Why are the planet's natural resources inexhaustible? Natural resources of planet earth

The topic "Geography of the world's natural resources" is one of the central topics in the school geography course. What are natural resources? What types of them stand out, and how are they distributed across the planet? What factors determine geography? Read about this in the article.

What are natural resources?

The geography of the world's natural resources is extremely important for understanding the development of the world economy and the economies of individual states. This concept can be interpreted in different ways. In the broadest sense, this is the entire complex of natural benefits, necessary for a person. In a narrow sense, natural resources mean a set of goods of natural origin that can serve as sources for production.

Natural resources are not simply used in economic activities. Without them, in fact, the existence of human society as such is impossible. One of the most important and pressing problems of modern geographical science is the geography of the world's natural resources (10th grade of secondary school). Both geographers and economists study this issue.

Classification of the Earth's natural resources

The planet's natural resources are classified according to various criteria. Thus, they distinguish between exhaustible and inexhaustible resources, as well as partially renewable ones. According to the prospects for their use, natural resources are divided into industrial, agricultural, energy, recreational and tourist, etc.

According to genetic classification, natural resources include:

• mineral;
• land;
• aquatic;
• forest;
• biological (including resources of the World Ocean);
• energy;
• climatic;
• recreational.

Features of the planetary distribution of natural resources

What features does geography represent? How are they distributed across the planet?

It is immediately worth noting that the world's natural resources are distributed extremely unevenly between states. Thus, nature has endowed several countries (such as Russia, the USA or Australia) with a wide range of minerals. Others (for example, Japan or Moldova) have to be content with only two or three types of mineral raw materials.

As for consumption volumes, about 70% of the world's natural resources are used by the countries of the USA, Canada and Japan, where no more than nine percent of the world's population lives. But a group of developing countries, which account for about 60% of the world's population, consume only 15% of the planet's natural resources.

The geography of the world's natural resources is uneven not only in relation to minerals. According to forest reserves, land reserves, water resources Countries and continents are also very different from each other. Thus, most of the planet's fresh water is concentrated in the glaciers of Antarctica and Greenland - regions with minimal population. At the same time, dozens African states experiencing acute

Such an uneven geography of the world's natural resources forces many countries to solve the problem of their shortage different ways. Some do this through active financing of geological exploration activities, others implement Newest technologies energy saving, reduce the material consumption of their production as much as possible.

World natural resources (mineral) and their distribution

Mineral raw materials are natural components (substances) that are used by humans in production or to generate electricity. Mineral resources are important for the economy of any state. IN earth's crust Our planet contains about two hundred minerals. 160 of them are actively mined by humans. Depending on the method and scope of use, mineral resources are divided into several types:

Perhaps the most important mineral resource today is oil. It is rightly called “black gold”; major wars were (and are still being) fought for it. As a rule, oil occurs along with associated natural gas. The main regions for the extraction of these resources in the world are Alaska, Texas, the Middle East, and Mexico. Another fuel resource is coal (hard and brown). It is mined in many countries (more than 70).

Ore mineral resources include ores of ferrous, non-ferrous and precious metals. Geological deposits of these minerals often have a clear connection to the zones of crystalline shields - protrusions of the platform foundations.

Non-metallic mineral resources are found completely various applications. Thus, granite and asbestos are used in the construction industry, potassium salts - in the production of fertilizers, graphite - in nuclear energy, etc. The geography of the world's natural resources is presented in more detail below. The table includes a list of the most important and sought-after minerals.

Land resources and their geography

Land resources are one of the most important resources of the planet and of any country in the world. This concept refers to the part of the Earth’s surface suitable for life, construction and maintenance. Agriculture. The world land fund is about 13 billion hectares of area. It includes:

Different countries have different land resources. Some have vast expanses of free land at their disposal (Russia, Ukraine), while others experience an acute shortage of free space (Japan, Denmark). Agricultural land is extremely unevenly distributed: about 60% of the world's arable land is in Eurasia, while Australia has only 3%.

Water resources and their geography

Water is the most abundant and most important mineral on Earth. It was in it that earthly life originated, and it is water that is necessary for every living organism. The planet's water resources mean all surface and underground water that is used by humans or can be used in the future. Fresh water is especially in demand. It is used in everyday life, in production and in the agricultural sector. The maximum reserves of fresh river flow fall in Asia and Latin America, and the minimum in Australia and Africa. Moreover, on one third of the world's landmass the problem with fresh water is especially acute.

The richest countries in the world in terms of freshwater reserves include Brazil, Russia, Canada, China and the USA. But the five countries least supplied with fresh water look like this: Kuwait, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Jordan.

Forest resources and their geography

Forests are often called the “lungs” of our planet. And completely justified. After all, they play an important climate-forming, water-protection, and recreational role. Forest resources include forests themselves, as well as all their useful qualities - protective, recreational, medicinal, etc.

According to statistics, about 25% of the earth's land is covered by forests. The bulk of them are in the so-called “northern forest belt,” which includes countries such as Russia, Canada, the USA, Sweden, and Finland.

The table below shows the countries that are leaders in terms of forest cover in their territories:

Biological resources of the planet

Biological resources are all plant and animal organisms that are used by humans for various purposes. More in demand in modern world namely floristic resources. There are about six thousand species on the planet cultivated plants. However, only one hundred of them are widely distributed throughout the world. In addition to cultivated plants, people actively breed livestock and poultry and use strains of bacteria in agriculture and industry.

Biological resources are classified as renewable. Nevertheless, with their modern, sometimes predatory and ill-considered use, some of them are threatened with destruction.

Geography of the world's natural resources: environmental problems

Modern environmental management is characterized by a number of serious environmental problems. Active mining of minerals not only pollutes the atmosphere and soil, but also significantly alters the surface of our planet, changing some landscapes beyond recognition.

What words are associated with modern geography of world natural resources? Pollution, depletion, destruction... Unfortunately, it's true. Thousands of hectares of ancient forests disappear from the face of our planet every year. Poaching is destroying rare and endangered species of animals. Heavy industry pollutes soils with metals and other harmful substances.

There is an urgent need to change the concept of human behavior in the natural environment at a global level. Otherwise, the future of world civilization will not look very bright.

The phenomenon of the “resource curse”

“The paradox of abundance”, or “the curse of raw materials”, is the name of a phenomenon in economics that was first formulated in 1993 by Richard Auty. The essence of this phenomenon is as follows: states with significant natural resource potential, as a rule, are characterized by low economic growth and development. In turn, countries “poor” in natural resources achieve great economic success.

There are indeed a lot of examples confirming this conclusion in the modern world. People first started talking about the “resource curse” of countries back in the 80s of the last century. Some researchers already traced this trend in their works.

Economists identify several main reasons explaining this phenomenon:

• lack of desire on the part of the authorities to carry out effective and necessary reforms;
• development of corruption based on “easy money”;
• a decrease in the competitiveness of other sectors of the economy that are not so heavily dependent on natural resources.

Conclusion

The geography of the world's natural resources is extremely uneven. This applies to almost all of their types - mineral, energy, land, water, forest.

Some states own large reserves of mineral resources, but the mineral resource potential of other countries is significantly limited to just a few types. True, an exceptional supply of natural resources does not always guarantee a high standard of living or the development of the economy of a particular state. A striking example of this are countries such as Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and others. This phenomenon has even received its name in economics - the “resource curse.”

Natural resources and their use

What are natural resources and what is their role in human life and activity?

Give examples of exhaustible and inexhaustible, renewable and non-renewable resources.

What is the resource cycle?
Give examples of resource cycles (according to the concept of I.V. Komar).

Natural resources - these are objects and forces of nature used by man to maintain his existence. These include sunlight, water, soil, air, minerals, tidal energy, wind power, plant and animal world, intraterrestrial heat, etc.

Man uses natural resources as sources of energy, consumer goods, means and objects of labor, etc.
Against the backdrop of an increase in the scale of production, the question of the limited natural resources necessary to meet the needs of civilization and the ways of their rational use comes to the fore.
Humanity cannot exist without using natural resources, without influencing their quantity and quality, and, consequently, without making changes to its natural environment.

Iguazu Falls. Latin America

Natural resources are classified according to a number of criteria:

on their use- for production (agricultural and industrial), healthcare (recreational), aesthetic, scientific, etc.;

by affiliation to certain components of nature - land, water, mineral, as well as animal and vegetable world and etc.;

by replaceability- into replaceable (for example, fuel and mineral energy resources can be replaced by wind, solar energy) and irreplaceable (there is nothing to replace oxygen in the air for breathing or fresh water for drinking);

by exhaustibility- into exhaustible and inexhaustible.

To the inexhaustible natural resources primarily include processes and phenomena external to our planet and inherent to it as a cosmic body. First of all, these are resources of cosmic origin, for example, the energy of solar radiation and its derivatives - the energy of moving air, falling water, sea waves, ebbs and flows, sea currents, intraterrestrial heat.

Towards exhaustible resources include all natural bodies located within globe as a physical body having a specific mass and volume. Exhaustible resources include flora, fauna, minerals and organic compounds, contained in the bowels of the Earth (mineral resources).

Based on their ability to self-regenerate, all exhaustible resources can be conditionally classified into renewable, relatively renewable and non-renewable (see diagram).

Renewable resources - these are resources that can be restored through various natural processes

For a time commensurate with the timing of their consumption. These include vegetation, fauna and some mineral resources deposited on the bottom of modern lakes and marine lagoons.
Non-renewable resources - these are resources that are not restored at all or the rate of their recovery is so low that their practical use by humans becomes impossible.

These include, first of all, ores of metals and non-metals, groundwater, solid Construction Materials(granite, sand, marble, etc.), as well as energy resources (oil, gas, coal).

A special group consists of land resources . The soil is a bio-inert body resulting from various forms weathering (physical, chemical, biological) of rocks in different climates, terrain and in conditions of earth gravity.

The soil-forming process is long and complex. It is known that a layer of chernozem horizon 1 cm thick is formed
for about a century. Thus, being in principle a renewable resource, soil is restored over a very long period of time (many decades and even centuries), which gives grounds to evaluate it as a relatively renewable resource.

A special position has two most important natural bodies, which are not only natural resources , but also at the same time the main components of the habitat of living organisms ( natural conditions): atmospheric air and water. While inexhaustible quantitatively, they are exhaustible qualitatively (at least in certain regions). There is enough water on Earth, however, fresh water reserves suitable for use account for 0.3% of the total volume.

A similar situation is typical for atmospheric air, which in a number of large cities and industrial centers
so heavily contaminated that the impurities it contains have harmful effects on humans and other living organisms.
In 1957, P. Dansereau formulated the law of irreversibility of the interaction “Man - Biosphere”, according to which a part of renewable natural resources (animal, plant) can become exhaustible, non-renewable, if a person makes their life and reproduction impossible through irrational agricultural, hydraulic, industrial and other measures.

Thus, uncontrolled hunting for Steller's cow led to its disappearance as biological species. The same thing happened with some other animal species.

In general, over the past 400 years, more than 160 species of mammals and birds have disappeared from the face of the Earth. IN present time According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), one animal and plant species disappears every year as a result of human activity.

The division of resources according to some criteria is very arbitrary, since the same resource, for example, water in a lake, can be used for industrial, agricultural and fish farming needs, as well as for recreational purposes, or simply has great aesthetic value. In this case, it often comes into play material resource rule , according to which the use of a resource for some purposes makes it difficult or precludes use for others. If waste is dumped into the lake industrial enterprise, even largely purified, the use of water for fish farming and public health becomes difficult or impossible.

In this regard, in each specific case it is necessary to consider the whole network of natural relationships and determine best option, acceptable to both nature and society.

The process of exploiting natural resources in order to satisfy the material and cultural needs of society is called environmental management.

Humanity is intensively changing the processes of circulation of all chemical substances not only at the local, but also at the biosphere (global) level.

In order to create the necessary products, obtain energy, raw materials, a person finds and extracts natural resources, transports them to processing sites, and produces the necessary items from them. Thus, man involves natural resources in resource cycle.

Under the resource cycle understand the totality of transformations and spatial movements of a certain substance (or group of substances) at all stages of its use by humans (including its identification, preparation for use, extraction from the natural environment, processing, transformation and return to nature).

The word "cycle" implies a closed process. It is known that in nature everything chemical substances(water, gases, metals) move in a closed cycle. The resource cycle as a cycle is actually not closed.

The concept of resource cycles was proposed by I.V. Komar. He identified the following resource cycles: the cycle of energy resources and energy with hydropower and energy-chemical subcycles; cycle of metal ore resources and metals with a coke-chemical subcycle; cycle of non-metallic fossil raw materials with subcycles of mining chemical and mineral building materials; cycle of soil-climatic resources and agricultural raw materials; cycle of forest resources and timber products; cycle of wild fauna and flora resources.
As is easy to see, the first three cycles are associated with non-renewable resources, and the rest - with renewable natural resources.
As for non-renewable resources, their depletion over time is inevitable, and the task is not so much to stretch these resources over a longer period, but rather to find a substitute for it of natural or artificial origin before the depletion of one or another natural resource, or to find the possibility of its regeneration through the use of recycled materials.

Planet Earth has characteristic features, which makes it a pearl of the cosmos. The natural environment and natural resources determine the state of the global economy. In turn, the development and use of unique “gifts” environment depend on the socio-economic needs of the population, as well as the natural properties of each region. scale - land, mineral, water and forest reserves. In addition, this category also includes the reserves of the World Ocean: both flora and fauna, and water and the elements contained in it.

Currently, the following types of natural resources are distinguished: inexhaustible and exhaustible. The latter, in turn, are divided into renewable and non-renewable. Let's take a closer look at these categories.

An exhaustible natural resource is a source of energy that can run out in a relatively short period of time. Examples include oil, coal, peat, biomass. This category can be further divided into two groups. The first includes natural reserves of a non-renewable nature, that is, those whose consumption and use cannot be replenished by humans. The second group consists of This includes resources that a person restores as needed.

An inexhaustible natural resource can be classified as a separate group. This is a source of energy that a person can use almost endlessly due to its so-called “huge reserves”. This type includes the energy of the Sun, space, geothermal and wind energy and others. Such resources are named because humanity hopes that over time they will be able to replace exhaustible resources.

The quantity and quality of the world's reserves is greatly influenced by the environmental situation observed on the planet as a whole. such as soil pollution, discharge Wastewater, irrational economic activities, reduce the possibilities of using energy sources.

Depending on the economic viability, all natural resources can be divided into:

1. Non-productive. This group includes everything that is used by a person, but is not produced by him. For example, drinking water, game animals or wild flora.

2. Production. This includes every natural resource produced or grown by humans. The results and means of agriculture have a similar quality ( forage plants, feed and game animals, soil, water used for irrigation), as well as industrial products (metals and alloys, wood, fuel).

In addition, there is a basis for their economic importance. There are on-balance and off-balance minerals. The first category includes reserves that are currently in use. Their development is cost-effective and feasible. The latter, on the contrary, require the investment of additional funds, since they are located in difficult areas for extraction and require special conditions processing and have a relatively small number of deposits.

All living organisms on the planet, for normal existence and functioning, require certain natural resources, including: water (sea and fresh), territory, soil, mountains, forests (vegetation), animals (including fish), fossil fuels and minerals.

All the above mentioned resources are natural and they exist in nature. No man created them, but humanity uses them for its own benefit. It must be taken into account that all the natural resources of the world are interconnected, for example, if water disappears in a certain area, this will negatively affect the local flora, fauna, soil and even climate.

The Earth's natural resources can be used directly or indirectly. For example, people directly depend on forests for food and biomass, improved health, recreation, and increased living standards and comfort. Indirectly, forests act as climate controls, provide protection from floods and storms, and provide nutrient cycling.

Forest resources

Forest resources are extremely important natural resources that are used by people to meet the needs of life (food, shelter and building materials). Forests occupy about 1/3 of the land area or 4 billion hectares and are considered dominant, because they are distributed throughout the world. Forest resources contain about 80% of the Earth's plant biomass.

Land resources

Land resources include areas that are located on land and can be used for human needs. Their total area is about 14.9 billion hectares. This resource is limited in space and subject to anthropogenic influence. Land resources are an integral part of the planet, necessary for the existence and functioning of most living organisms.

Mineral resources

Mineral resources are non-renewable and include all minerals intended for further use; there are more than 200 types of them. All species are distributed unevenly and in different quantities across our planet. In this regard, security mineral resources depends on the availability of certain species in a particular region of the world and their use.

Climate and space resources

Climate and space resources are inexhaustible and include: solar energy, wind energy, the energy of the earth's interior, the energy of sea tides and waves, water and air energy. When used, such resources do not decrease in quantity, but their quality characteristics due to anthropogenic impact.

Biological resources

Biological resources include all living organisms (, etc.). This resource is renewable if organisms are able to reproduce. Biological resource can be considered a natural source of obtaining necessary goods (food, raw materials for industry, farm animals, etc.).

Importance of natural resources

The world's natural resources are essential to maintaining the highly complex interactions between living things and non-living things. All over the world, people consume resources directly and indirectly, gaining enormous benefits from these interactions. More developed countries consume resources in greater quantities than less developed countries.

The global economy uses about 60 billion tons of natural resources every year to produce the goods and services we consume. On average, one person in Europe uses about 36 kg of resources per day; V North America- 90 kg; in Asia - 14 kg and in Africa - 10 kg.

In what form do people consume natural resources? The three main forms include: food and drink, housing and infrastructure, and mobility. They account for more than 60% of the use of all natural resources.

Food and drink

This form includes agricultural products, natural products(e.g. meat, freshwater and saltwater fish), seeds, nuts, medicines, herbs and plants. This includes drinking water, as well as water for sanitary and household use. Just think, ceramics, silverware (spoons, forks and knives), jars, milk cartons, paper and plastic cups- they are all made from raw materials that come from the Earth's natural resources.

Mobility

Mobility includes all types of transportation such as cars, trains, watercraft, and fueled aircraft. Where do you think the raw materials used in the production and operation of vehicles come from?

Housing and infrastructure

Imagine all the houses public places, roads and other objects that are located in your locality. Think about where all the energy that heats and cools spaces comes from, as well as the origins of the metal, plastic, stone and other materials needed for construction.

Beyond these three main areas of consumption, we use many more resources from our environment on a daily basis. The role of natural resources in supporting life on Earth is extremely important, and we must ensure that the environment is protected and that it is easier to regenerate naturally.

Distribution of natural resources

Natural resources are distributed unevenly around the world. Some countries are richer in them than others (for example, some regions have many water resources and access to oceans and seas). Others have many mineral deposits and forest areas, and still others have metallic rocks, wildlife, fossil fuels, etc.

For example, the United States ranks first in the world in coal reserves, and Australia is the world's largest net exporter of coal. China remains largest producer gold.

The United States, Russia, and Canada are the leading producers of wood and pulp. Annual exports of primary and secondary wood products from tropical forests have exceeded $20 billion in recent years, and are seeing further growth.

Many countries have developed their economies using existing natural resources. Some of them also receive a lot of income from tourism and recreation (for example, Brazil and Peru, make money from tourism in the Amazon forest, where there is a very diverse flora and fauna).

Crude oil is another important natural resource. From it we get a lot of petroleum products, such as gasoline, diesel fuel and gas used to power transport and provide comfortable conditions in our homes. But crude oil is not distributed evenly across the planet.

Regions where oil is available in sufficient quantities extract it and then sell it to regions where it is absent, and also buy natural resources from other regions, such as timber and precious metals (gold, diamonds and silver), which they have in their abundance.

Uneven distribution is also the root of power and greed in many countries. Some states use their resource wealth to control and manipulate regions with fewer resources, and even engage in military conflicts.

Threats of natural resource depletion

Overpopulation

This is probably the most significant threat facing natural resources. The world population is growing at a very fast pace. According to statistics, 365 thousand children are born every day in the world, which means that the planet’s large population negatively affects almost all natural resources. How?

Land use

With more people, more land must be cultivated for food and areas must be allocated for housing. Many forests and lands with rich vegetation will be converted into human settlements, roads and farms. This will lead to negative consequences for natural resources.

Deforestation

Demand for wood (timber), food and wooden crafts there will be more. Therefore, people will use more forest resources than they can recover naturally.

Fishing

Fresh water and seafood, on which people directly depend, also face threats. Larger fishing companies go to the depths of the seas and catch fish in huge quantities. Some of the fishing methods they use are not sustainable and thus deplete fish resources.

Need more

More comfortable life human means great needs (for example, communication, transport, education, entertainment and recreation). This means that more industrial processes need to be used and the demand for raw materials and natural resources increases.

Climate change

Climate change resulting from excess carbon dioxide, harms biodiversity and many other abiotic natural resources of the world. Species that have become acclimated to their environment may die, while others will have to move to more suitable areas to survive.

Environmental pollution

Water, soil and air pollution have a negative impact on the environment. This affects chemical composition soils, rocks, land, ocean waters, fresh groundwater and other natural resources.

Restoration of used natural resources

In recent years, waste has begun to be seen as a potential resource rather than something that should be in landfills. According to experts, something very useful can be made from paper, plastic, wood, metals and even waste water.

Natural resource recovery (waste recovery)- the use of sorted waste to extract secondary raw materials and use them again or transform them into new raw materials for the production of something.

It involves composting and recycling waste that goes to landfill (for example, wet organic waste such as waste from food consumption or agricultural activities). Traditionally, we collect them and send them to landfill, but when recovering used resources, they need to be composted or processed through anaerobic digestion to produce biogas.

This concept can be applied at home. In many populated areas There are places where residents can throw away garbage that they have previously sorted at home. This simplifies the organization of waste disposal before further processing.

Waste recovery is not an easy task, it involves careful planning, people's culture, community participation as well as the use of technology. Despite these challenges, waste recovery has enormous environmental and economic benefits and should therefore be seriously considered.

Restoring the planet's natural resources benefits humanity because it reduces our need for new raw materials, thereby saving the environment (for example, by recycling used paper products, we can obtain new cellulose, which is found in wood. Plus, for recycling requires less energy than producing new raw materials).

Wastewater and stormwater can be used as another example. There is a way to significantly reduce the demand for fresh water if we start recycling all wastewater for reuse. This water can be used for gardening, agriculture, domestic needs and heating.

In Victoria, Australia, purified water is used to irrigate vineyards, tomatoes, potatoes and other crops.

In Mexico City, about 174 million liters per day of treated wastewater is used to irrigate green areas, fill recreational lakes, and also in agriculture.

Ways to protect natural resources

In order to have a sustainable future where we can continue to use the Earth's natural resources, we urgently need to change the way we produce and consume goods and services.

High levels of natural resource consumption are observed mainly in major cities peace.

Globally, cities are responsible for 60-80% of energy consumption and 75% of carbon dioxide emissions, consuming more than 75% of natural resources.

In order to change your current lifestyle, you need to use:

Public

All stakeholders should strive to provide information and raise public awareness of existing resources and the need to ensure their protection. Although there is a lot of information freely available, campaigners should try to use less scientific and complex terms. Once people realize how useful our natural resources are, they will be more concerned about protecting them.

Individuals and organizations

People and organizations in developed countries, With high level resource consumers must be aware of resource protection issues. It is necessary to understand that using all the necessary resources for your own benefit is acceptable, but it is necessary to reduce the amount of waste and take care of proper disposal. We can achieve this in our homes and workplaces by reducing and recycling the waste we create.

Government

The government must enforce policies to protect natural resources. It is necessary to monitor the operation of enterprises and provide incentives to those who use recycled materials and introduce hefty fines for those who refuse to do so. Enterprises must return part of their profits to activities that are aimed at restoring previously used resources.

Inexhaustible natural resources are those resources whose quantity does not noticeably decrease during the process of even prolonged consumption or use.

These resources are divided into the following groups:

• Conditionally inexhaustible resources.
• The planet's inexhaustible resources.

Conditionally inexhaustible resources

1. 1. Climatic. The term "climate" refers to the combination of light and heat radiation and energy that planets provide to living organisms. optimal conditions for existence and having a certain territorial location. The resource is important for humanity because weather directly affects the maturation of plants and determines the number of their species. Destruction or exhaustion climatic conditions cannot happen, but a deterioration in their quality indicators may occur. This occurs as a result of atomic explosions, environmental disasters, improper conduct of recreational activities, and pollution of territories.

1. 2. Water. include fresh waters and ocean waters. The situation with this resource is the same as with the climate: it cannot be destroyed, but its quality can be significantly reduced through thoughtless use. The result could be a significant reduction in the unsalted volume process water and clean drinking water, taking into account the fact that the volume of fresh water on Earth is only 4% of the total volume of moisture (including ice).

The planet's inexhaustible resources

1. 1. Sun ( solar energy). This resource is a huge accumulation of energy, daily emitted into outer space in the form of radiation exceeding the needs of people by several tens of thousands of times. Human use of this resource occurs through the creation of solar and photovoltaic installations.
3. 2. Wind (wind force). Wind is a derivative of the solar resource, as it is formed as a result of uneven heating of the earth's surface. The creation of wind pumps and power plants is a promising industry.
5. 3. Tides (energy of ebb and flow). This type of resource includes the power of the waves of the oceans and seas. Used by humans in the operation of tidal power plants and dams.
7. 4. Soil and intraterrestrial heat. The inexhaustibility of this resource is relative. Today people are sufficiently provided with it, but due to the deterioration ecological state planet, the renewability of soil cover may cease. The results of human activity negatively change the quality and structural properties soils: erosion occurs, acidity and salt content increase.