Translation transcription and transliteration. Study of translation transformations when translating a literary text

Hello dear readers!

In an age when well developed international relationships, people travel to different countries, they have to fill out quite a lot of documents. And here many questions immediately arise. The article “Transliteration into English” will help you resolve them.

Basic Rules

Transliteration is the transfer of the spelling of letters of one language with the letters of another. Since the Russian alphabet and phonetics are significantly different, it is sometimes quite difficult to convey our sounds with the letters of a foreign language. Remember the last one about coordinating tenses?

For example, the sounds [zh,] [yo], [th] have no correspondence. Because of this, many disputes and disagreements arise. Over time, the rules change, so I will show you the latest transliteration rules 2018. I will show you the translation in the table:

This year, foreign passports are already being issued according to a new model. What has changed is that Kommersant began to be designated in contrast to the previous rules. The letter T is now written as TS, not TC. Where Y was used, I is now placed. Do you know how to correctly transliterate into English?

Be careful when filling out documents. Correct transliteration from Russian into English is very important. If an error is found in your passport, this document is invalid and must be changed.

Subscribe to my blog. Find even more useful articles and rules, and you will also receive as a gift - a basic phrasebook in three languages, English, German and French. Its main advantage is that there is Russian transcription, so even without knowing the language, you can easily master colloquial phrases.

To help you avoid unpleasant situations, I will demonstrate examples of names, surnames and patronymics written in Latin letters: Valerii Anatolevich Sukhorukov, Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Izmailova, Stanislav Petrovich Shukshin, Iana Fedorovna Shcherbak.
If you still have doubts, you can check the transliteration of the keyboard from Russian to English online on various sites. But be careful to make sure they comply with the new rules. By the way, often when purchasing air tickets there is an automatic translation into Latin. Remember about the participle phrase?

Table with examples of surnames

But everything is not limited to the first and last name. What if you are asked to provide an address, for example, when sending a parcel or filling out any other document. The street name follows the above rule, but the country and city must already be translated into English. Of course, if there is a translation. Did you remember about the possessive form in English?

For example, the city of Irkutsk will remain Irkutsk. You also need to remember the abbreviations of words such as house, street and others. I suggest you get acquainted with them in the table:

The writing order is different for all countries, so you should clarify this issue.

If you are filling out documents in the UK you need to follow this scheme:

House number, street name
City
Index
A country
For example, 41, Pushkinskaia street, Moscow, Russia, 450002

I hope that the information was useful to you. If you want to learn more about the languages, culture and way of life of European countries, subscribe to the Viva Europe blog.

I was with you, a philologist of the English language, Ekaterina Martynova.
Have a nice day, everyone!

In other words, transcription is either transliteration (full or partial), the direct use of a given word denoting reality, or its root in writing in letters of one’s language or in combination with suffixes of one’s language.

Transliteration when translating into Russian is often used in cases where we're talking about about the names of institutions, positions specific to a given country, i.e. about the sphere of socio-political life, about the names of objects and concepts of material life, about forms of addressing the interlocutor, etc.

The transliteration method of translation is widespread and leaves a significant mark both in Russian translated literature and in original works (fiction, journalistic, scientific). This is evidenced by, for example, words related to English public life, as “peer”, “mayor”, “landlord”, “esquire”, or to Spanish as “hidalgo”, “torero”, “bullfight”, etc.; words related to the life of a French city, such as “fiacre”, “concierge”; English addresses "miss", "sir" and many others like them.

There is no word that could not be translated into another language, at least descriptively, i.e. a common combination of words in a given language. But transliteration is necessary precisely when it is important to maintain the lexical brevity of the designation, corresponding to its familiarity in the original language, and at the same time emphasize the specificity of the named thing or concept, if there is no exact correspondence in the target language. When assessing the appropriateness of using transliteration, it is necessary to take into account exactly how important the transfer of this specificity is. If the latter is not required, then the use of transliteration turns into abuse of foreign borrowings, leading to obscuring the meaning and clogging the native language.

Particular attention should be paid to the translation problem of the so-called realia, the naming of national-cultural objects that are characteristic of the source culture and are relatively little known or not at all known to the translating culture. In conditions of large-scale intercultural communication, such names constitute a very significant group, and the most common way of transmitting them in another language is translation transcription or standard transliteration.

Transliteration and transcription are used to translate proper names, names of peoples and tribes, geographical names, names of business institutions, companies, firms, periodicals, names of sports teams, stable groups of rock musicians, cultural objects, etc. Most of these names are relatively easy to translation transcription or, less commonly, transliterations:

Hollywood - Hollywood [Transl. 241]

Pencey - Pansy [Trans. 241]

Saxon Hall - Saxon Hall [Trans. 242]

Bank of London - Bank of London

Minnesota - Minnesota

Wall Street Journal – Wall Street Journal

Detroit Red Wings - Detroit Red Wings

Beatles - The Beatles, etc. [Kazakova, p. 67].

The names and titles of fantastic creatures mentioned in folklore and literary sources are also transcribed:

Baba Yaga

Hobbit - Hobbit

goblin - goblin etc. [Kazakova, p.75]

When it comes to common names (big cities, rivers, famous historical figures) or common names, the translator is guided by tradition - regardless of the possibility of getting closer to the original sound. Sometimes the traditional Russian spelling is quite close to the exact phonetic form of a foreign name, for example: “Schiller”, “Byron”, “Dante”, “Brandenburg”, etc.

Anthony Wayne Avenue - Anthony Wayne Street [Transl. 243]

Finally, a special type of linguistic units that are usually transcribed are terms. The source of transcriptions is usually Greek, Latin or English units, depending on which roots underlie the original term. Russian terms, marked by national flavor, also often become the object of transcription when translated into English:

chernozem – chernozem

Duma - Duma, etc. [Kazakova, p.75]

A.S. Zhuravleva

National Research Irkutsk State Technical University

“In order to correctly write foreign names in Russian, it is necessary to know the relevant rules and principles,” it is difficult not to agree with this statement given in the reference book by R. S. Gilyarevsky and B. A. Starostin “Foreign names and titles in Russian text " Ignorance of these rules leads to severe distortion of names, especially Japanese and Chinese. But not only. Let's imagine that a certain journalist wrote that he interviewed the Dane Schaap, the Spaniard Juan, the Scotsman Sean, the American Stephen, the Chinese Xiong... And if these people became famous for something, then all these Seans and Xiongi. We call Nobel Prize winner Yang Renning only Yang; the French physicist Paul Villard, who discovered gamma rays in 1900, is often called Villard (fortunately, no one calls the chemist Victor Grignard Grignard). The examples can be continued.

The peculiarity of names and titles, unlike many borrowed foreign words, is that when they are translated into another language, they basically retain their original sound appearance. To convey proper names, the sound shell becomes of paramount importance. In fact, the Danish name Schaap should sound like Skop, the Spanish Juan - like Juan, the Scottish Sean - like Sean, the English Stephen - like Stephen, the Chinese Xiong - like Xiong. How to achieve correct spelling?

In order to ensure the preservation of the original soundographic shell of the borrowed own name In a written language, three methods are possible: transcription, transliteration and direct inclusion of a foreign name in the text while preserving its graphics.

There are many ways to translate a lexical unit of the original text, especially if this unit does not have equivalents in the target language. Most interesting ways which are used in in this case translator is transcription and transliteration.

So what are transcription and transliteration?

Transcription is the reproduction of the sound of a foreign word, and transliteration is the reproduction of the letter composition of a foreign word in the target language. In translation, a certain symbiosis of transcription and transliteration is most common.

Due to the fact that the phonetic and graphic structures of different languages ​​are very different from each other, the process of transliteration and transcription of a language unit is very conditional.

During transliteration, the graphic form (letter composition) of a foreign language word is transmitted by means of the TL, and during transcription, its sound form is transmitted. These methods are used when transmitting foreign-language proper names, geographical names and names of various kinds of companies, firms, ships, newspapers, magazines, etc. They are widely used when transmitting realities; it is especially common in socio-political literature and journalism, both translated and original, but describing life and events abroad (for example, in newspaper correspondence). So, on the pages of our press in Lately The following transcriptions of English words and phrases that have no equivalents in the Russian vocabulary began to appear: tribalism - tribalism, brain drain - brain drain, public school - public school, drive-in - drive-in, teach-in - tie-in, drugstore - dragstore, know-how - know-how, impeachment - impeachment, etc. In English socio-political literature one can find such transliterations of Russian realities as agitprop, sovkhoz, technicum, etc.

The leading method in modern translation practice is transcription while preserving some elements of transliteration. For each pair of languages, rules for transmitting the sound composition of a foreign language word are developed, cases of preservation of transliteration elements and traditional exceptions to the currently accepted rules are indicated. In English-Russian translations, the most frequently encountered transliteration elements during transcription are mainly the transliteration of some unpronounceable consonants and reduced vowels (Dorset ["dasit] - Dorset, Campbell ["kaerabalj - Campbell), the transfer of double consonants between vowels and at the end words after vowels (Bonners Ferry, boss) and preserving some of the spelling features of the word, which make it possible to bring the sound of the word in translation closer to already known examples (Hercules missile, deescalation, Columbia). Traditional exceptions concern mainly customary translations of the names of historical figures and some geographical names (Charles I - Charles I, William III - William III, Edinborough - Edinburgh).

The application of transcription to the translation of names found in the text requires a preliminary cultural analysis of possible traditional forms of a given name that have already been established in the world or translating culture and require reproduction exactly in the form in which they exist. For example, the English king James I Stewart was traditionally called Jacob 1 Stewart in Russian texts; recently, the form Jacob 1 has been found in a number of publications. When translating Russian royal and princely names, there are also discrepancies: for example, Ivan the Terrible is found in two forms: Ivan the Terrible and John the Terrible.

The rule of applying translation transcription or transliteration to names that exists in translation practice often turns out to be insufficient if a proper name is burdened with a symbolic function, that is, it becomes the name of a unique object, or is used not as a name, but as, for example, a nickname, that is, it is a kind of name a common noun, as it reflects the individual characteristics and properties of the named object. In such cases, in addition to transcription, or instead of it, a combination of semantic translation and tracing is used. If we find the name Chief White Halfoat in an English text, then it can be transmitted in various ways: Chief White Halfoat (transcription), Chief White Oat (semantic translation), Chief White Halfoat (mixed translation: a combination of semantic translation and transcription).

In addition to proper names, the group of units translated through translation transcription also includes the names of peoples and tribes, geographical names, names of business institutions, companies, firms, periodicals, names of hockey and other sports teams, stable groups of rock musicians, cultural objects etc. Most of these names are relatively easy to translate or, less commonly, transliterate:

Bank of London - BankofLondon, Wall Street Journal - Wall Street Journal, the Capitol - Capitol.

When transcribing geographical names, a stress shift often occurs due to the phonetic preferences of the translating language: Florida (stress on the first syllable), Florida (stress on the second syllable), Washington (stress on the first syllable), Washington (stress on the last syllable).

There is a rule according to which, if the name includes a significant word, a mixed translation is often used, that is, a combination of transcription and semantic translation:

Gulf of Mexico - Gulf of Mexico;

River Thames - River Thames;

the Pacific Ocean - Pacific Ocean;

Hilton Hotel - Hilton hotel;

Mayflower Restaurant - Mayflower restaurant.

Transcription is used when translating the names of firms, companies, publishing houses, car brands, periodicals, for example:

Subaru - Subaru;

Ford Mustang - FordMustang;

Facts On File - FactsOnFile;

New Press Quarterly - NewPressQuarterly.

However, the names of educational institutions, as a rule, are subject to partial or complete semantic translation:

Western Michigan University - Western Michigan University;

Cherry Hill High School - Cherry Hill's highest school;

St.Petersburg State University - St. Petersburg State University.

1. Adhere to some system of international transcription or inter-alphabetic correspondence.

2. Almost all proper names are subject to transcription/transliteration, including names of people, geographical names, names of companies (when they are in the nature of a personal name), periodicals, folklore characters, names of countries and peoples, names of national and cultural realities, etc.

3. The application of transcription to the translation of names found in the text requires a preliminary cultural analysis of possible traditional forms of a given name that have already been established in the world or translating culture and require reproduction exactly in the form in which they exist.

4. Most newly introduced terms are subject to transcription/transliteration special areas. Here, however, it should be remembered that in many cases there is no need to transliterate a foreign word if this word in the target language has a one-to-one correspondence, which was either used previously in a similar meaning or is applicable as a newly introduced term. The introduction into use of parallel transliteration terms along with already existing terms from among the units of the target language is essentially equivalent to the creation of professional jargon, that is, it goes beyond the literary norm and introduces unnecessary “information noise” into the process of intercultural communication.

5. Transcription/transliteration can be used as a component of mixed translation, in parallel with tracing, semantic translation or commentary.

To analyze the methods of translating lexical units, we selected several chapters of the famous book by K. Eric Drexler “Machines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology”, and attempted to assess the role of transcription and transliteration in them.

Below is a small list of foreign words and phrases from these chapters, for which, in turn, transcription or transliteration was used when translating into Russian. Note that such a technique as transcription already takes place when translating the author of a work.

K. Eric Drexler - K. Eric Drexler (transcription);

Genex Corporation - Genex Corporation (a combination of transcription and semantic translation);

KEVIN ULMER - KEVIN ULMER (transliteration);

Carl Pabo - Carl Pabo (transliteration);

journal Nature - Nature journal (a combination of transcription and semantic translation);

Garrett Hardin - Garrett Hardin (transliteration);

Frederick Blattner - Frederick Blattner (transcription);

journal Science - Science journal (combination of transcription and semantic translation);

William Rastetter - William Rastetter (transcription);

Genentech - Dzhenentek (transcription);

bulk technology - bulk technology (a combination of transcription and semantic translation);

Forrest Carter - Forrest Carter (transliteration);

Ari Aviram - Ari Aviram (transliteration);

Philip Seiden - Philip Seiden (transcription);

VLSI Research Inc. - VLS-I Research Inc. (transcription);

San Jose - San Jose (transcription);

NEC - N-I-Si (transcription);

Hitachi - Hitachi (transcription);

Toshiba - Toshiba (transcription)

Matsushita - Matsushita (transcription);

Fujitsu- Fugetsu (transcription);

Sanyo-Denki - Sanyo-Denki (transcription);

Sharp - Sharp (transcription);

R.B. Merrifield - R.B. Merrifield (transliteration);

Charles Babbage - Charles Babbage (transcription);

Augusta Ada - Augusta Ada (transliteration);

Countess of Lovelace - Countess Lovelace (combination of transcription and semantic translation);

Danny Hillis - Danny Hillis (transliteration);

Brian Silverman - Brian Silverman (transliteration);

Tinkertoy - Tinkertoy (transliteration);

Eli Lilly - Eli Lilly (transcription);

Indianapolis - Indianapolis (transliteration);

Humulin - Humulin (transcription);

Richard Feynman - Richard Feynman (transliteration);

KARL K. DARROW - KARL K. DARROW (transliteration);

Penicillin - Penicillin (transliteration);

Dr. Seymour Cohen - Dr. Seymour Cohen (transcription);

Stony Brook - Stony Brook (transcription);

New York - New York (transcription);

SUNY-SUNY (transcription);

Upjohn Company - Upjohn Company (transcription);

Vasopressin - Vasopressin (transliteration);

Mona Lisa - Mona Lisa (transliteration);

ribosome - ribosome (transliteration);

lipofuscin - lipofucin (transliteration);

nucleotide - nucleotide (transliteration);

biostasis - biostasis (transliteration);

metabolism - metabolism (transliteration);

Senetek - Sinetek (transcription);

Eastman Kodak - Eastman Kodak (transcription);

ICNPharmaceuticals - ICN Pharmaceuticals (transcription);

JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES- JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES (transcription).

As we see, when translating such words or phrases one can assume a large number of errors and inaccuracies. Therefore, it is necessary to know the rules of translation and have a cultural reserve in order to translate them in the form in which they exist. But still, it should be remembered that the process of transliteration and transcription of a language unit is very conditional.

Currently, the technique of transliteration and transcription when translating text is used much less frequently than before. This is quite justified - the transfer of the sound or letter form of a foreign language lexical unit does not reveal its meaning, and such words remain incomprehensible to a reader who does not know the foreign language without appropriate explanations. Therefore, this technique when transmitting foreign language realities should be used very sparingly.

Bibliography

Gilyarevsky R.S., Starostin B.A. Foreign names and titles in Russian text. 3rd ed., rev. and additional M.: Higher. school, 1985.

2. Leenson I.A. Who are Sean and Xiong, or How does transcription differ from transliteration? // Chemistry and life. No. 10. 2008. Internet source www.elementy.ru. Access mode: http://elementy.ru/lib/430680 on 10.20.10.

3. Korzhova S.B. Translation theory: textbook. a manual for students with additional qualifications “Translator in the field of professional communication” of full-time study. Tyumen, 2007.

4. Translation agency. Internet source www.lingvo-plus.ru. Access mode: http://www.lingvo-plus.ru/transkripc on 10.20.10.

5. Kommisarov V.N. Translation theory (linguistic aspects). Internet source www.classes.ru. Access mode: http://www.classes.ru/grammar/43.Teoriya_perevoda Lingvicticheskiye_aspekty.html on 10.20.10.

6. Nosenko I.A. A manual for scientific translation technical literature from English into Russian. M.: Higher. school, 1974.

7. Golikova Zh.A. Translation from English to Russian. M.: New Knowledge LLC, 2004.

8. Rubtsova M.G. Learning to read English scientific and technical literature. Lexico-grammatical reference book. M.: Nauka, 1989.

9. Dmitrieva L.F. English language. Translation course. M.-Rostov-on-Don: MarT, 2005.

To prepare this work, materials from the site were used

Transcription implies the maximum phonetic reconstruction of the original foreign language, using graphic means of the translating language. Since the phonetic and graphic systems of languages ​​differ from each other, due to the absence of letters in the target language that are similar to the sound in the foreign language, combinations of letters are used that give the desired sound.

Thus, the Russian “zh” is transmitted to English language through the combination of “zh”, “x” through “kh”, “ш” through “shch” and so on.

Sometimes whether or not to use transcription may depend on the reader. It is necessary to consider whether he is familiar with the realities of a foreign language. The translator must ensure that the text is understood by the reader. So, for example, in a translated article about football published in a youth magazine, the concept of “fan” (from the English “fan”) will not cause misunderstandings. But if the translation of this article is intended for publication in a magazine, the readers of which may include people of retirement age, then the translator should think about the appropriateness of the transcription and consider other translation techniques (for example, replacing it with the more neutral concept of “fan” ").

One of the important reasons for using transcription is brevity.

But as we have repeatedly said, you need to know when to stop everything. An abundance of transcription can lead to an overload of the text with realities, which may not bring the reader closer to the original, but distance him from it.

Also, when using transcription, you should always remember about homonymy, words that are similar in sound, since they can remind the reader of funny-sounding or obscene words in their native language. Often this factor forces the translator to abandon the use of transcription.

Transliteration involves writing a foreign word in such a way that the letters of the foreign language are replaced by the letters of the native language. When transliterating, the word is read according to the rules of reading the native language.

The main method at the moment is considered to be a combination of transcription and transliteration. Since the phonetic and graphic systems of languages ​​differ significantly from each other, the transfer of the form of a word in the target language is always somewhat conditional and approximate.

Tracing . This is a method of borrowing in which the associative meaning and structural model of a word or phrase are borrowed. Calques are borrowings in the form of a literal translation of a foreign word or expression, i.e., exact reproduction of it by means
the host language while maintaining the morphological structure and motivation. When tracing, the components of a borrowed word or phrase are translated separately and combined according to the model of a foreign word or phrase. The Russian noun “suicide” is a tracing paper of the Latin suicide (sui – `oneself, cide – `murder); The English noun self-service, borrowed into the Russian language by tracing, has the form `self-service`.
The so-called semi-calques are funny, when one of the roots of a two-root foreign word is traced, and the other is transcribed. According to the rules, a traffic light should have been called either phosphorus (transcription) or light-bearer (full tracing), and television should have been called either television (as in Polish) or far-sightedness (as in German - Fernsehen). It is interesting that in the word TV there was no tracing.

Concretization is called converting the meaning of a word into foreign language translating language from broad to more condensed.

: Dinny waited in a corridor which smelled of disinfectant. Dinny waited in the corridor, which smelled of carbolic acid. Wasn't at the ceremony. He attended the ceremony.

Generalization. The opposite of concretization. Converting the meaning of words from narrow to broad.

Don't visit me almost every week-end. He comes to see me almost every week. Using a word with more general meaning eliminates the need for the translator to clarify whether the author means Saturday or Sunday when speaking about the “weekend.”

Modulation or semantic development is the replacement of a word or phrase in a foreign language with a word from the target language, the meaning of which is logically derived from the meaning of the original unit. Quite often, the meanings of related words in the original and translation turn out to be connected by cause-and-effect relationships: I don't blame them. - I understand them. (The cause is replaced by the effect: I don't blame them because I understand them). He's dead now . - He died. (He died, therefore he is now dead.) Not always made you say everything twice. - He always asked again. (You were forced to repeat what you said because he asked you again.)

1. Rearrangements

Transposition is used when it is necessary to change words in places during translation. This technique can only be used with words that can be moved. This technique is often used due to the different structure of sentences in English and Russian. As a rule, in English, a sentence begins with a noun, followed by a verb, and the adverb often comes at the end.

The Russian system is different: usually at the beginning of the sentence there are minor members, then the verb and at the end the subject. The translator needs to take this into account. This phenomenon has a name, “communicative division of a sentence.”

Antonomic translation involves, in the process of translation, replacing the lexical unit of the original with the opposite one, while maintaining the essence of the content.

Don't stop moving! (English) - Keep moving!

We had no end of good time. - We had a great time.

But we must keep in mind that not every antonym with negation when translated can reflect the true essence of the original. It is impossible, for example, to paraphrase the sentences in this way: I opened the door (I did not close the door), he laughed (he did not cry). It should also be remembered that antonyms can replace each other only when included in a larger speech unit. The single word “danger” cannot be translated into “safety” or “darkness” into “light”.

Another trick is compensation. It is used to achieve translation equivalence. A technique is used when certain lexical elements do not have a corresponding equivalent in the target language. In this case, the translator can compensate for this with another word that is semantically appropriate.

This technique is considered one of the most difficult and requires great skill from the translator.

Holistic transformation. This technique implies a transformation of both the lexical unit and the entire sentence. An equivalent transformation of the phrase is carried out, while preserving the semantic idea.

Accepted options in English: Watch the doors, please. Keep clear of the doors.

However, compared to the method of semantic development, holistic transformation has greater autonomy. Its main feature is that the synthesis of meaning occurs without a direct connection with analysis, the semantic connection between elements may not be traced, the most important thing is the equivalence of the content plan: How do you do? - Hello!; Here you are! - Here!; Well done! - Bravo!; Help yourself - Help yourself!; Hear, hear - Correct!

Explication or descriptive translation. This is a transformation in which a word can be replaced by a phrase that gives a more detailed definition of the original in the target language. Using this technique, you can give a clearer explanation to a word for which there is no equivalent in the target language. conservationist - supporter of conservation environment; whistle-stop speech – speeches made by a candidate during an election campaign trip. But this technique has a drawback - it is voluminous and verbose.

Car owners from the midway towns ran a shuttle service for parents visiting the children injured in the accident. “Car owners from towns between these two points continually brought and dropped off parents who visited their children injured in the crash.

The cinematography carries commercial functions, and the title is advertising. Therefore, the name undergoes various transformations so that it becomes bright and attracts as much attention as possible from the domestic viewer. For example, if the film Hitch had been translated as simply “Hitch” rather than “The Hitch Rules”, it would not have been as promising for a potential viewer.

example

Alice promised to help

Olga Alexandrovna, I just can’t paraphrase this passage. I looked at a bunch of sites on the Internet, all in the same style, and didn’t find any simplified formulations. I really need your help!

Transcription and transliteration

When learning a language and Everyday life we may find it necessary to convey foreign words and names through our own writing system, so that someone who does not know the foreign script will have some idea of ​​what the words sound like. This process is called transliteration. Transliteration is a formal letter-by-letter reconstruction of the source lexical unit using the alphabet of the target language, a letter imitation of the form of the source word. In this case, the source word in the target text is presented in a form adapted to the pronunciation characteristics of the target language.

There are some generally accepted rules for recording individual characters. Since different languages ​​have different sound systems, it is not just a matter of replacing every written symbol of one language with a symbol of another. Most often, a simple character must be replaced by a combination of characters or a character with special characters (dots or dashes), called diacritics. Diacritics are added to characters to indicate that they have a different phonetic meaning. Typically, transliteration represents only those characters that have sound; it does not cover silent characters used to clarify meaning. Transliteration rules are based, like all such rules, on convention. However, they have not received full acceptance and consistent worldwide dissemination. In the same way, Egyptian hieroglyphic writing can be transliterated.

A slightly different process is called transcription. Translation transcription is a formal phonemic reconstruction of the source lexical unit using phonemes of the target language, a phonetic imitation of the source word. In application to Egyptology, this term is used to denote a method that consists in transmitting the characters of non-hieroglyphic Egyptian writing by means of hieroglyphics. The process is similar to transliteration, except that both writing systems are Egyptian. The most common case of transcription is the translation of texts written in hieratic (Egyptian cursive script) into hieroglyphics.

The ancient Egyptian language contained a large number of sounds that are absent in Russian. Although the Egyptian script did not reflect vowel sounds, in terms of consonants it was, in some ways, more advanced than our alphabets. For example, in english alphabet there is no letter for a plosive glottal (Glottal plosive or Glottal stop), although this sound is common in speech. This sound is indicated by vowels, but when pronounced in the initial phase, an obstacle is created air flow closed vocal cords. The air pressure is discharged as a result of a sharp divergence of the vocal cords, so the pronounced vowel sound has a sharp increase in volume (attack) with an aspiration at the beginning.

The plosive glottal is often found in English speech, for example, at the beginning of a word before a vigorously articulated vowel phoneme: apple, or as a separator between adjacent vowels when pronounced clearly (with a strong accent and a short pause before the stressed syllable) words like co-operate, geometry, reaction).

In German, vowels at the beginning of words are almost always pronounced with a distinct "hard attack". It is believed that there is no plosive glottal in the Russian language, but one German who lived in Russia caught an exception, probably the only one: the colloquial “Nope!”

Transliteration when translating into Russian is often used in cases where we are talking about the names of institutions and positions specific to a given country, i.e. about the sphere of socio-political life, about the names of objects and concepts of material life, about forms of addressing the interlocutor, etc.

There is no word that could not be translated into another language, at least descriptively, i.e. a common combination of words in a given language. But transliteration is necessary precisely when it is important to maintain the lexical brevity of the designation, corresponding to its familiarity in the original language, and at the same time emphasize the specificity of the named thing or concept, if there is no exact correspondence in the target language.

Often foreign words are transferred into the target language precisely to highlight the shade of specificity that is inherent in the reality they express - if possible lexical translation, more or less accurate.

When a transliterated word is rarely used or, especially, transferred to a Russian translated text for the first time, a commentary explanation and appropriate context are sometimes necessary. In this case, the technique of transliteration is used in conjunction with the technique of translation commentary (see below).

Transliteration and transcription are used to translate proper names, names of peoples and tribes, geographical names, names of business institutions, companies, firms, periodicals, names of sports teams, stable groups of musicians, cultural objects, etc.

Most of these names are relatively easy to translate or, less commonly, transliterate:

Wall Street Journal

East Oregonian

Rosswell

"Telstar"

Hollywood

Bank of London

Wall Street Journal

- "East Oregonian" [trans. p.5]

Roswell [trans. With. 5]

- "Telstar" [trans. With. 13]

Minnesota

Beatles, etc.

The names and titles of fantastic creatures mentioned in folklore and literary sources are also transcribed:

Goblin, etc.

In relation to foreign proper names, the question of their sound design during translation and their spelling is of great importance. The more discrepancies there are in the phonetic structure of two languages, in the composition and system of their phonemes, the more acute this question is:

Kent Astor

McCarthy

Kent Astor [trans. With. 13]

McCarthy [trans. With. 83]

When it comes to widespread names (big cities, rivers, famous historical figures) or common names, the translator is guided by tradition - regardless of the possibility of getting closer to the original sound. Sometimes the traditional Russian spelling is quite close to the exact phonetic form of a foreign name, for example: “Schiller”, “Byron”, “Dante”, “Brandenburg”, etc. In some cases, tradition will require different renderings of the same name in the same language for different texts: thus the English "George" is usually transcribed as "George", but when it is the name of a king, it is transliterated as " George".

The rule of applying translation transcription or transliteration to names that exists in translation practice often turns out to be insufficient if a proper name is burdened with a symbolic function, that is, it becomes the name of a unique object, or is used as, for example, a nickname, reflecting the individual characteristics and properties of the named object. In such cases, in addition to transcription or instead of it, a combination of semantic translation and tracing is used.

The translator resorts to transliteration of the nickname of one of the main characters, while giving a footnote: beaver - English. beaver. Further from the work, the author’s choice of this nickname becomes clear: the hero had a habit of gnawing toothpicks, which he always had with him.

Some problems may arise when translating names of educational institutions in the context of different educational traditions in different countries. Thus, in the American education system, the word school is widely applied to a number of educational institutions, completely different in level and type (for example, high school and university). Translation from Russian may also have some difficulties: for example, the word institute in Russia is used to designate a higher educational institution, as well as a research or even administrative institution, while in English-speaking countries the word institute is used only in the second meaning , and therefore is not always adequate as a correspondence, since it distorts the essence of the original concept.

Whooton School

Finally, a special type of linguistic units that are usually transcribed are terms. The source of transcriptions is usually Greek, Latin or English units, depending on which roots underlie the original term. Russian terms, marked by national flavor, also often become the object of transcription when translated into English:

Chernozem

Duma Duma Kazakova T.A. Practical fundamentals of translation. Tutorial. - St. Petersburg: Lenizdat; "Soyuz Publishing House", 2000, p. 75