Female infertility, unspecified 97.9. N97.9 Female infertility, unspecified

Secondary infertility is diagnosed if a woman has previously become pregnant. It is possible to cope with the disease if you visit a gynecologist-reproductologist on time. It occurs for a number of reasons, the main ones being: age, lifestyle and incompatibility of partners.

When attempts to get pregnant within a year of active sexual activity without using contraception are unsuccessful, a specialist diagnoses “infertility.” There are many reasons for this, and in order to correctly indicate the determining factor, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive examination.

What is secondary infertility

Women who have previously been pregnant face difficulty conceiving. To establish a diagnosis, it does not matter whether the pregnancy ended in childbirth or not. Secondary involves difficulty in conceiving when a couple has a baby, but it is not possible to get pregnant or carry a subsequent one. Often a woman and a man have children from other partners, but conceiving together is not possible.

There is an international classification of diseases according to the 10th revision (ICD-10). Secondary infertility ICD 10 is information about a disease associated with the problem of conceiving a child. Secondary infertility ICD-10 implies a specific code that tells the specialist about the cause of the underlying ailment (from No. 97.1 to No. 97.9).

Causes

The causes of the disease are considered to be the age of the future parents, health, sperm motility in the man, the lifestyle of the spouses, their compatibility and the presence of infectious or other diseases.

In men

Secondary infertility in a man means difficulty conceiving a second and subsequent child. The main reasons are availability. Fertility is affected by prostatitis, urethritis, and epididymitis. If a man has undergone surgery on the scrotum, after surgical intervention there is a high probability of complications, and as a result - problems with conception.

Whatever the cause of a man’s disease, only a qualified specialist can diagnose it. In 95% of cases, with timely consultation with a doctor, positive dynamics can be achieved.

Common factors of the disease in men are also:

• genital injuries;
• endocrine disorders/diseases;
• chemotherapy;
• taking hormonal medications;
• drinking alcohol, drugs, smoking;
• taking anabolic steroids (for building muscle mass);
• frequent visits to the bathhouse and/or sauna;
• eating disorders;
• chronic stress.

Among women

Secondary infertility in women occurs due to age. Many ladies give birth to their first child when they are young. The subsequent pregnancy is carefully planned, by which time the woman is well over 30.

Giving birth at this age is the norm today, but it should be understood that fertility declines at this age, which means it is much more difficult to conceive a baby. According to statistics, a quarter of all women after 35 years are diagnosed with secondary infertility (ICD-10 code).

Also are gynecological diseases. Often, difficulty in conceiving arises due to previous abortions. It happens that a woman does not have any obvious reasons, but pregnancy does not happen. In this case, it is necessary to exclude biological incompatibility with the partner.

The lifestyle followed by a girl planning a pregnancy is of great importance.

Causes of secondary infertility in women:

• ectopic pregnancy and miscarriages;
• polycystic ovary syndrome and uterine fibroids;
• complicated childbirth;
• external genital endometriosis;
• early menopause;
• bad habits;
• poor nutrition;
• emotional overload.

A common cause as well. Due to their instability, it gets lost menstrual cycle, and catching ovulation if it occurs is much more difficult.

Definition in men

To determine secondary infertility in men, you should undergo a full examination. You need to visit a urologist and undergo a set of tests and procedures. To establish a diagnosis, take:

• blood for hormones and infections;
• urethral smear;
• Ultrasound of the prostate gland;
• spermogram.

Diagnosis in women

After a year of unsuccessful attempts to get pregnant, a woman turns to a fertility specialist. To diagnose the cause of the disease, you should:

• get tested for infections, hormones, antisperm bodies;
• determine patency fallopian tubes;
• undergo an ultrasound of the uterus and ovaries.

If the examination is not enough, the woman undergoes other manipulations: laparoscopy, hysteroscopy and others.

Symptomatic manifestations

This disease is a consequence of pathologies that are extremely difficult to notice. In women, symptoms are expressed more clearly than in men.

Among women

It is possible in most cases to notice signs of secondary infertility during a gynecological examination or during an examination.

The symptoms that a woman will certainly notice are:

• sore vagina;
• disorders;
• increased/decreased body weight;
• chronic diseases.

In men

A man may be completely unaware of the presence of diseases that lead to further difficulties with conception. Usually there are simply no symptoms. He can be active sex life, feel completely healthy, but unable to conceive. As a rule, a man finds out about this after a long period of time, when his partner has undergone a full examination and is convinced that she is healthy. That is why experts recommend not to waste time and get both partners examined at once.

Methods of influence

There are quite a few methods of influencing the problem. Experts use both medication and surgical method. It all depends on the underlying disease.

Traditional treatment

Drug treatment of secondary infertility involves taking medicines, which are prescribed exclusively by a specialist.

The doctor prescribes hormonal, antiviral, immunological, antibacterial drugs or antibiotics - depends on the real reason infertility. Treatment of secondary infertility in women involves the use of traditional methods:

• psychotherapy;
• drug treatment;
• hormone therapy;
• laparoscopy;

The first is the patient’s mood, his ridding of negative memories. It is important to make a woman or man forget about difficulties with conception, believe in their strength and a positive outcome.

Hormonal therapy involves stimulating egg maturation. This method is used if a woman is diagnosed with endocrine infertility.

Laparoscopy is performed on a woman with polycystic ovary syndrome or tubal obstruction.

The indication for in vitro fertilization is obstruction of the fallopian tubes or infertility of unknown origin. During the procedure from female body The egg is removed and artificially fertilized. Then they are placed for development in an incubator, where they are created special conditions. They are then transferred to the uterus.

Treatment with folk remedies

For secondary infertility, couples turn to prescriptions traditional medicine. So, if a man has low-quality sperm, it is recommended to take mumiyo. 0.2 gr. You should mix it with freshly squeezed carrot or sea buckthorn juice. Take at 1:20 am in the morning on an empty stomach. Use this remedy preferably a course of 25-28 days, then a month break.

From folk remedies knotweed is effective. It can be purchased at any pharmacy and taken as an infusion. It is extremely simple to prepare; you need to mix the knotweed with boiling water in the proportion of 1 cup of herb per 1 liter of water.

An excellent solution would be field wormwood. This plant is very useful for women's health. To prepare the decoction, you need to pour 200 ml hot water a tablespoon of dry herb. Leave for three hours, then bring to a boil and strain. Drink the decoction two to three times a day, ½ cup.

Recipe: pour a tablespoon of herb with a glass of boiling water, place the container in a dark, warm place or wrap it in a towel and leave for two hours. It is recommended to use several times a day.

An excellent remedy is Adam's root: pour 2 teaspoons of the plant hot water. Leave for two to three hours, then drink 4 times a day.

Forecast

There are many reasons for difficulty conceiving, and the complexity of treatment depends on how serious it is. On average, it takes a year or more for women to become infertile.

However, even with the most positive result After treatment, you need to wait at least three months, or even six months, to start trying to conceive. Often the course of therapy is repeated more than once.

ICD-10 CODE N46 Male infertility.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MALE INFERTILITY

Infertility in men- manifestation of various pathological conditions, and not their nosological form. However, due to its clear delineation and clinical significance, this phenomenon has acquired independent clinical significance. The reason for 40% of infertile marriages is disturbances in the male reproductive system, 45% in the female reproductive system and 5–10% - a combination of male and female factors infertility. Often the examination does not reveal any changes in spouses.

ETIOLOGY (CAUSES) OF MALE INFERTILITY

Causes of male infertility can be classified based on nature pathological changes(for example, genetic, endocrine, inflammatory, traumatic) and their localization (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, testes, vas deferens, androgen target organs). All etiological factors are divided into three groups: pretesticular, testicular and posttesticular.

MAIN CAUSES OF MALE INFERTILITY

Pretesticular disorders (pathology of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland).
♦Congenital defect of GnRH secretion (for example, Kallmann syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome).
♦Acquired defect in GnRH secretion, hypopituitarism (as a result of tumor, trauma, ischemia, radiation).
♦ZPR.
♦Isolated LH deficiency (Pasqualini syndrome).
♦Hyperprolactinemia (due to pituitary adenoma, exposure to drugs).
♦Dysfunction of other endocrine glands, taking hormonal drugs.

Testicular disorders.
♦Chromosomal abnormalities (Klinefelter syndrome).
♦Congenital and acquired anorchism.
♦Isolated aplasia of the spermatogenic epithelium (Sertoli cell, or Del Castillo syndrome).
♦Cryptorchidism.
♦Varicocele.
♦Damage to the testicle (trauma, torsion, orchitis).
♦Disorders caused by systemic diseases or exogenous factors.
♦Androgen deficiency or resistance.

Posttesticular disorders.
♦Obstruction of the vas deferens (congenital, acquired).
♦Hypospadias.
♦Impaired sperm function or motility (for example, autoimmune disorders, infections of the accessory sex glands).

PATHOGENESIS OF MALE INFERTILITY

Infertility due to hypogonadism occurs due to a violation of generative (spermatogenesis) and hormonal (steroidogenesis) functions, less often - only generative. Infertility is often combined with manifestations of androgen deficiency. Hypogonadism can be present from birth or develop during puberty, adulthood, or old age.

DIAGNOSIS OF MALE INFERTILITY

In case of infertility, it is necessary to examine two partners (and it is better to start with examining the man). The goal is to establish infertility and determine its cause. Assessing a man's fertility is not difficult, but the cause of infertility is quite difficult to identify, and in 15–20% of cases this cannot be done and infertility is considered idiopathic. The diagnostic process for male infertility consists of several successive stages. It should be carried out at minimal economic cost and involve predominantly non-invasive means.

ANAMNESIS Includes clarification of the characteristics of sexual life, pregnancy in sexual partners, as well as information about previous diseases, operations, and negative factors.

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION FOR MALE INFERTILITY

During a physical examination, the degree of severity of secondary sexual characteristics is determined (androgen deficiency is manifested by a eunuchoid physique, scanty hair growth, gynecomastia). Palpation of the scrotum reveals the presence of testicles, their size (average indicators: length - 4.6 cm, width - 2.6 cm, volume - 18.6 ml) and consistency (normally dense elastic), as well as changes in the epididymis and varicose veins spermatic cord(varicocele). Inflammatory lesions of the prostate and seminal vesicles are excluded.

LABORATORY STUDIES IN MALE INFERTILITY

Study of ejaculate (spermogram)- the main stage of diagnosing male infertility. Ejaculate for research is obtained after 2–3 days of abstinence through masturbation (preferred) or interrupted sexual intercourse. The ejaculate is delivered to the laboratory when room temperature no later than 1 hour after collection. Standard indicators currently accepted for sperm assessment are presented in table. 19-1.

Table 19-1. Normal values ​​of ejaculate parameters ( Guidelines WHO, 1999)

It is important to distinguish between aspermia - absence of ejaculate, azoospermia - absence of sperm in the ejaculate, oligozoospermia (<20 млн сперматозоидов/мл), астенозооспермию (<50% подвижных сперматозоидов), тератозооспермию (<30% сперматозоидов нормальной морфологии) или их сочетание - олигоастенотератозооспермию.

If deviations from the norm are detected, the analysis is repeated 1–2 times.

The study of hormone levels helps to assess spermatogenesis and identify endocrine causes of infertility.

It may be limited to the determination of FSH, LH, testosterone and prolactin. Determination of hormone levels (primarily FSH and testosterone) is especially indicated for severe oligozoospermia. The results of hormonal tests provide grounds to differentiate obstructive and secretory azoospermia, as well as infertility due to primary (hypergonadotropic) and secondary (hypogonadotropic) hypogonadism.

If the cause of infertility cannot be determined by the listed methods, then additional studies are used.

Detection of inflammatory changes and infectious agents is indicated for leukocytospermia, signs of sexually transmitted diseases, as well as inflammatory lesions of the urethra and accessory sex glands.

Cytogenetic analysis is advisable for azoospermia and severe oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. Klinefelter syndrome (karyotype 47, XXY) is the most common chromosomal abnormality in infertile men.

Attempts to identify antisperm antibodies are justified in case of infertility due to testicular trauma, orchitis, or vasectomy.

INSTRUMENTAL STUDIES IN MALE INFERTILITY

To clarify the condition of the scrotal organs, the structure of the prostate, seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts, ultrasound is used.

Testicular biopsy is often the only way to differentiate secretory and excretory forms of azoospermia with normal testicular size and FSH content. This method can be used in azoospermia to detect sperm in convoluted seminiferous tubules and subsequent in vitro fertilization - injection of sperm into the cytoplasm of the egg. A testicular biopsy can be combined with an X-ray examination of the patency of the vas deferens (vasography).

TREATMENT OF MALE INFERTILITY

TREATMENT GOALS

Treatment of the underlying disease and stimulation of spermatogenesis. It is necessary to exclude factors that negatively affect the generative function of a man: alcohol and nicotine abuse, thermal effects, taking certain medications.

DRUG TREATMENT OF MALE INFERTILITY

Infertility therapy for 2.5–3 months is generally accepted (although its expediency has not been proven). The timing of treatment is determined taking into account the duration of the spermatogenesis cycle (72–76 days) and the period of maturation of sperm in the epididymis (about 2 weeks).

In case of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, hCG drugs are prescribed to compensate for FSH function, and hCG drugs or their combinations are prescribed to compensate for LH function. GnRH agonists are used less frequently. To increase the level of gonadotropin production, antiestrogens (clomiphene, tamoxifen) are prescribed. For hyperprolactinemia, dopaminergic drugs (bromocriptine) are highly effective.

Infertility due to hypergonadotropic hypogonadism is resistant to drug therapy. In such cases, testosterone preparations are necessary to maintain its physiological concentration and level out the manifestations of androgen deficiency.

To stimulate spermatogenesis in patients with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia, antiestrogens and antioxidants are prescribed. If an inflammatory lesion of the urethra and accessory sex glands is detected, they are sanitized.

SURGICAL TREATMENT OF MALE INFERTILITY

Varicocele is subject to surgical removal in men under 25–30 years of age. The patient should be informed that there is no guarantee of success.

Microsurgical restoration of the patency of the vas deferens is carried out in case of obstruction and preserved spermatogenesis, according to the results of testicular biopsy.

The discovery and widespread use of ICSI led to the development of methods for obtaining sperm directly from the testicle or epididymis. For this purpose, they use: microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration, testicular sperm extraction (analogous to testicular biopsy) and percutaneous sperm aspiration from the epididymis. Obviously, each of these sperm retrieval methods involves subsequent ICSI.

PREVENTION OF MALE INFERTILITY

Prevention of infertility is to reduce the risk of diseases leading to infertility, as well as to eliminate factors that inhibit spermatogenesis.

Female infertility- a woman’s inability to naturally conceive a child. The risk increases with age; women over 35 years of age are most often affected. In rare cases, the disease is caused by chromosomal pathology. Risk factors include stress, as well as increased physical activity and being over or underweight.

In approximately half of the cases in couples who are unable to conceive a child, the woman is infertile. Fertility decreases with age, falling in most cases by age 35, making it difficult for women over this age to become pregnant.

There are a number of female diseases that can affect one or more of the processes necessary for pregnancy to occur.

Problems with ovulation. Common cause female infertility is the impossibility of releasing a mature egg from the ovary, which normally occurs every monthly cycle. Ovulation is controlled by a complex interaction of hormones produced by the hypothalamus (a part of the brain), the pituitary gland and the thyroid gland. A common and highly treatable disease that leads to female infertility, is polycystic ovary syndrome, which can be accompanied by hormonal imbalance, making ovulation impossible. Thyroid diseases, such as hypothyroidism, can also lead to the development of hormonal imbalances, which affects the frequency of ovulation. A similar imbalance can be observed in diseases of the pituitary gland, for example with prolactinoma, a benign tumor of the pituitary gland. The causes of ovulation disorders are varied and not always known at a given time. Sometimes, women who have been taking oral contraceptive medications for many years may need some time to return to normal hormonal cycles after stopping birth control. Heavy exercise, stress, obesity or low body weight can also affect hormonal levels.

Early menopause is also accompanied by insufficient ovarian function. Ovarian dysfunction sometimes develops without any obvious reason, but can also be a consequence of surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy. In rare cases, pathology of ovarian development is observed due to a chromosomal abnormality, such as Turner syndrome.

Problems with fertilization and movement of the egg. The path of the egg from the ovary to the uterus can be blocked if the fallopian tube is damaged. Damage to the fallopian tube can occur as a result of an inflammatory process in the pelvic region, which, in turn, can develop as a complication of sexually transmitted diseases, such as chlamydial cervicitis. Such infections can occur without symptoms and can only be diagnosed when visiting a doctor about infertility.

Endometriosis, a disease characterized by the formation of fibrous tissue and cysts in the pelvic area, can also affect the fallopian tubes, blocking the passage of the egg to the uterus.

In some women, fertilization of an egg with a sperm turns out to be impossible, because... The mucus normally produced by the cervix contains antibodies that destroy the partner's sperm before they can reach the egg, or is too sticky and prevents the fertilized egg from passing into the uterus.

Problems with the implantation of the egg into the lining of the uterus. If the lining of the uterus is damaged due to an infection such as gonorrhea, implantation of a fertilized cell may not be possible. Hormonal problems can also be the reason that the lining of the uterus is not sufficiently prepared to receive an egg.

Most of the causes female infertility, these days it is possible to identify it during an examination. A woman can determine when she ovulates, or whether it occurs at all, using a special device available over the counter, or by keeping daily records of her basal temperature. If the doctor suspects that a patient is not ovulating regularly, she may periodically take a blood test throughout the menstrual cycle to check the level of the hormone progesterone (it normally increases after ovulation). In addition, a series of ultrasound scans of the ovaries may be performed during the menstrual cycle, which can determine whether ovulation is occurring, and a sample of uterine tissue may be taken from the woman to rule out the presence of pathology.

If the examination shows that a woman is not ovulating, she may take additional blood tests to determine the level of thyroid hormones and other hormones. To stimulate ovulation, the patient may be prescribed a course of medication.

If a woman is ovulating normally and her partner's semen is also normal, the doctor will check for problems that may interfere with the process of fertilization of the egg by the sperm. For example, the patient may be asked if she is having sex when she is ovulating, and a sample of mucus produced by the cervix (collected within a few hours after intercourse) will be collected to test for antibodies to sperm. If the test reveals the presence of antibodies, several treatment options are available. For example, the partner's sperm can be injected directly into the uterine cavity, which prevents it from coming into contact with mucus.

If the cause of infertility cannot be determined, further examination will be aimed at determining the presence of blockage of the fallopian tubes or pathology of the uterus. The methods used include laparoscopy. The choice of treatment method depends on the existing problem; for tubal blockage, microsurgery can be used, and for endometriosis, a course of drug treatment is selected.

Infertility, or otherwise infertility, can occur due to the influence of many factors. Female and male infertility may differ in their mechanism of development, the likelihood of conception and the duration of infertility.

To make a correct diagnosis and predict further treatment actions, WHO specialists use the generally accepted classification of the disease.

Classification helps to reveal the patient’s history and determine the nature of the problem: congenital or acquired infertility.

Types of pathological conditions by degree

Primary

A patient is diagnosed with first-degree infertility if she does not become pregnant within 12 months of regular sexual activity and provided that the woman has not previously become pregnant or given birth. The primary form can be triggered by a number of unfavorable factors, such as a malfunction of the endocrine system and abnormal structure of the reproductive organs.

Secondary

Second degree of infertility is given to women who have been pregnant before. In this case, the outcome of the previous conception does not matter (direct birth, abortion, ectopic or frozen pregnancy). Secondary infertility can develop for the same reasons as primary.

But there are also a number of factors that provoke this pathology. Such factors of female illness are:

• artificial termination of pregnancy and the development of complications;
• endometriosis;
• hormonal disorders;
• injury to the pelvic organs;
• damage to the fallopian tubes as a result of surgery;
• inflammation and infection of the genital organs;
• obstruction of the fallopian tubes;
• early menopause.

Absolute (3rd degree)

What is it - 3rd degree of infertility in women?

The third degree includes the case when women are unable to conceive naturally, and men are unable to fertilize an egg due to sperm abnormalities.

Female absolute infertility occurs for the following reasons:

• absence of reproductive organs;
• abnormalities of their development, leading to the inability to conceive and bear a child.

The causes of absolute male infertility are azoospermia, meaning the absence of sperm in the seminal fluid due to congenital anomalies or inflammatory processes resulting from previous chemotherapy or after surgery on the scrotum.

The diagnosis of absolute infertility is very rare, and science does not stand still, trying to minimize the inability to have children. This includes surrogacy and test tube babies.

What are the different forms called based on etiology?

Of unknown origin

Infertility of unknown origin belongs to ICD-10 code No. 97.9 and is detected in 5–10% of cases. This form of infertility is diagnosed by doctors if its cause cannot be determined. However, a couple wishing to conceive a child cannot do so for one year.

During the examination, specialists cannot identify any obstacles to fertilization or congenital pathologies in partners. Even with the most advanced diagnostic methods, it is sometimes impossible to identify functional and anatomical defects in the reproductive system of both patients.

Endocrine

In case of disruption of the egg maturation process, a diagnosis of endocrine infertility is made according to ICD-10 code No. 97.0, which manifests itself in 30 - 40% of cases. Violation of a woman's reproductive function may be caused by a lack of normal folliculogenesis in the ovaries.

The causes of the pathology may be:

• disruption of the thyroid gland and adrenal glands;
• functional failure in the reproductive system.

Endocrine infertility manifests itself in the absence of ovulation and disruptions in the menstrual cycle.

Cervical origin

Polyps in the cervical canal or its erosion can cause infertility of cervical origin (ICD code 97.3). The mucus becomes so thick that it cannot allow sperm to enter the uterus.

Even if sperm manages to penetrate the uterine cavity, the mucus, which is poisonous in its chemical composition, leads to the inevitable death of sperm.

Pipe origin

Tubal infertility occurs in 20–60% of cases and is ICD code 97.1. It is characterized by adhesions in the pelvic area and pathologies of the fallopian tubes. All this leads to blocking the free movement of the egg and the impossibility of its penetration into the uterus.

The following reasons can lead to tubal infertility:

• congenital anomalies;
• genital endometriosis;
• tuberculosis of the genital organs;
• salpingitis;
• surgical operations in the abdominal cavity or pelvic organs;
• abortions.

We invite you to watch a video about tubal infertility:

Royal

Infertility of uterine origin (ICD code 97.2) can be caused by:

1. Birth defects. Underdevelopment of the uterus, its duplication, saddle shape or complete absence of this organ.

   A pathology in the form of a septum may develop in the uterine cavity, which blocks the penetration of sperm into its cavity.

2. Acquired vices. They arise as a result of intrauterine interventions or after suffering inflammatory processes of the endometrium, which subsequently lead to cicatricial deformities of the uterine cavity, intrauterine adhesions (synechia).

With this form of infertility, a woman, as a rule, experiences periodic pain in the lower abdomen, regardless of the regularity of the menstrual cycle.

Associated with male factors

According to the ICD code, this pathology is numbered 97.4 and is diagnosed in married couples if the woman does not have any deviations in sexual reproductive function, and men have these deviations. In this case, the spermogram reveals low fertilizing ability.

The causes of the pathology may be:

• environmental pollution;
• malnutrition;
• obesity;
• bad habits (alcohol and smoking abuse);
• constant depression and anxiety;
• long-term use of hormonal drugs and some antibiotics;
• colds and hypothermia;
• harmful factors at work;
• sexually transmitted infections;
• testicular injuries;
• varicocele;
• endocrine disorders in the body;
• passive lifestyle.

The potency of a man with this pathology may not be impaired, but the likelihood of conception is greatly reduced. In order to exclude that female infertility is associated with male factors, a man needs to be examined for possible infections and take a post-coital test and spermogram.

Other forms of pathology

Immunological

Immunological infertility occurs in 2–3% of cases. The reproductive function of a woman or man is impaired due to damage to sperm by antisperm antibodies.

In the stronger sex, immunological infertility can occur as a result of exposure to the following factors:

In relation to sperm, women may experience immunosuppression in the following cases::

• sexually transmitted infections (gonorrhea, chlamydia and others);
• inflammation of the genital organs of a chronic nature;
• genital endometriosis;
• allergic diseases.

We invite you to watch a video about immunological infertility:

Psychological

Fatigue, stressful conditions of the nervous system, various fears (family conflicts, financial difficulties, fear of motherhood and others) can affect the possibility of conception. The emotions of the weaker sex are more subtle in their manifestations and internal experiences than those of men. Psychological blocks can affect any area of ​​life, including those coming from childhood.

The influence of the psyche on the physiology of the body has not yet been fully studied. But it has been absolutely established that negative psychological feelings on a subconscious level can lead to anovulatory cycles, spasms of the fallopian tubes and myometrial hypertonicity in women, and to a deterioration in the quality of sperm, a decrease in the sensitivity or activity of sperm in men.

We invite you to watch a video about psychological infertility:

Genetic

Genetic infertility is diagnosed in 20% of married couples, and treatment is quite difficult and long. Moreover, this problem occurs more often in the male population than in women.

The causes of the genetic form of infertility can be:

Genetic infertility in the weaker sex can be indicated by factors such as primary or secondary amenorrhea, delayed puberty (the onset of the first menstrual cycle after 17 years, miscarriages in the early stages of pregnancy, stillbirth or a frozen fetus in the womb). At the same time, attempts to conceive using IVF end in failure.

Male signs of genetic infertility may include a delay in the development of primary or secondary sexual characteristics, for example, a high pitch of voice, short stature, underdeveloped testicles, wide hips and narrow shoulders.

In order to make a correct diagnosis and determine the cause of infertility, it is necessary to know the types of male and female infertility. Doctors have established a special ICD code for each form of pathology. The classification of infertility allows you to select effective treatment and achieve the fastest possible fertilization of a woman.