Old Russian architecture. Old Russian architecture Churches, cathedrals, monasteries
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
1 slide
Slide description:
2 slide
Slide description:
3 slide
Slide description:
The first church, founded in Kyiv in 989, was popularly called the Tithe Church, since Prince Vladimir himself gave a tenth of his income for its maintenance and ordered all believers to do the same. A very rich library was collected under her, and the monks worked on compiling chronicles and lives of saints. The church stood for two centuries and was destroyed by the Mongol-Tatar conquerors. Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna
4 slide
Slide description:
5 slide
Slide description:
6 slide
Slide description:
A new stage in the history of architecture of Kievan Rus is associated with the construction of the most majestic and significant Russian temple - the Hagia Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv. Sophia is the wisdom of God. The temple was built under Yaroslav the Wise. Kyiv Cathedral is an example of the Byzantine style in Rus'. This is a five-nave cross-domed church. The walls of the cathedral are lined with red brick and gray granite stone - plinth, alternating with pink cement - a solution of lime, sand and crushed brick. The combination of gray and red colors with a pinkish tint gave the building a special elegance. Initially, the temple was crowned with 13 domes. The number of domes (domes) in ancient Russian architecture had a deep symbolic meaning. The number of 13 domes crowning the temple is symbolic. Twelve domes are reminiscent of the apostles (disciples of Jesus Christ), the dome located in the center symbolizes Christ himself. Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna
Slide 7
Slide description:
8 slide
Slide description:
The eleventh century is also called the century of the Three Sophias. At the same time, one after another, churches of St. Sophia were built in other cities, in Novgorod and Polotsk. Although they were built on the model of the “big sister”, local construction features transformed them beyond recognition. The emergence of three fundamentally similar St. Sophia Cathedrals emphasized the political and cultural unity of Rus', the spiritual connection with Byzantium. Unfortunately, Polotsk Sophia was completely destroyed in the 13th century. And in front of you is the Church of St. Sophia of Novgorod. In its compositional structure it is close to the Kyiv one. We again see a five-nave cross-dome structure, but there are also 5 domes grouped in the center. Deep, long window openings in combination with smooth walls and blades make the temple taller and more monolithic. Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna
Slide 9
Slide description:
10 slide
Slide description:
Ensemble of the Kizhi Pogost Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna Millions of tourists from all over the world flock to the open-air museum on the island of Kizhi across the waters of Lake Onega in order to see one of the wonders of the world - the Church of the Transfiguration, built without a single nail. The entire museum-reserve, located on one of the Onega islands, is also called a masterpiece of wooden architecture.
11 slide
Slide description:
The ensemble of the ancient Spassky Kizhi Pogost consists of three buildings: the main Church of the Transfiguration (1714), the small Church of the Intercession (1764) and the bell tower standing between them (1874), which was built on the site of an older building. These buildings are different in architectural types, in their shapes, general outlines and were erected in different time. Nevertheless, the Kizhi churchyard did not become a pile of buildings that happened to be nearby. All these buildings form a single integral artistic ensemble. The Transfiguration Church is the semantic center of the entire Kizhi ensemble. The rest of the buildings are more modest, restrained, they obey her. The Transfiguration Church is the semantic center of the entire Kizhi ensemble. The rest of the buildings are more modest, restrained, they obey her. Each of these buildings subtly emphasizes the features of the main structure. Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna
12 slide
Slide description:
In the 17th century there was great development stone construction. Stone churches appeared not only in cities, but also became common in rural areas. In large centers, a considerable number of stone buildings for civil purposes were built. Usually these were two-story buildings with windows decorated with platbands and a richly decorated porch. The architecture of stone churches was dominated by five-domed cathedrals and small churches with one or five domes. Artists loved to decorate the outer walls of churches with stone patterns of kokoshniks, cornices, columns, window casings, sometimes multi-colored tiles. The chapters, placed on high drums, took on an elongated onion shape. Stone tented churches were built in the first half of the 17th century. Later, tented churches remained the property of the Russian North with its wooden architecture. Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna
Slide 13
Slide description:
St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow Irina Anatolyevna Kudashova Despite the fact that many cities had their own characteristics in architecture and urban planning, elegant pomp and spectacular decorative forms and facade design began to spread everywhere. Russia, having survived the period of turmoil, seemed to be reborn, looking forward with hope for the future. During this period, the desire for decoration resulted in the decoration of the towers of the Moscow Kremlin with tents, as well as in the decoration of the white walls of St. Basil's Cathedral (Pokrovsky Cathedral) with bright and colorful patterns.
Slide 14
Slide description:
The French composer Hector Berlioz, who visited Kolomenskoye in the mid-19th century, wrote: “I saw a lot, admired a lot, amazed me a lot, but time, ancient time in Russia, which left its mark in this village, was for me a miracle of miracles... I saw some the new kind architecture. I saw a striving upward, and I stood stunned for a long time.” So he spoke about the Church of the Ascension in the village of Kolomenskoye in honor of the birth of Ivan IV. And the new type of architecture that he admires is the tented temple. The multifaceted pointed base of the temple ends with triple pointed kokoshniks. And above them rises a stone tent, crowning the entire building. The edges of the tent are intertwined with narrow stone garlands, similar to strings of precious pearls. And its top is covered with a small neat cupola with a gilded cross. The tent style was recognized by Russian architects. The architects achieved extraordinary diversity, and not a single tented temple was the same as another. Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna
15 slide
Slide description:
16 slide
Slide description:
The central temple of the Intercession Cathedral - the Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary on Red Square in memory of the capture of Kazan - is completed with a tent with a small dome. Consists of 8 asymmetrical pillar-shaped temples of different sizes. Each is dedicated to eight days in which the most important events of the campaign against Kazan took place. Four decorative tents were used in the decoration of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary in Putinki. This church became the last monument of hipped-roof architecture in Moscow, since in 1652 Patriarch Nikon ordered “not to build hipped churches at all.” Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna
Slide 17
Slide 1
Slide 2
Russian architecture, like all culture, developed under the influence of Byzantium. And this is understandable, since Rus' adopted Christianity from Byzantium. The shape of Russian and Byzantine churches is cross-domed, that is, at the base of the temple there is a cross, above it there are vaults and a dome.
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Vladimir school Novgorod school The churches of the Novgorod school are more squat, as if rooted into the ground. Vladimir's churches, on the contrary, tend to the sky. Novgorod churches have a dome, a drum and an apse below. The Novgorod churches are not decorated, but the Vladimir ones are decorated with an arcature-columnar belt, they have carved zakomaras and a portal.
Slide 6
The churches of the Novgorod school are more squat, as if rooted into the ground. Vladimir's churches, on the contrary, tend to the sky. Novgorod churches have a dome, a drum and an apse below. The Novgorod churches are not decorated, but the Vladimir ones are decorated with an arcature-columnar belt, they have carved zakomaras and a portal. Vladimir school St. Demetrius Cathedral in Vladimir Novgorod school Church of the Savior on Nereditsa in Novgorod
Slide 7
St. George's Cathedral of the Yuryev Monastery in Novgorod. 1119 This temple is characterized by the dismemberment of form and the liberation of internal space
Slide 8
The new form of the temple is a three-lobed finish. The facades are decorated with many windows with their frames - edges. Lancet windows also create a sense of upward movement. This desire is emphasized by the triangular completion of the three layers of the building’s wall. Novgorod temples of the 14th century Church of the Transfiguration in Novgorod. 1374 Church of Fyodor Stratilates in Novgorod. 1361
Slide 9
Vladimir school This school developed in the 12th century, when the Vladimir-Suzdal principality became one of the leading ones. Temples are built from white stone. They are characterized by elongated proportions and an upward tendency. Vladimir churches are richly decorated. Five-domed Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir Golden Gate in Vladimir
Slide 10
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl The temple is dedicated to the Intercession of the Virgin Mary, who, according to old belief, held a board in her hands - a cover, protecting the city from enemies. The temple was built in honor of the seventeen-year-old son of Andrei Bogolyubsky, young Izyaslav, who died in a fierce battle. Which folk legend calls a cherry cut down in blossom. The young man killed by his enemies may have been buried on Nerlin Hill or in the temple itself. Returning from a victorious campaign against the Volga Bulgars, Andrei grieved for his son, and he himself chose the place for this temple.
Slide 11
Moscow school of the 14th-15th centuries With the advance of the Moscow principality in the 14th-15th centuries, the Moscow school of architecture began to develop. The Kremlin temples were built first. But not a single temple has survived to this day. The ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin is being created under the leadership of Italian architects. Thus, the Assumption Cathedral was created in 1475-1479 by the architect Aristotle Fiorovanti. Although the Assumption Cathedral of Vladimir was chosen as the basis for this temple, new qualities are clearly visible. This is integrity, geometric shape, division, isolation of facade compositions, heavy weight, earthiness. It amazes with its power and monumentality
Slide 12
Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin The more refined Archangel Cathedral, built by Aleviz the New in 1505-1508. Interesting in this temple is the grid of elegant order forms. Running along the façade in two tiers. Decorative shells are inserted into the zakomaras. This temple is the tomb of the Moscow kings.
Slide 13
Annunciation Cathedral Built by Pskovites in 1484-1489. This is the home church of the Moscow sovereigns.
Slide 14
Bell tower of Ivan the Great Built in 1505-1508 by architect Bon Fryazin. Before this, bell towers were two-tiered or three-tiered belfries. Or the domes were located under the drum of the temple.
Slide 15
Kolomenskoye In the 16th century, the tent style appeared. The tent is the high pyramidal octagonal end of the temple. The transition to the tent reflected the desire of the architects to emphasize the elevation. The Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye became a masterpiece of tent art. Wooden palace in Kolomenskoye, the eighth wonder of the world
Slide 16
Slide 17
St. Basil's Cathedral (Pokrovsky Cathedral) This is the most complex tented church. Built by Barma and Postnik in the 1550-1560s by order of Ivan the Terrible. This is not one building. And a whole ensemble of nine buildings. The central pillar ends with a tent, and the rest, lower ones, with domes. This temple. In addition to the complexity of its form. It amazes with its decorativeness. Not a single surface is left without divisions or without coloring features. Each chapter differs from the other in both color and carved patterns.
Slide 18
Churches of the 17th century In the 17th century, the cross-domed church further developed. It becomes five-headed with clearly defined tiered mosquitoes. Zakomary
Slide 19
Churches of the 17th century Five-domed Trinity Church in Nikitniki 1626-1653 One-domed church
Slide 20
Secular architecture In the 17th century, civil engineering expanded. An example of such a building is the English Court. It is believed that Aleviz built it. In the Kremlin, Bazhen Ogurtsov, Antip Konstantinov, Tefil Sharutin and Larion Ushakov erected the picturesque and festive Terem Palace. It has a tiered structure: on the basement with the walkway there are the royal upper chambers, and above them a golden-domed mansion with a watchtower.
Slide 21
Naryshkin style Church of the Intercession in Fili This style developed in the 17th century. At the base of the temple there is a four-piece, on it there is an eight-piece, then another, smaller one, then another, even smaller one, and finally an onion-shaped dome. The transitions between tiers were especially decorated. These temples were created from red brick, the decor was white stone.
Slide 22
Novodevichy Convent Monasteries played a significant role in the defense system of the ancient capital. It was at the walls of the Novodevichy Convent that the troops of Kazy-Girey were defeated. Wooden walls The Novodevichy Convent was replaced with stone ones simultaneously with the construction of the White City. The Kremlin served as a model for them. Transfiguration Gate Church
Architecture.
St. Sophia Cathedral of Kyiv 1037
St. Sophia's Cathedral was built in the 11th century in the center of Kyiv by order of Yaroslav the Wise. Inside the Cathedral, many ancient frescoes and mosaics have been preserved, including the famous mosaic of Our Lady of Oranta
St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv reflected a combination of Slavic and Byzantine traditions: thirteen joyful domes of the new temple were placed on the base of the cross-domed church. This step pyramid of the St. Sophia Cathedral resurrected the style of Russian timber architecture. The St. Sophia Cathedral, made during the establishment and rise of Rus' under Yaroslav the Wise, showed that construction is also politics. And indeed, with this temple, Rus' challenged Byzantium, its recognized shrine - the St. Sophia Cathedral of Constantinople.
St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv
Fresco - Painting with water paints on freshly applied, damp plaster. Mosaic - an image made up of small pieces of marble or smalt (colored glass).
.
The Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (in common parlance the “Great Church”) is the main cathedral temple of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra, the “God-created” prototype of all monastic churches of Ancient Rus', the tomb of the Kyiv princes. It was founded in 1073 on the initiative of Theodosius of Pechersk and built in three years with the money of Prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavovich.
Novgorod Sofia.
Hagia Sophia - main Orthodox church Veliky Novgorod, created in 1045-1050. In 1046, Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise and Princess Irina went to Novgorod to see their son Vladimir to lay the foundation stone for the St. Sophia Cathedral, which was founded in place of a burnt wooden temple. Initially, the walls of the temple were not whitewashed, with the exception of the curved apses and drums in the plan, covered with a layer of cement. Internal sides The walls were also exposed, while the vaults were originally plastered with cement and covered with frescoes. This design was chosen under the influence of the architecture of Constantinople, in which marble wall cladding was combined with mosaics on the vaults; however, marble was replaced by limestone and mosaics by frescoes. The bronze Magdeburg Gate in the Romanesque style with a large number of high reliefs and sculptures is mounted on the western portal.
The Church of the Savior on Nereditsa is the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord, located 1.5 km south of Veliky Novgorod on the right bank of the former riverbed of the Maly Volkhovets, on a small hill next to the Rurik Settlement. It was erected in one season around 1198 under the Novgorod prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich in memory of his two dead sons. Nereditsa's frescoes are the most precious monument of Novgorod monumental painting of the 12th century.
The Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir - before the rise of Moscow, was the main (cathedral) church of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus', where the Vladimir and Moscow princes were married for their great reign. One of the few churches in which unique frescoes by Andrei Rublev have been preserved. The original white stone cathedral was built under Grand Duke Andrei Bogolyubsky in 1158-1160.
Demetrius Cathedral of the city of Vladimir is a court cathedral, erected by Vsevolod the Big Nest at the princely court and consecrated in honor of the Great Martyr Dmitry of Thessalonica, built in 1194-1197.
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl is a white stone temple in the Vladimir region of Russia, one and a half kilometers from Bogolyubov. In 1165, the Church of the Intercession was built in memory of the deceased son of the Grand Duke Izyaslav Andreevich.
Golden Gate
an outstanding monument of ancient Russian architecture, located in the city of Vladimir. Built in 1164 under the Vladimir prince Andrei Bogolyubsky. In addition to defensive purposes, the gate also had a triumphal character. They decorated the main entrance to the richest princely-boyar part of the city. During the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky, the city was surrounded by an extended rampart and had seven entrance gate(besides Gold, these are Copper, Irinin or Orinin, Silver, Ivanovo, Torgovy and Volzhsky). Only the Golden Gate has survived to this day.
St. George's Cathedral of the Yuryev Monastery is an Orthodox church of the Yuryev Monastery (Veliky Novgorod). Built in 1119, it belongs to the monuments of ancient Russian architecture of the pre-Mongol period. Construction of the cathedral, which became the main temple of the Yuryev Monastery, began in 1119. The initiator of the construction was Grand Duke Mstislav Vladimirovich. Construction of the cathedral lasted 11 years; before completion, its walls were covered with frescoes. The cathedral became the tomb of the abbots of the monastery, a number of Russian princes and Novgorod mayors.
Slide 2
Urban development
Europeans called Rus' “Gradariki” - a country of cities.
Medieval cities were centers of culture. The largest in Europe were Kyiv, Novgorod, Galich.
Crafts developed, of which there were about 70. Many goods were for sale.
Torzhok. Engraving16th century.
Slide 3
Inside the Kremlin there were monasteries, churches, and princely mansions.
The townspeople were literate people and had broader horizons than the villagers. They traveled to other countries and received merchants.
Kyiv planall R. 12th century.
Slide 4
Entering the city symbolized its power. As a rule, the Golden Gate was built at the entrance. These were complex architectural structures.
Scientists find many inscriptions on the walls.
Golden Gate in Vladimir.Reconstruction.
Slide 5
Architecture. Painting
Most of the buildings of Kievan Rus were wooden. Even princes lived in such buildings. The mansions consisted of 6-7 rooms.
Typical viewboyar choir.
Slide 6
Architecture. Painting.
In the 11th century major cities stone mansions of princes appear. On the 1st floor there were small rooms, and the second floor was occupied by a spacious hall. The outside of the building was decorated with arches, stone carvings, and colonnades.
Princely mansions in Chernigov.Reconstruction.
Slide 7
The appearance of 2-3 storey buildings led to an increase in the height of churches and cathedrals.
The cathedrals of Kyiv, Novgorod, Smolensk, and Chernigov have reached us from that period.
Unlike today the cathedrals were not white and red, because they were not plastered.
Torzhok. 16th century engraving.
Slide 8
Architecture of Ancient Rus' XI-XIV centuries
Slide 9
Fragmentation of Rus'
“And the whole Russian land was angry.” ( from the chronicle)
“In Rostov land -a prince in every village."
In the 13th century Kievan Rus broke up into one and a half dozen small principalities.
The fragmentation of Rus' continued and by the 14th century, instead of 15 appanage principalities, approximately 250 were formed.
This was the process of formation of various Russian principalities, which were subsequently united by Moscow into a new state.
Slide 10
Architecture of Ancient Rus'
Slide 11
Architecture styles
Novgorod style:
- power, monumentality;
- short, strong;
- 5 or single headed;
- instead of mosquito bars there is a pitched ceiling;
- decorations: niches, arches, crosses, rosettes;
- Arches and triangles on the reels.
Vladimir-Suzdal style:
- temples became taller and slimmer;
- the walls are thinner and lighter;
- instead of modest decorations;
- rich stone carvings on the walls;
- arcature belt;
- elongated drums.
Slide 12
Novgorod architectural school
Slide 13
"Mr. Veliky Novgorod" - successor of Kyiv
St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod, built in 1045-1050 at the behest of Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich.
The 11th century is the era of the “three Sophias.”
Three cathedrals - Sophia of Kiev, Sophia of Novgorod and Sophia of Polotsk, repeating the dedication of the main temple of Constantinople.
Slide 14
One of the three St. Sophia Cathedrals, built in Rus' in the middle. XI century
- Representative princely temple, city cathedral;
- Erected on the banks of the Volkhov River on the territory of the ancient Kremlin;
- Built of white stone - plinth, limestone slab;
- The interior is painted with frescoes.
Slide 15
Cathedral of St. George in St. George's Monastery
- customer book Vsevolod;
- plinth, limestone slab;
- Asymmetrical, cross-domed, six-pillared cathedral with three light domes;
- The inside is painted with frescoes, which are partially preserved.
In the 12th century, monumental princely churches were built - monuments to the passing princely era. One of them was built in 1119.
Architect Peter:“...and the master worked, Peter” (from the chronicle).
Slide 16
Construction of temples in the 13th century
Since the 13th century, churches have been built at the expense of boyars, merchants and other residents. They are united common features Novgorod style:
- single-headed;
- short;
- small in volume;
- three-bladed covering (in the form of a trefoil) or pitched ceiling.
Architecture examples:
- Spasa on Ilyin Street, 1374;
- Church of Simeon in the Animal Monastery;
- Church of Fyodor Stratilates on the Stream 1360 – 1361
Slide 17
Decorations of Novgorod churches
- figured niches;
- recessed sockets;
- brick crosses;
- on drums;
- small arches;
- triangles on the reels.
Slide 18
Examples of Russian architecture
- Church of the Nativity in the Cemetery;
- Church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa in Torg.
Construction material: boulders, brick, Volkhov limestone slab.
Slide 19
“One look at the strong, stocky monuments of Veliky Novgorod is enough to understand the ideal of a Novgorodian, a good warrior, not very well-hewn..., but on his own mind...
In his architecture, the same as he himself, simple and strong walls..., powerful silhouettes, energetic masses... Not always neat, but always magnificent, because it is strong, majestic, captivating.”
I.E. Grabar
Slide 20
Vladimir architectural school
Slide 21
Temples of the Vladimir-Suzdal land
In the 12th century, separate principalities emerged in Rus'.
Each prince-ruler in his appanage principality sought to build a temple. Byzantine and Kyiv architects were invited.
Kyiv traditions were complemented by local style features:
- Temples were built with three naves and one dome;
- The proportions are elongated and the temples are taller;
- They used white stone to richly decorate the walls.
Golden Gate in Vladimir.
Slide 22
Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral in Pereyaslavl-Zalessky 1152-1157
- They were built by craftsmen from Galich;
- It was built as a fortress bastion;
- It has the shape of a cube, axial symmetry;
- Single-headed, four-pillar;
- The walls are divided by flat blades and finished with semicircular zakomaras;
- Under the dome there are jagged decorations - “towns”;
- Narrow loophole windows;
- Temple-hero.