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Media in a globalized market economy. Globalization of information

Media in a globalized market economy. Globalization of information

The concept of "globalization"

Under globalization it should be understood that the majority of humanity is drawn into a single system of financial, economic, socio-political and cultural ties based on the latest tools telecommunications and information technology.

The prerequisite for the emergence of the phenomenon of globalization was the consequence of the processes of human cognition: the development of scientific and technical knowledge, the development of technology, which made it possible for an individual to perceive with his senses objects located in different parts of the earth and enter into relationships with them, as well as naturally perceive, realize the very fact of these relationships.

Globalization is a set of complex integration processes that gradually (or have already covered?) all spheres of human society. This process itself is objective, historically conditioned by the entire development of human civilization. On the other hand, its current stage is largely determined by the subjective interests of some countries and transnational corporations. With the intensification of this complex of processes, the question arises about the management and control of their development, about the reasonable organization of globalization processes, in view of its absolutely ambiguous influence on ethnic groups, cultures and states.

Globalization became possible thanks to the worldwide expansion of Western civilization, the spread of the latter's values ​​and institutions to other parts of the world. In addition, globalization is associated with transformations within Western society itself, in its economy, politics, and ideology that have occurred over the past half century.

Globalization- the process of worldwide economic, political and cultural integration and unification. The main consequence of this is the global division of labor, migration (and, as a rule, concentration) throughout the planet of capital, human and production resources, standardization of legislation, economic and technological processes, as well as the rapprochement and fusion of cultures different countries. This is an objective process that is systemic in nature, that is, it covers all spheres of society. As a result of globalization, the world is becoming more connected and more dependent on all its subjects. There is both an increase in the number of problems common to a group of states and an expansion in the number and types of integrating entities.

Views on the origins of globalization are controversial. Historians view this process as one of the stages in the development of capitalism. Economists trace back to the transnationalization of financial markets. Political scientists emphasize the spread of democratic institutions. Culturologists associate the manifestation of globalization with the Westernization of culture, including American economic expansion. There are information technology approaches to explaining globalization processes. There are differences between political and economic globalization. Regionalization acts as a subject of globalization, giving a powerful cumulative effect in the formation of world poles of economic and technological development.

At the same time, the origin of the word “globalization” itself indicates that rapid growth plays a leading role in this process. international trade, occurring at certain historical stages. The word “globalization” (meaning “intensive international trade”) was first used by Karl Marx, who in one of his letters to Engels in the late 1850s. wrote: “Now the world market really exists. With the entry of California and Japan into the world market, globalization has been accomplished.” The same leading role of international trade in the processes of globalization is indicated by the fact that the previous globalization, which began in the era of Marx, ended in the 1930s, after all the developed countries switched to a policy of strict protectionism, which caused a sharp curtailment of international trade.

1) Definition of globalization and approaches to this process

· WITH political point point of view (private political).

· From a general philosophical point of view.

2) Media context of the content of journalistic texts (sensationalism of global news - hyperbolization).

The main threats to globalization, which are especially susceptible to speculation:

  • World War III/nuclear collapse.
  • Ecology and environmental problems.
  • Demographic explosion, growth of the planet's population.

Tasksjournalism:

1) Coverage of the main global processes with scientific point vision.

2) Balanced reflection on global processes.

3) Organization of discussions and discussion of global problems.

4) Output public opinion.

In the context of globalization, the role of the media is increasing. A lot depends on their position, and, first of all, impartiality and the truthfulness of the coverage of ongoing processes.

The tasks of journalism in the context of globalization:

  • The most pressing task of the media is to obtain and disseminate objective information. Freedom of the media is one of the international principles of democratization of society. Without objective coverage of globalization processes by world means mass media It will be difficult for humanity to understand what is happening on the planet. And here the question of the need for legal regulation of the sphere of media activity, both at the international and national levels, comes to the fore.
  • The role of the media in countering the challenges, threats and risks of humanity in the context of globalization is enormous.
  • Globalization has made it possible to access information that conflicts with cultural, traditional features certain states, including in the post-Soviet space, especially countries committed to Eastern culture and professing Islam.
  • The development of a coordinated policy between the state and media representatives to prevent terrorists from accessing information channels covering their actions remains a difficult and practically impossible task. Terrorists, as a rule, themselves set the goal of achieving media coverage of their actions. Therefore, developing a coordinated policy between the state and media representatives to prevent terrorists from accessing information channels covering their actions remains a difficult and practically impossible task. Many countries have been trying to solve this problem for a long time and not always successfully. Even within the UN, attempts have been made to invite states to consider developing guidelines for the media “to prevent sensationalism and the justification of terrorist violence...”.
  • A very typical problem for the media remains journalistic competence, who write, at first glance, obvious things about problems that are understandable to everyone, but in reality these topics turn out to be very complex and ambiguous.
  • The media must become expressers of the urgent aspirations of society, and not a domestic and foreign policy instrument of power elites and oligarchic circles.

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Commercialization of journalism. Commercialization refers to structural and substantive changes in the media sphere generated by the influence of information market factors. = globalization.

In the development of world journalism at the beginning of the 21st century, contradictory trends are visible. In many countries of the world, there is a deepening commercialization of the printed and electronic press (as D. McQuail puts it, market standards are turning into a “global mass media culture”), and the concentration of media property owned by a few giant transnational corporations is growing. The global information market is developing.

First of all, the process of media concentration, to which media researchers devoted volumes of research in the post-World War II period, is being reconsidered. The creation of media concerns, dictated by the logic of the market, was seen as the main direction of development of the media industry. Information giants, who concentrated the printed press and broadcast channels in their hands, caused great concern among politicians and the general public. It seemed that the threats that arose - to democracy, pluralism, the opinion of marginal political, cultural, linguistic minorities - were compensated, in any case, by the stability and economic power of the new media giants. Instead of destroying diversity, the process of media concentration offered the media industry sufficient resources, sustainability and progressive development.

Media corporations and the globalization of information activities. In an effort to master the possibilities of the global information market, the largest media concerns in the post-war period crossed national borders, their activities acquired a transnational character. The largest and most economically powerful associations, using the latest communication technologies and enormous material and financial resources, today dominate the international news market, their operations have acquired a truly global scale. Today, the leading positions in the global information and communications market are occupied by powerful corporations based mainly in the USA. In the list of fifty corporations - leaders of the world information business in 2001, published in the magazine " Vanity Fair"(USA), only four non-US companies were mentioned.

A number of periodicals owned by large media corporations are distributed in large circulations abroad in many countries around the world. These include the American newspapers “International Herald Tribune”, “USA Today”, “Wall Street Journal”, the English “Financial Times”, the French “Le Monde” (“The World”), the German “Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung” (“Frankfurt General newspaper"), magazines "Time", "Newsweek", "Reader's Digest" (USA), etc. Some of them have foreign versions, often in local languages, adapted to the characteristics of the audience. Availability of newspapers and magazines with a transnational system distribution has prompted some researchers to conclude that a group of so-called “international” or “global” publications has been formed, although in reality we are talking about American, British, German, French publications adapted to the conditions of cross-border distribution.

In the first half of 2000, the global information market was dominated by only six giant concerns (“the big six”). Five of the six members of the Big Six group are headquartered in the United States, and only one of the largest media concerns (the third largest) is in Germany. It's about about the Beltelsman concern, which, after purchasing the world's largest English-language publishing house, Random House, in 1998 and a number of other acquisitions, turned into a global media structure.

One of the most important reasons (although far from the only one) giving rise to the globalization of information activity is the desire of the largest media corporations to cover foreign markets in order to expand sales and increase the profitability of business activities. If in 1990 two of the largest media corporations - Time Warner and Walt Disney - received about 15% of their income from activities outside the United States, then in 1997 this share increased to 30-35%. This decade, many U.S. media companies expect to generate the majority of their profits from overseas operations, with growing pressure to sell and expand in foreign markets. Today, approximately half of the television programs produced in the United States are profitable only if they are sold internationally, which requires active efforts to promote them in foreign markets.

Globalization of information activities, which has opened up enormous opportunities for mutual influence and mutual enrichment of the cultures of the peoples of the world while preserving them cultural diversity, for the formation of societies open type, which ensures instant delivery of information to any part of the world, can at the same time contribute to the unification of mass consciousness and the spiritual leveling of countries and peoples. The public in various countries peace requires more thorough and balanced coverage of international events in transnational media, taking into account the real diversity modern world. There is increasing criticism of these information organizations from public associations - human rights, environmental, religious, etc. The ideas of ensuring an “ecology of information”, developing public monitoring and criticizing the media (“fifth estate”) at the global level are among the main ideas on the agenda of the World Social Forum in Porto Alegre (Brazil, January 2003).

The dynamic processes of the development of modern journalism and the globalization of the information space have affected almost all countries of the world, both developed and those facing the most acute problems of restructuring economic and political relations. The press, radio and television, multimedia and computer networks entered the homes of millions of people, bringing countries and continents closer together.

Journalism arose as a reaction to the information needs of society. Its development is influenced by determinism and is determined by the political, economic, and social development of society. The rapid development of science and technology over the past two decades has led to the emergence of new digital and information and computer technologies, which are actively and successfully implemented in many areas of public life, including in the field of communication. Journalism as a type of activity and a social institution has a certain thoroughness, some autonomy, yet it is subordinated to socio-economic, socio-political, dominant in one way or another. Journalism is determined by the content of those trends that exist in society and the state. Certain issues of social relations are projected onto journalism as an activity and as an institution.

In the last decade, researchers have identified four as the main processes characterizing the development of modern mass media: globalization, demassification, conglomeration and convergence, the complex and ambiguous interaction between which forms the modern media field. Let's look at each of the processes in more detail.

Media globalization

Globalization is observed all over the world - the elimination of borders, the creation of united states (CIS, European Union). Journalism and the media are the drivers of this process. Globalization is the elimination of barriers and boundaries in the flow of information, the universalization of values.

Globalization - creates a unified international discourse, helping to solve any problems on the basis of a single communication space, also bringing economic benefits.

Globalization – the creation of transnational media. In our case, media with the participation of foreign capital, as well as the distribution of publications of one owner in different languages ​​(an example of a statement, an insert in the new New York Times newspaper)

Globalization is a way of introducing changes to the legislation of different countries, including Russia. Unhindered dissemination of information, the content of which: does not lead to incitement of ethnic hatred; does not promote war; non-overthrow of the political system; aesthetic and ethical language.

If we use the popular metaphor of M. McLuen, then, indeed, we find ourselves in a “global village”. And although global media opens up unprecedented scope for searching for information, at the same time, widely broadcast information certainly narrows the range of opinions and points of view.

Demassovization

The tendency to reach not the entire possible audience, but its specific segments - the target audience, i.e. the process of its fragmentation on more precise, clear, specialized grounds (depending on interests, tastes, social status, hobbies, entertainment). Thus, the traditional mass audience is being eroded. Magazines and newspapers are being created for drivers, women, etc.

Conglomeration

This process involves mergers and acquisitions of various media, resulting in the majority of them being concentrated in the hands of a relatively small number of owners. Ownership of several media ensures the replication of a product, and, as a result, its high profitability (an article in a magazine, then a book, a program on a television channel, a film based on it, shown by its distribution network in its own cinemas, etc.). Combining traditional and new media, primarily television and the Internet, with the aim of turning cable channels into “web portals”, into online stores selling products of a new integrated market, primarily software and household appliances.

Example: ProfMedia Holding was founded in 1997. Cinema: a network of multiplexes under the Cinema Park brand and a controlling stake in the Central Partnership company, a leading Russian producer and distributor of television and film products. TV: the national television network "TV3", the 24-hour animation television channel "2x2", the music television channel "MTV Russia", as well as the television channel "VH1 Russia". Radio: "Avtoradio", Energy, "Humor FM", "Radio Alla". Print media: magazine publishing house "Afisha" (magazines "Afisha", "Afisha-Mir", "Afisha-Eda", "Big City", a series of guidebooks). Internet assets: Rambler Media, Afisha.ru.

Conglomeration is by no means a new process, but now it is becoming increasingly widespread, acting as a product and result of globalization.

Convergence(interpenetration)

This concept, when applied to the development of modern mass media, means the erasure - in the process of technological changes - of traditional (old) differences between them. This process, determined not least by economic reasons, allows minimizing risks in new markets, together with the development of the Internet, turns out to be the main substantive characteristic of global changes in the media themselves, the consequences of which are widely discussed (in particular, questions about the regulation of their activities, the erosion of public functions mass media in conditions of increasing subordination to economic interests, etc.). Digital allows various media to interact (electronic versions of newspapers). The media adopt the techniques and methods of other media. For example, visualization has already begun in newspapers - the illustration carries the content ( TVNZ– coefficient of sandwiches). Television uses graphics and infographics.

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