Prehistory of the Romanov dynasty. Dynastic marriages of the Romanovs, their role in Russian history

The 17th century brought many trials to the Russian state. In 1598, the Rurik dynasty, which ruled the country for more than seven hundred years, was interrupted. A period began in the life of Russia, which is called the Time of Troubles or Time of Troubles, when the very existence of Russian statehood came into question. Attempts to establish a new dynasty on the throne (from the Godunov, Shuisky boyars) were hampered by endless conspiracies, uprisings, even natural disasters. The matter was also complicated by the intervention of neighboring countries: the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden, which at first sought to acquire adjacent territories, wanting in the future to deprive Russia of state independence altogether.
There were patriotic forces in the country that united in the struggle for the independence of their homeland. The people's militia, led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and merchant Kuzma Minin, with the participation of people from all classes, managed to expel the invaders from the central regions of the Moscow state and liberate the capital.
The Zemsky Sobor, convened in 1613, after much debate, confirmed Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov on the throne, laying the foundation for a new dynasty.

ROMANOVS- boyar family, in 1613-1721. royal, since 1721 imperial dynasty.
The ancestor of the Romanovs is usually considered to be Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, the boyar of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan I Kalita. According to the pedigree lists, Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla had five sons, and the Kobylins, Kolychevs, Konovnitsyns, Lodynins, Neplyuevs, Sheremetevs and others descend from him.
Until the 15th century the ancestors of the Romanovs were called Koshkins (from the nickname of Andrei Ivanovich’s fifth son, Fyodor Koshka), then Zakharyins (from Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin) and Zakharyin-Yuryevs (from Yuri Zakharyevich Koshkin-Zakharyin).
The daughter of Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin-Yuryev (?-1543) Anastasia Romanovna (c. 1530-1560) in 1547 became the first wife of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. Her brother Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuryev (? -1586) became the founder of the Romanovs. This surname was borne by his son, Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (c. 1554-1633), who became patriarch (Filaret).
In 1613, at the Zemsky Sobor, Filaret's son Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (1596-1645) was elected king and became the founder of the Romanov dynasty. The Romanov dynasty also included Alexei Mikhailovich (1629-1676, Tsar from 1645), Fyodor Alekseevich (1661-1682, Tsar from 1676), Ivan V Alekseevich (1666-1696, Tsar from 1682 g.), Peter I Alekseevich (1672-1725, Tsar from 1682, Emperor from 1721); in 1682-1689, during the childhood of Ivan and Peter, the state was ruled by Princess Sofya Alekseevna (1657-1704). The Romanov dynasty ruled Russia until Nicholas II abdicated the throne in 1917.

ZAKHARYINS- a Moscow boyar family descended from Andrei Kobyla (died in the mid-14th century), boyar of Grand Duke Semyon the Proud, and his son Fyodor Koshka (died in the 1390s), boyar of Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy.
The ancestor of the Zakharyins is the grandson of Fyodor Koshka - Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin (? - ca. 1461), boyar of Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark. His sons Yakov and Yuri, boyars of Grand Duke Ivan III, gave rise to two branches of the family - the Zakharyin-Yakovlevs (Yakovlevs) and the Zakharyin-Yuryevs.
Yakov Zakharyevich (? - ca. 1510) was the Novgorod governor from 1485; in 1487, together with his brother Yuri, he conducted a search for followers of the Novgorod-Moscow heresy; in 1494 he participated in negotiations on the matchmaking of Ivan III’s daughter Elena with the Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander Kazimirovich, and participated in campaigns against Lithuania.
Yuri Zakharyevich (? - ca. 1503) in 1479 participated in the Novgorod campaign of Ivan III, in 1487 he replaced his brother as the Novgorod governor, carried out confiscations of the estates of the Novgorod boyars, and participated in campaigns against Lithuania. Most famous representatives Zakharyev-Yuryev family: Mikhail Yuryevich (? -1539) - okolnichy (1520), boyar (1525), governor, diplomat who led relations with Poland and Lithuania; in 1533-1534 was part of the boyar group that actually ruled the Russian state under the young Tsar Ivan IV, retired from business after his relative I.V. fled to Lithuania. Lyatsky-Zakharyin. Roman Yurievich (? -1543) - founder of the Romanov family. Vasily Mikhailovich (?-15b7) - okolnichy, then (1549) boyar, was a member of the Near Duma of Ivan IV, one of the initiators of the oprichnina policy.

The ruling Romanov dynasty gave the country many brilliant kings and emperors. It is interesting that this surname does not belong to all of its representatives; noblemen Koshkins, Kobylins, Miloslavskys, Naryshkins met in the family. The family tree of the Romanov dynasty shows us that the history of this family dates back to 1596.

Family tree of the Romanov dynasty: the beginning

The founder of the family is the son of boyar Fyodor Romanov and noblewoman Ksenia Ivanovna, Mikhail Fedorovich. The first king of the dynasty. He was a cousin of the last emperor from the Moscow branch of the Rurikovich family - Fyodor the First Ioannovich. On February 7, 1613, he was elected to reign. On July 21 of the same year, the ceremony for reign was performed. It was this moment that marked the beginning of the reign of the great Romanov dynasty.

At the beginning of 1917, the Romanov dynasty consisted of 32 male representatives, 13 of whom were killed by the Bolsheviks in 1918-19. Those who escaped this settled in Western Europe(mainly in France) and the USA. In the 1920s and 30s, a significant part of the dynasty continued to hope for collapse Soviet power in Russia and the restoration of the monarchy.

1. The Council recognized that the right to exercise Supreme power in Russia belongs to the dynasty of the House of Romanov.
2. The Council considered it necessary and consistent with the wishes of the population to head the national statehood Supreme ruler from the members of the Dynasty, whom the members of the House of Romanov point to.
3. The government was asked to enter into negotiations with representatives of the House of Romanov.

All current representatives of this family are descendants of the four sons of Nicholas I:

* Alexandrovichi, descendants of Alexander II. This branch has four living representatives - his great-great-granddaughter, Maria Vladimirovna, her son Georgy, and brothers Dmitry and Mikhail Pavlovich Romanov-Ilyinsky (the youngest of whom was born in 1961).
* Konstantinovichi, descendants of Konstantin Nikolaevich. In the male line, the branch was terminated in 1973 (with the death of Vsevolod, the son of John Konstantinovich).
* Nikolaevichs, descendants of Nikolai Nikolaevich the Elder. The two living male representatives are brothers Nikolai and Dmitry Romanovich Romanov, the youngest of whom was born in 1926.
* Mikhailovichi, descendants of Mikhail Nikolaevich. All other living male Romanovs belong to this branch (see below), the youngest of them was born in 2009.

Only two of the male line descendants of the Romanovs remained on the territory of the USSR - the children of Alexander Iskander: (Natalia and Kirill (1915-1992) Androsov); the rest either left or died.

On December 22, 2011, the President of the unrecognized Transnistrian Moldavian Republic I.N. Smirnov signed the Decree “On the status of the Russian Imperial House in the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic.” According to this decree, on the territory of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, the Russian Imperial House is recognized as a unique historical institution without rights legal entity, taking part in the patriotic, spiritual and moral education of citizens of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, preserving the historical and cultural heritage and traditions of Pridnestrovian society. Back in 2009, Maria Vladimirovna Romanova was awarded highest award PMR - Order of the Republic. On June 9, 2011, for the first time since 1917, a representative of the House of Romanov was awarded a Russian state award: Prince Romanov, Dmitry Romanovich.

In total, as of May 2010, the Romanov clan consisted of 12 male representatives. Among them, only four (grandsons and great-grandson of Prince Rostislav Alexandrovich) are no older than forty years.

Outstanding personalities - the Romanov dynasty.

The family tree includes about 80 people. In this article we will not touch on everyone, but only on the reigning persons and their families.

Family tree of the Romanov dynasty

Mikhail Fedorovich and his wife Evdokia had one son, Alexey. He headed the throne from 1645 to 1676. Was married twice. The first wife was Maria Miloslavskaya, from this marriage the tsar had three children: Fyodor - the eldest son, Ivan the Fifth and daughter Sophia. From his marriage to Natalya Naryshkina, Mikhail had one son, Peter the Great, who later became a great reformer. Ivan married Praskovya Saltykova, from this marriage they had two daughters - Anna Ioannovna and Ekaterina. Peter had two marriages - with Evdokia Lopukhina and Catherine the First. From his first marriage, the tsar had a son, Alexei, who later married Sophia Charlotte. From this marriage Peter the Second was born.

Family tree of the Romanov dynasty: Peter the Great and Catherine the First

Three children were born from the marriage - Elizabeth, Anna and Peter. Anna married Karl Friedrich, and they had a son, Peter the Third, who married

Family tree of the Romanov dynasty: Miloslavsky branch Catherine II. She, in turn, took the crown from her husband. But Catherine had a son - Pavel I, who married Maria Fedorovna. From this marriage an emperor was born who later married Alexandra Feodorovna. From this marriage Alexander II was born. He had two marriages - with Maria Alexandrovna and Ekaterina Dolgorukova. The future heir to the throne - Alexander the Third - was born from his first marriage. He, in turn, married Maria Feodorovna. The son from this union became the last emperor of Russia: we're talking about about Nicholas II.

Ivan the Fourth and Praskovya Saltykova had two daughters - Ekaterina and Anna. Catherine married Karl Leopold. From this marriage Anna Leopoldovna was born, who married Anton Ulrich. The couple had a son, known to us as Ivan the Fourth.

This is the Romanov family tree in a nutshell. The scheme includes all the wives and children of the rulers of the Russian Empire. Secondary relatives are not considered. Undoubtedly, the Romanovs are the brightest and strongest dynasty that ruled Russia.

For more than 300 years, the Romanov dynasty was in power in Russia. There are several versions of the origin of the Romanov family. According to one of them, the Romanovs came from Novgorod. The family tradition says that the origins of the family should be sought in Prussia, from where the ancestors of the Romanovs moved to Russia at the beginning of the 14th century. The first reliably established ancestor of the family is the Moscow boyar Ivan Kobyla.

The beginning of the ruling Romanov dynasty was laid by the great-nephew of Ivan the Terrible’s wife, Mikhail Fedorovich. He was elected to reign by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613, after the suppression of the Moscow branch of the Rurikovichs.

Since the 18th century, the Romanovs stopped calling themselves tsars. On November 2, 1721, Peter I was declared Emperor of All Russia. He became the first emperor in the dynasty.

The reign of the dynasty ended in 1917, when Emperor Nicholas II abdicated the throne as a result of the February Revolution. In July 1918, he was shot by the Bolsheviks along with his family (including five children) and associates in Tobolsk.

Numerous descendants of the Romanovs now live abroad. However, none of them, from the point of view Russian law about succession to the throne, has no right to Russian throne.

Below is a chronology of the reign of the Romanov family with the dating of the reign.

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Reign: 1613-1645

He laid the foundation for a new dynasty, being elected at the age of 16 to reign by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613. Belonged to the ancient boyar family. He restored the functioning of the economy and trade in the country, which he had inherited in a deplorable state after the Time of Troubles. Concluded " eternal peace"with Sweden (1617). At the same time, he lost access to the Baltic Sea, but returned vast Russian territories previously conquered by Sweden. Concluded an “eternal peace” with Poland (1618), while losing Smolensk and the Seversk land. Annexed the lands along the Yaik, Baikal region, Yakutia, access to the Pacific Ocean.

Alexey Mikhailovich Romanov (Quiet). Reign: 1645-1676

He ascended the throne at the age of 16. He was a gentle, good-natured and very religious person. He continued the army reform begun by his father. Attracted at the same time a large number of foreign military specialists left idle after graduation Thirty Years' War. Under him, Nikon's church reform was carried out, affecting the main church rituals and books. He returned Smolensk and Seversk land. Annexed Ukraine to Russia (1654). Suppressed the uprising of Stepan Razin (1667-1671)

Fedor Alekseevich Romanov. Reign: 1676-1682

The short reign of the extremely painful tsar was marked by a war with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate and the further conclusion of the Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty (1681), according to which Turkey recognized Left Bank Ukraine and Kyiv as Russia. A general census of the population was carried out (1678). The fight against the Old Believers took a new turn - Archpriest Avvakum was burned. He died at the age of twenty.

Peter I Alekseevich Romanov (the Great). Reigned: 1682-1725 (ruled independently from 1689)

The previous tsar (Fyodor Alekseevich) died without making orders regarding the succession to the throne. As a result, two tsars were crowned on the throne at the same time - Fyodor Alekseevich’s young brothers Ivan and Peter under the regency of their older sister Sophia Alekseevna (until 1689 - Sophia’s regency, until 1696 - formal co-rule with Ivan V). Since 1721, the first All-Russian Emperor.

He was an ardent supporter of the Western way of life. For all its ambiguity, it is recognized by both adherents and critics as “The Great Sovereign”.

His bright reign was marked by the Azov campaigns (1695 and 1696) against the Turks, which resulted in the capture of the Azov fortress. The result of the campaigns was, among other things, the tsar’s awareness of the need for army reform. The old army was disbanded - the army began to be created according to a new model. From 1700 to 1721 - participation in the most difficult conflict with Sweden, the result of which was the defeat of the hitherto invincible Charles XII and Russia’s access to the Baltic Sea.

In 1722-1724, the largest foreign policy event of Peter the Great after Northern War– Caspian (Persian) campaign, which ended with the capture of Derbent, Baku and other cities by Russia.

During his reign, Peter founded St. Petersburg (1703), established the Senate (1711) and the Collegium (1718), and introduced the “Table of Ranks” (1722).

Catherine I. Years of reign: 1725-1727

Second wife of Peter I. A former servant named Martha Kruse, captured during the Northern War. Nationality is unknown. She was the mistress of Field Marshal Sheremetev. Later, Prince Menshikov took her to his place. In 1703, she fell in love with Peter, who made her his mistress, and later his wife. She was baptized into Orthodoxy, changing her name to Ekaterina Alekseevna Mikhailova.

Under her, the Supreme Privy Council was created (1726) and an alliance was concluded with Austria (1726).

Peter II Alekseevich Romanov. Reign: 1727-1730

Grandson of Peter I, son of Tsarevich Alexei. The last representative of the Romanov family in the direct male line. He ascended the throne at the age of 11. He died at the age of 14 from smallpox. In fact, the government of the state was carried out by the Supreme Privy Council. According to the recollections of contemporaries, the young emperor was distinguished by his willfulness and adored entertainment. It was entertainment, fun and hunting that the young emperor devoted all his time to. Under him, Menshikov was overthrown (1727), and the capital was returned to Moscow (1728).

Anna Ioannovna Romanova. Reign: 1730-1740

Daughter of Ivan V, granddaughter of Alexei Mikhailovich. She was invited to the Russian throne in 1730 by the Supreme Privy Council, which she subsequently successfully dissolved. Instead of the Supreme Council, a cabinet of ministers was created (1730). The capital was returned to St. Petersburg (1732). 1735-1739 were marked by the Russian-Turkish war, which ended with a peace treaty in Belgrade. Under the terms of the Russian treaty, Azov was ceded to Russia, but it was forbidden to have a fleet in the Black Sea. The years of her reign are characterized in literature as “the era of German dominance at court,” or as “Bironovism” (after the name of her favorite).

Ivan VI Antonovich Romanov. Reign: 1740-1741

Great-grandson of Ivan V. Was proclaimed emperor at the age of two months. The baby was proclaimed emperor during the regency of Duke Biron of Courland, but two weeks later the guards removed the duke from power. The emperor's mother, Anna Leopoldovna, became the new regent. He was overthrown at the age of two. His short reign was subject to a law condemning the name - all his portraits were removed from circulation, all his portraits were confiscated (or destroyed) and all documents containing the name of the emperor were confiscated (or destroyed). He spent until he was 23 years old in solitary confinement, where (already half-insane) he was stabbed to death by guards.

Elizaveta I Petrovna Romanova. Reign: 1741-1761

Daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. Under her, the death penalty was abolished for the first time in Russia. A university was opened in Moscow (1755). In 1756-1762 Russia took part in the largest military conflict of the 18th century - the Seven Years' War. As a result of the fighting, Russian troops captured all of East Prussia and even briefly took Berlin. However, the fleeting death of the empress and the rise to power of the pro-Prussian Peter III nullified all military achievements - the conquered lands were returned to Prussia, and peace was concluded.

Peter III Fedorovich Romanov. Reign: 1761-1762

Nephew of Elizaveta Petrovna, grandson of Peter I - son of his daughter Anna. Reigned for 186 days. A lover of everything Prussian, he stopped the war with Sweden immediately after coming to power on conditions that were extremely unfavorable for Russia. I had difficulty speaking Russian. During his reign, the manifesto “On the Freedom of the Nobility”, the union of Prussia and Russia, and a decree on freedom of religion were issued (all in 1762). Stopped the persecution of Old Believers. He was overthrown by his wife and died a week later (according to the official version - from fever).

Already during the reign of Catherine II, the leader of the peasant war, Emelyan Pugachev, in 1773 pretended to be the “miracle survivor” of Peter III.

Catherine II Alekseevna Romanova (Great). Reign: 1762-1796

Wife of Peter III. It enslaved the peasants as much as possible, expanding the powers of the nobility. Significantly expanded the territory of the Empire during the Russian-Turkish wars (1768-1774 and 1787-1791) and the partition of Poland (1772, 1793 and 1795). The reign was marked by the largest peasant uprising of Emelyan Pugachev, posing as Peter III (1773-1775). A provincial reform was carried out (1775).

Pavel I Petrovich Romanov: 1796-1801

Son of Catherine II and Peter III, 72nd Grand Master of the Order of Malta. He ascended the throne at the age of 42. Introduced compulsory succession to the throne only through the male line (1797). Significantly eased the situation of the peasants (decree on three-day corvee, ban on selling serfs without land (1797)). From foreign policy The war with France (1798-1799) and the Italian and Swiss campaigns of Suvorov (1799) are worthy of mention. Killed by guards (not without the knowledge of his son Alexander) in his own bedroom (strangled). The official version is a stroke.

Alexander I Pavlovich Romanov. Reign: 1801-1825

Son of Paul I. During the reign of Paul I, Russia defeated French troops during Patriotic War 1812. The result of the war was a new European order, consolidated by the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815. During numerous wars, he significantly expanded the territory of Russia - he annexed Eastern and Western Georgia, Mingrelia, Imereti, Guria, Finland, Bessarabia, and most of Poland. He died suddenly in 1825 in Taganrog from fever. among the people for a long time There was a legend that the emperor, tormented by conscience for the death of his father, did not die, but continued to live under the name of Elder Fyodor Kuzmich.

Nicholas I Pavlovich Romanov. Reign: 1825-1855

The third son of Paul I. The beginning of his reign was marked by the Decembrist uprising of 1825. The Code of Laws was created Russian Empire"(1833), monetary reform and reform in the state village were carried out. The Crimean War (1853-1856) began, the emperor did not live to see its devastating end. In addition, Russia participated in the Caucasian War (1817-1864), the Russian-Persian War (1826-1828), the Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829), and the Crimean War (1853-1856).

Alexander II Nikolaevich Romanov (Liberator). Reign: 1855-1881

Son of Nicholas I. During his reign, the Crimean War was ended by the Paris Peace Treaty (1856), humiliating for Russia. In 1861, serfdom was abolished. In 1864, zemstvo and judicial reforms were carried out. Alaska was sold to the United States (1867). Subjected to reform financial system, education, city government, army. In 1870, the restrictive articles of the Paris Peace were abolished. As a result Russian-Turkish war 1877–1878 returned Bessarabia, lost during the Crimean War. Died as a result terrorist attack, committed Narodnaya Volya.

Alexander III Alexandrovich Romanov (Tsar the Peacemaker). Reign: 1881-1894

Son of Alexander II. During his reign, Russia did not wage a single war. His reign is characterized as conservative and counter-reformist. A manifesto on the inviolability of autocracy, the Regulations on Strengthening Emergency Security (1881), was adopted. He pursued an active policy of Russification of the outskirts of the empire. A military-political Franco-Russian alliance was concluded with France, which laid the foundation for the foreign policy of the two states until 1917. This alliance preceded the creation of the Triple Entente.

Nicholas II Alexandrovich Romanov. Reign: 1894-1917

Son of Alexander III. The Last Emperor of All Russia. A difficult and controversial period for Russia, accompanied by serious upheavals for the empire. The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) resulted in a severe defeat for the country and the almost complete destruction of the Russian fleet. The defeat in the war was followed by the First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907. In 1914, Russia joined the First world war(1914-1918). The emperor was not destined to live to see the end of the war - in 1917 he abdicated the throne as a result, and in 1918 he was shot with his entire family by the Bolsheviks.

For the final completion of the Time of Troubles, it was necessary not only to elect a new monarch to the Russian throne, but also to ensure the security of Russian borders from the two most active neighbors - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden. However, this was impossible until a social consensus was reached in the Moscow kingdom, and a person appeared on the throne of the descendants of Ivan Kalita who would fully suit the majority of the delegates of the Zemsky Sobor of 1612-1613. For a number of reasons, 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov became such a candidate.

CLAIMERS TO THE MOSCOW THRONE

With the liberation of Moscow from the interventionists, the zemstvo people had the opportunity to begin electing the head of state. In November 1612, the nobleman Filosofov informed the Poles that the Cossacks in Moscow were in favor of electing one of the Russian people to the throne, “and they were trying on Filaret’s son and the thieves of Kaluga,” while the senior boyars were in favor of electing a foreigner. The Cossacks remembered “Tsarevich Ivan Dmitrievich” in a moment of extreme danger, Sigismund III stood at the gates of Moscow, and the surrendered members of the Seven Boyars could at any moment go over to his side again. Zarutsky’s army stood behind the back of the Kolomna prince. The atamans hoped that at a critical moment their longtime comrades would come to their aid. But hopes for Zarutsky’s return did not materialize. In the hour of trial, the ataman was not afraid to unleash a fratricidal war. Together with Marina Mnishek and her young son, he came to the walls of Ryazan and tried to capture the city. Ryazan governor Mikhail Buturlin came forward and put him to flight.

Zarutsky’s attempt to get Ryazan for the “vorenk” failed. The townspeople expressed their negative attitude towards the candidacy of “Ivan Dmitrievich”. Propaganda in his favor began to subside in Moscow on its own.

Without the Boyar Duma, the election of the Tsar could not have legal force. The election of the Duma threatened to drag on for many years. Many noble families laid claim to the crown, and no one wanted to give way to another.

SWEDISH PRINCE

When the Second Militia stood in Yaroslavl, D.M. Pozharsky, with the consent of the clergy, service people, and townsmen who supplied the militia with funds, entered into negotiations with the Novgorodians about the candidacy of a Swedish prince for the Moscow throne. On May 13, 1612, they wrote letters to the Novgorod Metropolitan Isidore, Prince Odoevsky and Delagardi and sent them to Novgorod with Stepan Tatishchev. For the sake of the importance of the matter, elected officials also went with this militia ambassador - one person from each city. It’s interesting that Metropolitan Isidore and Voivode Odoevsky were asked how their and the Novgorodians’ relations were with the Swedes? And Delagardi was informed that if the new Swedish king Gustav II Adolf releases his brother to the Moscow throne and orders him to be baptized in Orthodox faith, then they are glad to be with the Novgorod land in the council.

Chernikova T.V. Europeanization of Russia inXV-XVII centuries. M., 2012

ELECTION TO THE KINGDOM OF MIKHAIL ROMANOV

When quite a lot of authorities and elected representatives had gathered, a three-day fast was appointed, after which the councils began. First of all, they began to talk about whether to choose from foreign royal houses or their natural Russian, and decided “the Lithuanian and Swedish king and their children and other German faiths and no foreign-speaking states Christian faith Greek law should not be elected to the Vladimir and Moscow states, and Marinka and her son should not be elected to the state, because the Polish and German kings were seen as untruths and crimes on the cross and a violation of peace: the Lithuanian king ruined the Moscow state, and the Swedish king took Veliky Novgorod by deception " They began to choose their own: then intrigues, unrest and unrest began; everyone wanted to do according to their own thoughts, everyone wanted their own, some even wanted the throne themselves, they bribed and sent; sides formed, but none of them gained the upper hand. Once, the chronograph says, some nobleman from Galich brought a written opinion to the council, which said that Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was the closest in relationship to the previous tsars, and he should be elected tsar. The voices of dissatisfied people were heard: “Who brought such a letter, who, where from?” At that time, the Don Ataman comes out and also submits a written opinion: “What did you submit, Ataman?” - Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky asked him. “About the natural Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich,” answered the ataman. The same opinion submitted by the nobleman and the Don ataman decided the matter: Mikhail Fedorovich was proclaimed tsar. But not all the elected officials were in Moscow yet; there were no noble boyars; Prince Mstislavsky and his comrades immediately after their liberation left Moscow: it was awkward for them to remain in it near the liberating commanders; now they sent to invite them to Moscow for a common cause, they also sent reliable people to cities and districts to find out the people’s thoughts about the new chosen one and final decision postponed for two weeks, from 8 to 21 February 1613. Finally, Mstislavsky and his comrades arrived, the belated elected officials also arrived, and envoys to the regions returned with the news that the people would joyfully recognize Michael as king. On February 21, the week of Orthodoxy, i.e., on the first Sunday of Lent, there was the last council: each rank submitted a written opinion, and all these opinions were found similar, all ranks pointed to one person - Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Then Ryazan Archbishop Theodoret, Trinity cellarer Abraham Palitsyn, Novospassky Archimandrite Joseph and boyar Vasily Petrovich Morozov ascended to the Execution Ground and asked the people filling Red Square who they want as king? “Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov” was the answer.

THE CATHEDRAL OF 1613 AND MIKHAIL ROMANOV

The first act of the great Zemsky Sobor, which elected sixteen-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the Russian throne, was to send an embassy to the newly elected tsar. When sending the embassy, ​​the cathedral did not know where Mikhail was, and therefore the order given to the ambassadors said: “Go to Sovereign Mikhail Fedorovich, Tsar and Grand Duke of All Rus' in Yaroslavl.” Arriving in Yaroslavl, the embassy here only learned that Mikhail Fedorovich lives with his mother in Kostroma; without hesitation, it moved there, along with many Yaroslavl citizens who had already joined here.

The embassy arrived in Kostroma on March 14; On the 19th it, having convinced Mikhail to accept royal crown, left Kostroma with him, and on the 21st everyone arrived in Yaroslavl. Here all the residents of Yaroslavl and the nobles who came from everywhere, boyar children, guests, trading people with their wives and children met the new king with procession, they brought him images, bread and salt, rich gifts. Mikhail Fedorovich chose the ancient Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery as his place of stay here. Here, in the archimandrite’s cells, he lived with his mother nun Martha and the temporary State Council, which was composed of Prince Ivan Borisovich Cherkassky with other nobles and clerk Ivan Bolotnikov with stewards and solicitors. From here, on March 23, the first letter from the tsar was sent to Moscow, informing the Zemsky Sobor of its consent to accept the royal crown.

The first Russian tsar from the Romanov dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, was born on July 22 (July 12, old style) 1596 in Moscow.

His father is Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, Metropolitan (later Patriarch Filaret), his mother is Ksenia Ivanovna Shestova (later nun Martha). Mikhail was a cousin of the last Russian Tsar from the Moscow branch of the Rurik dynasty, Fyodor Ivanovich.

In 1601, together with his parents, Boris Godunov fell into disgrace. Lived in exile. In 1605 he returned to Moscow, where he was captured by the Poles who captured the Kremlin. In 1612, liberated by the militia of Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin, he left for Kostroma.

On March 3 (February 21, old style), 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected Mikhail Romanovich to reign.

On March 23 (March 13, old style), 1613, the ambassadors of the Council arrived in Kostroma. At the Ipatiev Monastery, where Mikhail was with his mother, he was informed of his election to the throne.

Poles arrive in Moscow. A small detachment set out to kill Mikhail, but got lost along the way, because the peasant Ivan Susanin, having agreed to show the way, led him into a dense forest.

June 21 (June 11, old style) 1613 Mikhail Fedorovich in Moscow in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin.

In the first years of Mikhail's reign (1613-1619), real power was with his mother, as well as with her relatives from the Saltykov boyars. From 1619 to 1633, the country was ruled by the tsar’s father, Patriarch Filaret, who had returned from Polish captivity. Under the dual power that existed at that time, state charters were written on behalf of the Sovereign Tsar and His Holiness Patriarch Moscow and all Rus'.

During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the wars with Sweden (Peace of Stolbovo, 1617) and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Truce of Deulin, 1618, later - Peace of Polyanovsky, 1634) were stopped.

Overcoming the consequences of the Time of Troubles required the centralization of power. The system of voivodeship administration grew locally, the order system was restored and developed. Since the 1620s, the activities of Zemsky Sobors have been limited to advisory functions. They gathered at the initiative of the government to resolve issues that required the approval of the estates: about war and peace, about the introduction of extraordinary taxes.

In the 1630s, the creation of regular military units began (Reitar, Dragoon, Soldier regiments), the rank and file of which were “willing free people” and homeless boyar children, the officers were foreign military specialists. At the end of Michael's reign, cavalry dragoon regiments arose to guard the borders.

The government also began to restore and build defensive lines - serif lines.

Under Mikhail Fedorovich, diplomatic relations were established with Holland, Austria, Denmark, Turkey, and Persia.

In 1637, the period for capturing fugitive peasants was increased from five to nine years. In 1641 another year was added to it. Peasants exported by other owners were allowed to be searched for up to 15 years. This indicated the growth of serfdom tendencies in the legislation on land and peasants.

Moscow under Mikhail Fedorovich was restored from the consequences of the intervention.

The Filaretovskaya belfry was erected in the Kremlin in 1624. In 1624-1525, a stone tent was built over the Frolovskaya (now Spasskaya) tower and a new striking clock was installed (1621).

In 1626 (after a devastating fire in Moscow), Mikhail Fedorovich issued a series of decrees appointing persons responsible for restoring buildings in the city. All the royal palaces were restored in the Kremlin, and new trading shops were built in Kitay-Gorod.

In 1632, an enterprise for teaching velvet and damask work appeared in Moscow - Velvet Dvor (in the middle of the 17th century its premises served as a weapons warehouse). The center of textile production became Kadashevskaya Sloboda with the sovereign's Khamovny yard.

In 1633, machines were installed in the Sviblova Tower of the Kremlin to supply water from the Moscow River to the Kremlin (hence its modern name - Vodovzvodnaya).

In 1635-1937, on the site of the ceremonial chambers of the 16th century, the Terem Palace was built for Mikhail Fedorovich, and all the Kremlin cathedrals were re-painted, including the Assumption (1642), the Church of the Deposition of the Robe (1644).

In 1642, construction began on the Cathedral of the Twelve Apostles in the Kremlin.

On July 23 (July 13, old style), 1645, Mikhail Fedorovich died of water sickness. He was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

The first wife is Maria Vladimirovna Dolgorukova. The marriage turned out to be childless.

The second wife is Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva. The marriage brought Mikhail Fedorovich seven daughters (Irina, Pelageya, Anna, Martha, Sophia, Tatyana, Evdokia) and three sons (Alexey, Ivan, Vasily). Not all children even survived to adolescence. The parents experienced the death of their sons Ivan and Vasily in one year especially hard.

The heir to the throne was Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov (1629-1676, reigned 1645-1676).

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources