Project "Do-it-yourself physical device". Experiment with a coin and a balloon DIY physics instruments

MAOU Lyceum No. 64, Krasnodar Physics director Spitsyna L.I.

Work - participant of the All-Russian Festival of Pedagogical Creativity in 2017

The site is posted on the site to exchange work experience with colleagues

HOMEMADE DEVICES FOR EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

IN LABORATORY PRACTICUM IN PHYSICS

Research project

"Physics and physical problems exist everywhere

in the world in which we live, work,

we love, we die." - J. Walker.

Introduction.

WITH early childhood, when with the light hand of the teacher kindergarten Zoya Nikolaevna, “Kolya the Physicist” stuck with me, I am interested in physics as a theoretical and applied science.

Also in primary school, studying the materials available to me in encyclopedias, I identified for myself the range of the most interesting questions; Even then, radio electronics became the basis of extracurricular activities. In high school I began to pay special attention to such issues of modern science as nuclear and wave physics. In the specialized class, the study of human radiation safety problems in the modern world came to the fore.

The passion for design came with the book by Revich Yu. V. “ Entertaining electronics“, my reference books were the three-volume “Elementary Textbook of Physics” edited by G. S. Landsberg, “Physics Course” by A. A. Detlaf. and others.

Every person who considers himself a “techie” must learn to translate his, even the most fantastic, plans and ideas into independently made working models, instruments and devices in order to use them to confirm or refute these plans. Then, having completed his general education, he gets the opportunity to look for ways, following which he will be able to bring his ideas to life.

The relevance of the topic “Physics with your own hands” is determined, firstly, by the possibility of technical creativity for each person, and secondly, by the opportunity to use homemade devices for educational purposes, which ensures the development of the student’s intellectual and creative abilities.

The development of communication technologies and the truly limitless educational possibilities of the Internet allow today everyone to use them for the benefit of their development. What do I mean by this? The only thing is that now anyone who wants can “dive” into the endless ocean of available information about anything, in any form: videos, books, articles, websites. Today there are many different sites, forums, YOUTUBE channels that will gladly share with you knowledge in any field, and in particular in the field of applied radio electronics, mechanics, atomic nuclear physics, etc. It would be very cool if more people had a desire to learn something new, a desire to understand the world and transform it positively.

Problems solved in this work:

- realize the unity of theory and practice through the creation of homemade educational instruments and working models;

Apply theoretical knowledge acquired at the lyceum to select the design of models used to create homemade educational equipment;

Based on theoretical studies of physical processes, choose necessary equipment, corresponding to operating conditions;

Use available parts and blanks for non-standard use;

Popularize applied physics in youth environment, including among classmates, through involving them in extracurricular activities;

Contribute to the expansion of the practical part of the educational subject;

Promote the importance of students’ creative abilities in understanding the world around them.

MAIN PART

The competition project presents manufactured educational models and devices:

A miniature device for assessing the degree of radioactivity based on the Geiger-Muller counter SBM-20 (the most accessible of the existing samples).

Working model of Landsgorff diffusion chamber

A complex for visual experimental determination of the speed of light in a metal conductor.

A small device for measuring human reactions.

I present theoretical basis physical processes, circuit diagrams and design features of devices.

§1. A miniature device for assessing the degree of radioactivity based on a Geiger-Muller counter - dosimeter self-made

The idea of ​​assembling a dosimeter haunted me for a very long time, and once I got around to it, I assembled it. In the photo on the left is an industrial Geiger counter, on the right is a dosimeter based on it.

It is known that the main element of a dosimeter is a radiation sensor. The most accessible of them is the Geiger-Muller counter, the principle of which is based on the fact that ionizing particles can ionize a substance - knocking out electrons from the outer electronic layers. Inside the Geiger counter is the inert gas argon. Essentially, the counter is a capacitor that allows current to flow only when positive cations and free electrons are formed inside. Schematic diagram turning on the device is shown in Fig. 170. One pair of ions is not enough, but due to the relatively high potential difference at the counter terminals, avalanche ionization occurs and a sufficiently large current arises so that the pulse can be detected.

A circuit based on an Atmel microcontroller, Atmega8A, was chosen as a recalculator. Indication of values ​​is carried out using an LCD display from the legendary Nokia 3310, and sound indication is carried out using a piezoelectric element taken from an alarm clock. High voltage to power the meter is achieved using a miniature transformer and a voltage multiplier using diodes and capacitors.

Schematic diagram of the dosimeter:

The device shows the dose rate value γ and x-ray radiation in microroentgens, with an upper limit of 65mR/h.

When the filter cover is removed, the surface of the Geiger counter is exposed and the device can detect β-radiation. Let me note - just record, not measure, since the degree of activity of β-drugs is measured by flux density - the number of particles per unit area. And the efficiency of SBM-20 to β-radiation is very low; it is designed only for photon radiation.

I liked the circuit because the high-voltage part is correctly implemented - the number of pulses for charging the meter's power capacitor is proportional to the number of recorded pulses. Thanks to this, the device has been working for a year and a half without switching off, using 7 AA batteries.

I purchased almost all the components for the assembly on the Adyghe radio market, with the exception of the Geiger counter - I purchased it from the online store.

Reliability and efficiency of the device confirmed Thus: continuous operation of the device for one and a half years and the possibility of constant monitoring show that:

The device readings range from 6 to 14 microroentgens per hour, which does not exceed the permissible limit of 50 microroentgens per hour;

The radiation background in classrooms, in the microdistrict of my residence, directly in the apartment fully complies with radiation safety standards (NRB - 99/2009), approved by Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated July 7, 2009 No. 47.

IN Everyday life, it turns out that it is not so easy for a person to get into an area with increased radioactivity. If this happens, the device will notify me sound signal, which makes a homemade device a guarantor of the radiation safety of its designer.

§ 2. Working model of a Langsdorff diffusion chamber.

2.1. Basics of radioactivity and methods of studying it.

Radioactivity is the ability of atomic nuclei to decay spontaneously or under the influence of external radiation. The discovery of this remarkable property of some chemical substances owned by Henri Becquerel in February 1896. Radioactivity is a phenomenon that proves the complex structure of the atomic nucleus, in which the nuclei of atoms fall apart, while almost all radioactive substances have a certain half-life - a period of time during which half of all atoms in the sample will decay radioactive substance. During radioactive decay, ionizing particles are emitted from the nuclei of atoms. These can be the nuclei of helium atoms - α-particles, free electrons or positrons - β - particles, γ - rays - electromagnetic waves. Ionizing particles also include protons and neutrons, which have high energy.

Today it is known that the vast majority of chemical elements have radioactive isotopes. There are such isotopes among water molecules - the source of life on Earth.

2.2. How to detect ionizing radiation?

It is currently possible to detect, that is, detect ionizing radiation using Geiger-Muller counters, scintillation detectors, ionization chambers, and track detectors. The latter can not only detect the presence of radiation, but also allow the observer to see how the particles flew according to the shape of the track. Scintillation detectors are good for their high sensitivity and light output proportional to the particle energy - the number of photons emitted when a substance absorbs a certain amount of energy.

It is known that each isotope has a different energy of emitted particles, so using a scintillation detector it is possible to identify an isotope without chemical or spectral analysis. With the help of track detectors, it is also possible to identify an isotope by placing the camera in a uniform magnetic field, in which case the tracks will be curved.

Ionizing particles of radioactive bodies can be detected and their characteristics can be studied using special instruments called “tracking”. These include devices that can show the trace of a moving ionizing particle. These can be: Wilson chambers, Landsgorff diffusion chambers, spark and bubble chambers.

2.3. Homemade diffusion chamber

Soon after the homemade dosimeter began to work stably, I realized that the dosimeter was not enough for me and I needed to do something else. I ended up building a diffusion chamber invented by Alexander Langsdorff in 1936. And today a camera can be used for scientific research, the diagram of which is shown in the figure:

Diffusion - an improved cloud chamber. The improvement lies in the fact that to obtain supersaturated steam, it is not adiabatic expansion that is used, but the diffusion of vapor from the heated region of the chamber to the cold one, that is, the steam in the chamber overcomes a certain temperature gradient.

2.4. Features of the camera assembly process

For the device to operate, a prerequisite is the presence of a temperature difference of 50-700C, while heating one side of the chamber is impractical, because the alcohol will evaporate quickly. This means that you need to cool the lower part of the chamber to - 30°C. This temperature can be achieved by evaporating dry ice or Peltier elements. The choice fell in favor of the latter, because, frankly, I was too lazy to get ice, and a portion of ice will only serve once, while the Peltier elements will serve as many times as needed. The principle of their operation is based on the Peltier effect - heat transfer during the flow electric current.

The first experiment after assembly made it clear that one element was not enough to obtain the required temperature difference; two elements had to be used. They are supplied with different voltages, the lower one is more, the upper one is less. This is due to this: the lower the temperature that needs to be achieved in the chamber, the more heat needs to be removed.

Once I got my hands on the elements, I had to do a lot of experimenting to get the temperature right. The lower part of the element is cooled by a computer radiator with heat (ammonia) pipes and two 120 mm coolers. According to rough calculations, the cooler dissipates about 100 watts of heat into the air. I decided not to bother with the power supply, so I used a pulsed computer one with a total power of 250 watts, which after taking measurements turned out to be enough.

Next, I built a case from sheet plywood for integrity and ease of storage of the device. It turned out not exactly neat, but quite practical. I made the camera itself, where tracks of moving charged particles or photon rays are formed, from a cut pipe and plexiglass, but a vertical view did not provide good image contrast. I broke it and threw it away, now I use a glass goblet as a transparent camera. Cheap and cheerful. The appearance of the camera is in the photo.

Both the thorium-232 isotope found in the electrode for argon-arc welding (it is used in them to ionize the air near the electrode and, as a result, easier ignition of the arc) and daughter decomposition products (DPR) can be used as a “raw material” for work. radon contained in the air, coming mainly with water and gas. To collect DPR I use tablets activated carbon- a good absorbent. In order for the ions of interest to us to be attracted to the tablet, I connect a voltage multiplier to it with a negative terminal.

2.5. Ion trap.

Another important design element is the trap of ions formed as a result of the ionization of atoms by ionizing particles. Structurally, it is a mains voltage multiplier with a multiplication factor equal to 3, and at the output of the multiplier there are negative charges. This is due to the fact that as a result of ionization, electrons are knocked out from the outer atomic shell, as a result of which the atom becomes a cation. The chamber uses a trap whose circuit is based on the use of a Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier.

The electrical circuit of the multiplier looks like:

Operation of the camera, its results

The diffusion chamber, after numerous trial runs, was used as experimental equipment when performing laboratory work on the topic “Study of tracks of charged particles”, held in the 11th grade of MAOU Lyceum No. 64 on February 11, 2015. Photographs of the tracks obtained through the camera were recorded on the interactive whiteboard and used to determine the type of particles.

As in industrial equipment, in a homemade chamber we were able to observe the following: the wider the track, the more particles there are, therefore, the thicker tracks belong to alpha particles, which have a larger radius and mass, and as a result, greater kinetic energy, a greater number of ionized atoms per millimeter of flight.

§ 3. Complex for visual experimental determination of the quantity

speed of light in a metal conductor.

Let me begin, perhaps, with the fact that the speed of light has always been considered to me something incredible, incomprehensible, and to some extent impossible, until I found on the Internet circuit diagrams of a two-channel oscilloscope that was lying around, with broken synchronization, which cannot be repaired. made it possible to study the shapes of electrical signals. But fate was very favorable to me; I managed to determine the cause of the breakdown of the synchronization unit and eliminate it. It turned out that the microassembly, the signal switch, was faulty. Using a diagram from the Internet, I made a copy of this microassembly from parts purchased at my favorite radio market.

I took a twenty-meter shielded television wire and assembled a simple high-frequency signal generator using 74HC00 inverters. One end of the wire supplied a signal, simultaneously recording it from the same point with the first channel of the oscilloscope; from the second, the signal was captured with the second channel, recording the time difference between the edges of the received signals.

I divided the length of the wire - 20 meters by this time, and got something similar to 3 * 108 m/s.

I am attaching a circuit diagram (where would we be without it?):

The appearance of the high-frequency generator is shown in the photo. Using available (free) software"Sprint-Layout 5.0" created the board drawing.

3. 1. A little about making boards:

The board itself, as usual, was made using the "LUT" technology - a folk laser-iron technology developed by the inhabitants of the Internet. The technology is as follows: take one or two-layer foil fiberglass, carefully sand it with sandpaper until it shines, then with a rag moistened with gasoline or alcohol. Next, a drawing is printed on a laser printer, which must be applied to the board. A design is printed in mirror image onto glossy paper, and then using an iron, the toner on the glossy paper is transferred to the copper foil covering the PCB. Later, under a stream of warm water, the paper is rolled off the board with your fingers, leaving a board with a printed pattern. Now we immerse this product in a ferric chloride solution, stir for about five minutes, then remove the board on which the copper remains only under the toner from the printer. We remove the toner with sandpaper, treat it again with alcohol or gasoline, and then cover it with soldering flux. Using a soldering iron and a tinned television cable braid, we move along the board, thereby covering the copper with a layer of tin, which is necessary for subsequent soldering of components and to protect the copper from corrosion.

We wash the board from flux using acetone, for example. We solder all components, wires and coat them with non-conductive varnish. We wait a day for the varnish to dry. Done, the board is ready for use.

I have been using this method for many years now, and it has never failed me.

§ 4. A small device for measuring human reactions.

Work to improve this device is still ongoing.

Device in use in the following way: after power is supplied to the microcontroller, the device goes into the mode of cyclically enumerating the values ​​of a certain variable “C”. After pressing the button, the program pauses and assigns the value that at that moment was in the variable, the value of which changed cyclically. Thus, a random number is obtained in the variable “C”. You might say, “Why not use the random() function or something like that?”

But the fact is that in the language in which I write - BASCOM AVR, there is no such function due to its inferior set of commands, since this is a language for microcontrollers with a small amount of RAM and low computing power. After pressing the button, the program lights up four zeros on the display and starts a timer that waits for a period of time proportional to the value of the variable “C”. After a specified period of time has elapsed, the program lights up four eights and starts a timer that counts the time until the button is pressed.

If you press the button at the moment between the ignition of zeros and eights, the program will stop and display dashes. If the button was pressed after the eights appeared, then the program will display the time in milliseconds that elapsed after the eights appeared and before the button was pressed, this will be the person’s reaction time. All that remains is to calculate the arithmetic mean of the results of several measurements.

This device uses an Atmel microcontroller model ATtiny2313. On board the chip has two kilobytes of flash memory, 128 bytes of RAM, eight-bit and ten-bit timers, four pulse-width modulation (PWM) channels, and fifteen fully accessible I/O ports.

To display information, a seven-segment, four-digit LED indicator with a common anode is used. The indication is implemented dynamically, that is, all segments of all bits are connected in parallel, but the common pins are not parallel. Thus, the indicator has twelve pins: four pins are common for digits, the remaining eight are distributed as follows: seven segments for numbers and one for a point.

Conclusion

Physics is a fundamental natural science, the study of which allows one to understand the world around a child through educational, inventive, design, and creative activities.

Setting the goal: to construct physical devices for use in educational process, I set the task of popularizing physics, as a science not only theoretical, but also applied, among peers, proving that it is possible to understand, feel, and accept the world around us only through knowledge and creativity. As the proverb says, “it’s better to see once than to hear a hundred times,” that is, in order to grasp the vast world at least a little, you need to learn to interact with it not only through paper and pencil, but also with the help of a soldering iron and wires, parts and microcircuits .

Testing and operation of homemade devices proves their viability and competitiveness.

I am infinitely grateful that my life, starting from the age of three, was directed into a technical, inventive and design direction by my grandfather, Nikolai Andreevich Didenko, who taught physics and mathematics at the Abadzekh secondary school for more than twenty years, and worked as programmers in scientific research for more than twenty years. ROSNEFT technical center.

List of used literature.

Nalivaiko B.A. Directory of Semiconductor Devices. Ultrahigh frequency diodes. IGP "RASCO" 1992, 223 p.

Myakishev G. Ya., Bukhovtsev B. B. Physics 11th grade, M., Education, 2014, 400 p.

Revich Yu. V. Entertaining electronics. 2nd edition, 2009 BHV-Petersburg, 720 p.

Tom Titus. Scientific fun: physics without instruments, chemistry without a laboratory. M., 2008, 224 p.

Chechik N. O. Fainshtein S. M. Electron multipliers, GITTL 1957, 440 pp.

Shilov V.F. Homemade devices in radio electronics, M., Education, 1973, 88 p.

Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia. Access mode

DIY Tesla coil. Tesla's resonant transformer is a very impressive invention. Nikola Tesla perfectly understood how spectacular the device was, and constantly demonstrated it in public. Why do you think? That's right: to get additional funding.

You can feel like a great scientist and amaze your friends by making your own mini-reel. You will need: a capacitor, a small light bulb, a wire and a few other simple parts. However, remember that the Tesla resonant transformer produces high voltage, high frequency - read the technical safety rules, otherwise the effect may turn into a defect.

Potato cannon. An air gun that shoots potatoes? Easily! This is not a particularly dangerous project (unless you decide to make a giant and very powerful potato weapon). The potato cannon is a great way to have fun for those who love engineering and mischief. The super weapon is easy to make - you just need an empty aerosol spray bottle and a couple of other spare parts that are easy to find.

High power toy machine gun. Remember children's toy machines - bright, with different functions, bang-bang, oh-oh-oh? The only thing many of the boys lacked was for them to shoot a little further and a little harder. Well, this can be fixed.

Toy machines are made of rubber to make them as safe as possible. Of course, manufacturers have made sure that the pressure in such pistols is minimal and cannot cause harm to anyone. But some craftsmen have still found a way to add power to children's weapons: you just need to get rid of the parts that slow down the process. From which ones and how - says the experimenter from the video.

Drone with your own hands. Many people think of a drone solely as a large unmanned aerial vehicle used in military operations in the Middle East. This is a misconception: drones are becoming an everyday occurrence, in most cases they are small, and making them at home is not that difficult.

Parts for a “home” drone are easy to acquire, and you don’t have to be an engineer to assemble the whole thing – although, of course, you will have to tinker. The average handmade drone consists of a small main part, a few additional parts (can be purchased or found from other devices) and electronic equipment for remote control. Yes, it’s a special pleasure to equip a finished drone with a camera.

Theremin- music magnetic field. This mysterious electro-musical instrument is of interest not only (and not so much?) to musicians, but to mad scientists. You can assemble this unusual device, invented by a Soviet inventor in 1920, at home. Imagine: you simply move your hands (of course, with the languid air of a scientist-musician), and the instrument makes “otherworldly” sounds!

Learning to masterly operate a theremin is not an easy task, but the result is worth it. Sensor, transistor, speaker, resistor, power supply, a couple more parts, and you're good to go! This is what it looks like.

If you don’t feel confident in English, watch a Russian-language video on how to make a theremin from three radios.

Remote controlled robot. Well, who hasn't dreamed of a robot? And even self-assembled! True, completely autonomous robot will require serious titles and efforts, but a robot with remote control It is quite possible to create it from scrap materials. For example, the robot in the video is made of foam, wood, a small motor and a battery. This “pet”, under your guidance, moves freely around the apartment, overcoming even uneven surfaces. With a little creativity you can make it look like this appearance, whatever you like.

Plasma ball I've probably already attracted your attention. It turns out that you don’t need to spend money on purchasing it, but you can gain confidence in yourself and do it yourself. Yes, at home it will be small, but still one touch to the surface will cause it to discharge with the most beautiful multi-colored “lightning”.

The main ingredients are an induction coil, an incandescent lamp and a capacitor. Be sure to follow safety precautions - this spectacular device operates under voltage.

Solar powered radio- An excellent device for lovers of long hikes. Don't throw away your old radio: just attach a solar panel to it and you'll be independent of batteries and other power sources other than the sun.

This is what a radio with a solar battery looks like.

Segway today it is incredibly popular, but is considered an expensive toy. You can save a lot by spending just a few hundred dollars instead of a thousand, adding to them own strength and time, and make a Segway yourself. This is not an easy task, but it is quite possible! Interestingly, today Segways are used not only for entertainment - in the United States they are used by postal workers, golfers and, most strikingly, experienced Steadicam operators.

You can get acquainted with the detailed almost hour-long instructions - however, it is in English.

If you doubt that you have understood everything correctly, below are the instructions in Russian - to get a general idea.

Non-Newtonian fluid allows you to do a lot of fun experiments. It's absolutely safe and exciting. A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid whose viscosity depends on the nature of the external influence. It can be made by mixing water with starch (one to two). Do you think it's easy? Not so. The “tricks” of a non-Newtonian fluid begin already in the process of its creation. Further more.

If you take a handful of it, it will look like polyurethane foam. If you start throwing it up, it will move like it’s alive. Relax your hand and it will begin to flow. Squeeze it into a fist and it will become hard. She "dances" if you bring her to powerful speakers, but you can also dance on it if you mix enough of it. In general, it’s better to see it once!

Do you love physics? You love experiment? The world of physics is waiting for you!
What could be more interesting than experiments in physics? And, of course, the simpler the better!
These exciting experiments will help you see extraordinary phenomena light and sound, electricity and magnetism Everything necessary for the experiments is easy to find at home, and the experiments themselves simple and safe.
Your eyes are burning, your hands are itching!
Go ahead, explorers!

Robert Wood - a genius of experimentation.........
- Up or down? Rotating chain. Fingers of salt......... - Moon and diffraction. What color is the fog? Newton's rings......... - A top in front of the TV. Magic propeller. Ping-pong in the bath......... - Spherical aquarium - lens. Artificial mirage. Soap glasses......... - Eternal salt fountain. Fountain in a test tube. Rotating spiral......... - Condensation in a jar. Where is the water vapor? Water engine........ - Popping egg. An overturned glass. Swirl in a cup. Heavy newspaper.........
- IO-IO toy. Salt pendulum. Paper dancers. Electric dance.........
- The mystery of ice cream. Which water will freeze faster? It's frosty, but the ice is melting! .......... - Let's make a rainbow. A mirror that doesn't confuse. Microscope made from a drop of water.........
- The snow creaks. What will happen to the icicles? Snow flowers......... - Interaction of sinking objects. Ball is touchable.........
- Who is faster? Reactive balloon. Air carousel......... - Bubbles from a funnel. Green hedgehog. Without opening the bottles......... - Spark plug motor. Bump or hole? A moving rocket. Divergent rings.........
- Multi-colored balls. Sea resident. Balancing egg.........
- Electric motor in 10 seconds. Gramophone..........
- Boil, cool......... - Waltzing dolls. Flame on paper. Robinson's feather.........
- Faraday experiment. Segner wheel. Nutcrackers......... - Dancer in the mirror. Silver plated egg. Trick with matches......... - Oersted's experience. Roller coaster. Don't drop it! ..........

Body weight. Weightlessness.
Experiments with weightlessness. Weightless water. How to reduce your weight.........

Elastic force
- Jumping grasshopper. Jumping ring. Elastic coins..........
Friction
- Reel-crawler..........
- Drowned thimble. Obedient ball. We measure friction. Funny monkey. Vortex rings.........
- Rolling and sliding. Rest friction. The acrobat is doing a cartwheel. Brake in the egg.........
Inertia and inertia
- Take out the coin. Experiments with bricks. Wardrobe experience. Experience with matches. Inertia of the coin. Hammer experience. Circus experience with a jar. Experiment with a ball.........
- Experiments with checkers. Domino experience. Experiment with an egg. Ball in a glass. Mysterious skating rink.........
- Experiments with coins. Water hammer. Outsmarting inertia.........
- Experience with boxes. Experience with checkers. Coin experience. Catapult. Inertia of an apple.........
- Experiments with rotational inertia. Experiment with a ball.........

Mechanics. Laws of mechanics
- Newton's first law. Newton's third law. Action and reaction. Law of conservation of momentum. Quantity of movement.........

Jet propulsion
- Jet shower. Experiments with jet spinners: air spinner, jet balloon, ether spinner, Segner wheel..........
- Balloon rocket. Multistage rocket. Pulse ship. Jet boat..........

Free fall
-Which is faster.........

Circular movement
- Centrifugal force. Easier on turns. Experience with the ring.........

Rotation
- Gyroscopic toys. Clark's top. Greig's top. Lopatin's flying top. Gyroscopic machine.........
- Gyroscopes and tops. Experiments with a gyroscope. Experience with a top. Wheel experience. Coin experience. Riding a bike without hands. Boomerang experience.........
- Experiments with invisible axes. Experience with paper clips. Rotation matchbox. Slalom on paper.........
- Rotation changes shape. Cool or damp. Dancing egg. How to put a match.........
- When the water does not pour out. A bit of a circus. Experiment with a coin and a ball. When the water pours out. Umbrella and separator..........

Statics. Equilibrium. Center of gravity
- Vanka-stand up. Mysterious nesting doll.........
- Center of gravity. Equilibrium. Center of gravity height and mechanical stability. Base area and balance. Obedient and naughty egg..........
- Center of gravity of a person. Balance of forks. Fun swing. A diligent sawyer. Sparrow on a branch.........
- Center of gravity. Pencil competition. Experience with unstable balance. Human balance. Stable pencil. Knife at the top. Experience with a ladle. Experience with a saucepan lid.........

Structure of matter
- Fluid model. What gases does air consist of? Highest density of water. Density tower. Four floors.........
- Plasticity of ice. A nut that has come out. Properties of non-Newtonian fluid. Growing crystals. Properties of water and eggshell..........

Thermal expansion
- Expansion of a solid. Lapped plugs. Needle extension. Thermal scales. Separating glasses. Rusty screw. The board is in pieces. Ball expansion. Coin expansion.........
- Expansion of gas and liquid. Heating the air. Sounding coin. Water pipe and mushrooms. Heating water. Warming up the snow. Dry from the water. The glass is creeping.........

Surface tension of a liquid. Wetting
- Plateau experience. Darling's experience. Wetting and non-wetting. Floating razor.........
- Attraction of traffic jams. Sticking to water. A miniature Plateau experience. Bubble..........
- Live fish. Paperclip experience. Experiments with detergents. Colored streams. Rotating spiral.........

Capillary phenomena
- Experience with a blotter. Experiment with pipettes. Experience with matches. Capillary pump.........

Bubble
- Hydrogen soap bubbles. Scientific preparation. Bubble in a jar. Colored rings. Two in one..........

Energy
- Transformation of energy. Bent strip and ball. Tongs and sugar. Photo exposure meter and photo effect.........
- Conversion of mechanical energy into thermal energy. Propeller experience. Bogatyr in a thimble..........

Thermal conductivity
- Experiment with an iron nail. Experience with wood. Experience with glass. Experiment with spoons. Coin experience. Thermal conductivity of porous bodies. Thermal conductivity of gas.........

Heat
-Which is colder. Heating without fire. Absorption of heat. Radiation of heat. Evaporative cooling. Experiment with an extinguished candle. Experiments with the outer part of the flame..........

Radiation. Energy transfer
- Transfer of energy by radiation. Experiments with solar energy.........

Convection
- Weight is a heat regulator. Experience with stearin. Creating traction. Experience with scales. Experience with a turntable. Pinwheel on a pin..........

Aggregate states.
- Experiments with soap bubbles in the cold. Crystallization
- Frost on the thermometer. Evaporation from the iron. We regulate the boiling process. Instant crystallization. growing crystals. Making ice. Cutting ice. Rain in the kitchen.........
- Water freezes water. Ice castings. We create a cloud. Let's make a cloud. We boil the snow. Ice bait. How to get hot ice.........
- Growing crystals. Salt crystals. Golden crystals. Large and small. Peligo's experience. Experience-focus. Metal crystals.........
- Growing crystals. Copper crystals. Fairytale beads. Halite patterns. Homemade frost.........
- Paper pan. Dry ice experiment. Experience with socks.........

Gas laws
- Experience on the Boyle-Mariotte law. Experiment on Charles's law. Let's check the Clayperon equation. Let's check Gay-Lusac's law. Ball trick. Once again about the Boyle-Mariotte law..........

Engines
- Steam engine. The experience of Claude and Bouchereau.........
- Water turbine. Steam turbine. Wind engine. Water wheel. Hydro turbine. Windmill toys.........

Pressure
- Pressure of a solid body. Punching a coin with a needle. Cutting through ice.........
- Siphon - Tantalus vase..........
- Fountains. The simplest fountain. Three fountains. Fountain in a bottle. Fountain on the table.........
- Atmosphere pressure. Bottle experience. Egg in a decanter. Can sticking. Experience with glasses. Experience with a can. Experiments with a plunger. Flattening the can. Experiment with test tubes.........
- Vacuum pump made from blotting paper. Air pressure. Instead of the Magdeburg hemispheres. A diving bell glass. Carthusian diver. Punished curiosity.........
- Experiments with coins. Experiment with an egg. Experience with a newspaper. School gum suction cup. How to empty a glass.........
- Pumps. Spray..........
- Experiments with glasses. The mysterious property of radishes. Experience with a bottle.........
- Naughty plug. What is pneumatics? Experiment with a heated glass. How to lift a glass with your palm.........
- Cold boiling water. How much does water weigh in a glass? Determine lung volume. Resistant funnel. How to pierce a balloon without it bursting..........
- Hygrometer. Hygroscope. Barometer from a cone......... - Barometer. Aneroid barometer - do it yourself. Balloon barometer. The simplest barometer......... - Barometer from a light bulb.......... - Air barometer. Water barometer. Hygrometer..........

Communicating vessels
- Experience with the painting.........

Archimedes' law. Buoyancy force. Floating bodies
- Three balls. The simplest submarine. Grape experiment. Does iron float.........
- Ship's draft. Does the egg float? Cork in a bottle. Water candlestick. Sinks or floats. Especially for drowning people. Experience with matches. Amazing egg. Does the plate sink? The mystery of the scales.........
- Float in a bottle. Obedient fish. Pipette in a bottle - Cartesian diver..........
- Ocean level. Boat on the ground. Will the fish drown? Stick scales.........
- Archimedes' Law. Live toy fish. Bottle level.........

Bernoulli's law
- Experience with a funnel. Experiment with water jet. Ball experiment. Experience with scales. Rolling cylinders. stubborn leaves.........
- Bendable sheet. Why doesn't he fall? Why does the candle go out? Why doesn't the candle go out? The air flow is to blame.........

Simple mechanisms
- Block. Pulley hoist.........
- Lever of the second type. Pulley hoist.........
- Lever arm. Gate. Lever scales.........

Oscillations
- Pendulum and bicycle. Pendulum and Earth. A fun duel. Unusual pendulum..........
- Torsion pendulum. Experiments with a swinging top. Rotating pendulum.........
- Experiment with the Foucault pendulum. Addition of vibrations. Experiment with Lissajous figures. Resonance of pendulums. Hippopotamus and bird.........
- Fun swing. Oscillations and resonance.........
- Fluctuations. Forced vibrations. Resonance. Seize the moment.........

Sound
- Gramophone - do it yourself..........
- Physics musical instruments. String. Magic bow. Ratchet. Singing glasses. Bottlephone. From bottle to organ.........
- Doppler effect. Sound lens. Chladni's experiments.........
- Sound waves. Propagation of sound.........
- Sounding glass. Flute made from straw. The sound of a string. Reflection of sound.........
- Phone made from a matchbox. Telephone exchange.........
- Singing combs. Spoon ringing. Singing glass.........
- Singing water. Shy wire.........
- Sound oscilloscope..........
- Ancient sound recording. Cosmic voices.........
- Hear the heartbeat. Glasses for ears. Shock wave or firecracker..........
- Sing with me. Resonance. Sound through the bone.........
- Tuning fork. A storm in a teacup. Louder sound.........
- My strings. Changing the pitch of the sound. Ding Ding. Crystal clear.........
- We make the ball squeak. Kazoo. Singing bottles. Choral singing..........
- Intercom. Gong. Crowing glass.........
- Let's blow out the sound. Stringed instrument. Small hole. Blues on bagpipes..........
- Sounds of nature. Singing straw. Maestro, march.........
- A speck of sound. What's in the bag? Sound on the surface. Day of disobedience.........
- Sound waves. Visual sound. Sound helps you see.........

Electrostatics
- Electrification. Electric panty. Electricity is repellent. Dance of soap bubbles. Electricity on combs. The needle is a lightning rod. Electrification of the thread.........
- Bouncing balls. Interaction of charges. Sticky ball.........
- Experience with a neon light bulb. Flying bird. Flying butterfly. An animated world.........
- Electric spoon. St. Elmo's Fire. Electrification of water. Flying cotton wool. Electrification of a soap bubble. Loaded frying pan.........
- Electrification of the flower. Experiments on human electrification. Lightning on the table.........
- Electroscope. Electric Theater. Electric cat. Electricity attracts.........
- Electroscope. Bubble. Fruit battery. Fighting gravity. Battery of galvanic cells. Connect the coils.........
- Turn the arrow. Balancing on the edge. Repelling nuts. Turn on the light.........
- Amazing tapes. Radio signal. Static separator. Jumping grains. Static rain.........
- Film wrapper. Magic figurines. Influence of air humidity. Revived door knob. Sparkling clothes.........
- Charging from a distance. Rolling ring. Crackling and clicking sounds. Magic wand..........
- Everything can be charged. Positive charge. Attraction of bodies. Static glue. Charged plastic. Ghost leg.........

In school physics lessons, teachers always say that physical phenomena are everywhere in our lives. Only we often forget about this. Meanwhile, amazing things are nearby! Don't think that you need anything extravagant to organize physical experiments at home. And here's some proof for you ;)

Magnetic pencil

What needs to be prepared?

• Battery.
• Thick pencil.
• Insulated copper wire with a diameter of 0.2–0.3 mm and a length of several meters (the longer, the better).
• Scotch.

Conducting the experiment

Wind the wire tightly, turn to turn, around the pencil, 1 cm short of its edges. When one row ends, wind another on top in the opposite direction. And so on until all the wire runs out. Don’t forget to leave two ends of the wire, 8–10 cm each, free. To prevent the turns from unwinding after winding, secure them with tape. Strip the free ends of the wire and connect them to the battery contacts.

What happened?

It turned out to be a magnet! Try bringing small iron objects to it - a paper clip, a hairpin. They are attracted!

Lord of Water

What needs to be prepared?

• A plexiglass stick (for example, a student’s ruler or a regular plastic comb).
• A dry cloth made of silk or wool (for example, a wool sweater).

Conducting the experiment

Open the tap so that a thin stream of water flows. Rub the stick or comb vigorously on the prepared cloth. Quickly bring the stick closer to the stream of water without touching it.

What will happen?

The stream of water will bend in an arc, being attracted to the stick. Try the same thing with two sticks and see what happens.

Top

What needs to be prepared?

• Paper, needle and eraser.
• A stick and a dry woolen cloth from previous experience.

Conducting the experiment

You can control more than just water! Cut a strip of paper 1–2 cm wide and 10–15 cm long, bend it along the edges and in the middle, as shown in the picture. Insert the sharp end of the needle into the eraser. Balance the top workpiece on the needle. Prepare a “magic wand”, rub it on a dry cloth and bring it to one of the ends of the paper strip from the side or top without touching it.

What will happen?

The strip will swing up and down like a swing, or spin like a carousel. And if you can cut a butterfly out of thin paper, the experience will be even more interesting.

Ice and fire

(the experiment is carried out on a sunny day)

What needs to be prepared?

• A small cup with a round bottom.
• A piece of dry paper.

Conducting the experiment

Pour water into a cup and place it in the freezer. When the water turns to ice, remove the cup and place it in a container of hot water. After some time, the ice will separate from the cup. Now go out onto the balcony, place a piece of paper on the stone floor of the balcony. Use a piece of ice to focus the sun on a piece of paper.

What will happen?

The paper should be charred, because it’s not just ice in your hands anymore... Did you guess that you made a magnifying glass?

Wrong mirror

What needs to be prepared?

• A transparent jar with a tight-fitting lid.
• Mirror.

Conducting the experiment

Fill the jar with excess water and close the lid to prevent air bubbles from getting inside. Place the jar with the lid facing up against the mirror. Now you can look in the “mirror”.

Bring your face closer and look inside. There will be a thumbnail image. Now start tilting the jar to the side without lifting it from the mirror.

What will happen?

The reflection of your head in the jar, of course, will also tilt until it turns upside down, and your legs will still not be visible. Lift the can and the reflection will turn over again.

Cocktail with bubbles

What needs to be prepared?

• Glass with strong solution table salt.
• A battery from a flashlight.
• Two pieces of copper wire approximately 10 cm long.
• Fine sandpaper.

Conducting the experiment

Clean the ends of the wire with fine sandpaper. Connect one end of the wire to each pole of the battery. Dip the free ends of the wires into a glass with the solution.

What happened?

Bubbles will rise near the lowered ends of the wire.

Lemon battery

What needs to be prepared?

• Lemon, thoroughly washed and wiped dry.
• Two pieces of insulated copper wire approximately 0.2–0.5 mm thick and 10 cm long.
• Steel paper clip.
• A light bulb from a flashlight.

Conducting the experiment

Strip the opposite ends of both wires at a distance of 2–3 cm. Insert a paper clip into the lemon and screw the end of one of the wires to it. Insert the end of the second wire into the lemon, 1–1.5 cm from the paperclip. To do this, first pierce the lemon in this place with a needle. Take the two free ends of the wires and apply them to the contacts of the light bulb.

What will happen?

The light will light up!

Municipal educational institution "Secondary" comprehensive school No. 2" Babynino village

Babyninsky district, Kaluga region

X research conference

“Gifted children are the future of Russia”

Project "Physics with your own hands"

Prepared by the students

7 "B" class Larkova Victoria

7 "B" class Kalinicheva Maria

Head Kochanova E.V.

Babynino village, 2018

Table of contents

Introduction page 3

Theoretical part p.5

experimental part

Fountain model p.6

Communicating vessels page 9

Conclusion page 11

References page 13

Introduction

This academic year we plunged into the world of a very complex but interesting science that is necessary for every person. From the first lessons we were fascinated by physics; we wanted to learn more and more new things. Physics is not only physical quantities, formulas, laws, but also experiments. Physical experiments can be done with anything: pencils, glasses, coins, plastic bottles.

Physics is an experimental science, so creating instruments with your own hands contributes to a better understanding of laws and phenomena. Many different questions arise when studying each topic. The teacher, of course, can answer them, but how interesting and exciting it is to get the answers yourself, especially using hand-made instruments.

Relevance: Making instruments not only helps to increase the level of knowledge, but is one of the ways to activate cognitive and project activities students when studying physics in primary school. On the other hand, such work serves good example socially useful work: successfully made homemade devices can significantly supplement the equipment of a school office. It is possible and necessary to make devices on site on your own. Homemade devices also have another value: their production, on the one hand, develops in the teacher and students practical skills and skills, and on the other hand, indicates creative work.Target: Make a device, a physics installation to demonstrate physical experiments with your own hands, explain its principle of operation, demonstrate the operation of the device.
Tasks:

1. Study scientific and popular literature.

2. Learn to apply scientific knowledge to explain physical phenomena.

3. Make devices at home and demonstrate their operation.

4. Replenishment of the physics classroom with homemade devices made from scrap materials.

Hypothesis: Use the made device, a physics installation for demonstrating physical phenomena with your own hands in the lesson.

Project product: DIY devices, demonstration of experiments.

Project result: interest of students, the formation of their idea that physics as a science is not divorced from real life, development of motivation for learning physics.

Research methods: analysis, observation, experiment.

The work was carried out according to following diagram:

Studying information from various sources on this issue.

Selection of research methods and practical mastery of them.

Collecting your own material – assembling available materials, conducting experiments.

Analysis and formulation of conclusions.

I . Main part

Physics is the science of nature. She studies phenomena that occur in space, in the bowels of the earth, on the earth, and in the atmosphere - in a word, everywhere. Such phenomena are called physical phenomena. When observing an unfamiliar phenomenon, physicists try to understand how and why it occurs. If, for example, a phenomenon occurs quickly or occurs rarely in nature, physicists strive to see it as many times as necessary in order to identify the conditions under which it occurs and establish the corresponding patterns. If possible, scientists reproduce the phenomenon being studied in a specially equipped room - a laboratory. They try not only to examine the phenomenon, but also to make measurements. Scientists – physicists – call all this experience or experiment.

We were inspired by the idea of ​​making our own devices. Carrying out our scientific fun at home, we developed basic actions that allow you to conduct the experiment successfully:

Home experiments must meet the following requirements:

Safety during carrying out;

Minimum material costs;

Ease of implementation;

Value in learning and understanding physics.

We conducted several experiments on various topics in the 7th grade physics course. Let's present some of them, interesting and at the same time easy to implement.

Experimental part.

Fountain model

Target: Show the simplest model fountain

Equipment:

Large plastic bottle - 5 liters, small plastic bottle - 0.6 liters, cocktail straw, piece of plastic.

Progress of the experiment

We bend the tube at the base with the letter G.

Secure it with a small piece of plastic.

Cut a small hole in a three-liter bottle.

Cut off the bottom of a small bottle.

Secure the small bottle into the large one using a cap, as shown in the photo.

Insert the tube into the cap of a small bottle. Secure with plasticine.

Cut a hole in the cap of a large bottle.

Let's pour water into a bottle.

Let's watch the flow of water.

Result : We observe the formation of a water fountain.

Conclusion: The water in the tube is affected by the pressure of the liquid column in the bottle. The more water in the bottle, the larger the fountain will be, since the pressure depends on the height of the liquid column.

Communicating vessels

Equipment: top parts from plastic bottles different sections, rubber tube.

Let's cut off the top parts of plastic bottles, 15-20cm high.

We connect the parts together with a rubber tube.

Progress of experiment No. 1

Target : show the location of the surface of a homogeneous liquid in communicating vessels.

1.Pour water into one of the resulting vessels.

2. We see that the water in the vessels is at the same level.

Conclusion: in communicating vessels of any shape, the surfaces of a homogeneous liquid are set at the same level (provided that the air pressure above the liquid is the same).

Progress of experiment No. 2

1. Let’s observe the behavior of the surface of water in vessels filled with different liquids. Pour the same amount of water and detergent into communicating vessels.

2. We see that the liquids in the vessels are at different levels.

Conclusion : in communicating vessels, heterogeneous liquids are established at different levels.

Conclusion

It is interesting to observe the experiment conducted by the teacher. Carrying it out yourself is doubly interesting.The experiment carried out with a hand-made device arouses great interest among the whole class. Such experiments help to better understand the material, establish connections and draw the right conclusions.

We conducted a survey among seventh grade students and found out whether physics lessons with experiments are more interesting, and whether our classmates would like to make a device with their own hands. The results turned out like this:

Most students believe that physics lessons become more interesting with experiments.

More than half of the surveyed classmates would like to make instruments for physics lessons.

We enjoyed making homemade instruments and conducting experiments. There are so many interesting things in the world of physics, so in the future we will:

Continue studying this interesting science;

Conduct new experiments.

Bibliography

1. L. Galpershtein “Funny Physics”, Moscow, “Children’s Literature”, 1993.

Teaching equipment for physics in high school. Edited by A.A. Pokrovsky “Enlightenment”, 2014

2. Textbook on physics by A. V. Peryshkina, E. M. Gutnik “Physics” for grade 7; 2016

3. ME AND. Perelman “Entertaining tasks and experiments”, Moscow, “Children’s Literature”, 2015.

4. Physics: Reference materials: O.F. Kabardin Textbook for students. – 3rd ed. – M.: Education, 2014.

5.//class-fizika.spb.ru/index.php/opit/659-op-davsif