Alienation of personality and its freedom. Personal alienation as a source of criminal behavior
Introduction
There are situations and conditions that people regard as loneliness, alienation of themselves from other people: this can be isolation, both emotional and social. Emotional isolation refers to the result of a lack of attachment to a specific person; resulting in anxious anxiety. Social isolation usually manifests itself as a lack of access to others social communication and is accompanied by a feeling of alienation. The following are most often associated with loneliness: emotional states like despair, melancholy, depression, self-pity, unbearable boredom. The experienced acute feeling of alienation entails communication, which can be called deficient and defective.
Currently, among people, isolation, alienation from the rest of humanity occurs quite often, affecting the life of a particular person, his relationships with other people.
Thus, alienation is one of the problems of humanity that needs to be overcome.
The problem of alienation as one of the most interesting and important areas in the functioning of society has been studied by many researchers, such as M. Seaman, A. Neal, S. Retting, M. Clark, B. Anderson and others.
Thus, it can be stated that it is necessary to consider the features of personal alienation in modern society.
The purpose of this work is to study the problem of personal alienation in modern living space, the influence of alienation on a person.
Object - boys and girls aged 17 to 20 years (12 people - 48 boys and 4 girls).
Item - features of human behavior when alienation is manifested.
Hypothesis - alienation determines the characteristics of a person’s behavior, influencing his personality.
1. Selection of special techniques for this problem, study of relevant literature.
2. Determine the presence of alienation among the subjects.
3. Assess the significance of alienation in the human behavioral sphere.
4. Determine whether the subjects have communication disorders, inability or unwillingness to communicate.
5. Determine whether the subjects have a need for communication.
6. Reveal the desire for the subjects to be accepted by people around them and the fear of being rejected by other people.
The problem of personal alienation in modern society
Alienation is a term that is used both in everyday language and in various sciences, most often in philosophy, psychology, criminology, and sociology. Unlike the philosophical one, in the sociological and psychological understanding, alienation is described in terms of expectations and is always a sufficiently conscious property.
Alienation manifests itself as a feeling of powerlessness in the face of everyday problems, a feeling of the meaninglessness of what is happening; isolation, cooling and rupture with the immediate environment, loss of social ties. This state is accompanied by apathy and apoliticality, refusal of friendly and comradely communication, distrust of the sincerity and selflessness of people, and a lack of warm, cordial communication. Even if broad friendships still exist, a person often becomes burdened by them and gradually reduces contacts. Alienation as an experienced feeling and state turns into alienation from real people, their worries and lives.
Manifestations of alienation are cooling and a break with the immediate environment, falling out of social connections, at the personal level it manifests itself as a feeling of powerlessness in the face of everyday problems, the meaninglessness of what is happening; accompanied by apathy and apoliticality, a lack of warm, cordial communication.
M. Seaman identified a multidimensional concept of alienation, which included five dimensions:
· feeling of powerlessness (“nothing depends on my actions”);
· feeling of meaninglessness (“it’s not clear what to believe”);
· lack of norms (“feeling of anomie”);
· feeling of isolation (“isolation from values and society”);
· a feeling of alienation to everything (“the meaning of work, satisfaction from work is lost”).
Research in the field of personality has shown that alienation is a generalized, multidimensional factor. Zeller and other psychologists using a four-dimensional scale (meaninglessness, powerlessness, anomie and social isolation) amounted to psychological picture alienated person, which includes a person’s relationship to the world and to himself. According to their characteristics, the attitude of an alienated person to the world is characterized by the following features:
· the world is perceived as frozen, schematic;
· low level knowledge about the features of the socio-political system;
· no interest in culture and intellectual activities;
· believe in supernatural forces, astrology, fate;
· less logical thinking, cognitive isolation;
· obsessive states and rigidity;
· have difficulty concentrating and making decisions;
tendency to feel sad high level fears;
· indifference to group behavior.
The attitude towards oneself is characterized by:
· inadequacy and contempt;
· extremism, weakening sense of responsibility, bitterness and envy;
· feelings of guilt, uncertainty, dissatisfaction with life; pessimism, feelings of loneliness, frustration; others are perceived as a threat;
· contempt for oneself is combined with hostility towards others and condemnation of human weaknesses;
· lack of feelings of loyalty, belonging, hostility, extremism in this state sometimes precede deviant behavior.
The core of alienation is anomie, which is defined as a state of disorganization of the individual that arises as a result of its disorientation. The reason for such disorientation may be a social situation in which there is a conflict of norms and the individual is faced with conflicting demands, or a situation of absence of norms. Relationships between people become superficial. The superficial nature of human relationships leads many to hope that they can find depth and strength of feeling in individual love. But love for one person and love for one's neighbor are inseparable; in any culture love relationship is only a stronger expression of the form of kinship with all people that prevails in a given culture.
Difficulties in alienation may arise due to the inability to open up, superficiality of contact, or lack of need for communication. Moreover, they can be expressed in a tendency to reasoning, inattention, offensive condescension and noticeable indifference to the partner. All this diversity necessitates the classification of psychological difficulties of communication.
In communication difficulties, one should highlight the purely psychological and communicative aspects. Psychological aspect various difficulties and obstacles in communication are associated with the personal factor, the motivational and substantive side of communication and includes, on the one hand, alienation and autism, and on the other - redundancy, meaninglessness of communication.
Anomie creates a feeling of aimless existence, powerlessness, a sense of one’s own insignificance, makes a person isolated, disconnected, alienated, and weakens the sense of responsibility. A person becomes “unfriendly” - cruel, indifferent, asocial. A person who feels alienated does not belong to the group, social connections are broken.
Alienation in modern society is almost universal; it permeates a person’s relationship to his work, to the things he consumes, to the state, to his neighbors and to himself. Alienation between man and man leads to the loss of universal and social bonds.
Anomie creates a feeling of aimless existence, powerlessness, a sense of one’s own insignificance, makes a person isolated, disconnected, alienated, and weakens the sense of responsibility. A person becomes “unfriendly” - cruel, indifferent, asocial.
Shyness, introversion, autism, alienation, and increased sensitivity belong to deeply personal properties; they can often become aggravated under unfavorable circumstances and from subjectively felt difficulties turn into an objective obstacle to full-fledged personal contacts, thus interfering with full communication with people.
In modern psychological field theory, living space is understood as the world of mental ideas and experiences of the individual; in addition, this can also include the general psychological environment of the individual, including himself and all other people who matter to him. According to K. Levin, the living space of an individual is an integral field within which his aspirations, intentions and other psychological forces arise that have a certain direction, magnitude and points of application.
Thus, personal alienation is formed in society and affects a person’s behavior, his thoughts, opinions and attitudes. All this has a huge impact on a person’s personality, not always affecting him in a positive way.
Nudity and alienation. Philosophical essay on human nature Ivin Alexander Arkhipovich
Chapter 4 Alienated Man
Chapter 4
Alienated man
1. The concept of alienation
The concept of alienation is found in clear form in the theory of the social contract (T. Hobbes, J. J. Rousseau, etc.), formed in the 17th–18th centuries. It means the process of depersonalization, deindividuation of social relations, resulting from the transfer of individual rights to the state.
G. Hegel made alienation the central category of his philosophy. On the one hand, alienation is the discovery of an absolute idea (God) in nature and history, on the other hand, alienation means the objectification, institutionalization of the essential forces of man.
The second of these meanings was used by the German philosopher L. Feuerbach to explain the origin of religion. Man alienates his own essence and opposes it to himself as a god perfect in all respects.
According to K. Marx, alienation is a state of war between a person and his own essence, with the products of his own labor and with other individuals. Man by nature is homo faber (“producing man”). Its essence is realized in work, in joint creative activity, through which people transform the world. In the production process, material objects are created that embody the inherent creativity of man and objectify his essence. Alienation occurs when, in the course of his own objectification, a person ceases to recognize himself in his product. The latter turns into a stranger, “not our own”, becomes something opposing its creator as an independent force. Objectification, or objectification, by a person of his plans is accompanied by alienation in any society with antagonistic classes. However, capitalism with particular force distorts and perverts the process of objectification and turns man’s normal objectification of himself in his creations into a particularly destructive alienation.
According to Marx, the basis of all forms of alienation is the alienation of labor. In his early work "Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844" Marx writes: “What is the alienation of labor? Firstly, that labor is something external for the worker, not belonging to his essence; in the fact that in his work he does not affirm himself, but denies, feels not happy, but unhappy, does not freely deploy his physical and spiritual energy, but exhausts his physical nature and destroys your spirit. Therefore, the worker only feels like himself outside of work, and in the process of work he feels cut off from himself. He is at home when he is not working; and when he works, he is no longer at home. Because of this, his work is not voluntary, but forced; this is forced labor. This is not the satisfaction of the need for labor, but only a means to satisfy needs other than the need for labor. The alienation of labor is clearly reflected in the fact that as soon as physical or other coercion to work ceases, people flee from labor like the plague. External labor, labor in the process of which a person alienates himself, is self-sacrifice, self-torture. And, finally, the external nature of labor is manifested for the worker in the fact that this labor does not belong to him, but to another, and in the process of labor he himself belongs not to himself, but to another.”
Beginning in the world of work, alienation covers all aspects of a worker’s life. Marx identifies four forms of manifestation of alienation:
1) the worker is alienated from the product of his labor, since what he produced is appropriated by others and is no longer under his control;
2) the worker is alienated from the production process; work becomes an alien activity, imposed from the outside and does not bring internal satisfaction; forced labor, labor at someone's order actually becomes a sold commodity;
3) the worker is alienated from his human nature, since the first two forms of alienation erase those specific qualities that define human nature and distinguish his creative activity from the activity of animals;
4) the worker is alienated from other people, since capitalism transforms social relations into purely market ones and forces people to be evaluated not by their human qualities, but in accordance with their market position.
Marx intended to eliminate the philosophical and religious meanings of the term “alienation” and use the term as a sociological concept. Alienation is rooted, according to Marx, in the nature of certain social structures, deforming human essence. Marx believed that to eliminate alienation it was necessary to overthrow the capitalist system of private property and replace production for profit with a system of production that satisfies natural human needs. This will be followed by the replacement of distribution based on market regulation with a reasonable and humane system of distribution according to need. These changes will be accompanied by changes in the division of labor, so that all people will move on to new, more creative activities.
In a communist society, Marx said, where no one is limited to an exclusive circle of activity, and everyone can improve in any field, society regulates all production and that is why it creates for me the opportunity to do one thing today and another tomorrow, to hunt in the morning, to fish in the afternoon, garden in the evening, criticize after dinner.
Over time, the concept of alienation has lost much of the sociological meaning that Marx tried to put into it. In modern sociology, the term “alienation” is rarely used due to its vagueness.
In social philosophy it is used quite often, but mainly in a subjective and psychological sense.
This aspect of alienation, such as “powerlessness,” refers to the feeling of the impossibility of a person’s influence on his social environment; “loss of meaning” means the feeling that illicit means are needed to achieve meaningful goals; “isolation” occurs when people feel alienated from the prevailing values in society; “Self-withdrawal” speaks of the inability to engage in activities that would bring psychological satisfaction.
The heterogeneity of individuals in capitalist society, their lack of a global, uniting and inspiring goal, their inequality, and, above all, inequality in property, ultimately leads many of these individuals to a feeling of dissatisfaction with the existing order of things and to a weakening of social communication .
The concept of alienation, which became in the middle of the 20th century. quite popular, sometimes used in a broad and rather vague sense. It may mean that individuals in modern post-industrial society have a feeling of isolation from social environment and dissatisfaction with this; a sense of moral decline in society; a sense of powerlessness in the face of omnipotent social institutions; impersonality, dehumanization of large, bureaucratic social organizations etc.
The heterogeneity of people, their diversity and discrepancy with each other in the structure of thoughts, feelings and behavior is a necessary prerequisite for the effective development of both capitalist and post-capitalist societies. At the same time, this disparity also has its negative consequences. Dissimilarity can give rise to painfully experienced alienation. The alienated person is characterized by a feeling of powerlessness, a feeling that his own destiny is out of his control and is determined by external forces; a feeling of the meaninglessness of existence and the impossibility of achieving the desired result even as a result of any active activity; perception of society as a world in which mutual obligations of people to comply with social regulations have been lost, institutionalized culture has been destroyed, and the dominant value system is disintegrating; the individual’s feeling of loss of his “true self,” destruction of personality, or self-alienation.
The key to the topic of nudity and alienation is the question of their relationship with freedom, and in particular the question of the ratio private property and freedom.
According to the viewpoint shared by supporters closed society, the condition for freedom is the complete absence of private property and, to a greater extent, in general terms– complete nudity of individuals in a perfect society or community (Plato, Francis of Assisi, Marx, etc.). From the supporters' point of view open society, private property is one of the basic conditions of freedom, and the diversity of individuals, their diversity and, as a consequence, their alienation from each other are the prerequisites for the stability of society and its sustainable, dynamic development (J. Locke, J. S. Mill, K. Popper , F.A. Hayek, etc.).
There are, as already noted, two types of freedom. Collectivistic, or utilitarian, freedom is the freedom to act in the direction of a global goal chosen by society (creating a prototype of a heavenly community on earth, building communism, creating a purely Aryan society, etc.). This freedom, as a conscious historical necessity, is incompatible with private property and requires the utmost nakedness of the individual. Nothing external (property, family, knowledge, fashion, etc.) should distract a person from serving the global goal facing society. Individualistic freedom presupposes that an individual, bound by a minimum of collective values and norms, has the opportunity to determine his own life tasks and bears personal responsibility for the results of his activities. This kind of freedom, which presupposes a high degree of independence of individuals from society, is impossible without private property. The freedom of the individual to act in accordance with his own goals, desires and whims requires the diversity of individuals, their diversity and non-nudity. The consequence of this is alienation. At times it escalates to such an extent that it threatens to cut off communication between individuals and sectors of society.
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The deepest human need is the need to overcome
your alienation, free yourself from the captivity of loneliness.
Erich Fromm. The art of loving
Alienation as a personality quality is the tendency to show a lack of closeness with someone or something, to become a stranger, distant, self-absorbed, indifferent to others.
The brothers asked Saint Anthony: “If someone says: “I will not take anything from the brothers, and I will not give them anything, what is mine is enough for me,” is that good or bad? Saint Anthony answered: “My children!” Whoever is like this is hard-hearted, and his soul is the soul of a lion. He must be considered alienated from the community of all good people.
In a broad sense, alienation can go beyond interpersonal relationships, embracing alienation from one’s labor, from needs, from the state, from nature, from oneself. L.N. Tolstoy in his novel “War and Peace” writes about Natasha Rostova’s feeling of alienation: “In addition to the general feeling of alienation from all people, Natasha at that time experienced a special feeling of alienation from the people of her family... she was not only indifferent, but looked at them with hostility.” . This is already a clinical case of psychopathology - depersonalization, loss of the sense of belonging to one’s own personality of various manifestations of one’s Self (thoughts, emotions, impulses, etc.).
In such advanced forms of manifestation of alienation, other objects and events of the external world are perceived by the person as opposite to himself, causing him rejection and hostility. This state is reflected in such forms of experiences as a feeling of isolation, loneliness, rejection, loss of Self, etc.
Alienation is akin to hatred; it also does not want to see the other, does not internally recognize him, does not want to accept his right to be different, does not see in him an independent personality. Alienation is the enemy of the integrity and harmony of the individual. It often manifests itself as a feeling of powerlessness in the face of life’s circumstances, an inability to accept the challenges of fate, a feeling of the meaninglessness of what is happening.
Alienation in a relationship is, first of all, a matter of distance between people. It’s bad when the distance reaches familiarity and familiarity. This is one extreme of the relationship. But it is extremely negative for interpersonal relationships when the distance lengthens to the point of coldness and aloofness. There is one step from alienation to complete cooling and severance of relations.
Often women confuse alienation with a period of a man’s self-absorption, “going into a cave,” when he gains moral strength to make any decision. Here you need to show calm and prudence. Time will pass, and he, morally strengthened, will return to normal relationships.
Spouses become strangers if they do not know each other's thoughts and do not allow the other to say what he is thinking. Psychologist Elena Orekhova writes: “If a man does not know the thoughts of his woman, they soon become strangers. And the same goes for women. It is always better to maintain such a situation in the family so that each spouse says what he thinks, even if he disagrees with something. You just need to learn to say warmly, intelligently, without alienation, things that may be pleasant to one of the family members. You cannot show anger or rude speech at the moment when your partner opens his heart. After all inner world a very gentle person."
Often a person shows respect and goodwill towards strangers, but as soon as he comes home, he turns into the personification of rudeness, disrespect and intemperance. Evil comes out on loved ones. No one can hurt more loved one. The main thing in a relationship is not what you say, but how. Alienation will never mature if the intonations are friendly, if there is no rudeness or hostility in them.
Alienation is rejection at the soul level. Therefore, respect and culture of behavior in the family are ardent enemies of alienation. For example, a wife looked at a dress and at dinner told her husband about her desire to buy it. If the husband begins to be rude and reproach her for mismanagement and wastefulness, this will cause alienation and coldness when such cases are repeated. The nature of a woman is desire. She will still try to satisfy her desire, but will take a different route - she will ask for money from her parents, girlfriends or lover. A reasonable man should have said, “Honey, I don’t quite like this dress. You're not good enough at it. We are not rich enough to buy cheap things. Let's find something more expensive or better quality. And I will be happy to buy you a dress.”
Alienation is preceded by the destruction of trust between spouses. Confidence disappears after rudeness, an icy tone, and it will take a lot of time to restore lost intimacy. For example, a man shares with his wife that what worries him most now is that he is met with misunderstanding, and even worse - rudeness and ridicule. All. The wife turns from a friend into a burden. Alienation arises.
It is extremely important for a man to feel a source of inspiration in a woman. Only a woman can charge her man for great achievements. It is not without reason that they say that behind every great man there is a great woman. If a woman cannot find unison with her husband’s spiritual life, their relationship tends to develop into alienation. For example, a husband bought expensive pigeons, and his wife, in front of the children, scolds him for squandering, that there is nothing to eat, and he spends money on all sorts of nonsense. Her rude words will not get through to him. He will only think how unlucky he is with his wife, because she does not understand him.
To avoid alienation in family relationships You need to be extremely respectful of your spouse’s thoughts and feelings. Elena Orekhova writes: “A person can accept a partner’s disagreement only when you respect him, his feelings, his mood. If this does not happen, then the spouse is responsible for his rudeness. Those. There is such an alienation that it is then almost impossible to destroy. Therefore, it is better to act wisely and maintain intimacy. And this is very important for both partners to understand. Otherwise, the spouses find themselves on different levels subtle existence. And then they cry that they didn’t understand each other, it just somehow turned out that they needed to part. It is imperative to understand the nature of another person.”
In other words, alienation arises if, guided by selfishness, we do not listen and do not want to understand each other. Vices, breaking out, lead to a person’s alienation from other people and from his own spiritual essence. Selfless, warm, cordial and friendly communication is replaced by soulless aloofness.
Peter Kovalev
- 32.90 KbThe primary task for law enforcement agencies is the protection of personal,
state and public property, established the status of the individual,
guarantees of rights and freedoms. This emphasizes the increasing role of the individual in
modern conditions for its development in society.
Concept of alienation
Alienation(English) alienation, German Entfremdung
Alienation is also a process “characterized by the transformation of human activity and its results into an independent force that dominates him and is hostile to him.” The concept of alienation was first formulated in the 15th-18th centuries by authors and supporters of the social contract theory (Thomas Hobbes, Pierre Gassendi, Benedict (Baruch) Spinoza, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau).
Alienation(English) alienation, German Entfremdung) is the process of separating from people the process and results of their activities (activity is understood broadly, as any social activity), which become beyond the control of a person and even dominate him. As a result, people become alien to the world in which they live.
The essence of Hobbes' concept came down primarily to the understanding and interpretation of alienation as an act of transfer of certain human rights social system(in the general case), and in the particular case – as a voluntary limitation (alienation) by people of their rights to create, through an agreement, an “artificial body” - the state. Hobbes considered the root cause of people's readiness to resort to mutual alienation of their own rights to be their fear of returning to the natural state that existed before the unification of individuals in society, i.e. to war, and not just war, but “a war of all against all.” The product of early mutual alienation - the state - Hobbes represented as a mass of individuals united into one person. Hobbes thus, perhaps unwittingly and without even realizing the likely consequences of such an approach, combined the problem of alienation with a broad personal problematic.
Marxist theory of alienation
Marx did not stand out on her own. For
Alienation- this is a phenomenon of the mental organization of a person, originally inherent in the genetics of his nature, allowing individual manifestation and individual development.
On the one hand, alienation gives a person a feeling of dissatisfaction, and on the other hand, it is a natural impulse in the search for a feeling of happiness and satisfaction. Human alienation manifests itself in different ways: closedness in relationships with other people, loss of unity with one’s own nature, a keen sense of one’s individuality, contrasting oneself with others. This condition gives rise to many problems and internal conflicts for a person, sometimes leading to an unhappy existence.
In the works of A.V. Petrovsky and V.A. Petrovsky, the phenomenon of alienation can be seen as a problem of the unrepresentation of the subject in the Other and Others V.A. Petrovsky, M.V. Polevoy today is attempting to actualize the problem of alienation in psychology. They interpret the phenomenon of alienation as a person’s loss of his own subjectivity in communication with significant others (and with himself, when a special case is meant - a person’s self-alienation). This view, they believe, corresponds to the intuitive meaning of this word: “... to be alienated” means to feel self-loss, not to feel your connection with loved ones.
However psychology of alienation- this is not a deviation from the norm and not the inevitability of fate. Tempo and rhythm modern life, most often do not give a person the opportunity to pay sufficient attention to close people, limit his time and connections, allowing him to fully realize such feelings as friendship, love, community and unity.
Conclusion
The phenomenon of alienation attracts the close attention of philosophers, sociologists, psychologists, which is due to the actualization of the problem of the loss of human self-identity, the conflict between actual existence and potential existence, loss of control over the products of labor, destruction of social relationships, etc.
Sources
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The concept of alienation……………………………………………………………10
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..13
Sources………………
Alienation is the process of separating the process and results of their activities from people (activity is understood broadly, like any social activities), which become beyond the control of man and even dominate him. As a result, people become alien to the world in which they live. For example, the Marxist theory of alienation was not singled out by Marx himself. For Marx, alienation is the loss of the meaning of existence by the worker in the labor process in the era of capitalism. Conceptualized in early works, including the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844. Marx identified 4 types of alienation: from the labor process, from the product of labor, from one’s own essence and people from each other. K. Marx considered the worker in a capitalist society, due to the development of machine production and the corresponding level of division of labor, turned into a “part” of a huge machine mechanism, into an “appendage”. Labor power turns into a commodity that is sold for wages. To survive, a worker must work for a capitalist who owns the means of production. The product produced by the worker “went” to the capitalist (the owner of the means of production), and as a result, it seemed to be an alien object, separated from the worker. Alienation was considered both in the process of separating the product of labor, and in the production activity itself, and in the attitude of the worker to himself and to other people.
61. The meaning of human life. Personal freedom and responsibility
Freedom - one of the main philosophical categories that characterize the essence of man and his existence, consisting in the individual’s ability to think and act in accordance with his ideas and desires, and not as a result of internal or external coercion.
Free will - a concept that means the possibility of unhindered internal self-determination of a person in fulfilling certain goals and objectives of the individual. In the history of philosophy and theological thought, the concept of free will was associated with the sanity of a person, with his responsibility for his actions, with the fulfillment of his duty and awareness of his destiny.
Freedom is the most complex and deeply contradictory phenomenon of human life and society, having the greatest attraction and being at the same time a heavy burden. The problem of how to correlate freedom and equality without leading to suppression and leveling is faced by every common state. When solving it, you have to focus on one or another system of cultural norms and values.
If we talk about the specifics of the concept of human freedom and responsibility at the turn of the 20th - 21st centuries, it should be emphasized that the world is entering a period of civilizational turning point, when many traditional ways of human existence will need significant correction. To be an individual is not a good wish, but an imperative for the development of man and humanity. Taking on the burden of personal and universal problems is the only way to survive and further improve a person. It involves the development of the highest degree of responsibility, which extends from a narrow circle of the person’s immediate environment to planetary-cosmic tasks and problems.
The problem of the meaning of human life.
The meaning of life, the meaning of being is a philosophical and spiritual problem related to the definition ultimate goal existence, purpose of humanity, man as biological species, one of the basic ideological concepts, which is of great importance for the formation of the spiritual and moral image of an individual. The question of the meaning of life can also be understood as a subjective assessment of the life lived and the correspondence of the achieved results to the original intentions, as a person’s understanding of the content and direction of his life, his place in the world, as the problem of a person’s influence on the surrounding reality and a person’s setting goals that go beyond the scope of his life . The question of the meaning of life is one of the traditional problems of philosophy, theology and fiction, where it is considered primarily from the point of view of determining what the most worthy meaning of life for a person is.