Presentation of work experience on the Russian Izba project. Peasant hut
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Project passport Type of project: collective, educational - creative. Project implementation: September 2014 - April 2015 Project participants: children senior group No. 14, teacher Maslova N.L., assistant teacher Fayzulina N.I., parents. Integration educational activities: "Safety"; "Cognition"; “Communication” “Reading fiction” “ Artistic creativity» “Theatrical Dramatization” “Musical Perception”
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Abstract This project covers the following topics: “Decoration of a Russian hut”; “The way of life of the Russian people”; "Ancient roots of folk art"; “Decorative and applied arts in human life”; "Folk Crafts"; " Folk traditions and customs of the Russian people" Practical work allows students to deeply understand the topics and expand lexicon: “The inner world of the Russian hut”, “Design and decoration of folk household items”, “Folk costume”, “Folk folklore in theatrical dramatization”
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The goal of the project is to promote the formation of a personal culture in children, to introduce them to the rich cultural heritage of the Russian people, to lay a solid foundation for children to master the national culture based on familiarity with the life and way of life of the Russian people, their character, their inherent moral values, traditions, and characteristics of the material and spiritual environment.
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Project objectives *Arouse children's interest and respect for the history, culture, and language of the Russian people; *Introduce children to in different forms oral folklore *Introduce children to the peculiarities of folk life; *Instill in children pride in their country and its history; * Expand children's horizons and vocabulary when getting acquainted with Russian huts and household items, traditions of the Russian people; * Develop children's coherent speech when describing everyday objects, composing stories, riddles about holidays, traditions, conducting excursions; *Develop the expressive side of speech when telling nursery rhymes, chants, songs; *Introduce children to different types of folk art; *Develop the artistic and creative abilities of children. * Implement an integrated approach to the moral and patriotic education of preschool children;
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Sections project activities
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Sections of project activities
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Sections of project activities
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Sections of project activities
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Sections of project activities
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Sections of project activities
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Sections of project activities
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Sections of project activities
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Sections of project activities
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Project activity plan September *Creation of a mini museum in a group on the topic of the project. *Parental participation in the creation of a mini museum.* Collection of information and illustrative aids on the topic of the project. *Conversations with children about life, way of life, holidays, customs of the Russian people, as a means of fostering patriotic education. *View the presentations “Russian Hut”. October *Conversation with children “Safety in wooden house» *Visit to the “Russian Izba” museum on the basis of joint venture No. 1 *Visit to the “Russian Izba” museum on the basis of joint venture No. 5 * Compilation of creative stories “What we saw in the museum” * Reading of Russian folk tales, nursery rhymes, sayings. * View the presentation “Russian folk costume”
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Project activity plan November *Open-integrated lesson on speech development “Russian Izba”. *Acquaintance with folk decorative and applied arts. “Khokhloma”, “Filimonovskaya toy”, “Dymkovo toy”, “Bogorodskaya carved toy” *Painting spoons using the “Khokhloma” technique December *Conversation on the topic “Traditions and celebration of the New Year by the Russian people” *Introducing children to folk music (listening Russian folk songs) *Use of Russian and folk costume items in the staging of the New Year's matinee.
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Project activity plan January *Watching animated films showing a Russian hut and its interior: “Two Maples”, “At the Command of the Pike”, Silver Hoof”. *Reading fiction: The fairy tale “Porridge from an Axe”, “Russian Matryoshka” by S. Zhulkova, “Motley Round Dance” by E. Gulyg, “Cat’s House” by S.Ya Marshak. * Retelling of Russian folk tale“Porridge from an axe” based on illustrations from a fairy tale. February * Conversation on the topic “Spring holidays in Rus'” * Introducing children to folk art (chants, nursery rhymes, ditties) * Quiz “Russian Izba”
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Project activity plan March *Conversation with children Russian folk costume for different segments of the Russian population. *Examination of illustrations and paintings depicting Russian folk color in clothing. * Use of Russian folk costumes, utensils, musical accompaniment, poetic form of presenting material at the matinee for the holiday of March 8th. April *Systematize and summarize knowledge on the project topic. *Creation of the encyclopedia book “Russian Izba” *Creation of the folder “Our works”
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Only those who love, appreciate, and respect what has been accumulated and preserved by the previous generation can love our homeland, having gotten to know it, and become a true patriot. S. Mikhalkov.
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Our mini museum in group No. 14
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Museum "Russian Izba" on the basis of preschool No. 1
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Open integrated lesson on speech development “Russian Izba”
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Goal: To foster a sense of patriotism and love for the homeland. To introduce preschoolers to the culture and traditions of the Russian people. Expand children's ideas preschool age about the life of the Russian people. Activate children's cognitive and creative activities. Objectives: To introduce children to household items of the Russian people. To consolidate knowledge about the life and way of life of the Russian people, household items and household utensils. To develop children's visual skills and abilities in painting household utensils. Visual material for creating interior decoration Russian hut: Russian stove, iron, spinning wheel, chest, ruble, stag, samovar, cast iron, clay bowls, jug, mugs, benches, table. Summary of an integrated lesson on speech development “Russian Izba”
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Progress of the lesson On the table there is a model of a Russian hut, figurines of men, a painted scarf, beads, embroidered napkins, bast shoes, wooden Toys: matryoshka, bear. The teacher asks the children to look carefully and remember who these things belong to, who lived in such houses and what material they are made of. Educator: Russia is our homeland, which has its own history, traditions, way of life. Educator: Guys, what country do we live in? Children: In Russia Educator: For a long time in Rus', houses were built from wood - logs. Why do you think? Children's answers. Today I invite you to travel many years ago and see with your own eyes how the Russian people lived. Will help me with this Magic wand, and we will go on a visit to a Russian village. Educator: Guys, let's get up from our chairs, hold hands and close our eyes. I will say the magic words and we will go on a journey.
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I’ll take a wand in my hands, I’ll call on magic, a miracle will come to visit us, take us back to the old days. Educator. Here we are at the threshold, it turns out there was a risk of tripping when entering the hut! Do you know why? The hut had a high threshold and a low lintel. This is how the peasants protected the warmth and tried not to let it out. Alyonushka: Oh, you can hear noise and laughter outside the window - guests are coming! Sports exercise “Step over and don’t hit me” (2nd tapes “threshold” and “lintel”) Educator: Guys, do you know why else when people entered a house through the threshold they leaned over, not only to avoid hitting themselves, they bowed to the house they were entering, greeted him. Alyonushka: Come, invited and welcome guests. (bow) Educator: Here we are in a Russian hut. Alyonushka: Dear guests, why did you come and where are you coming from? Children's answers
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Alyonushka: Well, since you came specifically to find out how we live, then I’ll tell you. The central place in a Russian hut is occupied by the stove. The stove was placed so that it was well lit, and away from the wall to prevent a fire. The space between the wall and the stove is called the “bake”. There the housewife kept the tools necessary for work: grips, a poker, a scoop. There were cast irons and pots on a pole near the stove. There is firewood in the niche under the pole. Guys, why do you need firewood in a hut? Children's answers. Alyonushka: What do you use to heat your houses? Children's answers. Alyonushka: Oh guys, boys and girls, I have a lot of things to do around the house: go get water, light the stove, cook dinner, spin yarn, wash canvases, rock the baby, but she doesn’t have an assistant. What to do? Children's answers. Alyonushka: I am glad of your help! Alyonushka: Where do we start? Let's start with the place in the Russian hut, where the housewife worked, prepared food, washed, and bathed the children. This place was called "woman's kut". Children's answers.
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Alyonushka: Correct! this place is near the Russian stove. There were many shelves near the stove; on the shelves along the walls there were various dishes. (milk bowls, clay and wooden bowls, salt shakers) Display of museum exhibits. Children's answers. Alyonushka: Tell me guys, what materials were the dishes made from? And if this is pottery, who made it? Children's answers. Alyonushka: Guys, what else was a Russian stove in the hut for? Children's answers. Alyonushka: Guys, my mother ordered me to cook cabbage soup for dinner and I will need your help. Are you ready to help me? Children's answers. Alyonushka: Tell me where should I start? light the stove, bring water, put the vegetables in the cast iron and put it in the stove to cook? Alyonushka: What do we cook food in now and in what dishes? Children's answers. Alyonushka: It’s hot, hot in the oven, how can we put the cast iron with cabbage soup in the oven, and then take it out? What item will help us? Children are looking for a grip (museum exhibit display)
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Alyonushka: Oh guys, look what it’s standing on the Shostka, what do you think? (display of a museum exhibit - a cast iron iron). Children's answers. Alyonushka: Do you know how to iron them? Children's answers. Alyonushka: That's right guys! We need coals to heat the iron. Does anyone know how I can get coals out of the oven? Children's answers. Alyonushka: Thank you, well done! told me. And when I iron, where do you think I will put the ironed linen? Children's answers. (chest. We put things in the chest) Alyonushka: Well done guys! We coped with this task too. Oh guys, while you and I were working, my little sister woke up in the cradle and started crying? Alyonushka: We need to rock him to sleep and sing a lullaby. Guys, we need our help again! Let's sing a lullaby to my little sister.
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I bay, bay, bay, my baby. Come, cat, spend the night, rock our baby. Just like I am a cat, I’ll pay you for your work: I’ll give you a piece of pie and a jug of milk. You eat, drink, don’t crumble, don’t ask for more, cat. Alyonushka: Hey, helpers! Wow, well done! We did a great job with you. Behind Good work, you are welcome to the table. Guys, the place where the table, benches and icon were located was called “Red Corner”, which means beautiful. It was here that guests were received and dined. Alyonushka: Guys, do you know the proverbs about hospitality. Children's answers. Alyonushka: “What’s in the oven, all the swords on the table.” “The hut is not red in its corners, but red in its pies.” Alyonushka: You did a good job! Tired? Children's answers
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Alyonushka: Sit down and relax. Now I’ll ask my magic cat to tell riddles, he’s a master at this. (brings the wizard cat) Hands on hips, like a boss, He gets up on the table before everyone else, He makes his own stove, and he brews the kettle himself, He pours it himself. Children's answers - (samovar) If you want to drink tea - So get me, A beautiful cutie, All in flowers, with a saucer... (cup) If I'm empty, I don't forget about myself, But when I carry food, I don't pass my mouth I'll pass. (Spoon) Round, deep, Smooth, wide, twisted by a potter, fired in the oven, Low from a jug Clay...(bowl)
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Alyonushka: Well done guys! I would like to invite you to play the Russian folk game “Bells”. Number of players: any, stand in a circle, choose “blind man’s buff” and “bell” Additionally: bell Children stand in a circle. Two people come out into the middle - one with a bell or bell, the other with a blindfold. Everyone sings: Tryntsy-bryntsy, bells, The daredevils are ringing: Digi-digi-digi-don, Guess where the ringing comes from! Educator: We worked hard and played well! But we need to say goodbye to Alyonushka. The children say goodbye to Alyonushka. Alyonushka: Oh, guys, wait, I wanted to ask you one more thing! Guests often come to my house, but I don’t have enough spoons for everyone. I would like to ask you to paint me some beautiful spoons for my wonderful home.
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Conclusion Museum pedagogy is a symbiosis of the creative activity of a teacher who introduces preschoolers to local history, way of life, way of life, traditions of the Russian people, and folk applied arts.
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*Introducing children to subjects of folk art and decorative arts, everyday life, and the way of life of the Russian people have a beneficial effect on the development of children's creativity and the development of coherent speech. *The nature of folk art, its emotionality, decorativeness, diversity - effective means for the development of mental activity in children, speech development and comprehensive development of the child as a whole.
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*The creativity of folk craftsmen cultivates aesthetic taste in children, forms spiritual needs, feelings of patriotism, and national pride. * Folk toys stimulate children to act independently. The knowledge gained in the process of classes and games with objects of folk art expands the possibilities of independent activity of children in all areas of educational activity.
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The result of the “Russian Izba” project *The teacher and parents collected visual material, fiction to familiarize children with the traditions of Russian life, folk crafts, and ancient Russian holidays. * A mini museum was created in the group with the participation of parents. *Children have developed a deeper knowledge of the history of Russian folk life, respect and interest in the history of their homeland and the traditions of the Russian people.
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* In the process of project activities, children in free form acquired information about different types Russian hut, its structure, household items, tools, crafts, folk costume and traditions of the Russian people. * Children's vocabulary has been enriched with words rarely used in modern life. (platbands, log house, dugout, chimney, splinter, lintel, pitchfork, sickle, ruble, stag, cast iron, tuesok, jars, tub, ladle, cup, spinning wheel, spindle, etc.)
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Prepared by teacher Maslova Natalya Leonidovna Moscow 2015 Thank you for your attention
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Izba- Russian wooden log house, in the narrow sense - a heated room (Old Russian “istba”, “istobka”, mentioned in chronicles from the 10th century).
Construction of a hut
The construction of a house for a peasant was a significant event. At the same time, it was important for him not only to solve purely practical problem- to provide a roof over your head for yourself and your family, but also to organize your living space so that it is filled with the blessings of life, warmth, love and peace. And at the same time, every peasant believed in the traditions of their ancestors.
During construction, the location of the house was important. People believed that if a house was built on an “unfortunate place” (where there was a road, there was a bathhouse, where people were previously buried), then the inhabitants of the house would not have well-being, there would be quarrels, illnesses... A place that was lived in, that is, had stood the test of time, was considered happy. a place where people lived in complete prosperity.
Since ancient times in Rus', houses were built from wood. There were many reasons for this. Firstly, the Russian land has always been famous for its forests. That's why the wood was cheap.
Secondly, wood is easy to process, which means construction proceeds quickly. A team of carpenters could build a residential building in one daylight.
Besides wooden structures easily disassembled and transported to a new location. Finally, it is generally accepted that a wooden dwelling is more hygienic. It "breathes". It's always dry inside. Cool in summer, warm in winter. Scientists have found that in forty-degree frost, pine walls only 20 cm thick can protect you from the cold, while brick walls are needed three times thicker.
Material for construction. Selection of trees.
Craftsmen knew and appreciated the magnificent properties of wood:
low cost, ease of processing, strength, ability to retain heat, comparative durability. A wooden house is always dry, cool in summer, warm in winter.
Oak, is known to have very durable wood.
Enemies of the tree
Among the surviving wooden buildings there is not a single peasant hut older than the 19th century.
It is widely known that in the old days carpenters built houses without a single nail. Each of you tried to fold toy house from matches. Two matches are placed parallel, two more are placed across them, and so on. Gradually, something like a well or a tower grows. Ancient craftsmen built houses using the same principle. Stepping back a little from the end of the log, they cut out rounded depressions. The ends of transverse logs were inserted into them. As you can see, building walls without nails is not that difficult.
The roof is another matter. After all, in Rus' the roofs were made high, with steep slopes. The roof was made of hewn boards. Their lower end rested against the water tank gutter, and the upper end was pressed against a heavy log. The carpenter often gave its end the shape of a horse's head. This is where the name “pipit” comes from. For the Russian peasant, the horse was an ancient symbol of the sun. Therefore, the horse on the roof became a solar sign, protecting the house and the people living in it.
ROOF CONSTRUCTION DIAGRAM:
1 - gutter,
2 – horse, idiot,
3 - Stamik,
4 - slightly,
5 - flint,
6 - prince's leg,
7 - widespread,
8 - male,
9 - fall,
10 - prichelina,
11 - chicken,
12 - pass,
13 - bull,
14 - oppression.
General form huts
The floor in the hut was sometimes made of earth, but more often - wooden, raised above the ground on beams-logs, cut into lower crown. In this case, a hole was made in the floor into a shallow underground cellar.
A kind of hallway was often attached to the hut - a canopy about 2 m wide. Sometimes, however, the canopy was significantly expanded and a stable for livestock was built in it. The canopy was also used in other ways. In the spacious, neat entryway they kept property, made something in bad weather, and in the summer they could, for example, put guests to sleep there. Archaeologists call such a dwelling “two-chamber,” meaning that it has two rooms.
According to written sources, starting from the 10th century, unheated extensions to huts - cages - became widespread. They communicated again through the entryway. The cage served as a summer bedroom, a year-round storage room, and in winter - a kind of “refrigerator”.
The usual roof of Russian houses was made of wood, planks, shingles or shingles.
THREE-PART STRUCTURE OF THE HUT
The first tier is the land of the ancestors (basement, or basement, underground) - the underground world.
The second tier is where people live (part of the log house below the pediment) - the world of people.
3. The third tier - the vault of heaven (roof, pediment) - the sky.
The ancient Russian builder humanized his home. Likened him to a living person. And this was manifested in the names of the details of the hut, which have come down to us from the depths of centuries.
Listen to them! Firstly, the hut, like a person, has a face, and it is turned towards the road - the street. A street is a road that runs in front of houses. From the face of the hut, eyes - windows - look at the world. Windows, Eye, eyes are the same root words. But oko is a Slavic synonym for the word eye! Window - connection with big world, white light. The house looked at the world through windows - eyes; it connected the world of home life with the outside world. "Cutband" is a frame located around a window, often decorated with carvings or paintings. It was believed that images of animals, birds, and ornaments protect the peasant’s home from evil spirits. Platband is a decoration on the face of the house.
Finally, the front part of the hut - the pediment - is called the forehead (in Old Russian - forehead), and the side slats that frame gable roof along the façade there are piers. So, on the face of the house there is a forehead - a forehead, foreheads, eyes - windows. What about the mouth? The sound of the word door does not remind us of the word mouth! More often, instead of the word door, the word gate was used. Through the gate one entered the estate of a Russian peasant. The gate was the mouth that graced the face of the Russian hut.
The silhouette of the hut was crowned with a carved ridge
Horse, horse, princeling, prince - in Russian wooden architecture sculptural completion of the log crowning the roof - ohlupnya in the form of an image of a horse or bird
The pediment was decorated with carved valances, curtains and towels
Valance - carved board under the roof slope.
Towel - a carved board hanging from the junction of the piers.
Prichelina - a board covering the ends of the roof.
WINDOWS IN THE HOUSE
Until the 18th century in Rus' they did not know window glass. It was replaced by oiled canvas, or bull's bladder, and in the houses of rich people - mica.
Later, the windows began to be glazed; they were located in the house both close and far from each other, large and small nearby.
The planes of the walls were decorated with window frames Platband – decorative frame of a window opening.
CARVINGS IN THE HUT DECOR
Overlay thread
Slotted thread
Sculptural carving
Bas-relief
Purpose of the lesson: Purpose of the lesson: To form in students imaginative ideas about organization, the wisdom of human structure internal space huts Introduce the concept of interior, its features in peasant dwelling; form the concept of spiritual and material. Updating basic knowledge - What principles were used to decorate appearance peasant hut. - Why did people decorate their homes?
In a low light with a sash window, a lamp glows in the darkness of the night: The weak light either completely freezes, or showers the walls with trembling light. The new light is neatly tidied up: The window curtain is white in the darkness; The floor is planed smooth; the ceiling is level; The stove collapsed into a corner. Along the walls there are installations with ancient goods, a narrow bench covered with a carpet, a painted hoop with an extendable chair, and a carved bed with a colored canopy. L. May L. May
“The stove fed, gave water, treated and consoled, sometimes babies were born on it, and when a person became decrepit, it helped to withstand the brief death throes with dignity and calm down forever. A stove was needed at any age, in any condition, position. It cooled down along with the death of the entire family or home... The warmth that the stove breathed was akin to spiritual warmth.” “The stove fed, watered, treated and consoled, babies were sometimes born on it, and when a person became decrepit, it helped to withstand the short agony of death with dignity.” and calm down forever. A stove was needed at any age, in any condition, position. It cooled down along with the death of the entire family or home... The warmth that the stove breathed was akin to spiritual warmth.”
Yulia Cherkashina
Presentation for preschoolers “Life of a Russian hut”
A person’s entire life, from birth to death, is surrounded by everyday objects. What does this concept include? This includes furniture, dishes, clothing and much more.
A huge number of proverbs and sayings are associated with household items. They are talked about in fairy tales, poems are written about them and riddles are asked.
Today we will talk about household items in Rus', about which things and objects have left our lives, and which ones have changed their name.
Where did the name " Russian hut"?. Word "Izba" came from the word "isba" – "heating" – "to drown" - "heat".
Now you and I live in apartments. We have electricity, TV, internet. On kitchen-stove, microwave, Electric kettle. And before, people lived in huts.
In Rus' huts were built on the banks of rivers and lakes, because fishing was considered one of the important industries.
The place for construction was chosen very carefully. A new hut was never built on the site of the old one. A guide to choosing a location for huts served as domestic animals. Where the animal lies down to rest is the most favorable place for construction. The dwelling was made of wood, and talked: not to build a hut, but "cut down a house". They did this with the help of one ax, and later with a saw.
Huts made square or rectangular, one-story. Nothing extra.
The main decoration the huts had windows, so the shutters on the windows were carved and painted. They served not only as decoration, but also as protection from the sun, wind and thieves.
People believed that each hut had its own brownie - the patron of the house. If something bad happened in the hut, for example, things went missing, then it was attributed to the tricks of the brownie. They tried to fertilize it, placing a bowl of milk in a dark corner. If the milk disappeared, then the brownie accepted the gift and no longer played pranks, and, surprisingly, the things were found.
Inside the house everything was very simple - nothing superfluous, only the essentials for life.
Walls and ceilings in Russian huts were not painted. There was one room in the hut - the upper room, it was both a kitchen and a bedroom.
In the hut there were wooden household items - a table, benches, a cradle, and shelves for dishes. There could be colored rugs or runners on the floor.
The table occupied the main place in the house. The corner where he stood was called "red", that is, the most important, honorable. The table was covered with a tablecloth, and the whole family gathered around it. Everyone has their own place at the table. The central one was occupied by the head of the house - the owner.
Furniture in Russian hut: benches, a cupboard for dishes and a chest where clothes and valuables were stored.
The chest is an integral part of household items Russian people. They could be both large and small. The most important thing is that they must correspond to several requirements: spaciousness, strength, artistic design.
If a girl was born into the family, the mother began to collect her dowry, which was put into a chest. The girl getting married took him with her to her husband's house.
There was a large number of curious traditions associated with the chest. Here are some of them: girls were not allowed to give their chest to someone, otherwise they would not get married. During Maslenitsa it was impossible to open the chest. It was believed that this way you could release your wealth and luck.
IN "red corner" space was allocated for icons (images of saints).
Of course, the main place in the house was occupied by the stove. Good speech if there is a stove in the hut.
Without this item it is impossible to imagine the life of our distant ancestors. They cooked food in the stove, it warmed the home, especially in severe frosts they slept on the stove. Her warmth saved her from many diseases. Thanks to various shelves, dishes were stored here. Food prepared in Russian the oven is unusually tasty and aromatic. Here you can prepare rich soup and porridge, baked goods and more.
And most importantly, the oven is the place in the house around which people were constantly present.
It is no coincidence that Russians in fairy tales, the main characters either ride on it (Emelya) or sleep (Ilya Muromets).
In the oven they cooked food in cast iron - special, durable, heat-resistant cookware.
A poker is a household item that is directly related to the stove. When the firewood burned through, we moved the coals with a poker so that there were no unburned logs.
A grabber or stag was used to remove hot cast iron from the oven. This device was attached to a long stick-handle. Cast iron can be placed deeper into the oven without getting burned.
Water for tea drinking was boiled in a samovar. The samovar was cherished and passed on by inheritance.
Water for the samovar was brought in buckets using a rocker.
The cutlery was significantly different from what we were used to. Previously, spoons were wooden, but there were no forks at all.
Now we use iron spoons and forks.
The ruble was used to iron clothes. Rubel is wooden plank with transverse grooves. It was used for ironing So: They wrapped the laundry around a roller and beat it. And only later cast iron irons came into use.
The cast iron iron differed from the one we were used to in that it worked without electricity. It was filled with coals and for a long time held over the stove flame. This iron weighed more than 10 kg.
Next to the stove there was a nook or woman's corner for handicrafts and cooking.
The obligatory occupation of a peasant woman was spinning.
The girl had to spin from the age of 6-8 to prepare her dowry.
Spinning wheels were made of wood (birch, linden, aspen). A father gave a spinning wheel to his daughter for her wedding. It was customary to decorate and paint spinning wheels, so no spinning wheel is similar to another.
Men in Rus' wove baskets and bast shoes from bast and birch bark.
The favorite clothes in Rus' were shirts and sundresses.
And after the labors of the righteous he entertained Russian the people performed round dances, songs, and ditties.
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The vast majority of buildings in the Russian village were made of wood; pine, spruce, birch, and oak were used. The most durable buildings were made of pine and oak, as they lasted up to 200 years. From such durable material They built not only dwellings, but also barns in which grain was stored. The buildings
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The perimeter of the future house was marked directly on the ground using a rope. For the foundation, a hole 20-25 cm deep was dug around the perimeter of the house, filled with sand, and covered with stone blocks or tarred logs. Later they began to use a brick foundation. Birch bark layers were laid on top in a dense layer; they did not allow water to pass through and protected the house from dampness. Sometimes a quadrangular log crown was used as a foundation, installed around the perimeter of the house, and log walls were laid on top of it. According to old pagan customs, which even today Russian people coexist with the true Christian faith, a piece of wool (for warmth), coins (for wealth and prosperity), and incense (for holiness) were placed under each corner of the crown. How to build a hut
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The sloping roof was lined with wood chips, straw, and aspen planks. No matter how strange it may be, the most durable was the thatched roof, because it was filled with liquid clay, dried in the sun and became strong. A log was laid along the roof, decorated with skillful carvings on the facade, most often it was a horse or a rooster. It was a kind of amulet that protected the house from harm.
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The household purpose of different parts of the living space depended on the financial condition of the owner, on his taste, as well as on internal layout dwellings. But what was common to all types of houses was the presence of a Russian stove. Russian stove
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A Russian hut usually had one room. The main place in it was occupied by the stove. The larger the stove, the more heat it provided; in addition, food was cooked in the stove, and old people and children slept on it. Many rituals and beliefs were associated with the stove. It was believed that a brownie lived behind the stove. It was impossible to wash dirty linen in public, and it was burned in the oven. When matchmakers came to the house, the girl climbed onto the stove and from there watched the conversation between her parents and the guests. When they called her, she got off the stove, and this meant that she agreed to get married, and the wedding invariably ended with an empty pot being thrown into the stove: the number of shards that broke, the number of children the young people would have.
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They cooked food in cast iron, using grips, pokers, and chapels. Every house always had a samovar, around which the whole family would gather for tea. Kitchenware
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Diagonally from the stove there was a front corner with icons and a lamp. Red corner
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It was also located here dinner table with benches. Wide shelves were nailed along the walls under the ceiling; on them were festive dishes and boxes that served as decoration for the house, or to store things needed in the household. In the corner between the stove and the door under the ceiling there was a wide shelf- pay.
Slide 11
An indispensable occupation of a peasant woman, especially in winter time, there was spinning of wool and flax on a spindle and on a spinning wheel. Women's hard work was washing clothes with a roller and ironing them with a ruble. Peasant woman's activities
Slide 12
In the ancient Russian hut there was not so much furniture: the already mentioned table, benches along the walls, on which they not only sat, but also slept, a small open cupboard for dishes, several massive chests upholstered with iron strips for storing clothes and linen - this, perhaps, and the whole situation. The floors were covered with knitted or woven rugs, and outerwear served as blankets.
Slide 13
Most peasant huts were thatched. Zakut is the place where the dining table stood in the hut. The peasant hut had a lot of furniture. In the red corner there were icons and a lamp. Peasant women ironed clothes using a roller. Control questions
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