During the construction of buildings they use various methods And construction technologies, materials. Everything is done to ensure that construction is fast and cheap. And living in new houses would be comfortable. However, there is one main requirement that remains the same for both new buildings and old houses. This requirement is safety.

At all times, along with earthquakes, one of the main dangers for people in their homes was fire. Therefore, fire safety is the main requirement for any home.

Most people die from smoke in a fire. Smoke contains carbon monoxide - carbon monoxide. This gas causes poisoning even at a concentration of 0.5%, and at a concentration of more than 1%, death occurs within three minutes!

Everything is complicated by the fact that the person who inhaled carbon monoxide, loses consciousness and cannot escape from the fire. Therefore, when designing a building, an accurate calculation of the smoke removal system should be made, which is done strictly in accordance with the Building Norms and Rules (SNiP).

Basic Rules

Calculation of smoke removal must be carried out together with the design ventilation systems. The rules that ventilation in the house must comply with are determined by SNiP 2.04.05-91. The set of rules is quite large and has several appendices.

In addition to SNiP and all its annexes, it is necessary to comply with a number of additional manuals, which also contain additional design rules. Otherwise, the acceptance certificate for the smoke removal system will not be signed, and the house will be declared unfit for habitation due to non-compliance with fire safety requirements.

First of all, you should familiarize yourself with the manual for SNiP called Manual 4.91 “Anti-smoke protection in case of fire” and Appendix 22 to SNiP “Calculation of the amount of smoke removed in case of fire.”

When designing smoke protection, in accordance with the SNiP Manual, several factors should be taken into account. Firstly, it is necessary to provide halls and other extended premises. Secondly, the smoke protection of fire escapes and elevator shafts must be brought into compliance with the joint venture. Finally, the premises themselves must be reasonably well protected.

Stairs and corridors

SNiPs regulate not only smoke removal, but also smoke protection. For example, according to the rules, all fire escapes must have an exit from the site to open balcony so that people, caught by smoke while crossing it, can go out into the open air and catch their breath.

And long corridors should have closing doors to limit the flow of smoke following people evacuating. Also myself maximum length corridors are limited. There are other requirements regarding fire and smoke safety.

High and low buildings

Smoke removal is especially strictly regulated in high-rise buildings. After all, buildings higher than 28 meters are inaccessible to fire escapes. This is approximately the height of the building, nine floors. And therefore, people need to be evacuated using pre-designed methods built into the building’s design. In addition, in the event of a fire, an automatic system must operate to pump out smoke.

In lower buildings, smoke removal is carried out mainly through transoms, as regulated by SNiP. Transoms - open windows and external doors. Smoke removal through transoms is complemented by smoke removal through ventilation openings.

You can always evacuate people using a fire truck with a ladder from any apartment. The set of rules regulates minimally required size window and doorways, their location, orientation.

It also imposes certain requirements on the length of corridors, protection of elevator shafts, elevator engine rooms, and interfloor staircases. SNiP categorically prohibits blocking corridors and exits, especially with flammable materials!

Protection system and its calculation

Smoke removal systems in high-rise buildings must have air pumps that can effectively remove smoke. The pumps are located in special shafts designed exclusively for smoke removal.

All ducts must be properly designed and protected from fire. Fire protection of air ducts requires that they be lined with galvanized iron or other fireproof material that has an anti-corrosion coating or is not subject to corrosion.

Each floor must have a fire alarm button. When this button is pressed, the fire siren is turned on, the city fire service is notified, the smoke removal system is turned on, and the elevators go into emergency operation. The location of buttons on the floor and access to them is also regulated by SNiP.

In accordance with the joint venture, the smoke removal system must be able to be turned on both on each individual floor and on the entire house. Switching on on each floor is used to check the functionality of the smoke removal system, and the main fire alarm button starts the smoke removal system on all floors in the entire house.

Every house with a height of more than 9 floors must have a fire alarm button on each floor.

The main parameter when calculating smoke removal systems is the total mass of smoke present in the room, the area of ​​the premises and the dimensions of the largest transom entrance doors, room type. Also, a number of coefficients are used in the calculation.

You should also determine the perimeter of the fire source - this is the perimeter of the largest object in the room that can ignite. If it is impossible to determine one, it is also calculated using a special formula specified in the joint venture.

Design firms

Calculating smoke removal in accordance with the requirements of the set of rules is quite a complex task, and it is not always possible to do it yourself. Numerous private companies come to the rescue, which have the necessary license and can prepare all the necessary documentation for submission to Pozhnadzor.

You should not trust programs that “automatically” determine the necessary parameters. Both when agreeing on a project for compliance with the Code of Rules for smoke removal parameters, and upon delivery, you will be required not just dry numbers, but a detailed calculation, with all the explanations.

This calculation must be carried out by a person who has the necessary qualifications, confirmed by a diploma, license, or other documents.

DESIGN INSTITUTE

PROMSTROYPROEKT
Joint-Stock Company

Manual 15.91 to SNiP 2.04.05-91*

Smoke protection in case of fire and ventilation of underground parking lots passenger cars

Chief engineer I.B. Lvovsky
Chief specialist B.V. Barkalov

Recommended for publication by the decision of the section of the Technical Council of JSC Promstroyproekt.
Manual 15.91 to SNiP 2.04.05-91*. Smoke protection in case of fire and ventilation of underground car parks. (Promstroyproekt, M., 1995, p. 41).
Manual 15.91 to SNiP 2.04.05-91* (hereinafter referred to as SNiP). “Anti-smoke protection in case of fire and ventilation of passenger car parking lots” was developed by the Promstroyproekt Institute (PhD B.V. Barkalov) using materials from JSC Mosproekt 1 (eng. G.I. Stomakhina).
The "Manual" discusses the design of smoke protection and ventilation of 1-5-story underground parking lots for cars for Moscow.
The "Manual" does not address issues of designing parking lots for passenger cars with engines running on compressed natural gas or liquefied gas.
The “guide” was approved by the Moscow State Non-Departmental Expertise (No. MGE-298 dated 05/22/95), as well as by the State Fire Service of the Moscow City Internal Affairs Directorate (No. 25/8/509 dated 02/24/95).
The "Manual" is intended for specialists in the field of heating and ventilation.

Reviewer engineer I.K. Vasiliev
Technical editor K.L. Polukhina

Section 1. Smoke protection in case of fire.

1.1. Fire danger parking for passenger cars is classified as category B, so the average specific gravity smoke in case of fire is adopted according to SNiP 2.04.05-91* (hereinafter referred to as SNiP) = 5 N/m3 and density 0.51 kg/m3.
1.2. The height of premises in places where vehicles pass and are stored and on evacuation routes for people must be at least 2 m from the floor to protruding structures and hanging equipment. With a room height of 2.5 m, vertical curtains enclosing smoke zones should not descend below 2.0 m from the floor. The depth of the “smoke reservoirs” will depend on the height of the parking lot floor structures, and, as a rule, will not be more than 0.5 m.
1.3. The smoke flow rate, kg/h, removed from the smoke reservoir above the burning car should be determined along the perimeter of the fire, which is taken to be the perimeter of the larger of the placed cars with a limitation according to Appendix 22 to SNiP, which defines the maximum perimeter of the fire source - 12 m. Smoke flow It is recommended to calculate using the SNiP formula:
Gd.1 = 676.8 Pp U1.5 Ks, (1)
where: Pp - perimeter of the fire, (no more than 12 m);
U is the estimated average level of smoke standing from the floor of the room, m, taken into account in this case 2 m;
Ks is a coefficient equal to 1.2 to the calculated smoke flow and the area of ​​exhaust shafts, transoms in windows and lanterns, for systems operating due to the natural impulse of draft, when they work together with a fire sprinkler system. For exhaust systems with artificial stimulation (fans, ejectors, etc.) Ks = 1.
The maximum smoke consumption for parking cars, at Ks = 1, kg/h, is equal to:
Gd.1 = 676.8 · 12 · 21.5 · 1 = 22970 kg/h, or 6.38 kg/s.
1.4. The time for filling the tank with smoke according to clause 5.8 of SNiP is calculated (s) using the formula:
t = 6.39 A (U-0.5 - N-0.5) / PP, (2)
where: A is the area of ​​the smoke reservoir, m2;
U is the average level of smoke standing from the floor of the room, assumed to be 2 m;
H - room height, m;
Pp - perimeter of the fire, m.
1.5. With a relatively low density of the flow of evacuees (0.05 m2/m2), the old age of people according to GOST 12.1.004-91 is 1.7 m/s. Standard 40 m distances, clause 3.24. people will walk to the nearest emergency exit in 40/1.7 = 24 s. The maximum area of ​​the smoke tank is A m2, with a height of its sides of 0.5 m, a free height of the room of 2.5 m and maximum flow smoke according to formulas (1) and (2) at t = 24 s and Pp = 12 m, which can accept the forming smoke is equal to
A = 24 12/[(2-0.5 - 2.5-0.5) 6.39] = 600 m2.
With a balance between the intake and removal of smoke from the tank, maintained by fire extinguishing means, the spread of smoke throughout the room for a relatively long time will be restrained by the tank’s capacity and the operation of the exhaust system VD1 or VD2, which will ensure favorable conditions for extinguishing fires and evacuating people and vehicles.
1.6. The maximum area of ​​the underground parking floor, according to clause 3.20, is 3000 m2. In accordance with clause 5.7 of SNiP, “Premises with an area of ​​more than 1600 m2 must be divided into smoke zones, taking into account the possibility of a fire in one of them. Each smoke zone, in order to localize the fire, should, as a rule, be fenced with dense vertical overhangs from the ceiling or curtains of non-combustible materials descending from the ceiling (floor) to the floor, but not lower than 2.5 m from it, forming “smoke reservoirs” under the ceiling (floor).
To increase the reliability of smoke protection for underground parking lots of passenger cars, the installation of smoke tanks is mandatory; The maximum standard size of the smoke tank area is 800 m2. The parking floors should be divided into smoke zones with two or more smoke tanks in each, each with an area of ​​no more than 800 m2. This will provide initial stage fire smoke does not cover more than half of the floor area.
1.7. For effective use smoke tank capacity, in the upper part of the exhaust air duct laid inside the tank, smoke intake openings are provided - one for every 100 m2 of tank area if the tank depth is less than 1 m and for every 200 m2 with a greater tank depth. The opening area is determined by the corresponding part of the calculated smoke flow rate and the mass suction speed of no more than 10 kg/(s m2). The distance of any smoke inlet from the edge of the tank should not exceed 10 m.
1.8. At the end of each smoke tank (Fig. 2 and 3) on the exhaust air duct, a smoke valve should be provided with a flow area designed for the smoke flow determined by formula (1), with a mass smoke velocity of no more than 10 kg/(s m2). It is allowed to connect no more than 4 smoke tanks to one fan, with total area no more than 3000 m2 on each floor.
Data on smoke valves are given in Appendices 1-3.
1.9. Anti-smoke exhaust ventilation is interlocked with automatic fire alarm. Automatic remote and manual control is provided. When one of the cars catches fire, the smoke valve in the smoke reservoir covering this car should automatically open and the smoke valve should automatically turn on exhaust fan systems of the floor on which the fire occurred. When smoke appears in another tank (or tanks), smoke valves should open automatically, connecting them to the exhaust system.
1.10. Smoke removal systems serve: VD1 - 1, 2, 3 floors, VD2 - 4, 5 floors of the parking lot and must have a fire-resistant fan and a fire-resistant air duct system (fire resistance limit of at least 1 hour) with branches to each smoke tank.
Parking lot smoke exhaust fans should be placed:
a) for a separately located multi-storey underground parking lot - on its upper floor;
b) for underground parking located under the building - on the top floor of this building.
For interchangeability, the air ducts of the smoke removal system are connected by a manifold in front of the fan. The collector should be divided by smoke valves (see paragraph 1.21.) according to the diagram in Fig. 1 to automatically turn on the connected fan of an adjacent system in the event of an emergency stop of the main one (see Appendix 2).
For single-story underground parking lots, it is recommended to install a backup fan.
Shafts for the emission of smoke in case of fire, not combined with exhaust shafts of a permanently operating exhaust ventilation, should be placed so that smoke from them does not enter the windows of residential buildings. The height of such shafts must be at least 2 m from ground level and the distance at least 4 - 6 m from residential buildings.
Shafts for smoke emissions combined with emissions from continuous ventilation should be placed in accordance with the requirements of clause 3.7 of the Manual.

Rice. 1. Five-story underground parking for cars.
Schematic diagrams of smoke control, supply and exhaust ventilation.
When crossing the floors, fire-retarding valves are installed (not shown in the diagram).
P1...P5 - supply systems general ventilation;
Bl ... B5 - general ventilation exhaust systems;
PD1 ... PD6 - supply smoke ventilation systems;
VD1, VD2 - smoke ventilation exhaust systems;
K1 ... K6 - smoke valves;
P1, P2 - smoke tanks.

1.11. In underground parking lots for passenger cars that have two floors or more and parking lots whose stairwells connect the underground and above-ground parts of the parking lots or the underground parking lot with the above-ground floors of a building for another purpose, a supply air supply should be supplied outside air to create excess pressure:
a) in elevator and communication shafts*);
b) in smoke-free stairwells Type 2 and airlock vestibules attached to them, if provided for by the construction project;
c) in airlock vestibules in smoke-free stairwells of the 3rd type;
d) in ramps connecting the fire floor with the outside space when the gate is open for vehicles to exit;
e) in airlock vestibules at ramps for cars and other airlock vestibules provided for by the construction project.
Note. An airlock vestibule is a room that has two doors or two gates; when one door or gate is open, the other door or gate must close automatically.
______________
*) Air supply to communication shafts is provided upon receipt of data on the presence of leaks in them, indicating their location and area, m2.

Rice. 2. Plan for elevation. floor of the 1st floor.
The entrances and exits shown on the plan correspond to elevation. 0.00.
P1 and P2 - smoke reservoirs; 3 - overhangs from the ceiling; 4 and 5 - isolated elevators; 5 and 7 - isolated staircases; 8 - exit from the first floor; 9 - exit from the second and third floors; 10 - departure from the fourth and fifth floors;

ORDER OF THE RED BANNER OF LABOR DESIGN INSTITUTE PROMSTROYPROEKT

MANUAL 4.91 to SNiP 2.04.05-91

SMOKE PROTECTION IN FIRE

(2nd edition)

Chief engineer of the institute I.B. Lvovsky

Chief specialist B.V. Barkalov

_____________________

Moscow, 1992

1. LONGITUDINAL PROTECTION OF CORRIDORS AND HALLS.

2. Smoke protection of premises

3. ANTI-SMOKE PROTECTION OF ELEVATOR SHAFT, STAIRWAYS, LOCKWAYS AND ELEVATOR ENGINE ROOMS.

4. Regulation of smoke removal systems

LITERATURE

Annex 1

Appendix 2

Manual 4.91 to SNiP 2.04.05-91 “Smoke protection in case of fire” has been approved technical advice and put into effect by the Promstroyproekt Institute.

Reviewer - associate professor of the department " Fire safety in construction" of the Higher Engineering Fire-Technical School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Engineering. Sciences Esin V.M.

Editor - engineer Agafonova N.V.

With the introduction of the second edition of “Manual 4.91”, the first edition of this manual becomes invalid.

LIST OF BENEFITS
to SNiP 2.04.05-91
"Heating, ventilation and air conditioning"

1.91. Supply air flow and distribution

2.91. Calculation of heat input from solar radiation into premises

3.91. Fan units

4.91. Smoke protection in case of fire

5.91. Placement of ventilation equipment

6.91. Fire resistant air ducts

7.91. Schemes for laying air ducts in buildings

8.91. Number of personnel operating heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems

9.91. Annual energy consumption of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems

10.91. Design of anti-corrosion protection of ventilation systems

11.91. Calculated parameters of outdoor air for typical projects

The “Manual” sections listed above will go on sale in 1993.

Applications are accepted by the Department of Integrated Design Information (OKIP) of Promstroyproekt at the address 119827, GSP, Moscow, G-48, Komsomolsky Prospekt, 42 (tel. 242-37-64, 242-10-45).

PREFACE.

The manual “Anti-smoke protection of buildings and premises” was developed by Promstroyproekt (candidate of technical sciences B.V. Barkalov) based on the materials of the Promstroyproekt manual “Smoke removal from buildings and premises” of 1988, approved by order of the Promstroyproekt Institute dated 04/05/88 No. 35, research by VNIIPO of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR and MNIITEP of the Moscow City Executive Committee, partially confirmed by full-scale tests on experimental fires in multi-storey residential buildings in Moscow.

Section 1 of the manual has been radically revised. A new, simple method for determining the performance of a smoke removal system from corridors and halls is proposed. Calculations of network resistance are based on general technical provisions and formulas used in ventilation technology. Smoke flow rates from the corridors are given according to the formulas of Candidates of Technical Sciences I.I. Ilminsky and M.M. Grudzinsky, and from the corridors having two and larger number exits to the staircases, shortened based on materials presented by M.M. Grudzinsky, which provides savings in air costs compared to the costs of the 1988 benefit.

Section 2 has been significantly revised. The need for smoke removal depends on the time the smoke cloud descends to safe level- 2.5 m from the floor and the time required to evacuate people from the premises.

Smoke flow is determined based on the “Perimeter of the fire” - adopted based on the research materials of English scientists E. Butcher, A. Parnell and D. Drysdale and or on the air speed in the doors of emergency exits, while the flow coefficient m = 0.64 is accepted according to GOST 12.1.004-91 instead of 0.8 in the 1988 edition, as unfounded. Calculations of smoke consumption per 1m2 of room floor are excluded.

Section 3 is developed based on the research of M.M. Grudzinsky, corrected and supplemented with data on the design of air supply to staircases of the 3rd smoke-free type and to airlocks in front of the stairwell in the basement with rooms of category B and to elevator machine rooms in buildings of categories A and B.

The manual does not apply to the design of smoke removal from stage rooms of cultural and entertainment institutions (theatres, cinemas, clubs), provided for by SNiP 2.08.02-89 and VSN 45-86. Computer calculation programs for smoke removal from corridors and halls of residential, public and industrial buildings, as well as air pressure into internal smoke-free stairwells and elevator shafts (PRITOK) and airlocks were developed at VNIIPO of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs and MNIITEP.

Promstroyproekt expresses gratitude to the scientists and engineers who provided materials, reviews and advice during the development of the manual: E.I. Bobrova, M.M. Grudzinsky, B.V. Grushevsky, E.D. Golovaty, V.M. Esin, I.I. Ilminsky, V.A. Orlov, T.I. Sadovskoy, G.I. Stomakhina, S.S. Trebukov, V.P. Titov, V.S. Tishkin.

The manual was published before the release of the official publication SNiP 2.04.05-91, and therefore, there may be inaccuracies in the requirements of this document.

Terms used in the manual.

Smoke valve- a valve with a standardized fire resistance limit that opens in case of fire.

Smoke intake device- an air duct (channel, shaft) with smoke valves installed in it or an air duct with openings for receiving smoke and a smoke valve common to the smoke zone or smoke tank or room.

Smoke zone- part of a room with a total area of ​​no more than 1600 m2, from which smoke is removed at the initial stage of a fire at a rate that ensures the evacuation of people from the burning room.

A room (corridor) without natural light- a room (corridor) that does not have windows or light openings in external fences.

Smoke tank- smoke zone, fenced around the perimeter with non-flammable curtains descending from the ceiling (floor) to the level Y= 2.5 m from the floor or more, with an area of ​​no more than 1600 m2.

1. LONGITUDINAL PROTECTION OF CORRIDORS AND HALLS.

1.1. Smoke removal in case of fire should be designed to ensure the evacuation of people from the premises of the building in the initial stage of a fire that occurs in one of the premises:

a) from corridors or halls of residential, public, administrative and industrial buildings in accordance with the requirements SNiP 2.04.05-91; 2.08.01-89; 2.08.02-89; 2.09.02-85*; 2.09.04-87 and 2.11.01-85 (see Appendix 1);

b) from the corridors of industrial and administrative buildings with a height of more than 26.5 m;

c) from corridors more than 15 m long that do not have natural lighting through light openings in external fences (hereinafter referred to as “without natural lighting”) in industrial buildings of categories A, B and C with the number of floors of 2 or more.

The requirements do not apply to corridors and halls if direct smoke removal is designed for all rooms with doors to this corridor.

It is allowed to design smoke removal from industrial premises of category B with an area of ​​200 m2 or less through an adjacent corridor.

1.2. The smoke consumption (kg/h) to be removed from the corridor or hall should be determined using the formulas:

a) for residential buildings

Gx = 3420 BnN D 1.5; (1)

b) for public, administrative and industrial buildings

GO = 4300 BnN D 1.5 K d; (2)

IN- the width of the largest of the openable door leaves when exiting the corridor or hall to the staircases or outside, m; for residential buildings in Fig. 1 pos. 5 indicates the doors taken into account in the calculation;

n- coefficient depending on the total width of large door leaves, in m, opened in case of fire from the corridor to the stairwells or outwards, equal to:

at IN = 0,6 0,9 1,2 1,8 2,4

for residential buildings n = 1,0 0,82 0,7 0,51 0,41

for public, 1.05 0.91 0.8 0.62 0.5

administrative and household

and industrial buildings

N D - door height, m; at N D < 2 м - принимать N D= 2 m;

at N D>2.5 m accept N D= 2.5 m;

K D- the coefficient of relative completeness and duration of opening doors to exit the corridor to the staircase or outside is equal to 1.0 - when evacuating 25 people. and more and 0.8 - when evacuating less than 25 people. through one door.

1.3. Smoke removal from corridors and halls should be designed using systems with artificial induction: no more than two smoke shafts are allowed to be connected to the system.

When calculating the system, one should assume a specific gravity of smoke of 6 N/m 3, a smoke temperature of 300 °C, and air flow into the corridor through open doors to the staircase or outside.

Smoke valves should be placed on smoke shafts under the ceiling of the corridor or hall. It is allowed to connect smoke valves to shafts on branches, but no more than two branches from the shaft on a floor. The radius of action of the smoke valve is 15 m; it is allowed to take 20 m in one direction. The length of the corridor served by one smoke intake device is no more than 30 m.

1.4. Smoke valves should be selected according to the manufacturer's data.

Information about smoke valves that have an electric drive for opening in case of fire and a manual drive for closing is given in table. 1, fig. 2. It is recommended to determine the flow area of ​​the valve by the mass velocity of the smoke - 7-10 kg/(s.m2).

Table 1

a) Smoke valves of the Odessa Experimental Mechanical Repair Plant

5.2*. Smoke removal should include:
a) from corridors or halls of residential, public and administrative buildings in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 2.08.01-89, SNiP 2.08.02-89* and SNiP 2.09.04-87;
b) from the corridors of industrial, public and administrative buildings with a height of more than 26.5 m;
c) from corridors more than 15 m long that do not have natural lighting through light openings in external fences (hereinafter - without natural lighting), industrial buildings of categories A, B and C with a number of floors of 2 or more;
d) from each production or warehouse premises with permanent workplaces without natural light or with natural light that does not have mechanized drives for opening transoms in the upper part of the windows at a level of 2.2 m and above from the floor to the bottom of the transoms and for opening openings in the lanterns (in both cases, an area sufficient to remove smoke in case of fire), if the premises are classified as categories A, B and C; G or D - in buildings of IVa degree of fire resistance;
e) from every room that does not have natural light: public or administrative and household, if it is intended for large numbers of people; a room with an area of ​​55 m2 or more, intended for the storage or use of flammable materials, if it contains permanent workplaces; dressing rooms with an area of ​​200 m2 or more.

It is allowed to design smoke removal through an adjacent corridor from industrial premises of category B with an area of ​​200 m2 or less.

The requirements of this paragraph do not apply to:
a) for premises, the time of filling with smoke in accordance with clause 5.8 is longer than the time required for the safe evacuation of people from the premises (except for premises of categories A and B);
b) for premises with an area of ​​less than 200 m2, equipped with automatic water or foam fire extinguishing installations, except for premises of category A or B;
c) to premises equipped with automatic gas fire extinguishing installations;
d) for laboratory premises specified in mandatory Appendix 18;
e) to corridors and halls, if direct smoke removal is designed for all rooms with doors to this corridor or hall.

Note. If the area of ​​the main room for which smoke removal is provided includes other rooms, each with an area of ​​50 m2 or less, then separate smoke removal from these rooms may not be provided, provided that the smoke consumption is calculated taking into account the total area of ​​these rooms.

5.3. The consumption of smoke, kg/h, removed from the corridor or hall, in the absence of a corridor, should be determined by calculation or according to the recommended Appendix 22, taking the specific gravity of the smoke 6 N/m 3, its temperature 300. C and the flow of air into the corridor through open doors at stairwell or outside.
At double doors One should take into account (hereinafter) the opening of the larger sash.

5.4*. Smoke removal from corridors or halls should be designed using separate systems with artificial induction. When determining smoke consumption, the following should be taken into account:
a) air leakage through leaks in smoke shafts, channels and air ducts made of sheet steel in accordance with clause 4.117, and when manufactured from other materials - by calculation or in accordance with clause 4.117;
b) air leak Gv kg/h, through leaks of closed smoke valves according to the manufacturer’s data, but no more than according to the formula
G v =40.3(A v D P) 0.5 n (5)
Where A v - valve flow area, m 2 ;

R - pressure difference, Pa, on both sides of the valve;

P - number closed valves in the system during a fire.

5.5. Smoke intake devices should be placed in smoke shafts under the ceiling of the corridor or hall. It is allowed to connect smoke intake devices to smoke shafts on branches. The length of the corridor served by one smoke intake device is assumed to be no more than 30 m.
It is allowed to connect no more than two smoke receivers on one floor to the exhaust system of a corridor or hall.

5.6. The consumption of smoke removed directly from the premises in accordance with paragraphs. 5.2*, g and 5.2*, d, should be determined by calculation or in accordance with the recommended Appendix 22:
a) along the perimeter of the fire G, kg/h;
b) to protect emergency exit doors from smoke penetration beyond their boundaries G 1 kg/h.

Notes: 1. When determining smoke flow in accordance with clause 5.6, b, a higher wind speed for the cold or warm period of the year should be taken according to mandatory Appendix 8, but not more than 5 m/s.
2. For isolated premises, for which, in accordance with clause 5.2*,d, smoke removal through the corridor is allowed, the greater smoke flow rate, determined in accordance with the requirements of clauses, is taken as the calculated one. 5.3 or 5.6.

5.7. Premises with an area of ​​more than 1600 m2 must be divided into smoke zones, taking into account the possibility of a fire in one of them. Each smoke zone should, as a rule, be fenced with dense vertical curtains made of non-combustible materials, descending from the ceiling (floor) to the floor, but not lower than 2.5 m from it, forming “smoke reservoirs” under the ceiling (floor).
Smoke zones, fenced or not fenced with curtains, should be designed taking into account the occurrence of possible fires.
The area of ​​the smoke zone should not exceed 1600 m2.

5.8. Time t, s, the filling of a room or smoke tank with smoke should be determined by the formula
t= 6,39A(Y -0,5 -H- 0,5 )/P f (6)
Where A - area of ​​the room or smoke tank, m2;

U - level of the lower limit of smoke accepted for premises Y= 2.5 m, and for smoke tanks - as the height, m, from the lower edge of the curtains to the floor of the room;
N - room height, m:
P f - perimeter of the fire, m, determined by calculation or recommended Appendix 22.

5.9. The speed of smoke movement, m/s, in valves, shafts and air ducts should be taken by calculation.
Average specific gravity g, N/m 3 and smoke temperature t,. C, when removing it from a room with a volume of 10 thousand m3 or less, the following should be taken: g = 4 N/m3, t= 600. C - when burning liquids and gases; g = 5 N/m 3, t = 450. C - when burning solids and g = 6 N/m 3, t= 300. C when burning fibrous substances and when removing smoke from corridors and halls.
Average specific gravity of smoke g m when removing it from a room with a volume of more than 10 thousand m3, it should be determined by the formula
g m = g +0.05(V p -10) (7)
Where V p - volume of the room, thousand m3.

5.10. Removal of smoke directly from the premises of one-story buildings, as a rule, should be provided by exhaust systems with natural draft through smoke shafts with smoke valves or openable non-blown lanterns.
From the area adjacent to the windows, width l. 15 m is allowed to remove smoke through window transoms (sashes), the bottom of which is at a level of at least 2.2 m from the floor.
IN multi-storey buildings, as a rule, should be provided exhaust devices with artificial motivation; It is allowed to provide separate natural draft smoke shafts for each isolated room.
In libraries, book depositories, archives, and paper warehouses, exhaust devices with artificial stimulation should be provided, assuming an average specific gravity of gases of 7 N/m 3 and a temperature of 220. C.
When artificially stimulated, branches from no more than four rooms or four smoke zones on each floor should be connected to the vertical collector.

5.11. For smoke protection the following should be provided:
a) installation radial fans with an electric motor on one shaft (including radial roof fans) in a design corresponding to the category of the room being served, without soft inserts - when removing smoke during a fire. It is allowed to use soft inserts made of non-flammable materials, as well as install radial fans on a V-belt drive or on a coupling, cooled by air;
b) air ducts and shafts made of non-combustible materials with a fire resistance limit of at least 0.75 > h - when removing smoke directly from the room, 0.5 h - from corridors or halls, 0.25 h - when removing gases after a fire (clause 5.13 );
c) smoke valves made of non-combustible materials that open automatically in case of fire, with a fire resistance limit of 0.5 hours - when removing smoke from corridors, halls and rooms and 0.25 hours - when removing gases and smoke after a fire (clause 5.13). It is allowed to use smoke dampers with a non-standardized fire resistance limit for systems serving one room.
Smoke intake devices should be placed as evenly as possible over the area of ​​the room, smoke zone or smoke reservoir. The area served by one smoke receiver should be no more than 900 m2
d) emission of smoke into the atmosphere at a height of at least 2 m from a roof made of flammable or slow-burning materials. It is allowed to emit smoke at a lower height with the roof protected by non-combustible materials at a distance of at least 2 m from the edge of the exhaust hole. Deflectors should be installed above the shafts when there is natural movement of air. Smoke emission in artificially driven systems should be provided through pipes without umbrellas;
e) installation of check valves at the fan. It is allowed not to provide for the installation of check valves if in the serviced production room there is excess heat of more than 20 W/m 3 (under transient conditions).

The emission of smoke from shafts that remove smoke from underlying floors and basements may be provided in the aerated spans of smelting, foundry, rolling and other hot shops. In this case, the mouth of the shafts should be placed at a level of at least 6 m from the floor of the aerated span, at a distance of at least 3 m vertically and 1 m-horizontally from building structures buildings or at a level of at least 3 m from the floor when installing deluge irrigation at the mouth of smoke shafts. Smoke valves should not be installed in these mines.

5.12. Fans for smoke removal should be placed with type 1 fire partitions.
In rooms for smoke protection exhaust equipment, ventilation should be provided to ensure fire, air temperature not exceeding 60. C during the warm season (parameters B).
It is allowed to place fans of exhaust systems on the roof and outside of the building (except for areas with an estimated outside air temperature of minus 40. C and below - parameters B). Fans installed outside (except for roof fans) must, as a rule, be protected from unauthorized persons by a mesh.

5.13. Removal of gases and smoke after a fire from premises protected by gas fire extinguishing installations should be provided with artificial stimulation from the lower zone of the premises.
At places where air ducts (except for transit) cross the fence of the premises served gas fire extinguishing, fire-retarding valves with a fire resistance rating of at least 0.25 hours should be provided.

5.14. To remove smoke during a fire and gases after a fire, it is allowed to use emergency and main ventilation systems that meet the requirements of paragraphs. 5.3-5.13.

5.15. The supply of outside air in case of fire for smoke protection of buildings should be provided:

A) into elevator shafts in the absence of airlock vestibules at their exits in buildings with smoke-free stairwells;
b) in smoke-free staircases of the 2nd type;
c) in airlock vestibules in smoke-free staircases of the 3rd type;
d) in airlock vestibules in front of elevators in the basement of public, administrative, residential and industrial buildings;
e) in airlock vestibules in front of staircases in basement floors with premises of category B.

Note. In smelting, foundry, rolling and other hot shops, it is allowed to supply airlocks taken from the aerated spans of the building into airlocks;
f) in elevator machine rooms in buildings of categories A and B, except for elevator shafts in which, in the event of a fire, overpressure air.

5.16. The outdoor air flow for smoke protection should be calculated to ensure an air pressure of at least 20 Pa:
a) in the lower part of the elevator shafts with the doors closed in the elevator shafts on all floors (except the bottom);
b) in the lower part of each compartment of smoke-free staircases of the 2nd type with open doors on the evacuation route from corridors and halls on the fire floor into the stairwell and from the building outside with closed doors from corridors and halls on all other floors;
c) in airlock vestibules on the fire floor in buildings with smoke-free stairwells of the 3rd type with one open door to the corridor or hall, in airlock vestibules in front of elevators in the basement floors in accordance with sp. 5.15, d with the doors closed, as well as in airlock vestibules in the basement floors in accordance with clause 5.15, d with the door to the basement floor open.
Air flow supplied to airlock vestibules operating in case of fire from one open door into the corridor, hall or basement, should be determined by calculation or by a speed of 1.3 m/s in the door opening.

5.17. When calculating smoke protection, the following should be taken into account:
a) outside air temperature and wind speed for the cold season (parameters B). If the wind speed in the warm period of the year is higher than in the cold period, the calculations should be checked for the warm period of the year (parameters B). Wind speed in cold and warm periods of the year should be taken no more than 5 m/s;
b) the direction of the wind on the facade opposite the emergency exit of the building;
c) excess pressure in elevator shafts in smoke-free staircases of the 2nd type and in airlock vestibules - in relation to the outside air pressure on the windward side of the building;
d) pressure on closed doors on escape routes no more than 150 Pa;
e) the area of ​​one large leaf for double doors.

Elevator cars should be located on the ground floor, and the doors to the elevator shaft on that floor should be open.

5.18*. For smoke protection the following should be provided:
a) installation of radial or axial fans in separate rooms from fans for other purposes with fire partitions of the 1st type. It is allowed to place fans on the roof and outside of buildings, except in areas with an outside air temperature of minus 40. C and below (parameters B) with fences to protect against access by unauthorized persons;
b) air ducts made of non-combustible materials with a fire resistance limit of 0.5 hours;
c) installation of a check valve at the fan. Check valve it is allowed not to install if in the industrial building being serviced there is excess heat of 20 W/m 3 or more (under transient conditions);
d) intake openings for outside air, located at a distance of at least 5 m from smoke emissions.