How to make a physics block from scrap materials. Topic: Do-it-yourself physics devices and simple experiments with them
Municipal educational institution
Ryazanovskaya average comprehensive school
PROJECT WORK
MANUFACTURING PHYSICAL EQUIPMENT WITH YOUR OWN HANDS
Completed
8th grade students
Gusyatnikov Ivan,
Kanashuk Stanislav,
Physics teacher
Samorukova I.G.
RP Ryazanovsky, 2019
Purpose of the device;
tools and materials;
Manufacturing of the device;
General view of the device;
Features of the device demonstration.
Introduction.
Main part.
Conclusion.
Bibliography.
INTRODUCTION
In order to carry out the necessary experiment, instruments are needed. But if they are not in the office laboratory, then some equipment for the demonstration experiment can be made with your own hands. We decided to give some things a second life. The work presents installations for use in physics lessons in grade 8 on the topic “Pressure of Liquids”
TARGET:
make instruments, physics installations to demonstrate physical phenomena with your own hands, explain the principle of operation of each device and demonstrate their operation.
HYPOTHESIS:
Use the made device, installation in physics to demonstrate physical phenomena with your own hands in lessons when demonstrating and explaining the topic.
TASKS:
Make devices that arouse great interest among students.
Make instruments that are not available in the laboratory.
Make devices that cause difficulty in understanding theoretical material in physics.
PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
The significance of this work lies in the fact that Lately, when the material and technical base in schools has weakened significantly, experiments using these installations help to form some concepts in the study of physics; devices are made from waste material.
MAIN PART.
1. DEVICE For demonstration of Pascal's law.
1.1. TOOLS AND MATERIALS . Plastic bottle, awl, water.
1.2. MANUFACTURING THE DEVICE . Make holes with an awl from the bottom of the vessel at a distance of 10-15 cm in different places.
1.3. PROGRESS OF THE EXPERIMENT. Partially fill the bottle with water. Press with your hands on top part bottles. Observe the phenomenon.
1.4. RESULT . Observe water flowing out of the holes in the form of identical streams.
1.5. CONCLUSION. The pressure exerted on the fluid is transmitted without change to every point of the fluid.
2. DEVICE for demonstrationdependence of liquid pressure on the height of the liquid column.
2.1. TOOLS AND MATERIALS. Plastic bottle, drill, water, felt-tip pen tubes, plasticine.
2.2. MANUFACTURING THE DEVICE . Take a plastic bottle with a capacity of 1.5-2 liters.We make several holes in a plastic bottle at different heights (d≈ 5 mm). Place the tubes from the helium pen into the holes.
2.3. PROGRESS OF THE EXPERIMENT. Fill the bottle with water (pre-close the holes with tape). Open the holes. Observe the phenomenon.
2.4. RESULT . Water flows further from the hole located below.
2.5. CONCLUSION. The pressure of the liquid on the bottom and walls of the vessel depends on the height of the liquid column (the higher the height, the greater the liquid pressurep= gh).
3. DEVICE - communicating vessels.
3.1. TOOLS AND MATERIALS.Lower parts from two plastic bottles different sections, felt-tip pen tubes, drill, water.
3.2. MANUFACTURING THE DEVICE . Cut off the bottom parts of plastic bottles, 15-20 cm high. Connect the parts together with rubber tubes.
3.3. PROGRESS OF THE EXPERIMENT. Pour water into one of the resulting vessels. Observe the behavior of the surface of the water in the vessels.
3.4. RESULT . The water levels in the vessels will be at the same level.
3.5. CONCLUSION. In communicating vessels of any shape, the surfaces of a homogeneous liquid are installed at the same level.
4. DEVICE to demonstrate pressure in a liquid or gas.
4.1. TOOLS AND MATERIALS.Plastic bottle, balloon, knife, water.
4.2. MANUFACTURING THE DEVICE . Take a plastic bottle, cut off the bottom and top. You will get a cylinder. Tie a balloon to the bottom.
4.3. PROGRESS OF THE EXPERIMENT. Pour water into the device you have made. Place the completed device in a container of water. Observe a physical phenomenon
4.4. RESULT . There is pressure inside the liquid.
4.5. CONCLUSION. At the same level, it is the same in all directions. With depth, pressure increases.
CONCLUSION
As a result of our work, we:
conducted experiments to prove the existence atmospheric pressure;
created homemade devices, demonstrating the dependence of liquid pressure on the height of the liquid column, Pascal's law.
We enjoyed studying pressure, making homemade devices, and conducting experiments. But there is a lot of interesting things in the world that you can still learn, so in the future:
We will continue to study this interesting science,
We will produce new devices to demonstrate physical phenomena.
USED BOOKS
1. Teaching equipment for physics in high school. Edited by A.A. Pokrovsky-M.: Education, 1973.
2. Physics. 8th grade: textbook / N.S. Purysheva, N.E. Vazheevskaya. –M.: Bustard, 2015.
Municipal educational institution "Secondary school No. 2" Babynino village
Babyninsky district, Kaluga region
X research conference
“Gifted children are the future of Russia”
Project "Physics with your own hands"
Prepared by the students
7 "B" class Larkova Victoria
7 "B" class Kalinicheva Maria
Head Kochanova E.V.
Babynino village, 2018
Table of contents
Introduction page 3
Theoretical part p.5
experimental part
Fountain model p.6
Communicating vessels page 9
Conclusion page 11
References page 13
Introduction
This academic year we plunged into the world of a very complex but interesting science that is necessary for every person. From the first lessons we were fascinated by physics; we wanted to learn more and more new things. Physics is not only physical quantities, formulas, laws, but also experiments. Physical experiments can be done with anything: pencils, glasses, coins, plastic bottles.
Physics is an experimental science, so creating instruments with your own hands contributes to a better understanding of laws and phenomena. Many different questions arise when studying each topic. The teacher, of course, can answer them, but how interesting and exciting it is to get the answers yourself, especially using hand-made instruments.
Relevance:
Making instruments not only helps to increase the level of knowledge, but is one of the ways to activate cognitive and project activities students when studying physics in primary school. On the other hand, such work serves good example socially useful work: successfully made homemade devices can significantly supplement the equipment of a school office. It is possible and necessary to make devices on site on your own. Homemade devices also have another value: their production, on the one hand, develops in the teacher and students practical skills and skills, and on the other hand, indicates creative work.Target:
Make a device, a physics installation for demonstration physical experiments with your own hands, explain its principle of operation, demonstrate the operation of the device.
Tasks:
1. Study scientific and popular literature.
2. Learn to apply scientific knowledge to explain physical phenomena.
3. Make devices at home and demonstrate their operation.
4. Replenishment of the physics classroom with homemade devices made from scrap materials.
Hypothesis: Use the made device, a physics installation for demonstrating physical phenomena with your own hands in the lesson.
Project product: DIY devices, demonstration of experiments.
Project result: interest of students, the formation of their idea that physics as a science is not divorced from real life, development of motivation for learning physics.
Research methods: analysis, observation, experiment.
The work was carried out according to following diagram:
Studying information from various sources on this issue.
Selection of research methods and practical mastery of them.
Collection own material– collecting available materials, conducting experiments.
Analysis and formulation of conclusions.
I . Main part
Physics is the science of nature. She studies phenomena that occur in space, in the bowels of the earth, on the earth, and in the atmosphere - in a word, everywhere. Such phenomena are called physical phenomena. When observing an unfamiliar phenomenon, physicists try to understand how and why it occurs. If, for example, a phenomenon occurs quickly or occurs rarely in nature, physicists strive to see it as many times as necessary in order to identify the conditions under which it occurs and establish the corresponding patterns. If possible, scientists reproduce the phenomenon being studied in a specially equipped room - a laboratory. They try not only to examine the phenomenon, but also to make measurements. Scientists – physicists – call all this experience or experiment.
We were inspired by the idea of making our own devices. Carrying out our scientific fun at home, we developed basic actions that allow you to conduct the experiment successfully:
Home experiments must meet the following requirements:
Safety during carrying out;
Minimum material costs;
Ease of implementation;
Value in learning and understanding physics.
We conducted several experiments on various topics in the 7th grade physics course. Let's present some of them, interesting and at the same time easy to implement.
Experimental part.
Fountain model
Target: Show the simplest model fountain
Equipment:
Large plastic bottle - 5 liters, small plastic bottle - 0.6 liters, cocktail straw, piece of plastic.
Progress of the experiment
We bend the tube at the base with the letter G.
Secure it with a small piece of plastic.
Cut a small hole in a three-liter bottle.
Cut off the bottom of a small bottle.
Secure the small bottle into the large one using a cap, as shown in the photo.
Insert the tube into the cap of a small bottle. Secure with plasticine.
Cut a hole in the cap of a large bottle.
Let's pour water into a bottle.
Let's watch the flow of water.
Result : We observe the formation of a water fountain.
Conclusion: The water in the tube is affected by the pressure of the liquid column in the bottle. The more water in the bottle, the larger the fountain will be, since the pressure depends on the height of the liquid column.
Communicating vessels
Equipment: upper parts from plastic bottles of different sections, rubber tube.
Let's cut off the top parts of plastic bottles, 15-20cm high.
We connect the parts together with a rubber tube.
Progress of experiment No. 1
Target : show the location of the surface of a homogeneous liquid in communicating vessels.
1.Pour water into one of the resulting vessels.
2. We see that the water in the vessels is at the same level.
Conclusion: in communicating vessels of any shape, the surfaces of a homogeneous liquid are set at the same level (provided that the air pressure above the liquid is the same).
Progress of experiment No. 2
1. Let’s observe the behavior of the surface of water in vessels filled with different liquids. Pour the same amount of water and detergent into communicating vessels.
2. We see that the liquids in the vessels are at different levels.
Conclusion : in communicating vessels, heterogeneous liquids are established at different levels.
Conclusion
It is interesting to observe the experiment conducted by the teacher. Carrying it out yourself is doubly interesting.The experiment carried out with a hand-made device arouses great interest among the whole class. Such experiments help to better understand the material, establish connections and draw the right conclusions.
We conducted a survey among seventh grade students and found out whether physics lessons with experiments are more interesting, and whether our classmates would like to make a device with their own hands. The results turned out like this:
Most students believe that physics lessons become more interesting with experiments.
More than half of the surveyed classmates would like to make instruments for physics lessons.
We enjoyed making homemade instruments and conducting experiments. There are so many interesting things in the world of physics, so in the future we will:
Continue studying this interesting science;
Conduct new experiments.
Bibliography
1. L. Galpershtein “Funny Physics”, Moscow, “Children’s Literature”, 1993.
Teaching equipment for physics in high school. Edited by A.A. Pokrovsky “Enlightenment”, 2014
2. Textbook on physics by A. V. Peryshkina, E. M. Gutnik “Physics” for grade 7; 2016
3. ME AND. Perelman “Entertaining tasks and experiments”, Moscow, “Children’s Literature”, 2015.
4. Physics: Reference materials: O.F. Kabardin Textbook for students. – 3rd ed. – M.: Education, 2014.
5.//class-fizika.spb.ru/index.php/opit/659-op-davsif
a- Roma Davydov Head: physics teacher - Khovrich Lyubov Vladimirovna Novouspenka – 2008
Goal: Make a device, a physics installation to demonstrate physical phenomena with your own hands. Explain the operating principle of this device. Demonstrate the operation of this device.
HYPOTHESIS: Use the made device, installation in physics to demonstrate physical phenomena with your own hands in the lesson. If this device is not available in the physical laboratory, this device will be able to replace the missing installation when demonstrating and explaining the topic.
Objectives: Make devices that arouse great interest among students. Make devices that are not available in the laboratory. make devices that cause difficulty in understanding theoretical material in physics.
EXPERIMENT 1: Forced oscillations. With uniform rotation of the handle, we see that the action of a periodically changed force will be transmitted to the load through the spring. Changing with a frequency equal to the frequency of rotation of the handle, this force will force the load to perform forced vibrations. Resonance is the phenomenon of a sharp increase in the amplitude of forced vibrations.
Forced vibrations
EXPERIENCE 2: Jet propulsion. We will install a funnel in a ring on a tripod and attach a tube with a tip to it. We pour water into the funnel, and when the water begins to flow out from the end, the tube will bend in the opposite direction. This is reactive movement. Reactive motion is the movement of a body that occurs when some part of it is separated from it at any speed.
Jet propulsion
EXPERIMENT 3: Sound waves. Let's put it in a vice metal ruler. But it is worth noting that if most of the ruler acts as a vice, then, having caused it to oscillate, we will not hear the waves generated by it. But if we shorten the protruding part of the ruler and thereby increase the frequency of its oscillations, then we will hear the generated Elastic waves, propagating in the air, as well as inside liquid and solid bodies, but are not visible. However, under certain conditions they can be heard.
Sound waves.
Experiment 4: Coin in a bottle Coin in a bottle. Want to see the law of inertia in action? Prepare a half-liter milk bottle, a cardboard ring 25 mm wide and 0 100 mm wide and a two-kopeck coin. Place the ring on the neck of the bottle, and place a coin on top exactly opposite the hole in the neck of the bottle (Fig. 8). After inserting a ruler into the ring, hit the ring with it. If you do this abruptly, the ring will fly off and the coin will fall into the bottle. The ring moved so quickly that its movement did not have time to be transferred to the coin, and according to the law of inertia, it remained in place. And having lost its support, the coin fell down. If the ring is moved to the side more slowly, the coin will “feel” this movement. The trajectory of its fall will change, and it will not fall into the neck of the bottle.
Coin in a bottle
Experiment 5: Floating Ball When you blow, a stream of air lifts the ball above the tube. But the air pressure inside the jet is less than the pressure of the “quiet” air surrounding the jet. Therefore, the ball is located in a kind of air funnel, the walls of which are formed by the surrounding air. By smoothly reducing the speed of the jet from the upper hole, it is not difficult to “plant” the ball in its original place. For this experiment you will need an L-shaped tube, for example glass, and a light foam ball. Close the top hole of the tube with a ball (Fig. 9) and blow into the side hole. Contrary to expectation, the ball will not fly away from the tube, but will begin to hover above it. Why is this happening?
floating ball
Experiment 6: Movement of a body along a “dead loop” Using the “dead loop” device, you can demonstrate a number of experiments on the dynamics of a material point along a circle. The demonstration is carried out in the following order: 1. The ball is rolled down the rails from the highest point of the inclined rails, where it is held by an electromagnet, which is powered by 24V. The ball steadily describes a loop and flies out at a certain speed from the other end of the device2. The ball is rolled down from the lowest height when the ball just describes the loop without falling off its top point3. From an even lower height, when the ball, not reaching the top of the loop, breaks away from it and falls, describing a parabola in the air inside the loop.
Body movement in a "dead loop"
Experiment 7: Hot air and cold air Stretch a balloon onto the neck of an ordinary half-liter bottle (Fig. 10). Place the bottle in a saucepan with hot water. The air inside the bottle will begin to heat up. The molecules of the gases that make up it will move faster and faster as the temperature rises. They will bombard the walls of the bottle and ball more strongly. The air pressure inside the bottle will begin to increase and the balloon will begin to inflate. After some time, transfer the bottle to a saucepan with cold water. The air in the bottle will begin to cool, the movement of molecules will slow down, and the pressure will drop. The ball will wrinkle as if the air has been pumped out of it. This is how you can verify the dependence of air pressure on the ambient temperature
The air is hot and the air is cold
Experiment 8: Stretching a solid body Taking the foam block by the ends, stretch it. The increase in distances between molecules is clearly visible. It is also possible to simulate the occurrence of inter-molecular attractive forces in this case.
Tension of a rigid body
Experiment 9: Compression of a solid body Compress a foam block along its major axis. To do this, place it on a stand, cover the top with a ruler and apply pressure with your hand. A decrease in the distance between the molecules and the emergence of repulsive forces between them are observed.
Compression of a solid
Experiment 4: Double cone rolling upward. This experiment serves to demonstrate experience confirming that a freely moving object is always positioned in such a way that the center of gravity occupies the lowest possible position for it. Before demonstration, the planks are placed at a certain angle. To do this, the double cone is placed with its ends into the cutouts made in the upper edge of the planks. Then the cone is moved down to the beginning of the planks and released. The cone will move upward until its ends fall into the cutouts. In fact, the center of gravity of the cone, lying on its axis, will shift downward, which is what we see.
Double cone rolling upward
Student interest in a lesson with physics experience
Conclusion: It is interesting to observe the experiment conducted by the teacher. Carrying it out yourself is doubly interesting. And conducting an experiment with a device made and designed with your own hands arouses great interest among the whole class. In such experiments it is easy to establish a relationship and draw a conclusion about how this installation works.
Artificial tornado. One of N. E. Zhukovsky’s books describes the following installation for producing an artificial tornado. At a distance of 3 m above the vat of water, a hollow pulley with a diameter of 1 m, having several radial partitions, is placed (Fig. 119). When the pulley rotates quickly, a spinning waterspout rises from the vat to meet it. Explain the phenomenon. What is the reason for the formation of a tornado in nature?
“Universal barometer” by M. V. Lomonosov (Fig. 87). The device consists of a barometric tube filled with mercury, having a ball A at the top. The tube is connected by a capillary B to another ball containing dry air. The device is used to measure minute changes in atmospheric pressure. Understand how this device works.
Device N. A. Lyubimov. Moscow University professor N.A. Lyubimov was the first scientist to experimentally study the phenomenon of weightlessness. One of his devices (Fig. 66) was a panel l with loops, which could fall along the guide vertical wires. On the panel l a vessel with water is strengthened 2. A large stopper is placed inside the vessel using a rod passing through the lid of the vessel 3. Water tends to push out the stopper, and the latter, stretching the rod. press 4, keep the index arrow on right side screen. Will the needle maintain its position relative to the vessel if the device falls?
In school physics lessons, teachers always say that physical phenomena are everywhere in our lives. Only we often forget about this. Meanwhile, amazing things are nearby! Don't think that you need anything extravagant to organize physical experiments at home. And here's some proof for you ;)
Magnetic pencil
What needs to be prepared?
- Battery.
- Thick pencil.
- Insulated copper wire with a diameter of 0.2–0.3 mm and a length of several meters (the longer, the better).
- Scotch.
Conducting the experiment
Wind the wire tightly, turn to turn, onto the pencil, not reaching its edges by 1 cm. If one row ends, wind another on top in reverse side. And so on until all the wire runs out. Don’t forget to leave two ends of the wire, 8–10 cm each, free. To prevent the turns from unwinding after winding, secure them with tape. Strip the free ends of the wire and connect them to the battery contacts.
What happened?
It turned out to be a magnet! Try bringing small iron objects to it - a paper clip, a hairpin. They are attracted!
Lord of Water
What needs to be prepared?
- A plexiglass stick (for example, a student’s ruler or a regular plastic comb).
- A dry cloth made of silk or wool (for example, a wool sweater).
Conducting the experiment
Open the tap so that a thin stream of water flows. Rub the stick or comb vigorously on the prepared cloth. Quickly bring the stick closer to the stream of water without touching it.
What will happen?
The stream of water will bend in an arc, being attracted to the stick. Try the same thing with two sticks and see what happens.
Top
What needs to be prepared?
- Paper, needle and eraser.
- A stick and a dry woolen cloth from previous experience.
Conducting the experiment
You can control more than just water! Cut a strip of paper 1–2 cm wide and 10–15 cm long, bend it along the edges and in the middle, as shown in the picture. Insert the sharp end of the needle into the eraser. Balance the top workpiece on the needle. Prepare a “magic wand”, rub it on a dry cloth and bring it to one of the ends of the paper strip from the side or top without touching it.
What will happen?
The strip will swing up and down like a swing, or spin like a carousel. And if you can cut a butterfly out of thin paper, the experience will be even more interesting.
Ice and fire
(the experiment is carried out on a sunny day)
What needs to be prepared?
- A small cup with a round bottom.
- A piece of dry paper.
Conducting the experiment
Pour water into a cup and place it in the freezer. When the water turns to ice, remove the cup and place it in a container of hot water. After some time, the ice will separate from the cup. Now go out onto the balcony, place a piece of paper on the stone floor of the balcony. Use a piece of ice to focus the sun on a piece of paper.
What will happen?
The paper should be charred, because it’s not just ice in your hands anymore... Did you guess that you made a magnifying glass?
Wrong mirror
What needs to be prepared?
- A transparent jar with a tight-fitting lid.
- Mirror.
Conducting the experiment
Fill the jar with excess water and close the lid to prevent air bubbles from getting inside. Place the jar with the lid facing up against the mirror. Now you can look in the “mirror”.
Bring your face closer and look inside. There will be a thumbnail image. Now start tilting the jar to the side without lifting it from the mirror.
What will happen?
The reflection of your head in the jar, of course, will also tilt until it turns upside down, and your legs will still not be visible. Lift the can and the reflection will turn over again.
Cocktail with bubbles
What needs to be prepared?
- Glass with strong solution table salt.
- A battery from a flashlight.
- Two pieces of copper wire approximately 10 cm long.
- Fine sandpaper.
Conducting the experiment
Clean the ends of the wire with fine sandpaper. Connect one end of the wire to each pole of the battery. Dip the free ends of the wires into a glass with the solution.
What happened?
Bubbles will rise near the lowered ends of the wire.
Lemon battery
What needs to be prepared?
- Lemon, thoroughly washed and wiped dry.
- Two pieces of insulated copper wire approximately 0.2–0.5 mm thick and 10 cm long.
- Steel paper clip.
- A light bulb from a flashlight.
Conducting the experiment
Strip the opposite ends of both wires at a distance of 2–3 cm. Insert a paper clip into the lemon and screw the end of one of the wires to it. Insert the end of the second wire into the lemon, 1–1.5 cm from the paperclip. To do this, first pierce the lemon in this place with a needle. Take the two free ends of the wires and apply them to the contacts of the light bulb.
What will happen?
The light will light up!
