Diabetes mellitus 10. Diabetes: types and causes of their development, course and manifestations, how to treat, possible consequences

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Blood sugar is 10, what does this mean? This indicator indicates an increased level of glucose dissolved in the blood. There are many ways to lower the rate. To find out your blood sugar level, you should have your blood tested early in the morning before or after meals. Older people should perform this test about 3 times a year. If diabetes is detected, it is used home appliance for daily measurement of the indicator: it is convenient and inexpensive.

Increased sugar

Elevated blood sugar is called hyperglycemia. An increased rate may be normal, but will only be an adaptive action of the body to restore energy metabolism.

Glucose consumption increases:

fear;

excitement;

severe pain.

Diseases of the endocrine system with an increase in glucose provoke an increase in the release of sugar into the internal environment of the body, which it does not have time to process into energy.

With hyperglycemia, metabolism is disrupted, therefore:

Performance immune system decreases.
Abscesses and dysfunction of the genital organs and innervation occur.
Usually the consequences are expressed in damage to the pancreas and the presence of sugar in the urine.
Also, increased sugar can cause metabolic disorders and the release of toxic metabolic products, which will negatively affect the body.

Mild hyperglycemia has almost no negative effect on the body, but if sugar is very high, then the person suffers from thirst and drinks a lot of liquid, resulting in a frequent urge to urinate. In this case, the body removes sugar along with urine, and the mucous membranes become too dry.

In extreme cases of the disease, the following appear:

Nausea with vomiting.
Drowsiness.
General weakness.
Sometimes loss of consciousness occurs, which is a sign of hyperglycemic coma, which in some cases ends in death.

Blood must be donated for testing on an empty stomach. If the indicator increases above 5.5 mmol/l, the doctor makes a diagnosis of hyperglycemia.

The main symptoms of the disease are:

thirst;
dry mouth;
frequent urination;
dry skin;
vision as if in a fog;
a state of constant fatigue and drowsiness;
losing weight for no apparent reason;
poor wound regeneration;
tingling in the legs;
infectious and fungal diseases that are difficult to treat;
rapid breathing;
smell of acetone from the mouth;
emotional instability.

How to determine the indicator, what is the norm in human blood?

To determine your glucose level, you need to take a fasting blood test.

This method has certain disadvantages:

With the help of such a study, you can determine your glucose level only at the moment. The numbers may vary from week to week.
The road to the clinic, especially on foot, can cause a decrease in the indicator. This is because Fresh air reduces blood sugar. Water drunk in the morning before leaving the house has the same effect: it dilutes the sugar.
The indicator may have been elevated for a long time, but random physical activity may lower it, and the result of the study will be incorrect.

The sugar level for a healthy person ranges from 3.3 to 5.5 mmol/l. An increase in sugar occurs when the glucose received with food is not completely absorbed. Diabetes can also be insulin-dependent, that is, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin (type 1). The second type is characterized by improper functioning of insulin.

A sufficiently prolonged increase in the indicator leads to serious complications. One of them is blood thickening due to excess glucose. This makes it difficult for blood to pass through the capillaries and can lead to thrombosis.

A sick person has fairly large limits: from 4 to 10 mmol/l. Get closer to normal indicator It succeeds quite rarely, but the above limits are a kind of norm for diabetics. With such limits, a person will be able to protect himself from various complications for about 10 years. To constantly monitor your blood sugar levels, you need to buy a glucometer and take measurements daily.

To reduce the rate, you should combine several methods. First of all, you must strictly follow all the doctor’s instructions and correctly build your own diet. A correctly composed daily diet can lower blood sugar levels and maintain them in this state sufficiently for a long time.

Diet

What to do if your glucose is high? Elevated glucose is a reason to consult a qualified doctor. Sometimes diabetes not accompanied specific symptoms, but it is still better to get some recommendations. It is especially important to adjust your diet to reduce carbohydrate processing.

An overweight person requires a low-calorie diet that includes many foods that contain vitamins, minerals and other important trace elements. The daily menu includes the intake of both proteins and fats with carbohydrates. Carbohydrates consumed in food should be broken down slowly. In the glycemic index table, such carbohydrates should be in the last positions.

When compiling healthy eating It is necessary to pay great attention to the frequency of meals and their portions:

The food supply should be sufficiently voluminous in total throughout the day, but it must be supplied in small portions.
Breaks between meals should be approximately three hours.
It is best to have about 6 meals a day: snacks and main meals. This means that you can’t indulge in chips, fast food and soda for snacks.
It is very useful to eat fruits.

The amount of calories consumed will depend on the person’s constitution and the degree of physical activity. The diet should include the consumption of vegetable dishes, protein foods and fruits. It is also important to drink enough fluids to lower your blood sugar levels.

If you have high sugar levels, you should avoid the following foods:

pure sugar;
carbonated drinks;
flour and other confectionery products;
fat;
smoked;
alcohol;
grapes with figs and raisins;
butter and sour cream with cream.

It is imperative to eat boiled and stewed, baked and steamed food. At the same time, ready-made dishes should contain a minimum amount of salt and fats of vegetable origin. You need to eat 2 hours before bedtime. It is recommended to drink water and tea, black coffee without sugar and herbal infusions with freshly squeezed juices.

First of all, if you detect high sugar levels, you should visit a specialist. He will help you adjust your diet, prescribe all the necessary studies and tell you how to avoid this in the future. At the same time, it is important to monitor your glucose levels yourself at home so as not to provoke unpleasant complications that can interfere with everyday life.

A person’s well-being and health are directly related to glucose levels in the body - glycemia. Blood sugar 15 can be considered a critical indicator, since an increase in the content of the substance over 10 units triggers irreversible processes, failure of vital organs occurs, as a result of which a serious disease develops, called diabetes mellitus.

High glucose levels. Causes

When wondering why your glucose level has risen, you should pay attention to the provoking factors:

overeating, especially those foods that contain fast carbohydrates;
prolonged stress and anxiety;
consequences of previous infectious diseases;
hormonal disbalance.

Symptoms How does the disease progress?

The main signs of increased glycemia, over 8 mmol / liter, increase very quickly over several days. The most common:

frequent urination;
strong and constant thirst, especially in the evening;
weakness and fatigue;
weight loss;
nausea, vomiting, fever;
headaches, dizziness;
blurred vision.

In children 1 year of age, it is not as easy to determine signs of the disease without a blood test as in adults.

In a child under 1 year of age, signs of diabetes are more difficult to detect than in adults and those children who are already 5 years old or more. Therefore, it is worth paying attention to the appearance of the slightest symptoms. If the readings reach a level above 8, but do not exceed a sugar level of 12, a mild degree of hyperglycemia is diagnosed. When blood sugar is 13, the middle stage is determined. Severe degree, which can cause irreversible consequences. This occurs if blood sugar is 20 mol/l.

How is the examination carried out?

Diagnosis is carried out using the express method. A blood test is taken on an empty stomach using a finger-prick glucometer. In this case, the result is less accurate and is considered preliminary. In laboratory conditions, tests are taken using special equipment. A glucometer is used at home to constantly monitor glycemic levels. If the values deviate from the norm, the tests should be repeated in the laboratory. Usually blood is taken from a vein. Doctors determine the diagnosis of “diabetes mellitus” if repeated test results indicate an excess permissible norm.

Consequences. Why is a sugar level of 10 or more dangerous?

The more pronounced the nature of diabetes, the greater the likelihood that complications may arise that are very difficult to treat:

In a diabetic coma, the patient's breath may smell like acetone.

Diabetic coma. The result of a sharp jump in glucose levels. It is accompanied by a disturbance in the respiratory rhythm, the smell of acetone on the breath, and frequent urination, which sometimes may be completely absent.
Hypoglycemic coma. May occur as a result of a sharp drop in glucose. The condition is very dangerous; it occurs due to the abuse of alcohol and sugar-lowering drugs.
Ketoacidosis. It occurs as a result of the accumulation of substances in the blood that appear after metabolism. With this complication, the patient is characterized by loss of consciousness.
Hyperosmolar coma. A reaction to elevated blood sugar levels 16, 17 and 18, which can occur due to a long period of dehydration. In diabetics, the progression of complications is accompanied by a feeling of constant thirst.

A subcompensated form of the disease occurs when glycemia reaches 10 mmol/l blood sugar or higher. Already with blood sugar 11, you should immediately consult a doctor. The number 13 provokes, in which there is a risk of developing neurological and cardiovascular diseases. There is a mild form, when blood sugar is 12 mmol/l, moderate and severe (a pre-comatose state occurs).

What to do to lower glucose? General principles

People with type 1 disease must regularly take insulin injections to stabilize their condition.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is life-threatening and requires constant use of the hormone insulin, which, when administered, absorbs glucose better at the cellular level. The drug must be taken throughout life from the moment of diagnosis. The second type of disease does not oblige a person to live on insulin. Other methods are the basis of therapy:

healthy nutrition;
optimal physical activity;
folk remedies;
taking medications.

Treatment with drugs

The doctor prescribes medications to maintain a stable glycemic level in the body, depending on the test results. If levels are low, tablets may be prescribed to lower blood sugar levels. Two types of medications are used:

Sulfonylureas. When taken, the sugar level drops smoothly without sudden jumps throughout the day. These drugs include: Gliclazide and Glibenclamide, which should be taken 2 tablets per day.
Insulins. Complex of sugar-containing medications. Indications: insulin deficiency. The injection is carried out subcutaneously using a syringe.

Today I am publishing another article from my first blog. This article is very relevant today, because... The number of people with high blood sugar is constantly increasing.

How to keep blood sugar down without chemicals.

Today I want to tell you how my wife and I keep our blood sugar at the same level.

A little history.

After celebrating the New Year 2011, on January 3 or 4, I began to feel dry in my throat and was constantly thirsty.

Considering that I don’t drink alcohol at all, this was a new unpleasant sensation for me. I told my wife about the problem. She advised me to measure my blood sugar, because... at one time she faced the same problem. When I measured my sugar with a glucometer, I was extremely surprised by the result; the number on the screen was 10.6, this is when the norm is no more than 5.5. I began to think about why this was suddenly such an attack, and I remembered that my mother had diabetes, and this disease, as we know, is hereditary, and of course, the consumption of all kinds of New Year's delicacies had an effect.

And so, I earned high sugar levels. The question arose: “What to do? How to reduce it and keep it normal?” First of all, I excluded from my diet:

1. Anything that contains sugar.

2. White wheat bread.

3. Potatoes.

4. Pasta.

5. Rice and semolina.

I am against the use of all kinds of chemicals, so I began to look for popular advice on lowering blood sugar. There were a lot of recipes, but I settled on one and have been using it successfully for over a year now.

Here's the recipe:

Take 150-200 ml of yogurt (you can use kefir, but yogurt is healthier), add a tablespoon of ground buckwheat to it, mix everything well and leave this mixture overnight. Eat the composition in the morning on an empty stomach. You can have breakfast in an hour. By eating yogurt with ground buckwheat daily in the morning, I normalized my sugar in a week and have maintained it at a level of 5.0-6.5 for a year and a half. In addition, this remedy strengthens blood vessels and reduces cholesterol levels, and is also useful for constipation.

Fluctuations in sugar occur because I eat almost everything, but, of course, I eat foods containing carbohydrates with caution. Regular sugar was replaced with fruit sugar (fructose).

Here she is:

In the morning on an empty stomach I eat 150-200 ml of yogurt with buckwheat, this serves as my first breakfast. After an hour, I eat one large or two small apples, you can add a couple of tangerines or an orange, this serves as a second breakfast. During the first half of the day I drink two, sometimes three glasses of green tea with jasmine. I usually have lunch at 12-13 o'clock. Lunch is normal, without restrictions. After lunch, during the second half of the day until 17:00, I drink a couple more glasses of green tea with jasmine. I have dinner at 18, maximum at 19 o'clock. After this time I don’t eat anything else. But you can still eat an apple and an orange. Yes, those who don’t like jasmine tea can drink plain green tea, but only good quality.

Now a little about each product individually.

A fermented milk dietary product that can be obtained from whole or skim pasteurized, sterilized or baked cow's milk by fermenting it with a starter prepared with pure cultures of lactic acid bacteria. I make curdled milk from natural milk, the shelf life of which does not exceed 5 days, with a fat content of 3.2-3.8. I ferment it with a tablespoon of natural sour cream. At room temperature. The yogurt is ready within 24 hours.

Why is curdled milk so healthy? Mechnikov, the famous Russian biologist, noticed that peasants in Bulgaria often drink sour milk and live longer, and the signs of aging are not as noticeable as in other people. Later, upon closer study, he discovered that curdled milk contained a special microorganism, later called the Bulgarian bacillus. It actively produces lactic acid, which is harmful to putrefactive bacteria. These bacteria release substances that poison humans and their internal environment. Contains polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, essential amino acids - valine, arginine, leucine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, tryptophan, methylalanine. Curdled milk contains starch, dietary fiber, sugars, vitamins A, C, E, K, B vitamins, and numerous macro- and microelements. In addition, it slightly slows down aging and, in addition, it is the only natural product that actually restores nerve cells.

Buckwheat has unique beneficial properties. Firstly, buckwheat is the champion among cereals in terms of iron content. It also contains calcium, potassium, phosphorus, iodine, zinc, fluorine, molybdenum, cobalt, vitamins B1, B2, B9 ( folic acid), PP, vitamin E. In terms of protein content, buckwheat surpasses all other grains, and these proteins are easily digestible. But buckwheat carbohydrates, on the contrary, take a long time to digest, so after eating a buckwheat dish, a person feels full for a long time.

As it is sung in folklore: " Buckwheat- our mother, and rye bread is our father!" The benefits of buckwheat were clear even to our ancient ancestors! It was simple Russian food - cabbage soup, porridge, rye bread that was the basis of their good health.

The high dietary properties of buckwheat have been confirmed by recent scientific research. Buckwheat is beneficial for diabetics and obese people because buckwheat contains fewer carbohydrates than other grains.

Buckwheat helps the functioning of the heart and liver, helps eliminate excess cholesterol from the body, removes toxins and heavy metal ions from the body, and saturates the blood with iron.

Even such a terrible disease as anemia can be perfectly treated with buckwheat. To do this you need to grind buckwheat in a coffee grinder into flour. To cure anemia, it is enough to eat 2 tbsp one to three times a day. spoons of this buckwheat flour, washed down with a cup of milk. This treatment is carried out until the hemoglobin level is completely restored. The benefits of buckwheat are also explained by the fact that it contains a lot of rutin, and this substance compacts and strengthens the walls of blood vessels. Therefore, buckwheat is an indispensable product on the table of those who suffer from hemorrhoids or varicose veins. Important! Traditional medicine recommends consuming only unroasted buckwheat for medicinal purposes. You can distinguish fried cereals from unfried ones by color - unfried cereals are lighter in color.

Green tea. Green tea was drunk in China 5 thousand years ago, around the time when tea trees began to be cultivated. Doctors prescribed it as a cure for depression, loss of strength, weakness and other ailments. Green tea is a perennial evergreen shrub up to 10 m high. The leaves are alternate, oval, leathery, smooth, dark green. The flowers are white, solitary. The fruit is a capsule. The seeds are round, dark brown. Blooms from August to late autumn. Fruits in October-December. Beneficial features benefits of green tea are due to the many substances it contains: polyphenols, catechins, alkaloids, vitamins, amino acids, pectins, trace elements and plant pigments.

The beneficial properties of green tea are due to the many substances it contains: polyphenols, catechins, alkaloids, vitamins, amino acids, pectins, trace elements and plant pigments. it was possible to find out that people with a healthy cardiovascular system actually drink green tea statistically more often than their colleagues from the same age group. Green tea with jasmine prevents development cancerous tumors. Women who regularly drink green tea are 90% less likely to develop breast cancer. Jasmine also has a positive effect on vision. And very recent studies have shown that mental capacity in older people who prefer green tea, the benefits actually last longer. A rather striking illustration of the benefits of green tea is the so-called “Asian paradox”: despite heavy smoking, many older people in Asia suffer from cardiovascular diseases and cancer much less often than Europeans. A substance that can fight AIDS has been found in green tea.

Green loose leaf tea is brewed with unboiled water, cooled to a temperature of 80-85 ºC at the rate of one teaspoon per 200 ml mug.

Apples. It is well known that apples are good for our health. An old English proverb says: “He who eats an apple a day never sees a doctor.” Apples contain almost all vitamin complex: A, B1, B2, B3, B, C, E, PP, P, K. They are rich in fructose, amino acids, iron, calcium and a lot of microelements so necessary for human life. Apple lowers blood cholesterol levels. It's all about pectin and fiber. One medium-sized apple with peel contains 3.5 grams. fibers, i.e. more than 10% daily norm fibers needed by the body.

An apple without peel contains 2.7 g. fibers Insoluble fiber molecules attach to cholesterol and help remove it from the body, thereby reducing the risk of blockage of blood vessels and heart attacks. Apples also contain soluble fibers called pectins, which help bind and remove excess cholesterol produced in the liver.

Researchers found that eating 2 apples a day reduced cholesterol levels by 16%, and eating the same amount of apples, along with a small to medium onion and 4 cups of green tea, reduced the risk of heart attack by 32%. Regularly eating apples for hypertension helps lower blood pressure, get rid of headaches and dizziness.

Here are some more recipes traditional medicine to lower blood sugar:

1. Take 10 bay leaves and pour 400 ml of boiling water in a thermos, leave for 1.5 hours. Strain the infusion. Take ½ glass 3 times a day. The same infusion helps with osteochondrosis and spring weakness.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common diseases with a tendency to increase in incidence and spoil the statistics. Symptoms of diabetes mellitus do not appear overnight; the process is chronic, with an increase and worsening of endocrine and metabolic disorders. True, the onset of type 1 diabetes differs significantly from the early stage of type 2.

Among all endocrine pathologies, diabetes confidently holds the lead and accounts for more than 60% of all cases. In addition, disappointing statistics show that 1/10 of the “diabetics” are children.

The likelihood of acquiring the disease increases with age and, thus, every ten years the group size doubles. This is due to increased life expectancy, improved methods early diagnosis, a decrease in physical activity and an increase in the number of people who are overweight.

Types of diabetes

Many people have heard about such a disease as diabetes insipidus. So that the reader does not subsequently confuse diseases called “diabetes,” it will probably be useful to explain their differences.

Diabetes insipidus

Diabetes insipidus is an endocrine disease that occurs as a result of neuroinfections, inflammatory diseases, tumors, intoxications and is caused by insufficiency and sometimes complete disappearance of ADH-vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone).

This explains the clinical picture of the disease:

Constant dryness of the oral mucosa, incredible thirst (a person can drink up to 50 liters of water in 24 hours, stretching the stomach to large sizes);
Excretion of a huge amount of non-concentrated light urine with low specific gravity (1000-1003);
Catastrophic weight loss, weakness, decreased physical activity, disorders of the digestive system;
Characteristic changes in the skin (“parchment” skin);
Atrophy muscle fibers, muscle weakness;
Development of dehydration syndrome in the absence of fluid intake for more than 4 hours.

In terms of complete cure, the disease has an unfavorable prognosis; work capacity is significantly reduced.

Brief Anatomy and Physiology

An unpaired organ, the pancreas, performs a mixed secretory function. Its exogenous part carries out external secretion, producing enzymes involved in the digestion process. The endocrine part, which is entrusted with the mission of internal secretion, produces various hormones, including - insulin and glucagon. They are key in ensuring the consistency of sugar in the human body.

The endocrine section of the gland is represented by the islets of Langerhans, consisting of:

A-cells, which occupy a quarter of the total space of the islets and are considered the site of glucagon production;
B cells, occupying up to 60% of the cell population, synthesize and accumulate insulin, the molecule of which is a polypeptide of two chains, carrying 51 amino acids in a certain sequence. The sequence of amino acid residues is different for each representative of the fauna, however, in relation to structural structure Pigs are closest to humans for insulin, which is why their pancreas is primarily used to produce insulin on an industrial scale;
D-cells producing somatostatin;
Cells that produce other polypeptides.

Thus, the conclusion suggests itself: Damage to the pancreas and islets of Langerhans, in particular, is the main mechanism that inhibits insulin production and triggers the development of the pathological process.

Types and special forms of the disease

Lack of insulin leads to impaired sugar constancy (3.3 – 5.5 mmol/l) and contributes to the formation of a heterogeneous disease called diabetes mellitus (DM):

The complete absence of insulin (absolute deficiency) forms insulin dependent pathological process, which is referred to as type I diabetes mellitus (IDDM);
Lack of insulin (relative deficiency), triggering initial stage disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism, slowly but surely leads to the development non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), which is called diabetes mellitus type II.

Due to the disturbance in the body's utilization of glucose, and, consequently, its increase in the blood serum (hyperglycemia), which, in principle, is a manifestation of the disease, over time, signs of diabetes mellitus begin to appear, that is, a total disorder of metabolic processes at all levels. Significant changes in hormonal-metabolic interaction ultimately involve all functional systems of the human body in the pathological process, which once again indicates the systemic nature of the disease. How quickly the disease develops depends on the degree of insulin deficiency, which ultimately determines the types of diabetes.

In addition to type 1 and type 2 diabetes, there are special types of this disease:

Secondary diabetes resulting from acute and chronic inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), malignant neoplasms in the parenchyma of the gland, cirrhosis of the liver. A number of endocrine disorders accompanied by excessive production of insulin antagonists (acromegaly, Cushing's disease, pheochromocytoma, thyroid disease) lead to the development of secondary diabetes. Many have a diabetogenic effect medications, used long time: diuretics, some antihypertensive drugs and hormones, oral contraceptives, etc.;
Diabetes in pregnant women (gestational), caused by the peculiar mutual influence of hormones of the mother, child and placenta. The fetal pancreas, which produces its own insulin, begins to inhibit the production of insulin by the maternal gland, as a result of which this special form is formed during pregnancy. However, with proper control, gestational diabetes usually disappears after childbirth. Subsequently, in a number of cases (up to 40%) in women with a similar story pregnancy, this fact may threaten the development of type II diabetes mellitus (within 6-8 years).

Why does the “sweet” disease occur?

The “sweet” disease forms a rather “motley” group of patients, so it becomes obvious that IDDM and its non-insulin-dependent “brother” genetically originated differently. There is evidence of a connection between insulin-dependent diabetes and the genetic structures of the HLA system (major histocompatibility complex), in particular, with some genes of the D-region loci. For NIDDM, such a relationship was not observed.

For the development of type I diabetes mellitus, genetic predisposition alone is not enough; the pathogenetic mechanism is triggered by provoking factors:

Congenital deficiency of the islets of Langerhans;
Unfavorable influence of the external environment;
Stress, nervous stress;
Traumatic brain injuries;
Pregnancy;
Infectious processes of viral origin (influenza, mumps, cytomegalovirus infection, Coxsackie);
Tendency to constant overeating, leading to excess fat deposits;
Abuse of confectionery products (those with a sweet tooth are at greater risk).

Before covering the causes of type II diabetes mellitus, it would be advisable to dwell on a very controversial issue: who suffers more often - men or women?

It has been established that the disease is currently in the territory Russian Federation is more often formed in women, although back in the 19th century, diabetes was the “privilege” of the male sex. By the way, now in some countries of Southeast Asia the presence of this disease in men is considered predominant.

Predisposing conditions for the development of type II diabetes mellitus include:

Changes in the structural structure of the pancreas as a result of inflammatory processes, as well as the appearance of cysts, tumors, hemorrhages;
Age after 40 years;
Excess weight (the most important risk factor for NIDDM!);
Vascular diseases caused by the atherosclerotic process and arterial hypertension;
In women, pregnancy and the birth of a child with high body weight (more than 4 kg);
Having relatives with diabetes;
Strong psycho-emotional stress (adrenal hyperstimulation).

Causes of the disease different types diabetes in some cases coincide (stress, obesity, influence external factors), but the onset of the process is different for type 1 and type 2 diabetes, moreover, IDDM is the destiny of children and young, and non-insulin-dependent people prefer older people.

Why do you want to drink so much?

The characteristic symptoms of diabetes mellitus, regardless of the form and type, can be presented as follows:

Thus, the general signs of diabetes can be characteristic of any form of the disease, however, in order not to confuse the reader, it is still necessary to note the features inherent in one or another type.

Diabetes mellitus type I is a “privilege” of the young

IDDM is characterized by an acute (weeks or months) onset. The signs of type I diabetes mellitus are pronounced and are manifested by clinical symptoms typical for this disease:

Sudden weight loss;
Unnatural thirst, a person simply cannot get drunk, although he tries to do so (polydipsia);
Large amounts of urine excreted (polyuria);
Significant excess of the concentration of glucose and ketone bodies in the blood serum (ketoacidosis). In the initial stage, when the patient may not yet be aware of his problems, the development of diabetic (ketoacidotic, hyperglycemic) coma is quite likely - a condition that is extremely life-threatening, therefore insulin therapy is prescribed as early as possible (as soon as diabetes is suspected).

In most cases, after using insulin, metabolic processes are compensated, The body's need for insulin sharply declines, and a temporary “recovery” occurs. However, this short-term state of remission should not relax either the patient or the doctor, since after some period of time the disease will remind itself again. The need for insulin may increase as the duration of the disease increases, but, generally, in the absence of ketoacidosis, it will not exceed 0.8-1.0 U/kg.

Signs indicating the development of late complications of diabetes (retinopathy, nephropathy) may appear after 5-10 years. The main causes of death from IDDM include:

Terminal renal failure, which is a consequence of diabetic glomerulosclerosis;
Cardiovascular disorders are complications of the underlying disease, which occur somewhat less frequently than renal disorders.

Illness or age-related changes? (type II diabetes)

NIDDM develops over many months and even years. When problems arise, a person takes them to various specialists (dermatologist, gynecologist, neurologist...). The patient does not even suspect that in his opinion the diseases are different: furunculosis, skin itching, fungal infections, pain in the lower extremities are signs of type II diabetes mellitus. Often, NIDDM is discovered by pure chance (annual medical examination) or due to disorders that the patients themselves attribute to age-related changes: “vision has decreased,” “something is wrong with the kidneys,” “legs don’t obey at all”… . Patients get used to their condition, and diabetes continues to slowly develop, affecting all systems, and primarily the blood vessels, until the person “falls over” from a stroke or heart attack.

NIDDM is characterized by a stable, slow course, usually without a tendency to ketoacidosis.

Treatment of type 2 diabetes usually begins with a diet that limits easily digestible (refined) carbohydrates and the use of sugar-lowering medications (if necessary). Insulin is prescribed if the disease has progressed to the stage of severe complications or there is resistance to oral medications.

The main cause of death in patients with NIDDM is recognized as cardiovascular pathology resulting from diabetes. As a rule, this is or.

Video: 3 early signs of diabetes

Treatments for diabetes mellitus

The basis of therapeutic measures aimed at compensating for diabetes mellitus is represented by three main principles:

Compensation for insulin deficiency;
Regulation of endocrine and metabolic disorders;
Prevention of diabetes, its complications and their timely treatment.

The implementation of these principles is carried out based on 5 main positions:

Nutrition for diabetes mellitus plays the role of “first violin”;
System physical exercise, adequate and individually selected, follows the diet;
Sugar-lowering medications are mainly used to treat type 2 diabetes;
Insulin therapy is prescribed if necessary for NIDDM, but is essential in the case of type 1 diabetes;
Training patients for self-monitoring (skills in drawing blood from a finger, using a glucometer, administering insulin without assistance).

The laboratory control above these positions indicates the degree of compensation after the following:

Indicators	Good degree of compensation	Satisfactory	Bad
Fasting glucose level (mmol/l)	4,4 – 6,1	6,2 – 7,8	Ø 7.8
Blood sugar content 2 hours after a meal (mmol/l)	5,5 – 8,0	8,1-10,0	Ø 10.0
Percentage of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1, %)		8,0 – 9,5	Ø 10.0
Serum total cholesterol (mmol/l)		5,2 – 6,5	Ø 6.5
Triglyceride level (mmol/l)		1,7 – 2,2	Ø 2.2

The important role of diet in the treatment of NIDDM

Nutrition for diabetes mellitus is very well known, even to people far from diabetes mellitus, table No. 9. While in the hospital for any disease, every now and then you can hear about a special diet, which is always in separate saucepans, differs from other diets and is given after a certain password is said: “I have the ninth table.” What does all of this mean? How is this mystery diet different from all the others?

One should not be mistaken, looking after a diabetic carrying away his “porridge,” that they are deprived of all the joys of life. The diet for diabetes is not so different from the diet of healthy people; patients receive the required amount of carbohydrates (60%), fats (24%), and proteins (16%).

Nutrition for diabetes consists of replacing refined sugars in foods with slowly broken down carbohydrates. Sugar sold in stores for everyone and confectionery products based on it fall into the category of prohibited foods. Meanwhile, the retail chain, in addition to diabetic bread, which we often come across when choosing bakery products, provides such people with sweeteners (fructose), candies, cookies, waffles and many other sweets that promote the production of “happiness hormones” (endorphins).

As for nutritional balance, everything is strict here: a diabetic must necessarily consume the required amount of vitamins and pectins, which must be at least 40 grams. per day.

Video: doctor on nutrition for diabetes

Strictly individual physical activity

Physical activity for each patient is selected individually by the attending physician, taking into account the following points:

Age;
Symptoms of diabetes;
The severity of the pathological process;
The presence or absence of complications.

Physical activity prescribed by the doctor and performed by the “ward” should promote the “burning” of carbohydrates and fats without involving insulin. Its dose, which is necessary to compensate for metabolic disorders, drops noticeably, which should not be forgotten, since by preventing an increase, you can get an undesirable effect. Adequate physical activity reduces glucose, the administered dose of insulin breaks down the remaining one, and as a result, a decrease in sugar levels below acceptable values (hypoglycemia).

Thus, the dosage of insulin and physical activity requires very close attention and careful calculation, so that, complementing each other, together we do not cross the lower limit of normal laboratory parameters.

Video: gymnastics complex for diabetes

Or maybe try folk remedies?

Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is often accompanied by the patient’s own search for folk remedies that can slow down the process and delay the time of treatment as far as possible dosage forms. You can understand a person, because no one wants to feel inferior, dooming themselves to dependency on pills or (even worse) on constant insulin injections.

Despite the fact that our distant ancestors practically did not know about this disease, folk remedies for the treatment of diabetes mellitus exist, but we should not forget that infusions and decoctions prepared from various plants are an aid. The use of home remedies for diabetes does not relieve the patient from following a diet, monitoring blood sugar, visiting a doctor and following all his recommendations.

To combat this pathology at home, fairly well-known folk remedies are used:

White mulberry bark and leaves;
Oat grains and husks;
Walnut partitions;
Bay leaf;
Cinnamon;
Acorns;
Nettle;
Dandelion.

When diet and folk remedies no longer help...

The so-called first generation drugs, widely known at the end of the last century (bukarban, oranil, butamide, etc.), remained in the memories, and they were replaced by new generation drugs (dionil, maninil, minidiab, glyurenorm), which make up 3 main groups diabetes medications produced by the pharmaceutical industry.

The endocrinologist decides which remedy is suitable for a particular patient. because representatives of each group, in addition to the main indication – diabetes mellitus, have a lot of contraindications and side effects. And so that patients do not self-medicate and do not decide to use these medications for diabetes at their own discretion, we will give several illustrative examples.

Sulfonylurea derivatives

Currently, second-generation sulfonylurea derivatives are prescribed, which act from 10 hours to 24 hours. Patients usually take them 2 times a day, half an hour before meals.

These drugs are absolutely contraindicated in the following cases:

In addition, the use of drugs in this group may threaten the development of allergic reactions, manifested by:

Skin itching and urticaria, sometimes reaching Quincke's edema;
Disorders of the digestive system;
Changes in the blood (decreased levels of platelets and leukocytes);
Possible impairment of the functional abilities of the liver (jaundice due to cholestasis).

Antihyperglycemic agents of the biguanide family

Biguanides (guanidine derivatives) are actively used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, often adding sulfonamides to them. They are very rational for use by obese patients, however, for persons with liver, kidney and cardiovascular pathology, their use is sharply limited, switching to more gentle drugs of the same group such as metformin BMS or α-glucoside inhibitors (glucobay), which inhibit absorption carbohydrates in the small intestine.

The use of guanidine derivatives is very limited in other cases, which is associated with some of their “harmful” abilities (accumulation of lactate in tissues, leading to lactic acidosis).

The following are considered absolute contraindications to the use of biguanines:

IDDM (type 1 diabetes mellitus);
Significant weight loss;
Infectious processes, regardless of location;
Surgical interventions;
Pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding;
Comatose states;
Hepatic and renal pathology;
Oxygen starvation;
(2-4 degrees) with impaired vision and renal function;
and necrotic processes;
Poor circulation in the lower extremities due to various vascular pathologies.

Treatment with insulin

From the above, it becomes obvious that the use of insulin is the main treatment for type 1 diabetes, all emergency conditions and severe complications of diabetes. NIDDM requires the appointment of this therapy only in cases of insulin-requiring forms, when correction by other means does not give the desired effect.

Modern insulins, called monocompetent, represent two groups:

Monocompetent pharmacological forms human insulin substance (semi-synthetic or DNA recombinant), which undoubtedly have a significant advantage over drugs of pork origin. They have virtually no contraindications or side effects;
Monocompetent insulins obtained from porcine pancreas. These drugs, compared to human insulins, require an increase in the dose of the drug by approximately 15%.

Diabetes is dangerous due to complications

Due to the fact that diabetes is accompanied by damage to many organs and tissues, its manifestations can be found in almost all body systems. Complications of diabetes mellitus are:

Prevention

Measures to prevent diabetes mellitus are based on the causes that cause it. In this case, it is advisable to talk about the prevention of atherosclerosis, including the fight against excess weight, bad habits and food addictions.

Prevention of complications of diabetes mellitus involves preventing the development of pathological conditions arising from diabetes itself. Correcting glucose in the blood serum, following a diet, adequate physical activity, and following the doctor’s recommendations will help delay the consequences of this rather formidable disease.

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Blood sugar levels are not always a constant value and can change depending on age, time of day, diet, physical activity, and the presence of stressful situations.

Blood glucose levels can rise or fall based on the body's needs. This a complex system controlled by pancreatic insulin and, to some extent, adrenaline.

When there is a lack of insulin in the body, regulation fails, which causes metabolic disorders. After a certain time, an irreversible pathology of internal organs is formed.

To assess the patient’s health status and prevent the development of complications, it is necessary.

Sugar 5.0 - 6.0

Blood sugar levels within 5.0-6.0 units are considered acceptable. Meanwhile, the doctor may be wary if the tests vary from 5.6 to 6.0 mmol/liter, as this may symbolize the development of so-called prediabetes

Acceptable levels in healthy adults can range from 3.89 to 5.83 mmol/liter.
For children, the norm is considered to be between 3.33 and 5.55 mmol/liter.
The age of children is also important to consider: in newborns up to a month old, the levels can range from 2.8 to 4.4 mmol/liter; up to 14 years of age, the values range from 3.3 to 5.6 mmol/liter.
It is important to consider that with age these data become higher, so for older people over 60 years of age, blood sugar levels may be above 5.0-6.0 mmol/liter, which is considered normal.
During pregnancy in women, due to hormonal changes, data may increase. For pregnant women, test results from 3.33 to 6.6 mmol/liter are considered normal.

When testing venous blood glucose, the norm automatically increases by 12 percent. Thus, if you do an analysis from a vein, the data can vary from 3.5 to 6.1 mmol/liter.

Also, indicators may vary if you take whole blood from a finger, vein or blood plasma. In healthy people, the average plasma concentration is 6.1 mmol/liter.

If a pregnant woman has blood taken from her finger on an empty stomach, the average data can vary from 3.3 to 5.8 mmol/liter. When examining venous blood, values can range from 4.0 to 6.1 mmol/liter.

It is important to consider that in some cases, under the influence of certain factors, sugar may temporarily increase.

Thus, glucose data can increase:

Physical labor or training;
Prolonged mental work;
Fright, fear or acute stressful situation.

Also, in addition to diabetes, diseases such as:

The presence of pain and pain shock;
Acute myocardial infarction;
Brain stroke;
Presence of burn diseases;
Brain injury;
Carrying out a surgical operation;
Epilepsy attack;
Presence of liver pathology;
Fractures and injuries.

Some time after the influence of the provoking factor is stopped, the patient’s condition returns to normal.

An increase in glucose in the body is often associated not only with the fact that the patient consumed a lot of fast carbohydrates, but also with a sharp physical activity. When muscles are stressed, they need energy.

Glycogen in muscles is converted to glucose and released into the blood, causing blood sugar levels to rise. Next, glucose is used for its intended purpose, and sugar returns to normal after a while.

Sugar 6.1 - 7.0

It is important to understand that in healthy people, capillary blood glucose levels never increase above 6.6 mmol/liter. Since the concentration of glucose in blood from a finger is higher than from a vein, venous blood has different indicators - from 4.0 to 6.1 mmol/liter for any type of study.

If the blood sugar data on an empty stomach is above 6.6 mmol/liter, the doctor usually diagnoses it, which represents a serious metabolic failure. If every effort is not made to normalize the health status, the patient may develop type 2 diabetes.

With prediabetes, the blood glucose level on an empty stomach ranges from 5.5 to 7.0 mmol/liter, glycated hemoglobin levels range from 5.7 to 6.4 percent. One or two hours after eating, blood sugar test data range from 7.8 to 11.1 mmol/liter. At least one of the signs is enough to diagnose the disease.

To confirm the diagnosis, the patient must:

take a repeat blood sugar test;
take a glucose tolerance test;
examine blood for glycosylated hemoglobin levels, since this method is considered the most accurate for detecting diabetes mellitus.

The age of the patient must also be taken into account, since in old age data from 4.6 to 6.4 mmol/liter are considered normal.

In general, an increase in blood sugar in pregnant women does not indicate obvious disorders, but it is also a reason to worry about your own health and the health of the unborn child.

If during pregnancy the sugar concentration increases sharply, this may indicate the development of latent diabetes. If a pregnant woman falls into a risk group, she is registered, after which she is assigned to undergo a blood test for glucose and a load test for glucose tolerance.

If the concentration of glucose in the blood of pregnant women is above 6.7 mmol/liter, the woman most likely has diabetes mellitus. For this reason, you should immediately consult a doctor if a woman experiences symptoms such as:

Feeling of dry mouth;
Constant thirst;
Frequent urination;
Constant feeling of hunger;
Appearance unpleasant odor from mouth;
Formation of a sour metallic taste in the mouth;
The appearance of general weakness and frequent fatigue;
Blood pressure rises.

To prevent the onset of gestational diabetes, you need to regularly see a doctor and take all the necessary tests. It is also important not to forget about a healthy lifestyle, and, if possible, avoid frequent consumption of foods with a high glycemic index, high content of simple carbohydrates, and starches.

If all necessary measures are taken in a timely manner, pregnancy will pass no problem, a healthy and strong baby will be born.

Sugar 7.1 - 8.0

If the readings in the morning on an empty stomach in an adult are 7.0 mmol/liter or higher, the doctor may indicate the development of diabetes mellitus.

In this case, blood sugar data, regardless of food intake and time, can reach 11.0 mmol/liter or higher.

In the case when the data is in the range from 7.0 to 8.0 mmol/liter, while there are no obvious signs of the disease, and the doctor doubts the diagnosis, the patient is prescribed a test.

To do this, a blood test is taken from the patient on an empty stomach.
75 grams of pure glucose is diluted with water in a glass, and the patient must drink the resulting solution.
The patient must be at rest for two hours; he must not eat, drink, smoke or move actively. After which a repeat blood sugar test is taken.

Pregnant women are required to take a similar test for glucose tolerance at midterm. If, according to the results of the analysis, the indicators are from 7.8 to 11.1 mmol / liter, it is considered that tolerance is impaired, that is, sensitivity to sugar is increased.

When the analysis shows a result above 11.1 mmol/liter, diabetes mellitus is preliminarily diagnosed.

The risk group for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus includes:

People who are overweight;
Patients with constant blood pressure 140/90 mm mercury and higher;
People whose blood cholesterol levels are higher than normal;
Women who were diagnosed with gestational diabetes during pregnancy, as well as those whose child weighed 4.5 kg or more at birth;
Patients with polycystic ovary syndrome;
People who have a hereditary predisposition to developing diabetes.

For any risk factor, it is necessary to take a blood sugar test at least once every three years, starting from the age of 45.

Overweight children over 10 years of age should also be tested regularly for sugar.

Sugar 8.1 - 9.0

If three times in a row the sugar test shows inflated results, the doctor diagnoses type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. If the disease is advanced, high level glucose will also be found in the urine.

In addition to glucose-lowering drugs, the patient is prescribed a strict therapeutic diet. If it turns out that your sugar rises sharply after dinner and these results persist until bedtime, you need to reconsider your diet. Most likely, high-carbohydrate dishes are consumed, which are contraindicated for diabetes.

A similar situation can occur if a person has not eaten properly throughout the day, and when he comes home in the evening, he pounces on food and eats an excess portion.

In this case, in order to prevent sugar spikes, doctors recommend eating small portions evenly throughout the day. Fasting should not be allowed, and carbohydrate-rich foods should be excluded from the evening menu.

Sugar 9.1 – 10

Blood glucose levels of 9.0 to 10.0 units are considered the threshold value. When the data increases above 10 mmol/liter, the kidneys of a diabetic are not able to perceive such a large concentration of glucose. As a result, sugar begins to accumulate in the urine, which causes the development of glucosuria.

Due to a lack of carbohydrates or insulin, the diabetic’s body does not receive the required amount of energy from glucose, and therefore fat reserves are used instead of the required “fuel”. As you know, ketone bodies are substances that are formed as a result of the breakdown of fat cells. When blood glucose levels reach 10 units, the kidneys try to remove excess sugar from the body as waste along with urine.

Thus, diabetics whose blood sugar levels are above 10 mmol/liter in several blood measurements need to undergo a urine test for the presence of ketone substances. For this purpose, special test strips are used to determine the presence of acetone in the urine.

Also, a similar study is carried out if a person, in addition to high data of more than 10 mmol/liter, suddenly feels unwell, the body temperature has increased, and the patient feels nausea and vomiting. Such symptoms allow timely detection of decompensation of diabetes mellitus and prevent diabetic coma.

When blood sugar is lowered using antihyperglycemic drugs, exercise, or insulin, the amount of acetone in the urine decreases, and the patient's performance and overall well-being improves.

Sugar 10.1 – 20

If a mild degree of hyperglycemia is diagnosed when blood sugar levels are from 8 to 10 mmol/liter, then when the data increases from 10.1 to 16 mmol/liter, the average degree is determined, above 16-20 mmol/liter is a severe degree of the disease.

This relative classification exists to guide doctors when they suspect the presence of hyperglycemia. Moderate and severe degrees indicate decompensation of diabetes mellitus, resulting in all sorts of chronic complications.

There are the main symptoms that indicate high blood sugar levels from 10 to 20 mmol/liter:

The patient experiences frequent urination and sugar is found in the urine. Due to the increased concentration of glucose in the urine, the underwear in the genital area becomes as if starched.
At the same time, due to the large loss of fluid through urine, the diabetic feels intense and constant thirst.
The mouth feels constantly dry, especially at night.
The patient is often lethargic, weak and gets tired quickly.
A diabetic suddenly loses weight.
Sometimes a person feels nausea, vomiting, headache, and fever.

The reason for this condition is due to an acute lack of insulin in the body or the inability of cells to act on insulin in order to utilize sugar.

At this moment, the renal threshold is exceeded above 10 mmol/liter, it can reach 20 mmol/liter, glucose is excreted in the urine, which causes frequent urge to urinate.

This condition leads to loss of moisture and dehydration, which is what causes the unquenchable thirst of a diabetic. Along with the fluid, not only sugar leaves the body, but also all kinds of vital elements, such as potassium, sodium, chlorides, as a result a person feels severe weakness and loses weight.

The higher the blood sugar level, the faster the above processes occur.

Blood sugar above 20

With such indicators, the patient experiences strong signs of hypoglycemia, which often leads to loss of consciousness. The presence of acetone at 20 mmol/liter and above is most easily detected by smell. This is a clear sign that diabetes is not being compensated for and the person is on the verge.

You can identify dangerous disorders in the body using the following symptoms.

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