of water for 24 hours). Insecticides are also used to treat infected specimens.

Root aphid

You can notice how this pest appears by the appearance of the plant. It becomes lethargic, stops growing, the leaves become drooping and turn yellow.

Such a tree is removed from the pot, its roots are sprayed with a contact insecticide or a weak garlic infusion, and then transplanted into a new container, having previously sterilized the planting soil.

Spider mite

Spider mites often appear on lemons. These lemon pests appear in conditions of drought and low indoor humidity. They attack young leaves and twigs. The appearance of small cobwebs on the lemon indicates the spread of the mite.

They destroy ticks at home using four treatments with a 1% solution. boric acid. The interval between treatments is 5 days.

If spider mites infect a lemon, increase the humidity level in the room and carry out frequent irrigation procedures for the above-ground part.

Preventive measures

To prevent the appearance of diseases and pests on this exotic plant The gardener is required not only to comply with agrotechnical rules, but also to provide competent care. First of all, such measures should be aimed at increasing the plant’s immunity and its resistance to infection.

It is possible to prevent chlorosis (imbalance in the distribution of chlorophyll) and activate the growth and development of the plant by using the following composition in the nutrition of an indoor tree:

• ammonium nitrate - 15 g;
• iron sulfate - 3 g;
• boric acid - 5 g;
• Potassium sulfate - 15 g.

The dry mixture is dissolved in 10 liters of water. Lemons are watered with a nutrient solution no more than once every 5 months.

This composition protects indoor citrus fruits from damage by fungal, viral and infectious diseases. It gently stimulates the healthy development of plants.

Conclusion

Despite the fact that the citrus tree is susceptible to many diseases and pests, it is not difficult to prevent their occurrence. You just need to follow preventive measures, show attention and care towards the plant, and then it will reward you with a healthy and decorative appearance.

A fungal disease whose development is favored by severe and constant wet soil. The disease affects the roots and bark of root collars, the bark becomes loose and dies.

When the root collars are encircled by rot, the plant dies.

Treatment: Dried and damaged shoots should be trimmed, healthy branches should be shortened by 2/3. Clean, disinfect and cover wounds on the root collar. Wash away the clod of earth under running water, inspect the root system and cut off all darkened roots. Then you need to replant the plant in fresh soil, improve its aeration, reducing watering to a minimum.

Metabolic disorder in the plant body. Mature, active leaves lose chlorophyll, changing their usual green color to yellow.

Young leaves develop unnaturally yellow color and often fall off before they ripen. The formation of chlorophyll is prevented by dehydration of plant tissues. With a severe lack of moisture, chlorophyll is destroyed and the leaves turn prematurely yellow, which happens during prolonged drought or poor soil aeration. The spread of the disease is facilitated by the heating of waterlogged soil in summer time up to 40- 50 C.

A fungal disease of citrus fruits that damages all parts of the plant. In the affected areas of the root collar, trunk, and branches, deep, longitudinal cracks appear from which amber-colored gum is released. As it dries, it becomes glassy, ​​when exposed to moisture it becomes gelatinous and is washed off.

The disease progresses in areas unprotected by bark, through which wood long time moisture gets in.

In the photo, the lemon branches are affected by melanosis; the places where the branches were cut served as contact of moisture with the wood. The gum was washed away from the affected areas by rain; the arrow shows the gum that was not washed away.

Young vegetative leaves are deformed, their tissues grow unevenly. Convex dark green, rough, gum-filled, irregularly shaped spots appear on the leaves.

Lemon leaf affected by melanosis. On a light green with yellow background, dark green spots are clearly visible.

The disease is promoted by prolonged precipitation with a drop in air temperature below + 20⁰С. Constantly wet and poorly drained soils.

The fruits lose their marketable appearance, and a gray, rough coating appears in places where they come into contact with moisture.

Clearly visible on green lemon fruits.

On ripened fruits, the plaque is almost invisible; the disease does not affect the taste of the fruit.

The surface of green fruits damaged by melanosis is covered with a gray coating.

Treatment: provide good drainage and soil aeration, limit the ingress of moisture onto the leaves and crown of plants at temperatures environment below 20⁰С. Remove dried, heavily affected shoots and branches. If the affected areas are not large, cut out to healthy wood, and the wounds should be treated with a fungicide.

A fungal disease that affects the lower part of citrus tree trunks. Longitudinal cracks appear on the bark, from which gum is released. The bark on the affected areas does not soften. The disease progresses at temperatures above +30C; development is facilitated by excess moisture and poor soil aeration, deep planting and often excess nitrogen fertilizers.

The root collar of the lemon is partially affected by gommosis. The main part of it is healthy, the plant can be cured. The cause of the disease was deep planting of the plant, 7 cm deeper than it should have been.

A motionless insect attached to the surface of a plant, covered with light or dark brown an oval-shaped shield 2-5mm long. It feeds on the sap of the plant and sprays sticky secretions around, which serve as food for the larvae during their journey from the mother’s shield to the site of attachment to the plant. In the larval stage they are colorless and very small, 0.5-1 mm. mobile insects emerge from under the mother’s shield and quickly spread throughout the above-ground part of the plant. Having found a convenient place, they attach themselves and begin development.

Female scale insects on the stem of a plant. The right picture shows their mobile larvae, vagrants (enlarged).

Plant , heavily damaged by scale insects, has a sloppy appearance. The leaves and trunk are completely splashed with sticky secretions, on which dust settles and sooty fungi take up residence. As a result, the surface of the plant becomes covered with a black coating, which prevents it from breathing and receiving solar energy. Plants living indoors are especially affected by scale insects.

When you are outside during the warm season, the number of pests and their influence quickly decreases. This is due to the presence of natural enemies of scale insects in nature. The stickiness from the surface is washed off by rain, and it is also food for ants, wasps, and bees.

Prevention: sponge soaked in ordinary water, carefully remove stickiness and pests from the stem and leaves.

Fighting methods: 2. - 3. repeated treatment with an interval of one month with insecticidal preparations, outside .

"Aktellik", "Confidor maxi", "Calypso", "Proteus", "Mospilan" - chemical. drugs.

"Aktofit", "Dachnik" - biological products.

Black(

Various fungi settle on the secretions of aphids and scale insects. A black coating forms on the leaves and shoots of the fruit, which interferes with respiration and photosynthesis. Which leads to premature shedding of leaves and a general depressed state of the plant. Plant disease closed ground With high humidity air (greenhouses, winter gardens), appears on plants affected by aphids or scale insects.

Black plaque, sooty fungus on the lower surface of the leaf.

Prevention: timely protection of plants from pests, indoor air circulation. Black plaque should be removed, foam rubber soaked in water.

Fighting methods: outsideliving space and taking all precautions.

Very small (0.2-0.5 mm) spiders with an orange-red tint. Settle under bottom leaves, braiding them with cobwebs. They feed on plant sap, preferring young leaves and shoots. Contributes to the development of high room temperatures and dry air. Damaged leaves become covered with yellowish spots, dry out and fall off prematurely.

Lemon leaf affected spider mite. The upper side of the leaf is covered with yellow dots, and there is a white coating on the underside of the leaf.

Prevention: frequent spraying with cool water, wiping the stem and leaves with a damp sponge. In the warm season, expose plants to open air.

Fighting methods: 2. - 3. repeated treatment with an interval of one month with insecticidal preparations,outsideliving space and taking all precautions.

Slugs and snails

Terrestrial gastropod pulmonate molluscs of the order stalked. The garden snail has a spiral-twisted shell; slugs lack this outer shell.

Their body is covered with mucus; when moving on any surface, they leave shiny pearlescent stripes behind them. During the day they hide in damp and shady places. They reproduce by eggs, which they lay in the ground. The emerging larvae initially feed on fallen leaves and other organic debris, and as they grow, they begin to prefer young shoots and leaves. Feeding heavily, they quickly become sexually mature within 2-3 months. At night and on rainy, cloudy days they cause significant damage, especially to seedlings, cuttings and young plants located near the soil surface. Citrus plants are subject to attack by snails and slugs while outdoors in a greenhouse or basement.

Fighting methods: - In the free areas near the plants, boards, roofing felt, and linoleum are laid out; slugs hide under these artificial shelters, where they are collected and destroyed. In places of mass reproduction of slugs, areas are pollinated with: fluff lime (30-40g per 1 sq.m.), ground superphosphate (30-40g. per 1 sq.m.) or ammonium sulfate (20g. per 1 sq.m.).

The drug "Emaldehyde" is commercially available in granules; its main drawback is - effective until the first rain.

Diseases and Ailments of Indoor Citrus Plants: Symptoms and Photos

In this article, we will help you, using photos and descriptions of the main symptoms of ailments, recognize diseases of citrus plants.

Black coal deposit

Symptoms: Black charcoal mold spreads on leaves or fruit. It develops due to the nectar deposits of sucking insects such as aphids, mealybugs, scale insects and whiteflies.

Most effective way Prevention of this disease is the fight against these insects. To control the reproduction of insects and prevent them from secreting secretions, use any available insecticide that can be purchased at a gardening store. When spraying on a tree, make sure that the top and bottom sides of the leaves are treated equally. A second spraying may be required after 10 to 14 days, depending on the severity of the plant's insect pest damage.

To eliminate mold that has already formed, you need to spray the crown with a fungicide based on liquid copper. It is quite effective to use copper sulfate to control charcoal mold, but if leaf damage is widespread, a second spray after 14 days is required.

Damage from growth regulator

Symptoms: Leaves curl up like a bowl or curl, turning yellowish if growth regulators have not been applied correctly. The fruits fall off while still unripe, and the plant looks lethargic.

Shortagenitrogen fertilizers

Symptoms: Leaves turn completely pale green when there is a lack of nitrogen. This is caused by unbalanced fertilizers, unfavorable soil conditions, or unhealthy roots.

Destruction of Mesophyll cells

Symptoms: Soft fabric between the veins of the leaf becomes depressed and transparent or pale green. This occurs due to spraying or watering the plant sufficiently cold water(below +10 degrees Celsius). Affected leaf tissue turns yellow-brown or dies.

Zinc deficiency

Symptoms: Extensive chlorosis develops between the veins when there is a lack of zinc fertilizer. The leaves of the plant become light green, sometimes almost white. Also, with a lack of zinc, a decrease in the size of the leaves, their curvature and ugliness, and shortened internodes are observed.

Manganese deficiency

Symptoms: Leaves become completely yellowish, but larger veins remain slightly green. The symptoms of manganese deficiency are the same as those of zinc deficiency. Both conditions are more common on young leaves that start growing in the fall, when the soil cools and root activity decreases.

Potassium deficiency

Symptoms: Yellowish leaves that are bent downward at the edges, especially at the ends, are symptoms of potassium deficiency.

Magnesium deficiency

Symptoms: yellowing of leaves, starting from the tip and sides, which progresses to inside leaf. A V-shaped dark green spot is observed at the base of the leaf.

Iron-deficiency anemia

Symptoms: Interveinal chlorosis due to iron deficiency appears as yellowing between the small dark green veins. This is often associated with cooling of the soil and a decrease in root activity, and develops on new young leaves.

Sodium toxicity

Symptoms: yellowing, brown leaves, as well as darkening of leaves and their premature falling. High total mineralization or excess sodium or chlorine can cause such leaf damage. In addition, there may be general symptoms throughout the tree, such as stunted growth.

Boron toxicity

Symptoms: Speckling or yellowing, mottling on the undersides of leaves, and premature leaf drop may be due to excess boron; severe symptoms may include branch dieback.

Root rot

Root rot, also referred to as brown rot or gommosis, is a tree disease caused by Phytophthora fungi that live in the soil.

Symptoms: yellow and dying leaves, fruits that are too small in size, the trunk has damaged bark, from which dark oozes in the form of an ulcer. sticky liquid(gum). As a result, the bark peels off from the trunk in the form of vertical stripes. Such damage can spread along the trunk in the form of a ring.

Late blight (Phytophthora) can deteriorate the health of the entire tree, stopping its ability to grow, reducing the ability of the roots to absorb water and nutrients, leading to wilting. When the roots are infected, the root surface becomes soft, the color changes and they become watery. Fibrous roots have a peeling surface, leaving only a white thread-like root.

To eliminate root rot and gommosis, it is necessary to: improve soil drainage, use irrigation practices, apply fungicides, pruning affected roots and replanting the tree.

Good afternoon, my name is Ksyusha. My great love - houseplants. I especially love indoor citrus fruits: why go to the supermarket when you have tangerines, oranges and lemons growing right on your windowsill?

But they are also susceptible to pests and diseases. I’ll tell you about them, and about methods of dealing with adversity, today.

Indoor lemon belongs to the Citrus family and to the Rutaceae family. The most popular types are:

• Genova;
• Pavlovsky;
• Lisbon;
• Novogruzinsky;
• Cítrus meyeri;
• Large-fruited Kyiv.

Description of indoor lemon diseases

Indoor lemons can get sick in several cases:

Typically, citrus fruits shed their leaves. Sometimes leaves are shed due to a lack of some trace element. But more often than not, it is the disease that is to blame. It is because of them that indoor lemon can die.

Mosaic virus

Leaf mosaics can be identified by the strokes on the leaves of a citrus fruit: they can be thickly colored or lighter, but they always have the shape of a mosaic. The growth of indoor lemons slows down when sick.

Unfortunately, there is no treatment, but the symptoms can be reduced. To do this, you need to care for lemons correctly and fertilize them abundantly. If you have several indoor lemons, unfortunately, it is better to destroy the sick one.

Prevention is to prevent aphids from approaching the plant. It is also better not to water lemons with cold water so that their immunity does not weaken.

Citrus cancer

They can be identified by brownish spots on the peel and leaves. As the disease develops, the fruits become unsightly and the lemon leaves fall off. The plant dies.

It is impossible to treat citrus fruit cancer. For preventive purposes, lemon can be treated with a fungicide based on liquid copper.

Tristeza

The virus "loves" lemons that don't get good care and weakened. It can be identified by the loss of leaves, as well as the death of branches and bark. It is impossible to treat tristeza; it certainly leads to the death of citrus fruits.

Gum discharge of citrus fruits

It can also be called gommosis. Refers to mycoses. All citrus fruits are prone to it, and a common pathogen is Phytophthora citrophthora.

The mushroom develops best in too damp room, with damage to the bark, as well as with a lack of potassium or phosphorus. It can also provoke gum production a large number of nitrogen in the ground, diseased soil and a trunk that is too deep.

They can be identified by their oblong red-brown spots. The bark under the stain cracks and dies; a sticky, golden-colored liquid appears on the cracks, which hardens quickly.

For treatment, you need to cut off all the spots on the bark. Next, treat all wounds with copper sulfate (concentration 3%). We cover the top with garden varnish. We repeat this procedure until the stains disappear from the lemon peel. Branches with gommosis must be removed entirely.

Anthracnose

The same applies to mycoses, the causative agents of which are ascomycete fungi (genus Colletotrichum). It can be identified by the yellowing of the leaf blades. Over time, they fall off, followed by the turn of buds. Red spots can be found on the fruits.

To combat anthracnose, remove all affected branches, leaf blades and fruits. Next you need to spray with Bordeaux mixture. Concentration – 1%.

Scab

The causative agent is marsupial fungi. Most often it affects young citrus fruits. First, pale yellow spots appear on the youngest leaf blades.

Over time they become gray growths. Over time, the growths spread throughout the lemon and destroy it. The fruits themselves are covered with reddish spots. The lemons are falling.

To combat, remove the affected leaves from the lemon and dispose of them. The crown should be sprayed Bordeaux mixture (1%).

Melseko

It occurs more often on plantations when the weather remains cloudy for a long time. Homemade lemons are affected from autumn to spring if they do not have enough light. When Melseko occurs, the leaves fall off and the lemon itself dries out. Treatment options are still unknown. If the disease has seriously affected the lemon, you just have to come to terms with the death of the plant.

Root rot

The disease can be suspected if citrus the leaves suddenly dropped. If you find rotten roots, remove them immediately and replant the lemon in another pot with new soil. Move the lemon to a windowsill where there is light. There is no need to water yet, but wipe the leaf blades with a wet rag or sponge. Do not water for about a week.

Sooty fungus

Pests

They not only spoil health and appearance lemon, but also carry harmful microorganisms. Therefore, we also need to fight them.

Aphid

Two types of it live on indoor lemons:

• Ordinary;
• Root.

You can fight the most different ways. If there is not so much of it, you can simply remove the affected leaf plates and branches. Afterwards you need to carry out unscheduled feeding of the lemon.

Root aphids are transmitted through infected planting materials. Lives underground. To combat it, an infusion of the already mentioned garlic or contact insecticides are also suitable. You also need to replant the lemon into new soil.

Shields

It settles on citrus as a larva. As it matures, it becomes motionless and becomes overgrown with a waxy coating. It usually lives on the lower parts of the veins of leaf blades, but sometimes spreads throughout the lemon. At the same time, the lemon weakens, dries out and becomes infected with infections or viruses.

To combat, you can use insecticides, an infusion of the previously mentioned garlic and a soap solution. You need 50g per liter of water. After spraying, wait an hour and wash the indoor lemon. We repeat in a couple of days.

Spider mites

Dry air lovers. They can be identified by the cobwebs hanging from the curled leaves. Most often it settles on young shoots and leaf blades. You can fight it with boric acid (concentration - one percent). It is best to carry out 4 procedures.

Summing up

Indoor lemon is susceptible to the same diseases as other house plants and citrus fruits. The diseases are as follows:

• Viral;
• Infectious;
• Mycoses.

How to treat diseases of homemade lemons

Indoor lemon is an evergreen citrus plant that is grown for decorative purposes and to produce exotic fruits. At improper care or infection, lemon diseases arise, which can be dealt with with timely and correct processing.

Causes of lemon diseases

Citrus fruits do not get sick as often as ficus or flowering ornamental plants. There are several reasons why a lemon loses its decorative effect, becomes smaller and fades away. These are improper care, lack of micro- and macroelements, waterlogging, lack of light, drafts and other environmental factors.

Source: Depositphotos

Lemon diseases: sooty fungus on leaves

Another group of reasons is infection with pathogens and viruses. These are bacteria, fungi, and insects as carriers of diseases. With improper care and lack of nutrients The following problems arise:

• light yellow spots on the leaves - lack of nitrogen;
• drying of the edges of the leaf blade - lack of phosphorus;
• falling of the ovary - lack of boron and manganese;
• the appearance of a light mesh on the shoots is a lack of iron.

Such problems are solved by adding the necessary microelements with watering. More serious diseases caused by microbes and viruses require the use of fungicides.

Infectious diseases

The causes and treatment of homemade lemon diseases depend on the nature of the pathogen. If cracks appear on the trunk of a tree, gum oozes from them, leaves fall and the tree dries out - this is gommosis. Lemon fruits become soft and unpleasant in taste and smell. The disease is treated with a solution of copper sulfate, which is used to treat the affected trunk. The lemon is transplanted into another soil.

Sooty fungus is the second most common disease of citrus grown indoors. Signs of sooty fungus:

• dark spots in the form of plaque on the leaves, stems and trunk;
• The growth of citrus slows down, young greenery falls off.

The disease is treated by washing the shoots and trunk with warm soapy water. Carry out regular treatments under a cool shower. The room is regularly ventilated.

Scab - infection, which affects first the trunk and then the entire plant. Signs of scab:

• dark convex tubercles on the leaves;
• cracks on the trunk;
• dark spots and holes on the fruit.

To combat the disease, the plant is removed from the pot and treated from roots to top with a solution of copper sulfate. Transplanted to another soil. Affected fruits and leaves are burned.

To increase the plant’s immunity and protect against diseases, in the spring, citrus is treated with a solution of liquid copper and suspicious leaves and fruits are removed. The plant is regularly fed complex fertilizers, kept in a lighted room with regular ventilation.