In the previous article we learned the historical origin of PLANES, the main characteristics of this TOOL, as well as the elements that make up the PLANE itself. And now I propose to dwell on several types of PLANES that have special appointment. So, let's go...

SHERKHEBEL

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Used for initial rough planing of boards and workpieces. The SHERKHEBEL knife extends beyond the plane of the sole up to 3 mm. Its blade has an oval cutting edge, removes thick chips and leaves deep hollows on the processed surface. The ovality of the cutting edge allows SHERHEBEL to plan across the grain without breaking it longitudinally.

SINGLE PLANE

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Used to level the surface after planing with SHERKHEBEL. The blade of the knife is straight, but the edges of the cutting edge have a small radius of curvature so that when planing, the wood does not tear up and unwanted marks are not left.

DOUBLE PLANE

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Differs from SINGLE PLANE the one that has a CHIP BREAKER (HUMP). The lower edge of the chip breaker is placed parallel to the cutting edge of the knife at a distance of 0.2 - 2 mm from it. The closer the bottom edge of the chip breaker is to the cutting edge, the cleaner the planing. DOUBLE PLANE is used for finishing, cleaning up burrs and twisted areas. When moving direction DOUBLE PLANE at an angle of 30 - 40 degrees to its longitudinal axis, the ends of the workpieces can be planed.

SLIFTER

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Differs from DOUBLE PLANE a shortened block and an increased angle of addition (the angle of inclination of the knife to the sole of the PLANE). Use a sander to smooth out burrs, twisted areas and ends of the workpieces.

JOINTER

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Designed for precise processing of large surfaces and for smoothing (smoothing) edges. The knife of the PLANE is equipped with a chipbreaker, and the block exceeds the length of the PLANE 2 - 3 times. Most jointers have a handle behind the knife, which makes work much easier. A low insert (impact button or plug) is glued into the front part of the block, which serves to knock the knife out of the tap hole. A shortened jointer is called a semi-jointer.

TZINUBEL

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This is a PLANE with a single knife, the cutting edge of which on the side opposite the chamfer is covered with a fine notch. The notch is performed on planer before hardening. The notch, coming out on the cutting edge, creates teeth on it. When planing, they remove (each their own) narrow (0.8 - 1 mm) chips. The surface becomes corrugated, which is necessary for veneering work or when gluing very hard wood. In addition, when planing a curved surface of hardwood (mahogany and ebony), a ZINUBEL can be replaced with a PLANE. But after sanding, the surface must be cleaned in CYCLES.
Due to the complexity of making the ZINUBEL knife, some craftsmen replace it with a piece of metal - sharpen it on one side and clamp it between the knife and the chip breaker DOUBLE PLANE.

Particular attention should be paid to PLANS with a metal body.
With such TOOLS, not only the position of the chip breaker in relation to the knife is regulated, but also the span width. Particularly suitable for working with hard wood

SEMI JOINTERS

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The little metal one enjoys well-deserved respect.

PLANE – WEREWOLF

, in which the knife turns with a chamfer forward. Therefore, it has a large rake angle and is used for finishing planing.

GORBACH

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This type of PLANE is intended for processing figured edges with external and internal diameters. Accordingly, it has two types of soles designed for its type of work.

All of the above types of TOOLS refer to PLANES for flat planing. In addition, there is a series of TOOLS for figure planing, which also belong to the class of PLANES.

ZENZUBEL

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From the German word SIMSHOBEL - a carpenter's TOOL for selecting and cleaning quarters, folds, grooves, and sharpening perpendicular surfaces. The period of creation is the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. The ZENZUBEL knife can be single or double, has the shape of a blade with a width of the lower (cutting) part of 18 - 30 mm. The blade is straight or oblique, depending on the location of the knife block. For a knife with an oblique blade, the longer side edge is also made cutting, the sharpening angle increases to 75 - 80 degrees. dimensions ZENZUBEL pads - 240x20x80 mm with a knife length of 210 - 220 mm.
For dovetail type grooves, an oblique ZENZUBEL is used, otherwise called a REWARD. This is a very narrow, no more than 12 mm, TOOL with a knife sharpened along two edges converging in

sharp corner. A ZENZUBEL with an oblique knife planes more cleanly, and it can also be used to plan across the grain of the wood.

KALYOVKA (KALYOVOCHNIK)

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Carpentry TOOL with a figured cutter for profiling the front surfaces of parts, bars or boards. The sole of the KALYOVKA has a shape that is mirror (reverse) to the shape of the profile. This PLANE has a multi-stage block sole and interchangeable knives of various profiles.
KALYOVKA is also called actually figured surface, obtained as a result of processing the part MOUNTING - TOOL.

FALZGEBEL

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Used for making a rebate along the edge of a part (creating a recess of the required width and depth). To obtain such a profile, you can also use ZENZUBEL. However, unlike ZENZUBEL, this POWER has a stepped sole and a wider last. The presence of ledges on the block, one of which limits the width and the other the depth, allows you to select quarters without preliminary marking.

ROOM TUBE

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Or PAZNIK - used for making longitudinal grooves (tongues) on the face and edges of workpieces. It consists of two blocks fastened together with screws. One block is a guide, while the other serves to secure replaceable iron knives. Using a tongue and groove tool, select in

There is a rectangular recess at the edge of the board - a tongue and groove. A ridge is obtained on the edge of another board, which fits tightly into the prepared tongue. To obtain a comb, use FEDERGUBEL. In the center of his knife there is an opening along the width of the future ridge.

FILLET

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Using this TOOL, you can select semicircular grooves (grooves) of different widths and depths with different radii of curvature. The sole and knife have a convex shape. FILLET, like ZENZUBEL, can have a side exit of chips.
To obtain a deep groove, a PLANE is used with a block convex in cross section and a convex sharpened knife - GROOVED FILLET.

STAP

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Used for rounding the edges of workpieces. The blade of his knife has a semicircular recess. The shavings come out from the side, like in ZENZUBEL and GALTELI.
PLANE - HALF-PLANE has a slightly concave block.

CYCLE

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This TOOL also applies to planing. CYCLE is a thin (0.7 - 1 mm) steel plate 25 - 30 mm wide made of spring steel tape. Bringing the CYCLE into working condition is called TIMING. The working edge is sharpened at a right angle, resulting in two sharp rectangular edges. One or both edges are filled up (aimed) by passing the aiming edge along them, for which you can use old file. A very thin burr forms on the edge - the working blade itself. By tilting the CYCLE slightly, the burr will remove very fine chips. The movements made by CYCLES must coincide with the direction of the layers of wood. Sometimes, for example, when scraping decks, it is allowed to move the CYCLE at an angle of up to 45 degrees to the direction of the layer. It should be remembered that, as a rule, the CYCLE does not have a special mandrel for the knife.

Nowadays, along with the usual, there has appeared

A planer is a device for planing wood. Most often this tool is hand-held. Using a plane, the surfaces are given the necessary roughness, flatness, and straightness. They reduce the dimensions of products or make long recesses in them. The job of a plane is to remove chips of a specific thickness during each pass over the surface of the workpiece.

The main components of the plane are:

• block
• wedge.

There are many types of planes in terms of size, purpose, and additional accessories. However, there are only two modifications:

• manual (mechanical) - can be plastic, metal, wood or a combination. They are all in their own way functionality differ little, but technical indicators directly depend on the material used to make the case
• electric - due to the additional equipment with an electric motor, such a tool can perform a large amount of work with high speed processing.

A hand plane made of wood is the most popular option for wood processing among home craftsmen.

Classification

Planing of wood can be flat or figured. The following types of planes are intended for flat planing:

• single planes. They are necessary for the procedure of leveling the wood surface. They have a straight blade with a slightly rounded edge. After working with such a tool, no burrs or irregularities remain, for this reason it is actively used for fine planing of wood after rough processing
• In addition to processing the ends, a cross-cut plane is used for finishing leveling of wood. In addition to the blade, this device also has a knife for breaking chips
• Sherhebel, unlike previous versions, has a rounded blade located at an angle of 45° to the sole. Due to the presence of an oval edge, processing can be carried out wooden material across the fibers. In order to remove thick chips, the hole for its exit in this tool is 3-5 mm higher than in other options. After this device, a rough surface remains that needs to be finished with a jointer.
• sander This unusual name is given to a grinding plane, which has a double knife and a chipbreaker located at an angle of 50° to the working sole. This device is perfect for the grinding procedure. At the end of the work, a completely smooth surface remains
• a jointer is necessary for leveling the edge and plane, and it provides finishing of large surfaces thanks to a sharp knife with a chipbreaker and an extended block. This tool should be in every woodworking workshop.
• Tsinubeli. Such planes have a single serrated blade, which, after moving through wood or plywood, leaves behind a grooved surface. This is the ideal surface for gluing. The grooves created by the cutter guarantee better adhesion of the parts on which the glue is applied
• roughing planes are necessary in the process of leveling the ends on plasterboard boards. After using this device, there is no need to sand the sheet material. The cutting element is created in the form of a grater

In the process of figure planing, planes are used, which are designed to process grooves, protrusions and edges. Such tools can cope with the most difficult tasks, for this reason they are quite in demand in the woodworking industry. The following types of planes are used for figured planing:

• The zenzubel is designed in such a way that it can be used to select and trim quarters, create rectangular cuts, grooves and folds. In addition, they are not suitable for planing perpendicular elements of workpieces. The zenzubel cutter has the shape of a blade, the edge of which can be straight or oblique. It all depends on the way the edge is attached to the sole. Zenzubels form a groove " dovetail" Even when processed across the grain, a perfectly smooth surface is obtained.
• kantenhobels. This type of plane is an edge selector, easily coping with chamfering, processing ends and edges in order to give them a smooth surface. In addition, such a plane will help to fine-tune the given dimensions. The main difference between the catenhobel is the trapezoidal shape of the blade. Some models are equipped with two cutting elements located at an angle to the side of the sole
• tongue and groove can be called a common type of planes. It will help you quickly and efficiently create a longitudinal groove. The groove has two blocks that are connected to each other with screws, one of the blocks is a guide, and the second secures the blade. Using an adjustable stop, the edge of the groove can be set at a specific distance from the edge. The stop ridge guarantees penetration to the required depth without the risk of bending the blade
• federgubel is a figured end plane, the task of which is to form a longitudinal protrusion along the edge of the workpiece. This work is ensured by the special shape of the blade, in the center of which there is an opening. In the process of working with such a tool, a kind of ridge remains on the surface, which in the future will be joined to a groove to connect two parts
• Kalevka has an unusual replaceable blade with a shaped cutting edge. In addition, there is a multi-stage sole. Most often this device is used in the creation process decorative details, for example, cornices, baguettes and other wooden elements that serve as interior decoration
• The folding sheet will help create a groove along the edge of the workpiece without preliminary marking. Like Kalevka, there is a multi-stage sole. The tool has a wide block, as a result of which it is possible to create grooves of equal dimensions. If there is a need to process the vertical wall of the quarter, an additional side cutter is placed on the folding sheet
• staples. Such a tool is needed to form round edges of the part. This plane is equipped with a blade whose edge has a semicircular recess. Based design features, the staple has a concave sole. When processing the edges of rectangular ends, the knife removes chips so that the edge becomes rounded.

Hand plane knife

A hand plane for wood cannot work without a knife. Such knives operate under conditions of significant loads on the blade. During the reciprocating movement of the tool, the knife cuts into the wood to a specific depth. Since wood is not plastic, chipping of a certain layer occurs and chips are formed. The chips do not have a significant length and quickly split into smaller fractions. This is observed during the “creeping” of wood cut from the workpiece onto the inclined edge of the blade. During the next movement of the plane, a crack appears in the next layer, and so on.

The smaller the span and depth of planing, the smoother and cleaner the workpiece surface is, while at the same time the shear load on the blade is reduced.

Due to the fact that the chips break off when bending upward, the most high voltage are created in the block of the plane. That is why the last is created from the most durum varieties timber.

The knife has a working and a supporting part. The configuration of the working part of the knife includes:

• a chamfer formed on the back of the blade. The chamfer guarantees a reduction in the force of cutting the knife into wood due to the elimination of friction of the rear part against the workpiece material
• front corner. It most often coincides with the accepted tilt of the knife in the plane body
• clearance angle
• working angle of sharpening. It is equal to the difference between the values ​​of the chamfer angle and the angle of inclination of the knife in the plane.
• For the durability of the plane, the most important thing is the rake angle: it is this that ensures the smoothness of the planed surface, the conditions for removing chips from the processing area, as well as the load on the blade itself.

The working edge of a knife is an edge that has a small radius of curvature. Before you start sharpening, you need to visually check the integrity of the edge: there should be no metal tears on it. If such defects are present, the knife will have to be shortened.

To minimize the radius of curvature on the edge, sharpening should be carried out in two stages. First, primary sharpening is carried out. To do this, the dull knife from the chamfer side must be brought to the periphery of the grinding wheel and pressed firmly. The number of revolutions of the sharpener should be at the level of 600 - 700 min-1. Otherwise, too much metal will be removed. It is also important not to press too hard because the steel can develop blue-violet hues, which is an unpleasant sign of the metal being tempered. The hardness of the knife will decrease, and there will be a need for heat treatment to restore the strength characteristics of the material.

If you don't have a sharpener, you can do this. Sharpen the knife with a coarse-grained whetstone, which must be secured to the workbench. Sharpening is performed by circular movements of the chamfer along the surface of the block. During this work, it is worth moistening the knife with water or soapy water from time to time to clean the surface being sharpened and cool the tool.

When you see burrs, you can begin the second stage of sharpening using a finer-grained stone that removes those same burrs. The gradation of bars by grain size looks like this:

• high grain size from 30 to 180 microns. Such bars are made from silicon carbide or corundum
• average grain size from 7 to 20 microns. Such bars are created from electrocorundum or chromium dioxide
• fine grain size from 3 to 5 microns. This material is used for final sharpening of knives.

At the end of sharpening, you need to run the knife blade along a piece of hard wood. He will finally remove the fragments of the burr.

Needless to say, how important a working tool is for any master. The result of all the employee’s efforts depends on its quality, richness and variety of functionality.

One of the most famous and traditionally in demand woodworking tools is the plane. Despite its apparent simplicity, it can do a lot. However, not all home craftsmen know about this property today. Therefore, the answer to the question of how to make a plane the most active means to achieve the highest quality of work should probably be of interest to every potential carpenter.

Planer and its varieties

The hand tool belongs to the class of planing devices. The main purpose of the most commonly used planes is to create a specified flat-linear relief on wooden surfaces. In addition, they are used to uniformly reduce the size wooden parts by gradually cutting away layers of wood.

A standard tool for cleaning planes and edges usually has a length of 20-25 cm. If previously it was almost always made of wood, today there are many metal analogues.

Modern planing devices differ from older types both in increased strength and the option of adjustment for certain operations, and in the ability to equip them with single or double knives.

However, the main thing is that over many centuries of the evolution of this tool, carpenters, endowing it with new and new capabilities and modifying the design, found for their faithful assistant many different and promising additional functions. This is reflected in the wide variety of types and modifications of the plane.

Thus, today the following main modifications are known:

• jointer;
• end plane;
• zenzubel;
• tongue and groove;
• Foldgebel;
• additional planer.

There is also large group planers, which are distinguished by the type of wood planing and their operating parameters.

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Manual jointer

Planer device.

A jointer (semi-jointer) is a hand-held plane for leveling surfaces by planing wooden planes of a sufficiently large area and for fitting various parts. It is also used for finishing planing.

This is facilitated by the considerable length of the jointer block and the double cutter. A handle is mounted on the block behind the knife, and there is a plug in front with which the force of fastening the working cutter is adjusted.

The principle of operation of the jointer is based on the fact that during the first pass along wooden surface forms chips, which consist of individual wood fragments. The final flatness of the processed plane is formed during the second pass, as evidenced by the appearance of continuous chips.

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End plane

As the name of this carpentry tool suggests, it is intended for clean finishing planing of the ends of wood blanks. Small wooden surfaces and side cuts of parts are processed clean thanks to the presence of a specially beveled (at an angle of 21º) cutter. In the end model you can also use replaceable knives.

You can adjust the cutting depth by adjusting the cutter overhang, which is done using a special roller. The design of this type of planer is based on a stamped base, the width of the working part of which reaches 40 mm. In this case, the base of the tool and its monolithic sidewalls are located perpendicular to each other.

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Zenzubel for groove production

This planing device has a second, Russian name - selector. This name is not accidental, since its main functional purpose is sampling and subsequent cleaning of sections, quarters, folds, and grooves having a rectangular cross-section.

This effect is achieved by installing the zenzubel cutter at a right angle to the narrow block of the base and by a special configuration of the cutter. It looks like a small rectangular blade with 3 cutting edges: the main (central) and 2 side edges.

In order to use a plane of this modification, you must have certain experience working with similar tools and knowledge of techniques for producing relief elements of wood blanks. Before using the zenzubel, quarters are marked on the workpiece with a thicknesser, and then carefully drawn with a plane along the marked line. At this moment, the first chip is removed, thereby creating a small ledge. Then you can select grooves, walking along the ledge again, much more confidently and quickly.

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This instrument also has other names - paznik, road builder. With its help, tongues are selected on the surface of a wooden workpiece - special narrow grooves that are located at a strictly specified distance from the edge of the workpiece. These grooves in woodworking serve to securely connect various parts of wood structures.

A plane of this modification can produce tongues up to 12 mm deep and 2-10 mm wide. A fairly wide range of tongue depths is achieved with the help of an adjusting device, with which the worker can change the degree of immersion of the cutter into the wood thickness. The groove knife itself has a semicircular cross-section.

An additional metal block acts as a guide, with the help of which strict parallelism of the groove is maintained relative to the edge of the workpiece. Thanks to this design, tongues can be placed at a distance of up to 100 mm from the edge of the wooden product.

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Step rebate

This plane is used for selecting and cleaning folds (quarters). It is used most often in cases where it is necessary to make long recesses in the form of grooves along the edges of wood surfaces, intended for subsequent insertion of glass into window frames or in furniture shelves under glazing.

From the above-mentioned zenzubel, which also makes longitudinal grooves, the foldgebel differs in its wider sole, which has a stepped structure. This circumstance allows using this tool to select folds of the same size.

To select quarters of different profiles and dimensions, removable stepped soles are used. The ability to trim the vertical wall of the quarter is provided by the additional installation of a special knife on the side of the fold.

Children are acutely aware of untruths, and therefore almost everyone calls a plane a “plane.” Planer is a non-Russian word that has nothing to do with cutting. Raubank from him. Rau (rough) and lat. bank (bench). It is the Russian language that has brought the consonances closer together; anyway, both the Russian and the German word are associated with a woodworking tool that removes excess from the tree with a sharp metal blade.

Planers, their types and varieties

A plane is a hand-held tool for planing wood. Thing in carpentry(and in general on the farm) necessary, removing roughness from the wood being processed, creating straight planes, reducing dimensions, creating relief (grooves, tenons, curly profiles of plinths, etc.). The tool has been used since ancient times, they found planes in the ashes of Pompeii, and the volcano “covered” them almost two thousand years ago. Of course, during this time planes have changed a lot, new modifications and varieties have appeared.

Now planes, almost like any other hand tool, are divided into:

• - mechanical;
• - electric.

In turn, mechanical ones are divided according to the material from which the tool is made:

The plastic plane is the lightest among all other brethren. Sometimes its body is made classically, that is, its shape resembles wood or metal. There are several blades on its sole. The fact is that they often perform stripping and sanding work not only on wood, but also on drywall. Many models provide quick replacement of the cutting edges along with the sole to adjust the size and cleanliness of the cut.

A metal plane is similar in principle to a wooden one, but there are several fundamental differences in the device. It consists of a metal block body, front and rear handles (made of wood or plastic), a clamp with a screw and a knife. In the sole there is a tap hole, that is, a slot through which the knife blade comes out. The knife is secured with a screw passing through the clamp. By loosening the clamping screw, you can increase or decrease the output of the knife, thereby adjusting the thickness of the chips (fineness of work). Craftsmen usually use an iron plane when they feel sorry for a wooden one, that is, for rougher or more inconvenient work (for example, you need to plane the end).

There are so many varieties of wooden planes that it is worth paying special attention to them.

Wooden planes

There are a lot of their varieties, why? The fact is that plastic planes appeared quite recently. And the British patented the first metal plane only in 1820. And they built it from wood, and how they built it, everywhere. And it was necessary not only to hew a log or plan a board. For finishing work it was necessary to have boards with a shaped profile for tight jointsI had to select a quarter, cut out the tenon and mortise, etc.

So, because of the profile or flat look planing, due to the size of the block, and this characteristic allows you to maintain an even plane when working (the larger the size, the better), due to the angle of the cutter and the type of profile, there are different types of planes. Here are the main ones:

- sherhebel (shershebel) , the large cutter of which has a slightly rounded blade, is used for rough flat planing, both along and across the grain. Due to this shape of the blade, it leaves behind grooves, but in one pass they can remove up to three millimeters of wood. We can say that this tool performs the primary processing of large wooden parts;

- mole cricket ― a long plane with two handles.Two people work with it while sittingfacing each other directly on the beam. This plane can be either single or double. The bearer is also a rather rough tool; it is also often called a chip breaker (although the function of breaking off chips is inherent in many planes);

- jointer used for final finishing long boards. Its purpose is to smooth and level large surfaces, which is why it is three times longer than a plane. It is used most often when it is necessary to finely process the surfaces to be joined.At the front of the jointer there is a device that allows you to remove the knife from the tap hole using a mallet.

- Half jointer occupies an intermediate position in size between a plane and a jointer; accordingly, it processes smaller surfaces than a jointer;

- sander is a shortened plane, often with two knives. The tool is used to clean out the ends, curls and burrs, while performing clean planing. Thus, clean and fine planing or planing of problematic or hard-to-reach places on wood is the prerogative of the sander;

- tzinubel ― also a shortened plane, but it has a knife with fine teeth. Its purpose is to specifically create grooves and roughness on the wood for subsequent gluing. Irregularities increase the contact area, and the glue will hold much better. This corrugation is especially necessary for hardwoods, where the glue does not penetrate well into the surfaces being bonded due to the absence of microcracks in the wood;

- zenzubel, orselector , is intended for selecting quarters, folds, as well as stripping them. Before working with a thicknesser, you need to draw a line that will indicate what width the quarter will be selected for. The first times, the zenzubel knife is held carefully so as not to go beyond the line. When at least a small depression appears, you can work bolder and faster;

- folding tapestry performs, in principle, the same job of selecting folds and quarters as a zenzubel. But its structure is somewhat different. In order not to resort to the help of an already fairly forgotten surface planer, and not to be careful when starting work, the folding sheet has replaceable stepped soles with a metal or wooden ruler on the outside. The ruler will not allow the knife to “drive” along the width of the quarter further than required;

- tongue and groove designed for making grooves at a given distance from the edge of the board. The knives are removable; they set the width of the groove. The distance of the groove from the edge of the board is adjusted with nuts that move the guide closer or further away.To connect into a groove, you need boards with tongues. This job is donefedergebel , having either a U-shaped knife or two blocks with two knives;

- mold is a rather narrow plane for giving the edges of wooden parts a shaped profile. The curly shapes of the sole of the plane and the blade of the knife ensure the creation of a profile shape;

- groundtube designed for making a trapezoidal groove running across the fibers. To prepare, first make a rectangular groove with a hacksaw or chisel, then finish the trapezoidal groove with a primer. The tool is narrow, the width of the knife does not exceed 12 mm , it is sharpened along two edges, which converge upward into an acute angle. Such a connection is the so-called "dovetail";

- humpback , having a curved block. It is designed for transverse planing of convex or concave surfaces, therefore its sole has either a convex or concave surface.

There are some other types of planes, but they are rarely used. It is also fair to note that many types of planes are also made with an iron block, but complete sets are practically impossible to find.

Electric planes

If you need to carry out large volumes of simple planing work, then the advantages of electric planers over mechanical ones are very significant. On the one hand, the enormous speed at which knives pass through wood greatly increases processing productivity. On the other hand, an electric planer brings significant savings, because a treated board costs almost twice as much as an untreated one.

How does planing happen? The electric motor, thanks to the belt, transmits rotational motion to the drum. The drum has double-sided knives that remove wood. In order for the planing to be clean, without nicks or snags, the drum rotation speed must be more than 1200 rpm. At this speed, knives can easily cut not only simple wood, but also laminated wood, as well as plastic. If performance deteriorates, the knives are removed and put back, but with the other side. The aluminum alloy sole is divided into two parts: one before and the other after the drum. The back part goes along the already planed surface, the front part does not. So,by how much the front handle will raise (adjust) the lifting of the front part of the sole, so will the cutting depth. The chips are thrown out through the side channel, which protects the face and eyes from injury. The accessories included in the package include an additional stop, which, by screwing it to the electric planer, you can select a quarter.

The performance of an electric planer depends on the following characteristics:

• - engine power;
• - drum rotation speed;
• - planing depths;
• - drum width.

Spontaneous turning on of the electric planer is excluded, since the switch has an additional lock, so to turn it on you will have to simultaneously press the bracket and the button. But, all the same, since the tool is electric and high-speed, increased safety rules must be observed.

1. 1. Before work, you need to check whether the power cord is intact.
2. 2. When working, you must use safety glasses and gloves.
3. 3. It is necessary to securely fasten the workpiece.
4. 4. There is no need to put pressure on the front handle: there is an extra load and the possibility of disrupting the adjustment of the planing depth.
5. 5. It is better to work along the fibers.

Reasons for poor quality work with a plane

Often defects in wood processing occur not due to the fault of the plane, but due to inept actions. Here are some examples.

At the beginning of planing the workpiece, the back part of the sole hangs in the air, at the end - the front part. The position of the plane is skewed, resulting in the beginning and end being planed more than the middle. The counteraction to this is simple - put pressure on the side of the plane that is on the board, support and guide the one that is in weight. A similar mistake can occur in the middle of the board, albeit with the side edges, if you do not monitor the position of the plane relative to its longitudinal axis.

You shouldn’t try to rip off thick chips to speed things up; it’s better to go through it a couple of times, otherwise you can completely ruin the part with burrs. Also, to avoid scuffing, you need to monitor the direction of the wood grain: if you plan against the grain, scuffing cannot be avoided either.

If the end is planed, then, in order to avoid scoring, you must plan first from one edge to the middle, then in the same way from the second.

Wherever the board is: in the floor, in a door or in furniture - in a planed state it is much more aesthetically pleasing, safer and more beautiful than an unplaned one. This is also necessary for its durability, since treating the board with an antiseptic, drying oil, varnish or paint is advisable only after planing the board. Circular saw from a hand-held circular saw

A hand plane is a woodworking tool that has long been used for planing. To this day, it does not lose popularity in private workshops. By using of this device you can give the wooden surface the desired roughness, flatness, straightness or shape by reducing the size of the parts. The plane is also used to make long recesses that may have different shapes, - these can be tongues or quarters.

Description

The hand plane is no longer so popular today; it is being replaced by tools that are powered by electricity and can meet the needs of mass production. Today, everything is run by automated lines. However, if you want to make a stool or chair in your garage, then you can remember the good old plane.

Its main parts are:

• iron (knife);
• wedge;
• block.

Depending on the equipment, purpose and size of additional devices, the plane can be divided into many types and subtypes. Mechanical planes are made from metal, plastic, and a combination of these materials. In terms of functionality, they are almost no different, but specifications depend on the material that forms the basis of the body.

Electric models are complemented by a motor that allows for a more impressive amount of work. With this tool you can achieve high speed wood processing. One of the most popular wood processing tools in the home today are wooden planes.

The main types of planes and their purpose

A hand plane can be classified according to the type of planing: it can be profiled or flat. These tools are also divided by profile, shoe size and knife installation angle. Among other varieties, we can distinguish the sherhebel, which is a tool for rough planing. It has a flat sole and has rounded cutter blades.

If you see a device with two handles and an elongated body, then this is a bear. It has the form of a single or double plane, which is intended for rough planing. Additionally, the tool is equipped with a chip breaker.

A hand plane can be represented by a semi-jointer or a jointer, which is distinguished by a long, large block. It is intended for finishing planing, fitting parts, planing large planes, during which a ruler is used.

If particularly clean planing is required, a grinder with a double blade is used. Its design includes a chipbreaker, and the double blade is set at an impressive angle of 50° instead of 45°. To create small paths on the surface, tsinubel is used, after processing which the parts can be glued together.

To select quarters, a sampler is used, which is also called a zenzubel. To strip the quarters, a rebate is used, while a tongue and groove can be used to remove the tongue. Sanding of surfaces is carried out using a tool of the same name, and the operation consists of finishing before applying primers. As distinctive feature These works are characterized by the absence of abrasive particles that remain inside the wood during sanding.

However, scraping has a drawback, which is expressed in the excessive labor intensity of the operation. The advantage is the smooth surface and thinness of the chips. To process figured edges, a molding is used, while an American or humpback block has a curved block. It is used for curved surfaces, which can be concave or convex.

A stacker is used to give the parts a rounded shape. The edge of the knife of this tool has a concave shape, while the fillet has a convex shape.

Additional types

The screw is narrower than the Scherhebel. It is intended for surface treatment at the initial stage. This plane has an iron cutter, which is not straight. It has a rounded shape, so when planing it is possible to obtain long grooves.

To form a trapezoidal phase, a primer is used. Using this tool, wood is processed across the grain. The design of the tool includes blocks and cutters that look like a pointed hook.

A more detailed description of the Scherhebel

If we consider carpentry tool more carefully, you can pay attention to the features of the scherhebel. It represents the heavy artillery among a variety of similar devices. It is used when planing material that has not been processed before. This device is quite heavy and massive, as it has a metal body.

Its main purpose is primary processing, after which the products acquire the required form and sizes. This is used for planing to an impressive depth, when it is necessary to remove a fairly thick layer of wood. It is unlikely that it will be possible to achieve an even and smooth surface with the help of sherhebel. For this, other types of planes are used. By appearance its design resembles a regular plane, but the iron in it is installed at an angle of 45° and has rounded blades.

Processing Features

In one pass, using the described tool, you can remove a layer of up to 3 mm. In those places where the wood was processed, quite deep hollows remain, so they have to be leveled in the future. Scherhebel has an oval-shaped cutting edge, so it can be used to process wood across the grain. The sharpening angle may vary, depending on the hardness of the wood.

Description of the professional planer brand Groz 39701

This plane (manual professional) is a fairly popular model. It has a length of 260 mm and a weight of 1.7 kg. The cutting width is 50 mm. The tool has high quality, has a durable, strong base, which is made of gray cast iron. Tool steel forms the basis of the blade, which is removed and has a long service life.

The hardness of the material is 50-60HRC; it contains a high amount of chromium. The tool is polished to obtain a predictable, stable and clear result, it is manufactured with maximum precision. This wood plane (manual), according to consumers, has only one drawback, which is that when it hits a nail, the blade suffers significantly.

Description of the mini-plane brand "Zubr"

If you are interested in a manual mini-plane, then you can consider the “Bison” model, the body of which is made of high-quality gray cast iron. The blade is made of steel grade U8A and corresponds to state standards. It provides the possibility of repeated finishing work surface. This manual plane, the price of which is 970 rubles, has plastic at the base of the handle. The length of the sole is 250 mm, while the width is 50 mm.

Conclusion

You can purchase an additional knife for a hand plane; its cost is 198 rubles. But when choosing the main device, you need to pay attention to the presence of a chip breaker, which is also called a humpback. Its lower edge is parallel to the cutting edge of the knife. The distance between these elements can vary from 0.2 to 2 mm. The closer the bottom edge is, the wider the planing.

When choosing a tool, you must also take into account what stage of wood processing it is intended for. For example, a double planer is used for finishing - it can be used to clean out burrs. If you direct the double plane at an angle of 40° to the longitudinal axis, then with the help of the tool it will be possible to plane the ends of the workpieces.