The Copper Riot has begun. Copper Riot

Copper Riot- this is a significant event in the history of Russia, an uprising of the urban poor and lower classes, which occurred in Moscow during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich. The very concept of “copper riot” has become a household word. It is used whenever there is a need to comment on the depreciation of money and the bankruptcy of the state.

Copper riot: causes and historical situation

The Moscow state waged a long war for Ukraine, against which a huge amount of monetary resources was spent. There was a shortage of money. At that time, Russia did not yet have its own deposits of precious metals from which money was minted, so they were imported from abroad. used foreign money to make Russian money out of it - kopecks, half rubles and money.

The situation came to the point where the boyar Ordin-Nashchokin proposed a very controversial solution: minting copper money at the nominal value of silver money. At the same time, taxes were still collected in silver, but salaries were paid in new copper coins. Beginning in 1654, copper money was officially introduced into circulation instead of silver.

At first, everything went as the government intended: it was accepted at the price of the previous silver money. But soon they began to produce incredible quantities, because there were no problems with copper. Minting yards in Moscow, Pskov, Novgorod worked at full capacity. The flow of unsecured money supply overwhelmed Russia, so very soon the demand for silver began to grow rapidly, and copper money fell.

First slow and then collapsed inflation began. The government refused to accept copper money as taxes, so the old ones jumped in price sharply: for one old silver ruble they gave from 15 to 20 new copper ones. Merchants went to the market and carried copper money literally by the cartload, while the copper depreciated every day. The townspeople fell into panic: nothing could be bought for anything, and there was nowhere to get silver.

But the government did not want to admit the error of its actions and, out of habit, began to look for those to blame on the side. Counterfeiters were blamed for the collapse in inflation. Show trials began to be held throughout the country. For the production of “leftist” coins there was only one sentence at that time: cruel execution. According to the Code, the guilty had hot metal poured down their throats.

The problem was that almost anyone who knew how to handle metal could make coins from copper. The “boilermakers and tinsmiths” became massively rich at that time and were able to build themselves stone houses, bought expensive goods. After all, everyone had their own small mint. There were more than half a million worth of counterfeit copper coins in circulation in Moscow alone.

Copper Riot: Events

On the morning of June 25, 1662, according to the old style, an incriminating letter was taped to a pillar on Lubyanka in Moscow, which called Rtishchev, Miloslavsky and their guest Vasily Shorin traitors. In fact, they were charged with a connection with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, with which there was still a war going on. This accusation was completely unfounded, but the people already needed any reason to start unrest.

A crowd of several thousand people, having read this message, went to the village of Kolomenskoye, the summer residence of the Tsar. The security was crushed, and the people freely broke into the royal courtyard. Alexey Mikhailovich ordered Rtishchev and Miloslavsky to hide in the queen’s chambers, and he himself went out to the people. And then a scene occurred that violated all the foundations and canons of society. Commoners surrounded Alexei Mikhailovich, and literally holding on to the buttons of the royal outfit, asked: “Where is the truth?” The conversation was completely peaceful, and the sovereign promised the people to restore order. One of the rebels even “shaked hands with the king.” After this, the crowd calmed down and began to disperse. The incident seemed to be over. But this day was destined to end differently.

Another crowd at that moment was destroying Shorin’s house and forced his young son to write a confession that his father allegedly sold himself to the Poles and deliberately arranged a scheme with copper money to help the hated enemy. With this “confession” in their hands, the rioters rushed to Kolomenskoye, dragging back those who were already returning from there. At this time, the tsar was already preparing to go to Moscow to investigate the case. However, the new threats of the rioters infuriated him. By that time, archers and soldiers had arrived from Moscow. And Alexey Mikhailovich gave the order to Artamon Matveev to cut down the rebels.

The real massacre began. The crowd was unarmed. People were crushed, drowned in the river, stabbed and chopped. More than a thousand people died that day. Over the next days, they intensively searched for participants in the campaign against Kolomenskoye, arrested them, hanged them, cut off their arms and legs, branded them, and sent them out of Moscow for eternal settlement. Many of those arrested were forced to take dictation in order to compare the handwriting with that ill-fated leaflet. However, the true instigators were never found.

The Copper Riot of 1662 was a protest by the real urban lower classes - artisans, peasants, butchers, and the local poor. None of the merchants or people of higher class took part in it. Moreover, they also contributed to the subsequent arrests of the rioters.

As a result of the riot, about three thousand people were injured, most of them simply a curious crowd.

Copper riot: consequences

The king kept his promise and dealt with the problem of copper money. In 1663, minting factories in Novgorod and Pskov were closed, and copper money was completely withdrawn from circulation. The minting of silver money resumed. And the copper coins were ordered to be smelted into cauldrons or handed over to the treasury. Copper cash was exchanged for new silver coins at the previous inflation rate of twenty to one, that is, the state officially recognized that the old copper rubles were not backed by anything. Salaries soon began to be paid in silver again.

The history of Russia is like a roller coaster - almost always periods of calm and prosperity were followed by wars, uprisings, riots. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the second ruler of the family, went down in history under the nickname The Quietest - it would seem that this name should characterize the ruler as a supporter of peace and prosperity, but in fact everything was exactly the opposite.

The 17th century became a century of continuous wars, riots, and citizen discontent. The reason is simple and banal - lack of money to fight wars. How can a sovereign increase the treasury? Absolutely right, by raising taxes. From whom? From the common people. Where did he get the extra penny? Nobody cares about this anymore. Food prices rose and taxes rose. Naturally, the people did not like this.

At first they simply went to complain to the king. At the beginning of his reign, Alexei Mikhailovich was extremely popular among the residents of Moscow. However, over time, slight disappointment in the ruler set in. He had already witnessed the discontent of the poor in 1648, when the price of salt (a rare commodity in those days) increased several times, which resulted in the Salt Riot. It would seem that the king should have learned his lesson the first time, but it didn’t work out. It took a few more extra lessons. One of which is a copper riot.

Causes and prerequisites of the uprising

Russia approached the second half of the 17th century, being entirely occupied in wars. At that time, our state had several strong rivals, among which were Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (a state located on the territory of modern Belarus, Poland, Ukraine and Lithuania). But not all of Ukraine was part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - I would like to add more. And Moscow could not stay away. The war became protracted - Alexey Mikhailovich did not count on such a long period of fighting. The treasury was soon empty, new resources were needed.

Let us note that Russia did not have its own deposits of precious metals that could be used for minting - all such goods were brought from abroad, mainly from Europe. That's why foreign currency, which ended up on Russian soil, was melted down and our ruble was minted. And one politician (as we would put it now), Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin, came up with a wonderful (from his point of view) idea - to mint copper coins at the denominations and prices of silver ones.

Salaries were paid in new money, but taxes were collected in silver - after all international trade passed only with silver coins. At first, the copper coin was very popular among citizens, but this did not last long. Soon copper depreciated so much that there was too much money to buy anything with it. The demand for silver grew faster and faster, and copper money lost its value. Of course, this unstable financial situation has led to a surge in counterfeiting.

But that was not all. Inflation has begun. Slowly at first, then the pace began to increase. The state refused to sweeten the pill - taxes were still collected in silver, the price of which had skyrocketed - 170 rubles in copper for 6 rubles in silver. It was impossible to buy anything with copper coins, and there was nowhere to get silver. Trouble, as they say, does not come alone - other disasters followed the unpopular monetary reform: a devastating cholera epidemic in 1654 and 1655 and catastrophic crop failures for 3 years - from 1656 to 1658. Moreover, the war was not enough - a military campaign began against Sweden for access to the Baltic Sea. Again, it ended in failure, which further undermined the confidence of citizens in the government and the tsar.

The state refused to admit that it had made a mistake in the economic scheme. It was necessary to find the guilty - and they did. Counterfeiters became easy prey for the rulers, who decided to organize “demonstration performances” for the people. Many were caught and executed. But the people could no longer be stopped - they needed even the slightest reason to start an uprising.

Riot

On July 25, 1662, leaflets with the names of the boyars - Miloslavsky, Rtishchev, Shorin - were discovered in Lubyanka. They were openly accused of spying for the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (although there was no evidence). This circumstance became the trigger that gave the people the opportunity to pour out their anger on the streets.

A huge crowd of several thousand people went to Kolomenskoye, the summer residence of the Tsar. At that time, the very sources of the people’s misfortunes were there - Miloslavsky and the boyar Shorin, whom the king ordered to go to his wife’s chambers and stay there. Alexey Mikhailovich himself went out onto the porch to his subjects. The conversation took place in a fairly peaceful atmosphere - the ruler promised to restore order and punish the perpetrators. People began to disperse. It would seem that's it. The conflict is over. But no. Everything was just beginning.

At the same time, other rebels broke into Shorin’s house, completely destroyed it, then his son (a little boy), under pressure from the rebels, signed a confession that his father was a traitor and served Poland. Together with this document they moved to Kolomenskoye. On the way they met those who were already returning. One crowd grabbed another and carried them to the royal gates. Here the king could no longer stand it, lost his temper and gave the order for the physical elimination of the rebels.

It was a massacre! About a thousand people lost their lives in the most terrible tortures - they were stabbed, drowned, chopped. We especially note that the crowd itself was unarmed - that is, the soldiers acted, to put it mildly, dishonestly. But over the next few days, riot participants were caught all over Moscow, trying to identify the organizers and those who wrote (or rather, forced their son to write) the leaflet. Participants were tortured, executed, exiled, but the leaders were never found.

results

What did this uprising decide? The tsar remembered his promise and carried out a monetary reform, according to which copper money was completely withdrawn from circulation and minting factories were closed. Silver was back in use. For these measures, it was necessary to increase taxes and increase the export of key goods - fur, leather, white ash (or potash). All this was sold using copper money in order to completely remove them from circulation. Russia finally returned to silver only in 1663. But this required considerable sacrifices among the common people - peasants, artisans and other urban lower classes.

“The thieves paid off by giving bribes to the governors”

Heavy taxes fell on the people, trading people were exhausted by paying a fifth of their money. Already in 1656, the treasury was not enough to pay military men, and the sovereign, on the advice, as they say, of Fyodor Mikhailovich Rtishchev, ordered the issue of copper money, which had the nominal price of silver; in 1657 and 1658 this money actually circulated as silver; but from September 1658 they began to decrease in price; it was necessary to add six money per ruble; from March 1659 they were supposed to add 10 money per ruble; the extra charge increased to such an extent that in 1663 for one silver ruble it was necessary to give 12 copper rubles. Terrible high prices have set in; decrees prohibiting raising prices for necessary consumer goods were not in effect; we saw the situation in which the Moscow military men were in Little Russia, who received their salaries in copper money, which no one took from them. A lot of thieves' (fake) copper money appeared […]. They began to look after the moneymakers, silversmiths, boilermakers, tinsmiths, and saw that these people, who had previously lived poorly, with copper money, had built themselves stone and wooden yards, made clothes for themselves and their wives according to boyar custom, in the rows were all sorts of goods, silver vessels and They began to buy food supplies at high prices, sparing no expense. The reason for such rapid enrichment was explained when the thieves' money and coins began to be taken from them. Criminals were executed by death, their hands were cut off and nailed to the walls near the money courts, houses and estates were taken into the treasury. But cruelty did not help with the irresistible charm of quick enrichment; the thieves continued their work, especially since the rich of them bought their way out of trouble by giving large bribes to the Tsar's father-in-law - Ilya Danilovich Miloslavsky and the Duma nobleman Matyushkin, who was followed by the Tsar's maternal aunt; in the cities, thieves paid off by giving bribes to governors and officials.

[…] Moscow has calmed down; but complaints about copper money continued: the governors reported that debtors brought copper money to their hut to pay creditors, but they did not take it without the royal decree, they asked for silver money. Finally, in 1663, a decree was issued: in Moscow, Novgorod and Pskov, the copper money yards should be abandoned, and the old money silver court should be established in Moscow and silver money would be made on it from June 15; and to give the salaries of all ranks to service people in silver money, to take customs duties to the treasury and all monetary income in silver money, and also in the ranks to trade all kinds of goods with silver money, and set aside copper ones. Copper money in all orders, whatever is available, must be rewritten and sealed by June 15 and kept until the decree, and not given for use; private people were ordered to drain copper money. But the latter was not fulfilled; The decree of January 20, 1664 says: in Moscow and in various cities copper money is declared to be spoiled (rubbed with mercury), while others are silver-plated and tin-plated. The Emperor confirms the order not to keep copper money under pain of cruel punishment, ruin and exile to distant cities. […] They say that more than 7,000 people were executed for damaging money, and more than 15,000 were punished by cutting off their hands and feet, exile, and confiscation of their property to the treasury.

“...THE SUCCESS OF THE BUSINESS HAS BEEN HAPPENED BY HUGE ABUSES”

Then in 1656, boyar Rtishchev proposed a project that consisted of putting into circulation, so to speak, metal banknotes - minting copper money of the same shape and size with silver and issuing them at the same price as them. This went quite well until 1659, for 100 silver kopecks. gave 104 copper. Then silver began to disappear from circulation, and things got worse, so that in 1662 300-900 copper were given for 100 silver, and in 1663 they did not take even 1,500 copper for 100 silver. […] Why did Rtishchev’s bold project, which could have provided great assistance to the Moscow government, so soon lead it to a crisis?

The trouble was not in the project itself, bold but feasible, but in the inability to use it and in the enormous abuses. Firstly, the government itself issued copper money too generously and thereby contributed to its depreciation. According to Meyerberg, in five years 20 million rubles were issued - a huge amount for that time. Secondly, the success of the case was hampered by enormous abuses. The king's father-in-law, Miloslavsky, minted copper money without hesitation and, they say, minted up to 100 thousand of them. The people in charge of minting coins made money for themselves from their copper and even allowed strangers to do this for bribes. The punishments did little to help the cause, because the main culprits and connivers (like Miloslavsky) remained unharmed. Next to these abuses officials secret counterfeiting of coins among the people also developed, although counterfeiters were brutally executed. Meyerberg says that when he was in Moscow, up to 400 people were in prison for counterfeiting coins (1661); and according to Kotoshikhin, in total “for that money” “more than 7,000 people were executed by death in those years.” Even more were exiled, but the evil did not stop […]. Attributing the blame for their difficult situation to the unloved boyars and accusing them of treason and friendship with the Poles, in July 1662 the people, who knew about the abuses in the minting of coins, raised an open riot in Moscow against the boyars and in a crowd went to the tsar in Kolomenskoye to ask for justice for the boyars . “The Quiet Tsar” Alexei Mikhailovich managed to calm the crowd with affection, but insignificant random circumstances fanned the unrest again, and then the rioters were pacified by military force.

Platonov S.F. A complete course of lectures on Russian history. St. Petersburg, 2000 http://magister.msk.ru/library/history/platonov/plats004.htm#gl10

NUMBER OF REBELLIONS

Sources cited a large number of those killed, hanged and drowned in the Moscow River during the suppression of the “rebellion” also refuted Bazilevich’s statements. They are not talking about a few dozen, but about hundreds and hundreds of killed rebels. This was confirmed by the discovery of historian V.A. Kuchkin the most important document- contemporary to the events of July 25, 1662, an eyewitness account: “On the 25th day of July 7170, by God’s permission and for our sin, such a great terrible thing was committed in the great and most famous city of Moscow: in a field near the sovereign village of Kolomenskoye they flogged a moek-vich black hundreds and all sorts of other ranks of people, hundreds of nine and more (my rank. - V.B.) their own Moscow people, Stremyanovo archers, and all sorts of sovereign ranks for the fact that they began to hit the sovereign with their foreheads against the boyars. Yes, that same month of July, on the 26th day, fifty people were hanged in the same petition of all ranks of people." Thus, we can talk about several thousand rebels who died, were arrested and exiled as a result of the bloody pogrom of the uprising. But this is an incomplete testimony of documents , a significant part of which has not survived.

In the light of these data, the figures of the informed and observant Kotoshikhin about the arrest of more than 200 rebels in Moscow (this is confirmed by the Moscow investigative case), the murder and arrest of more than 7 thousand people in Kolomenskoye can be considered plausible; there, according to him, more than 100 people drowned and “150” people were hanged. In addition, on the night of July 25-26, “heavy thieves” were drowned in the Moscow River from “large ships.” Reports of 9-10 thousand participants in the uprising are becoming equally probable.

"COPPER RIOT" THROUGH THE EYES OF SCOTTISH PATRICK GORDON

The rebels came out of the Serpukhov Gate in a crowd. There were about 4 or 5 thousand of them, without weapons, only a few had clubs and sticks. They claimed compensation [for losses] for copper money, salt and much more. For this purpose, different places sheets were posted around the city, and one solicitor in front of the Zemsky Court read a sheet containing their complaints, the names of some persons whom they considered guilty of abuses, and an appeal to everyone to go to the king and seek compensation, as well as the heads of bad advisers.

When the mob gathered, some went to rob the house of a guest or elder named Vasily Shorin, but the majority went to Kolomenskoye, where, while His Majesty was in the church, they solicited from the boyars and courtiers an appeal to the Tsar. Finally, when the king left the church and mounted his horse, they very rudely and with loud cries insisted that he make amends for their grievances. The Tsar and some of the boyars reproached them for coming in such disorder and numbers, and announced that the grievances would be smoothed out, and therefore a council would be convened immediately - they only had to endure a little. Meanwhile, at their first appearance, an order was sent to two Streltsy colonels to go with their regiments as quickly as possible to Kolomenskoye, and the others were ordered to suppress those remaining in Moscow.

Having reached the regiment, which the colonel had withdrawn from the gate and formed near the monastery, I convinced him to go forward. We reached the Kozhukhovsky Bridge, where we received orders to stop, guard the bridge and capture the fugitives. By this time, two regiments of riflemen appeared and were allowed through the rear gate of the palace. They united with horsemen from the court and, attacking through the large gate, scattered [the rebels] without much risk or difficulty, drove some into the river, killed others and took many into captivity. Many were also saved.

The Copper Riot took place in Moscow on July 25, 1662. The reason was the following circumstance. Russia waged a protracted war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for the annexation of Ukraine. Any war requires huge funds to maintain an army. The state was sorely short of money, then it was decided to introduce copper money into circulation.

This happened in 1655. From a pound of copper, worth 12 kopecks, coins worth 10 rubles were minted. A lot of copper money was immediately thrown into use, which led to the population’s distrust of it and inflation. It is worth noting that taxes to the state treasury were collected in silver money and paid in copper. Copper money was also easy to counterfeit.

By 1662, the market price of copper money had fallen by as much as 15 times, and the cost of goods had increased significantly. The situation worsened every day. The peasants did not transport their products to the cities because they did not want to receive worthless copper for them. Poverty and hunger began to flourish in the cities.

The Copper Riot was prepared in advance; proclamations appeared throughout Moscow, in which many boyars and merchants were accused of conspiring with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ruining the country and betrayal. The proclamation also contained demands to reduce taxes on salt and abolish copper money. It is significant that the discontent of the people was caused by almost the same people as during the .

The crowd split into two parts. One, in the amount of 5 thousand people, moved to the tsar in Kolomenskoye, the second smashed the courts of the hated nobles. The rioters caught Alexei Mikhailovich at a prayer service. The boyars went to talk to the people, but they were unable to calm the crowds. Alexei Mikhailovich himself had to go. People beat their foreheads in front of the king, demanding to change the current situation. Realizing that the crowd could not be calmed, Alexey Mikhailovich spoke “quietly,” and persuaded the rioters to be patient. People grabbed the king by the dress and said, “What to believe?” The king even had to shake hands with one of the rebels. Only after this did the people begin to disperse.

The people were leaving Kolomenskoye, but on the way they met the second part of the crowd, which was going to where the first was leaving. The united, dissatisfied crowd of 10 thousand people turned back to Kolomenskoye. The rebels behaved even more boldly and decisively, demanding the boyars be killed. Meanwhile, the Streltsy regiments loyal to Alexei Mikhailovich arrived at Kolomensky and dispersed the crowd. About 7 thousand people were subjected to repression. Some were beaten, some were sent into exile, and some were branded with the letter “B” - rebel.

Only people from the lower strata of society - butchers, artisans, peasants - took part in the copper riot. The result of the copper riot was the gradual abolition of the copper coin. In 1663, the copper yards in Novgorod and Pskov were closed, and the printing of silver money resumed. Copper money was completely withdrawn from circulation and melted down into other necessary items.

Reasons for the riot

In the 17th century, the Moscow state did not have its own gold and silver mines, and precious metals were imported from abroad. At the Money Yard, Russian coins were minted from foreign coins: kopecks, money and polushki (half money).

The Case of the Counterfeiters

The financial situation in the country has led to the rise of counterfeiting

Development and course of the rebellion

The common people were outraged by the impunity of the boyars. On July 25 (August 4), 1662, sheets with accusations against Prince I. D. Miloslavsky, several members of the Boyar Duma and a wealthy guest Vasily Shorin were discovered in Lubyanka. They were accused of secret relations with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which had no basis. But dissatisfied people needed a reason. It is significant that the object of universal hatred became the same people who were accused of abuses during the Salt Riot, and just like fourteen years ago, the crowd attacked and destroyed the house of Shorin’s guest, who was collecting the “fifth of the money” in the entire state. Several thousand people went to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who was in his country palace in the village of Kolomenskoye. The unexpected appearance of the rebels took the king by surprise, and he was forced to go out to the people. He was given a petition demanding a reduction in prices and taxes, and the punishment of those responsible. Under pressure from circumstances, Alexey Mikhailovich gave his word to investigate the matter, after which the calmed mass of people, believing the promises, turned back.

Another crowd of thousands, much more militant, was moving towards us from Moscow. Small traders, butchers, bakers, cake makers, village people again surrounded the palace of Alexei Mikhailovich and this time they did not ask, but demanded that the traitors be handed over to them for execution, threatening “he will not give them the goods of those boyars, and they will learn to take from him themselves , according to his custom." However, archers and soldiers had already appeared in Kolomenskoye, sent by the boyars to the rescue. After refusing to disperse, the order was given to use force. The unarmed crowd was driven into the river, up to a thousand people were killed, hanged, drowned in the Moscow River, several thousand were arrested and exiled after investigation.

G.K. Kotoshikhin describes the bloody finale of the copper riot as follows:

“And the same day, near that village, 150 people were hanged, and the rest were all given a decree, they were tortured and burned, and upon investigation for guilt, they cut off their arms and legs and the fingers of their hands and feet, and beat others with a whip, and laid them on their faces on right side signs, having lit the iron red, and placed “beeches” on that iron, that is, a rebel, so that he would be recognized forever; and inflicting punishment on them, they sent everyone to distant cities, to Kazan, and to Astarakhan, and to Terki, and to Siberia, for eternal life... and by another thief, days and nights, a decree was made, tying their hands back and putting them in large ships were sunk in the Moscow River."

The search in connection with the copper riot had no precedents. All literate Muscovites were forced to give samples of their handwriting in order to compare them with the “thieves' sheets”, which served as a signal for indignation. However, the instigators were never found.

results

The Copper Riot was an uprising of the urban lower classes. It was attended by artisans, butchers, pastry makers, and peasants from suburban villages. Of the guests and merchants, “not a single person accosted those thieves; they even helped those thieves, and they received praise from the king.” Despite the merciless suppression of the rebellion, it did not pass without a trace. In 1663, according to the Tsar's decree of the copper industry, the yards in Novgorod and Pskov were closed, and the minting of silver coins was resumed in Moscow. The salaries of service people of all ranks again began to be paid in silver money. Copper money was withdrawn from circulation, private individuals were ordered to melt it down into cauldrons or bring it to the treasury, where for each ruble handed over they paid 10, and later even less - 2 silver money. According to V. O. Klyuchevsky, “The Treasury acted like a real bankrupt, paying creditors 5 kopecks or even 1 kopeck per ruble.”

see also

Notes

Literature

• Buganov V.I. Copper riot. Moscow “rebels” of 1662 // Prometheus. - M.: Young Guard, 1968. - T. 5. - (historical and biographical almanac of the “Life of Remarkable People” series).
• Uprising of 1662 in Moscow: collection. doc. M., 1964.
• Moscow uprisings of 1648, 1662 // Soviet military encyclopedia / ed. N.V. Ogarkova. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1978. - T. 5. - 686 p. - (in 8 t). - 105,000 copies.

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See what “Copper riot” is in other dictionaries: - (Moscow uprising of 1662), an anti-government uprising of Muscovites on July 25, 1662, caused by the disruption of economic life during the wars of Russia with Poland and Sweden, an increase in taxes, and the release of depreciated copper money. Since 1654... ...

encyclopedic Dictionary The uprising of the urban lower classes that took place in Moscow in 1662 against the issue of copper kopecks, which had been minted since 1655 to replace silver coins. The release of copper money led to its depreciation in comparison with silver. A year after the riot... ...

The accepted name in literature for the uprising of the lower and middle strata of Moscow residents, archers, soldiers (July 25, 1662). Caused by an increase in taxes during the Russian-Polish War of 1654 67 and the release of depreciated copper money. Some of the rebels went to the village of Kolome... Modern encyclopedia

The uprising of the urban lower classes that took place in Moscow in 1662 against the release of copper kopecks, which, since 1655, had been minted at Russian money courts to replace silver ones. The release of copper money led to its depreciation in comparison with silver. Through… … Economic dictionary

COPPER RIOT, the name adopted in historical literature for the speech in Moscow on July 25, 1662 by representatives of the lower and middle strata of townspeople, archers, and soldiers. Caused by an increase in taxes during the Russian-Polish War of 1654 67 and the release of depreciated... ... Russian history

"Copper Riot"- “COPPER RIOT”, the accepted name in literature for the uprising of the lower and middle strata of Moscow residents, archers, soldiers (7/25/1662). Caused by an increase in taxes during the Russian-Polish War of 1654 67 and the release of depreciated copper money. Some of the rebels went... Illustrated encyclopedic Dictionary

- (“Copper Riot”) the name of the Moscow uprising of 1662 (See Moscow uprising of 1662), adopted in Russian noble and bourgeois historiography ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia